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Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 722

Waldemar Karwowski
Tareq Ahram Editors

Intelligent
Human Systems
Integration
Proceedings of the 1st International
Conference on Intelligent Human
Systems Integration (IHSI 2018):
Integrating People and Intelligent
Systems, January 7–9, 2018, Dubai,
United Arab Emirates
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing

Volume 722

Series editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
e-mail: [email protected]
About this Series
The series “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” contains publications on theory,
applications, and design methods of Intelligent Systems and Intelligent Computing. Virtually
all disciplines such as engineering, natural sciences, computer and information science, ICT,
economics, business, e-commerce, environment, healthcare, life science are covered. The list
of topics spans all the areas of modern intelligent systems and computing.
The publications within “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” are primarily
textbooks and proceedings of important conferences, symposia and congresses. They cover
significant recent developments in the field, both of a foundational and applicable character.
An important characteristic feature of the series is the short publication time and world-wide
distribution. This permits a rapid and broad dissemination of research results.
Advisory Board
Chairman
Nikhil R. Pal, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
e-mail: [email protected]
Members
Rafael Bello Perez, Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
e-mail: [email protected]
Emilio S. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
e-mail: [email protected]
Hani Hagras, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
e-mail: [email protected]
László T. Kóczy, Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary
e-mail: [email protected]
Vladik Kreinovich, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
Chin-Teng Lin, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
e-mail: [email protected]
Jie Lu, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
e-mail: [email protected]
Patricia Melin, Tijuana Institute of Technology, Tijuana, Mexico
e-mail: [email protected]
Nadia Nedjah, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
e-mail: [email protected]
Ngoc Thanh Nguyen, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
e-mail: [email protected]
Jun Wang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
e-mail: [email protected]

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11156

Waldemar Karwowski Tareq Ahram
•

Editors

Intelligent
Human Systems
Integration
Proceedings of the 1st International
Conference on Intelligent Human Systems
Integration (IHSI 2018): Integrating People
and Intelligent Systems, January 7–9, 2018,
Dubai, United Arab Emirates

123
Editors
Waldemar Karwowski Tareq Ahram
University of Central Florida University of Central Florida
Orlando, FL Orlando, FL
USA USA

ISSN 2194-5357 ISSN 2194-5365 (electronic)

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
ISBN 978-3-319-73887-1 ISBN 978-3-319-73888-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73888-8
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017963751

© Springer International Publishing AG 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or
for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

This volume, entitled Intelligent Human Systems Integration, aims to provide a

global forum for introducing and discussing novel approaches, design tools,
methodologies, techniques, and solutions for integrating people with intelligent
technologies, automation, and artificial cognitive systems in all areas of human
endeavor in industry, economy, government, and education. Some of the notable
areas of application include, but are not limited to, energy, transportation, urban-
ization and infrastructure development, digital manufacturing, social development,
human health, sustainability, new generation of service systems, as well as devel-
opments in safety, risk assurance, and cybersecurity in both civilian and military
contexts. Indeed, rapid progress in developments in the ambient intelligence,
including cognitive computing, modeling, and simulation, as well as smart sensor
technology, weaves together the human and artificial intelligence and will have a
profound effect on the nature of their collaboration at both the individual and
societal levels in the near future.
As applications of artificial intelligence and cognitive computing become more
prevalent in our daily lives, they also bring new social and economic challenges and
opportunities that must be addressed at all levels of the contemporary society. Many
of the traditional human jobs that require high levels of physical or cognitive
abilities, including human motor skills, reasoning, and decision-making abilities, as
well as training capacity, are now being automated. While such trends might boost
the economic efficiency, they can also negatively impact the user experience and
bring about many unintended social consequences and ethical concerns.
The intelligent human systems integration is to a large extent affected by the
forces shaping the nature of future computing and artificial system development.
This book discusses the needs and requirements for the symbiotic collaboration
between humans and artificially intelligent systems, with due consideration
of the software and hardware characteristics allowing for such cooperation from
the societal and human-centered design perspectives, with the focus on the
design of intelligent products, systems, and services that will revolutionize
human–technology interactions.

v
vi Preface

This book also presents many innovative studies of ambient artificial technology
and its applications, including the consideration of human–machine interfaces with
a particular emphasis on infusing intelligence into development of technology
throughout the lifecycle development process, with due consideration of user
experience and the design of interfaces for virtual, augmented, and mixed reality
applications of artificial intelligence.
Reflecting on the above-outlined perspective, the papers contained in this vol-
ume are organized into five main sections, including:
I. Intelligence, Technology, and Automation
II. Humans and Artificial Cognitive Systems
III. Computational Modeling, Simulation, and Design
IV. Ambient Intelligence and User Experience
V. Society, Governance and Smart Systems
We would like to extend our sincere thanks to Dr. Stefania Camplone,
University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy, for leading a part of the technical program that
focuses on Smart Materials and Inclusive Human Systems. Our appreciation also
goes to the members of Scientific Program Advisory Board who have reviewed the
accepted papers that are presented in this volume, including the following
individuals:
G. Di Bucchianico, Italy
S. Camplone, Italy
A. Ebert, Germany
M. Ferrara, Italy
E. Karana, Netherlands
A. Ratti, Italy
R. Rodriquez, Italy
V. Rognoli, Italy R.
We hope that this book, which presents the current state of the art in Intelligent
Human Systems Integration, will be a valuable source of both theoretical and
applied knowledge enabling the design and applications of a variety of intelligent
products, services, and systems for their safe, effective, and pleasurable collabo-
ration with people.

January 2018 Waldemar Karwowski

Tareq Z. Ahram
Contents

Intelligence, Technology and Automation

A Design and Description Method for Human-Autonomy
Teaming Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Axel Schulte and Diana Donath
Current Insights in Human Factors of Automated Driving
and Future Outlook Towards Tele-Operated Remote
Driving Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Christopher D. D. Cabrall, Alexander Eriksson, Zhenji Lu,
and Sebastiaan M. Petermeijer
External HMIs and Their Effect on the Interaction Between
Pedestrians and Automated Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Ye Eun Song, Christian Lehsing, Tanja Fuest, and Klaus Bengler
Attuning the ‘Pedestrian-Vehicle’ and ‘Driver-Vehicle’
- Why Attributing a Mind to a Vehicle Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Peter Bengtsson
Designing a Proactive Risk Mitigation Environment for Integrated
Autonomous Vehicle and Human Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Caitlin Anne Surakitbanharn
The 4D LINT Model of Function Allocation: Spatial-Temporal
Arrangement and Levels of Automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Christopher D. D. Cabrall, Thomas B. Sheridan, Thomas Prevot,
Joost C. F. de Winter, and Riender Happee
Study on Estimation of Driver’s State During Automatic
Driving Using Seat Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Kenta Okabe, Keiichi Watanuki, Kazunori Kaede,
and Keiichi Muramatsu

vii
viii Contents

Automated Text Detection and Character Recognition

in Natural Scenes Based on Local Image Features
and Contour Processing Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Remigiusz Baran, Pavol Partila, and Rafal Wilk
Continuous Model Based System Engineering (MBSE)
Improvement via Human System Integration and Customer Change . . . 49
Robert A. Sharples
Injecting Digitized Knowledge into the Technical Support Dialog . . . . . 55
Don Allen
Artificial Intelligence and Interaction Design for a Positive
Emotional User Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Cristina Caramelo Gomes and Sandra Preto
The Cognitive Airport Signage System Design: Comparative Case
Study Between American Airport and Chinese Airport . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Yan Gan and Zhi Peng Feng
Legal Risks and the Countermeasures of Developing Intelligent
Investment Advisor in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Cgeng-yong Liu
Reactive Operation: A Framework for Event Driven Low Voltage
Grid Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Ralf Mosshammer, Konrad Diwold, Alfred Einfalt,
and Christoph Groiss
Task Analysis of Diagnostic Ultrasound System Use: Comparison
Between Sonographers’ and Physicians’ Use in Different
Clinical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Giuseppe Andreoni, Marco Delpiano, Nicola Guraschi,
and Leonardo Forzoni
Evaluation of the Quality of Internet Breast Cancer Information:
Fuzzy VIKOR Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Zuhaira Muhammad Zain
Research on an Improved Fall Detection Algorithm
for Elder People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Qi Luo
Estimating Driver Workload with Systematically Varying Traffic
Complexity Using Machine Learning: Experimental Design . . . . . . . . . 106
Udara E. Manawadu, Takahiro Kawano, Shingo Murata,
Mitsuhiro Kamezaki, and Shigeki Sugano
Contents ix

User Context Query Service Supporting Home Person-Centered

Care for Elderly People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Haruhisa Maeda, Sachio Saiki, and Masahide Nakamura
Significance of Social Factors for Effective Implementation
of Smart Energy Management Systems in End-User Households . . . . . . 119
Jaroslaw Kowalski, Cezary Biele, Marek Mlodozeniec,
and Marcel Geers
“Intelligent Bathroom” - Intelligent Decision for Health . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Anna Jaglarz
Influence of Human Based Factors on Small Neighbourhood
vs. Household Energy Load Prediction Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Pawel Kobylinski, Mariusz Wierzbowski, and Cezary Biele
A Prototype of a Small Tracked Robot for Gas Pipeline Inspection
and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Wen Zhao, Mitsuhiro Kamezaki, Kento Yoshida, Minoru Konno,
Ryoichi Toriumi, and Shigeki Sugano
Human Activity Detection Patterns: A Pilot Study for Unobtrusive
Discovery of Daily Working Routine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Hicham Rifai, Paula Kelly, Yoshiki Shoji, Damon Berry,
and Matteo Zallio
Eye Movements and Lie Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Yulia V. Bessonova and Alexander A. Oboznov
What Are the Benefits of Newly Developed Medical
Devices When the User Does not Use Them?
– An Investigation of Hearing Aid Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Verena Wagner-Hartl
Development of an Active Upper Limb Orthosis Controlled
by EMG with Upper Arm Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Akihiko Hanafusa, Fumiya Shiki, Haruki Ishii, Masaki Nagura,
Yuji Kubota, Kengo Ohnishi, and Yoshiyuki Shibata

Humans and Artificial Cognitive Systems

Design and Experimental Validation of Transparent Behavior
for a Workload-Adaptive Cognitive Agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Yannick Brand, Michael Ebersoldt, Daniel Barber,
Jessie Y. C. Chen, and Axel Schulte
Intelligent Visual Analytics – a Human-Adaptive Approach
for Complex and Analytical Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Kawa Nazemi
x Contents

CPR: Bright Side of Machine-Human Relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Shaik Farid Abdull Wahab, Ahmad Rasdan Ismail,
and Rohayu Othman
Surface Recalibration as a New Method Improving Gaze-Based
Human-Computer Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Cezary Biele and Pawel Kobylinski
A Bionic Sphincter for Stress Urinary Incontinence: Design
and Preliminary Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Kenana Al Adem, Sarah S. Bawazir, Khulood Alameri,
Gioia Lucarini, Tommaso Mazzocchi, Cesare Stefanini,
Paolo Dario, and Arianna Menciassi
Experimental Validation of Pilot Situation Awareness
Enhancement Through Transparency Design
of a Scalable Mixed-Initiative Mission Planner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Fabian Schmitt, Gunar Roth, Daniel Barber, Jessie Chen,
and Axel Schulte
Integrating 3D Facial Model with Person-Centered Care
Support System for People with Dementia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Shota Nakatani, Sachio Saiki, and Masahide Nakamura
Integration of Cognitive Cybernetics into Intelligent
Human Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Zdenko Balaž and Davor Predavec
Gaze-Aware Cognitive Assistant for Multiscreen Surveillance . . . . . . . . 230
Sébastien Tremblay, Daniel Lafond, Cindy Chamberland,
Helen M. Hodgetts, and François Vachon
Computerized Brain Interfaces for Adaptive Learning
and Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Rosa María Arnaldo, Javier Iglesias, Víctor Fernando Gómez,
Javier Crespo, Luis Pérez, José Félix Alonso, and Alvaro Rodriguez Sanz
Recognition of Affective States via Electroencephalogram
Analysis and Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Abeer Al-Nafjan, Manar Hosny, Yousef Al-Ohali,
and Areej Al-Wabil
Non-obtrusive Sleep Detection for Character Computing Profiling . . . . 249
Alia ElBolock, Rowan Amr, and Slim Abdennadher
Biological and Social Factors that Exert an Impact on Decision
Making During Working-Out of the Convergent Technologies . . . . . . . 255
Evgeny Kolbachev and Tatiana Kolbacheva
Contents xi

Humans and Color Cognition – Using the Brain

to Study Human Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Fernando Moreira da Silva
Assessing the Effect of Care Treatment Using Face Emotional
Analysis and Cognitive Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Arashi Sako, Sachio Saiki, and Masahide Nakamura
Identify Subconscious Visual Response from Brain Signals . . . . . . . . . . 274
H. T. M. A. Riyadh, Jahangir Hossain Bhuyain, Zehara Zebin,
Khandaker Tabin Hasan, and A. Z. M. Ehtesham Chowdhury
EEG Analysis from Motor Imagery to Control a Forestry Crane . . . . . 281
Midhumol Augustian, Shafiq ur Réhman, Axel Sandvig,
Thivra Kotikawatte, Mi Yongcui, and Hallvard Røe Evensmoen
Exploring the Usage of EEG and Pupil Diameter
to Detect Elicited Valence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Yasmeen Abdrabou, Khaled Kassem, Jailan Salah, Reem El-Gendy,
Mahesty Morsy, Yomna Abdelrahman, and Slim Abdennadher
Integrating Classes from Different Schools Using Intelligent
Teacher Support Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Roberto Araya
AI Infused Fragrance Systems for Creating Memorable Customer
Experience and Venue Brand Engagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Anitha Ilapakurti, Jaya Shankar Vuppalapati, Santosh Kedari,
Sharat Kedari, Rajasekar Vuppalapati, and Chandrasekar Vuppalapati
Will Sketching Survive with the Use of Artificial Intelligence Tools? . . . 308
Ana Moreira da Silva
Research on the Construction of the Hierarchical Classification
Model of the Urban Intelligent Lighting Appliance (UILA)
Based on User Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Junnan Ye, Jianxin Cheng, Chaoxiang Yang, Zhang Zhang,
Xinyu Yang, and Lingyun Yao
Influence of Personal Characteristics and Device
Properties on Wearable’s Rank Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Thea Radüntz and Uwe Rose
Comparative Analysis of the Quantitative Parameters
of the Different Shapes of the Heart in Human Fetuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
G. A. Spirina
A Practice of Flight Deck Evaluation in Civil Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Haiyan Liu, Baofeng Li, Dayong Dong, Hongtao Liu,
Zhefeng Jin, and Yinbo Zhang
xii Contents

Operator Response to Failure of a Computerized

Procedure System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Claire Taylor, Michael Hildebrandt, Niav Hughes,
and Robert McDonald
Human-Human Interaction: A Neglected Field of Study? . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Piotr Chynał, Julia Falkowska, and Janusz Sobecki

Computational Modeling, Simulation and Design

Smart Palletisation: Cognitive Ergonomics in Augmented
Reality Based Palletising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Veronika Kretschmer, Thorsten Plewan, Gerhard Rinkenauer,
and Benedikt Maettig
Augmenting the Evaluation and Mapping of Progress in Scientific
Research – A Human-Machine Symbiosis Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Andrej Dobrkovic, Daniel A. Döppner, Maria-Eugenia Iacob,
and Jos van Hillegersberg
Development and Evaluation of a Virtual Reality Grocery
Shopping Application Using a Multi-kinect
Walking-in-Place Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Vix Kemanji Ketoma, Philip Schäfer, and Gerrit Meixner
Influence of VR-Based Slope Images on Walking Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Yusuke Osawa, Keiichi Watanuki, Kazunori Kaede,
Keiichi Muramatsu, and Norihiro Ishizaka
The Concept of Narrative as a Fundamental for Human
Agent-Based Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Roger A. Parker
An Agent Based Model of Saudi Household
Electricity Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Yosef Alsuhaibani
Digital Human Modelling Method for the Evaluation
of the Ultrasound System and Transducer Design Adherence
to the SDMS Industry Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Giuseppe Andreoni, Carlo Emilio Standoli, Fabio Rezzonico,
Luis Rojas, and Leonardo Forzoni
UX Design in the Localization and Internationalization
of NASA’s Eyes on the Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Lamees Alsuhaibani, Amal Alabdulkarim, Kevin Hussey,
and Areej Al-Wabil
Contents xiii

Digital Media Art Utilizing Traditional Animation Digital

Video Expression Using Projection Mapping
and Multi Screen Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Zhipeng Feng and Kiyoshi Tomimatsu
Guidance of Enterprise Team Division Based on Security
Awareness and Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Yun-lu Zhang and Xue-bo Chen
Applying Process Mining Techniques to Learning Management
Systems for Educational Process Model Discovery and Analysis . . . . . . 420
Darko Etinger, Tihomir Orehovački, and Snježana Babić
Explorations into Deep Learning Mobile Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Alisa Krstova, Alek Petreski, and Sonja Gievska
Theoretical Propositions and Practical Implementation
of the Formalization of Structured Knowledge
of the Subject Area for Exploratory Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Olga Popova, Yury Shevtsov, Boris Popov, Vladimir Karandey,
and Vladimir Klyuchko
Bayesian Network Construction and Simplified Inference
Method Based on Causal Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
Yohei Ueda, Daisuke Ide, and Masaomi Kimura
Image Super Resolution Using Wavelet Transformation
and Swarm Optimization Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Gunamani Jena, Sudam Sekhar Panda, Bonam Venkata Rajesh,
and Subhashish Jena
Human Posture Tracking System for Industrial Process
Design and Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
Francesco Caputo, Egidio D’Amato, Alessandro Greco,
Immacolata Notaro, and Stefania Spada
Instrumentation of an External Fixator for Force
and Bone Healing Process Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Fatima Ba Fakih, Cesare Stefanini, Paolo Dario,
and Stefano Mazzoleni
Study of Visual Symbols Used in Food Packaging Identification
for the Elderly Affected with Chronic Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Jiajie Lyu and Delai Men
Research of a Falling Detection System for the Elderly Based
on Three-Dimensional Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Qi Luo
xiv Contents

A Qualitative Model to Estimate Users’ Fear of Environmental

Conditions for Evacuation Route Guidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Hiroshi Furukawa and Zhihuan Liu
The Effects of Enterprise Staff Safety Consciousness Based
on Cellular Automata Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Min Yang and Xue-Bo Chen
Machine-Man-Task System Approach and NR-17
Regulatory Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Norma de Melo Pinto and Kazuo Hatakeyama

Ambient Intelligence and User Experience

User Centered Ecological Interface Design (UCEID): A Novel
Method Applied to the Problem of Safe and User-Friendly Interaction
Between Drivers and Autonomous Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Kirsten Revell, Pat Langdon, Mike Bradley, Ioannis Politis,
James Brown, and Neville Stanton
Statistics-IDE: Supporting the Design of Empirical Experiments
for Non-experts During Early Stages of Research Projects . . . . . . . . . . 502
Frode Eika Sandnes and Evelyn Eika
Measuring User Experience of Seniors in Battery
Swapping Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
Fei-Hui Huang
Web Page Graphic Design Usability Testing Enhanced
with Eye-Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Piotr Chynał, Julia Falkowska, and Janusz Sobecki
Preliminary Research on Competency Model for High
Plateau Airline Pilots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Qi Luo
User Interface Design in Remote Aerodrome Flight
Information Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
Shoka Nagata, Kazuhiko Yamazaki, and Satoru Inoue
The Robot Brain Server: Design of a Human-Artificial
Systems Partnership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Johan F. Hoorn
Act like a Human: Teach an Autonomous Vehicle to Deal
with Traffic Encounters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Jianmin Wang, Jiawei Lu, Fang You, and Yujia Wang
Design Approach for Sanpoyoshi Principle and Case Study . . . . . . . . . . 543
Kazuhiko Yamazaki
Contents xv

Identifying Significance of Human Cognition in Future

Maintenance Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
Prasanna Illankoon, Phillip Tretten, and Uday Kumar
Collaborative Human-Machine Interaction in Mobile Phone
Support Centers: A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Kyle Dent, Luke Plurkowski, and John Maxwell
Crew Resource Management Doctrine Applicability
to Human-Machine Interaction in Commercial Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
Aysen K. Taylor
The Role of Monitoring and Evaluation in Construction
Project Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Tengan Callistus and Aigbavboa Clinton
Transformations in Mass Society and Emergent Properties
of Human Behavior in Contemporary Media Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Dobrinka Peicheva, Lilia Raycheva, Valentina Milenkova,
and Boris Manov
Modelling the Perceived Pragmatic and Hedonic Quality
of Intelligent Personal Assistants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Tihomir Orehovački, Snježana Babić, and Darko Etinger
The Brave New E-world of the Human-Centered
Media Ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Lilia Raycheva and Dobrinka Peicheva
Identification of Visually Impaired Person with Deep Learning . . . . . . . 601
Shoichiro Fujisawa, Ranmaru Mandai, Ryota Kurozumi, Shin-ichi Ito,
and Katsuya Sato
The Role of Mental Model in Graphical Password
Selection and Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
Mona A. Mohamed, Joyram Chakraborty, and Josh Dehlinger
Tablets and Smart Glasses in Modern Production Environments
– A Lab Study on Distracted Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
Patricia Tegtmeier and Sascha Wischniewski
A Perception Study of a New Set of Usability Heuristics
for Transactional Web Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620
Freddy Paz, Freddy A. Paz, Juan Jesús Arenas,
and Carmen Rosas
On User eXperience Evaluation: Combining User Tests
and Psychometrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
Virginia Zaraza Rusu, Cristian Rusu, Pablo Cáceres,
Virginica Rusu, Daniela Quiñones, and Patricia Muñoz
xvi Contents

Research on Parent-Child Interaction System of Intelligent

Children’s Furniture Based on Application Behavior Analysis . . . . . . . . 633
Ting Deng, Wei Sun, and Ruiqiu Zhang
Adaptive Edge Analytics - A Framework to Improve Performance
and Prognostics Capabilities for Dairy IoT Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Santosh Kedari, Jaya Shankar Vuppalapati, Anitha Ialapakurti,
Sharat Kedari, Rajasekar Vuppalapati, and Chandrasekar Vuppalapati
Evaluation of Legibility and Visual Fatigue Caused by Luminescent
Text Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646
Daiki Saito, Keiichi Watanuki, Keiichi Muramatsu,
Kazunori Kaede, Masutsugu Tasaki, Takashi Kanahira,
Eiji Ishiguro, and Naoya Mashiko
Multimodal Interactive Payment Based on Biometrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
Shuxian Liu and Huaming Peng
Re-modeling the ‘Phonebook’ in a Smart Phone: Personalization
Based on Intimacy and Immediacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
Ravi Mokashi Punekar, Shivani Holkar, and Abhishek Yevalkar

Society, Governance and Smart Systems

Smart Shopping Experience. New Materials and Technologies
for Social Inclusion Through Daily Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
Stefania Camplone and Giuseppe Di Bucchianico
Next Smart Design: Inclusion, Emotions, Interaction
in the Concept of Baby Soothing, Caring and Monitoring
Smart Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
Marinella Ferrara and Anna Cecilia Russo
Applied Semiotics in the Context of Open Government Data
(OGD) Portals in the Arab Gulf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680
Furat Aljishi, Arwa Alsaati, Areej Al-Wabil, and Anas Alfaris
Cyclotourism and Social Inclusion: From Service to Product
for a Smart Extra-Urban Bike Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686
Ivo Spitilli, Stefania Camplone, Giuseppe Di Bucchianico,
and Antonio Marano
Service System-Based Urban Mobility System Design
for Chinese Metropolis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
Jintian Shi and Xiaohua Sun
Smart Cities-Smart Societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700
Gianmarco Cifaldi and Ionut Serban
Contents xvii

City of Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708

Fabrizio Fornari
Between a Smart City and Smart Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714
Gianmarco Cifaldi and Ionut Serban
Hemp for a Healthy and Sustainable Building in Abruzzo . . . . . . . . . . . 720
Donatella Radogna, Luciana Mastrolonardo, and M. Cristina Forlani
The Creative Space of University
as a Cognitive-Generative System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
Alexander O. Karpov
The Emotional Side of Smartness: Intelligent Materials
and Everyday Aesthetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733
Anna Cecilia Russo
Mapping ICS Materials: Interactive, Connected,
and Smart Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739
Stefano Parisi, Davide Spallazzo, Venere Ferraro, Marinella Ferrara,
Mauro Attilio Ceconello, Camilo Ayala Garcia, and Valentina Rognoli
Bio-smart Materials: The Binomial of the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
Sabrina Lucibello, Marinella Ferrara, Carla Langella,
Cecilia Cecchini, and Rossana Carullo
Exploring Scenarios for ICS Materials in the Yacht
Design Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
Arianna Bionda and Andrea Ratti
Advanced Materials Empowering Inclusive Engineering
Design Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
Micol Costi and Emilio Genovesi
Interactive, Connected, Smart materials: ICS materiality . . . . . . . . . . . 763
Marinella Ferrara, Valentina Rognoli, Venanzio Arquilla,
and Stefano Parisi
Study of the Ergonomics Applied to the Reuse and Recycling
of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770
Hebert Robert da Silva
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777
Intelligence, Technology and
Automation
A Design and Description Method for Human-Autonomy
Teaming Systems

Axel Schulte ✉ and Diana Donath

( )

Institute of Flight Systems, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
{axel.schulte,diana.donath}@unibw.de

Abstract. The article outlines a description method and a common language to

structure and depict configurations for highly automated human-machine
systems, involving cognitive agents, for autonomous vehicle guidance and
mission management. Therefore, this article outlines a procedure to follow to
design and describe human-autonomy teaming systems, system requirements,
and top-level system designs. This contribution primarily aims at the application
field of military, highly automated manned/unmanned vehicle systems.

Keywords: Human-Autonomy Teaming · Cognitive agent · Unmanned vehicles

Human-system integration · Design patterns

1 Introduction

Today, higher cognitive functions (e.g., perception, planning, and decision-making),

traditionally exclusively owned by the human, are becoming an integral part of auto‐
mated functions. In the last one or two decades the term “autonomous system” has widely
been used to describe complex automated systems working largely independent from a
human operator. However, the more capable the automation has become, the more
essential the challenging issue of human-system functional allocation and integration
has turned out to be [1]. We share the concern of Bradshaw et al. [2] that an undiffer‐
entiated use of the term of “autonomy” and the proliferation of automation can lead to
unfruitful discussions and oddly defined development programs. We see the need for a
conceptual framework unifying the nomenclature and description of systems in which
human operators interact with complex automation.
Therefore, we attempt to identify and formally describe common grounds among
researchers and practitioners in this field. Despite our concerns, we want to adhere to
the term of Human-Autonomy Teaming (HAT) to describe systems in which humans
work with highly automated agents. Where those agents carry attributes like “autono‐
mous” or “intelligent”, we will assign the unified term Cognitive Agent.
Our approach, in general, suggests a common semantical and graphical language,
as well as a procedure to follow, to describe systems, system requirements, and top-level
system designs. Both have a stronger focus on human-automation work share and inte‐
gration aspects than traditional systems engineering practices and tools (e.g., Unified
Modelling Language, UML). The traditional approach focuses solely on the formulation

© Springer International Publishing AG 2018

W. Karwowski and T. Ahram (eds.), Intelligent Human Systems Integration,
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 722,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73888-8_1
4 A. Schulte and D. Donath

of requirements and the design of the technical functions of a system. The human oper‐
ator only appears as an actor, usually located outside the system boundary. This approach
is reasonable when automation is relatively simple, in the sense that it can perform
specific clear-cut part-tasks. There, one can well describe the relationship between the
(technical) system and the human user through use cases calling for certain user-system
supervisory control interactions.
In this article, in contrast, we want to take account for the following trends. Firstly,
the automation in HAT will become much more capable in the sense of being able to
perform higher cognitive tasks. Secondly, the work share and interaction between the
user and the automated system will be much less stable (e.g. adaptive automation [3]).
Finally, the task performance of human and automation will be highly dependent on a
cognitive level [4]. In total, our approach focuses on two overarching aspects, the
description of the purpose we want to design a HAT-system for, before the actual design,
and the incorporation of the human user within the system boundary.

2 Building Blocks of a Language Describing HAT-Systems

Hence, we follow a strict system engineering top-down approach to establish a formal

description language, semantical and graphical, for highly automated human-machine
and HAT-systems. The keywords of the language definition will be highlighted in
Italics. The graphical symbols will become clear in the figures.

2.1 The Work Process and Its Instantiation as Work System

In a first step, we introduce the notion of the Work Process (WProc), and its graphical
representation (cf. Fig. 1), to develop an integrated view upon the purpose of a human-
machine co-action, its physical and conceptional work environment (WEnv), as well as
its desired output (WPOut) to the environment the WProc lives in. However, most crucial
is the Work Objective (WObj), i.e., the mission or the purpose of work, since it reflects
the user requirements for a system we will design. The WObj defines and initiates the
WProc. The proper definition of the WObj is of high priority and most critical for the
definition of the system boundaries and the design. Connections and dependencies
between multiple WProcs (e.g., hierarchical or networked structures) we also capture
and describe on this level. For a more detailed discussion, please refer to [5, 6].

Fig. 1. (a) Work process; (b) hierarchical; (c) networked.

 A Design and Description Method for HAT Systems 5

In the second step, we establish a physical system instantiating the considered

WProc. We call this system a Work System (WSys) in which the elementary roles of
Worker and Tools are usually taken by humans and machines including conventional
automation. The main characteristic of the role of the Worker is to know, understand,
and pursue the WObj by own initiative. Without this initiative, the WProc would not be
carried out. In principle, the Worker, and only the Worker, might as well self-assign a
WObj. The Tools, on the other hand, will receive tasks from the Worker and will only
perform them when told to do so. Hence, the Worker and the Tools are always in a
Hierarchical Relationship (HiR, see green connector in Fig. 2b). Again, for further
reading, we recommend [5, 6].

Fig. 2. Work system as physical instance of the corresponding WProc: (a) comprising the roles
of the Worker and the Tools; (b) instantiated with a Human Worker (HumW) and Conventional
Tools (ConvT).

2.2 Introduction of the Cognitive Agent into the Work System

In the third step, we introduce “the autonomy” into the WSys, represented by one or
more Cognitive Agent(s) (CogA, little ‘R2D2’ in Fig. 3) in various roles and relationships
to the human operator(s), the conventional automation, and the machinery.

Fig. 3. (a) WSys with CogA as Tool (i.e., CogAT) in HiR; (b) WSys with CogA as Worker (i.e.,
CogAW) in HeR.

Two trends have been followed in the past two decades concerning the role such a
CogA could potentially take in system design. Firstly, so-called autonomous systems,
i.e. systems that aim at performing user-given tasks, as much as possible independent
from human intervention (see Fig. 3(a): here the CogA works as Tool in a HiR supervised
by a HumW). From a human factors stance, this design pattern will mostly serve the
design goals to increase the human’s effectiveness, to increase the human’s span of
control, to reduce the human’s taskload, and others.
6 A. Schulte and D. Donath

Secondly, decision support, assistant, or associate systems, acknowledging that a

human predominantly performs the work, while supported by a machine agent (see
Fig. 3(b): here the CogA is part of the Worker). In the latter case, there exists a Heter‐
archical Relationship (HeR, blue connector) between the HumW and the CogA being
part of the Worker here. From a human factors stance, this design pattern will mostly
serve the design goals to avoid or correct human erroneous action, to moderate or
modulate human mental workload, to increase the human’s situation awareness, and
others.
To sum up at this stage, the design options in the different applications are plenty [6],
still constructed, however, of only a few elementary building blocks. In our language,
we represent those building blocks by a handful of the aforementioned semantical and
graphical descriptors. The descriptors stand for actors (i.e., humans, cognitive agents,
conventional automation including machines), role allocations of actors (i.e., worker,
tools), relationships amongst actors (i.e., hierarchical, heterarchical), and a few others
of less importance (e.g., co-location, grouping), not explicitly mentioned here.

2.3 Actor-Relationship-Actor Tuples as Master Design Patterns

From the various application-specific WSys designs using those descriptors in a coherent
manner, we can now identify similar elementary (actor-relationship-actor)-tuples, as
we call them. Thereby, we repeatedly can identify structural similarities in the sense of
master design patterns for HAT, over a wide range of extremely different applications
and system design approaches. For a broader discussion of this issue, please refer to [6].
With this, scientists and practitioners can start identifying common or alternative solu‐
tions for similar problems, namely design patterns for HAT-, and conventional human-
machine systems.
Figure 4 gives an annotated overview of all possible tuples. Here, the possible actors
are HumW, CogA, and ConvT; possible relationships are HiR, and HeR. The HumW will,
per definition, always take the role of a Worker; the ConvT will always be Tool, whereas
the CogA may take the role of a Worker (i.e., CogAW), or of a Tool (i.e., CogAT).
Between a Worker and a Tool there will always be a HiR.

Fig. 4. (a) Hierarchical, (b) heterarchical (actor-relationship-actor)-tuples; (shaded: human

involved; *: equal configurations; cross: invalid option).
 A Design and Description Method for HAT Systems 7

A hierarchy of a CogA or a ConvT over a HumW, or a ConvT over a CogA is not

reasonable. The same applies to a heterarchy of a ConvT with either a HumW or a
CogA, for obvious reasons. Tuples, which do not involve humans, may not directly be
interesting for HAT-systems. However, they certainly can influence the behavior of the
automation “under the hood”, and therefore, be worthwhile to look at, at least from a
pure engineering stance. Also, the pure human-human relationships, either hierarchical
or heterarchical, may not directly be relevant for HAT-systems, except of course for
WSys with more than one human. Apart from that, they may serve as valuable source
for design metaphors. Finally, we do not want to allow a Human-Agent HeR, where the
agent is part of the Tools, since per definition there is always a HiR between Worker and
Tools.

3 Example: Manned-Unmanned Teaming Helicopter Mission

As an example, we look at a WSys for a Manned-Unmanned Teaming (MUM-T) military

helicopter mission. On the level of WProcs, there is also involved a command and control
(C2) WProc that provides the MUM-T mission WObj. The Work Object (WO) is the
troops to be transported in or out a combat zone. Figure 5 depicts the WSys setup. It
consists of a cockpit crew of two humans, pilot flying and commander, and a CogAW
representing a crew associate system. The roles of the pilot flying and the commander
the crewmembers may swap amongst each other at any time. The Tools are a manned
transport helicopter (H/C), where the aforementioned Workers are located, and three
dislocated small reconnaissance UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles), each of which
controlled by an on-board CogAT that provides a delegation interface to the cockpit crew
for highly automated UAV tasks. The crew associate may also directly use this interface
and the high-level commands supported by the CogATs onboard the UAVs.

Fig. 5. WSys setup for a military Manned-Unmanned Teaming (MUM-T) mission.

As Fig. 5 indicates, there are a number of different (actor-relationship-actor)-tuples

involved in the system setup. Particularly, the (Commander-HeR-Associate)-tuple is of
8 A. Schulte and D. Donath

high relevance for HAT considerations. Here, we implemented it by use of a mixed-

initiative design pattern for mission planning tasks [7], and by a workload-adaptive
design pattern for mission execution tasks [8], both optionally blended with the SA-
based Agent Transparency (SAT) Model [9]. The (Commander-HiR-AgentX)-tuple is
implemented by using our well-proven task-based guidance concept [10, 11].
Addressing the UAVs as a team is also an implemented option.

4 Conclusions

In this article, we briefly outlined a description language and procedure to follow for a
systematic top-down approach for the definition of Human-Autonomy Teaming (HAT)
systems. This approach tries to formalize the description of complex, highly automated
human-machine systems, in particular, in the domain of manned and unmanned vehicle
guidance and mission management applications. We used this method to describe a
number of HAT-system laboratory prototypes from various contributors to the NATO
STO Research Task Group HFM-247. The resulting system representations allow the
discussion of system characteristics on a common high level of abstraction, using only
a few descriptors. Recurring structures of human-agent collaboration can also be iden‐
tified easily. Additionally, the discovery, the discussion, and the exchange of beneficial
design patterns for HAT are facilitated. Future works will aim at a further formalization
of the language. Furthermore, we will need to strengthen the linkage between the system-
level description of HAT-systems and the characterization of individual design patterns.

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Issues Ergon. Sci. (in press)
10. Uhrmann, J., Schulte, A.: Concept, design and evaluation of cognitive task-based UAV
guidance. IARIA J. 5(1–2), 145–158 (2012). ISSN-Online 1942-2679
11. Rudnick, G., Schulte, A.: Implementation of a responsive human automation interaction
concept for task-based-guidance systems. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 10275,
pp. 394–405. Springer (2017)
Current Insights in Human Factors of Automated Driving
and Future Outlook Towards Tele-Operated Remote
Driving Services

Christopher D. D. Cabrall1 ✉ , Alexander Eriksson2, Zhenji Lu1,

( )

and Sebastiaan M. Petermeijer1

1
Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
{c.d.d.cabrall,z.lu,s.m.petermeijer}@tudelft.nl
2
Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Gothenburg, Sweden
[email protected]

Abstract. Across the automotive industry, manufacturers have recently released

various Partial Automation systems (SAE Level 2) which allow simultaneous/
combined execution of both lateral and longitudinal vehicle control at the same
time, yet still require active human supervision/engagement. Current reactive
trends will be reviewed across major automotive players regarding differences in
terminology, HMI input/outputs, and escalation intervals. Scholarly research is
also reviewed pertaining to proactive strategies for driver engagement. Addition‐
ally, human factors research and findings will be presented regarding recommen‐
dations for situation awareness, human machine interfaces, TOR, as well as
shared control concepts. The tutorial will conclude with discussion and brain‐
storming around outlook toward tele-operated remote driving services (Tele-
Driving); what they have to offer beyond assisted/automated driving, autonomous
vehicles, and ride-hailing/car-sharing paradigms; as well as the design/conduct
of human factors research regarding Tele-Driving.

Keywords: Human factors · Automated driving · Autonomous vehicles

Self-driving cars · Situation awareness · Take over request
Human machine interface · Tele-operated driving

1 Introduction

Across the automotive industry, manufacturers have recently released various Partial
Automation systems (SAE Level 2) which allow simultaneous/combined execution of
both lateral and longitudinal vehicle control at the same time. However, at such a level
of automated driving, drivers still retain responsibility and are at high risk for losing
engagement with the driving, for example “monitoring of driving environment” and
“performing all remaining aspects of the dynamic driving task”.
First, the tutorial will begin by revealing current trends already observable out on
the roads of today. Present on-the-market reactive driver engagement strategies (for SAE
Level 2) will be reviewed across major automotive players (Volvo, GM/Cadillac, Tesla,
Audi, BMW, Infiniti, Mercedes-Benz). The review will cover differences in

© Springer International Publishing AG 2018

W. Karwowski and T. Ahram (eds.), Intelligent Human Systems Integration,
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 722,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73888-8_2
 Current Insights in Human Factors of Automated Driving 11

terminology, HMI input/outputs, and escalation intervals (including specific examples

of initial/first stage warnings). Individual summary sheets with further details and exam‐
ples per each of the reviewed manufacturers will be provided. Secondly, the tutorial will
continue with an overview from scholarly research to underscore developments and
avenues to address the problem of driver engagement in various preventative manners.
Proactive strategies for engagement will be broadly surveyed across various human
factors literature concerning different operator domains, and six different key theme/
categories will be used to organize and summarize their insights. Additionally, (and
applicable to higher levels of automation coming down the road), human factors research
and findings will be presented regarding recommendations for situation awareness, and
human machine interfaces regarding transitions of control (e.g., TOR) back towards a
human driver, as well as shared control concepts.
Comparatively, in the last portion of the session, the tutorial will conclude with
discussion and brainstorming around outlook toward another new alternative advanced
transportation concept: tele-operated remote driving services (Tele-Driving). Regarded
as a golden benchmark for safe and efficient transport operations, the aviation domain
has evolved over many decades (e.g., beyond the single dimension of levels between
human-automation control). For example, in terms of remote operation, Unmanned and
Remotely Piloted Aerial Vehicles have been widely expanding operations since the early
2000s, and it is currently estimated that more than a million have been sold (a commercial
enterprise now in excess of military application origins).
Through identification of key underlying emergent triggers/trends, the potential of
such a concept area for enhanced research, development, and application in the auto‐
motive domain will be considered relative to that of already recognizable large scale
game-changers and money-makers. Compared to assisted/automated driving, paid
professional operators could be expected to be safer drivers than those from the common
public who would rather be doing something else and furthermore, little to no costly and
sophisticated on board vehicle sensors (e.g., RADAR, LIDAR) would be required.
Compared to autonomous driving, human judgment currently remains more flexible than
machine logic, humans retain ethics/responsibility without direct programming, and no
advanced driving decision algorithms (e.g., SLAM) would be required. Compared to
ride-hailing/car-sharing, using the consumer’s own vehicle could increase comfort
(privacy) and convenience (carry-on/storage), while reducing cost (extra trips and wait
times due to dispatching a vehicle), and risks (improved circadian phases of a global
operator network, healthier professional operators from a safer/cleaner controlled envi‐
ronment). After the introduction of potential benefits of Tele-Driving, envisioned use
cases and solution feasibility will be covered in detail including technology maturation
trends and preliminary studies from both the perspective of the tele-driver as well as the
tele-passenger.

2 About the Speakers

All speakers were Marie Curie Research Fellows in the Human Factors of Automated
Driving project (www.hf-auto.eu) with a mission to train Early Stage Researchers and
12 C. D. D. Cabrall et al.

to generate knowledge on human factors of automated driving towards safer road trans‐
portation.
Christopher D. D. Cabrall, pursues the PhD degree from the Delft University of
Technology, Department of Cognitive Robotics - Intelligent Vehicles Group. Previ‐
ously, through SJSURF he was a contract employee at NASA in their Human Systems
Integration Division for 5+ years. He has also served as a civil servant in the Human
Factors Department at the U.S. DOT Volpe National Transportation Systems Center for
several years. He is an author on 30+ human factors scientific publications.
Alexander Eriksson, is a Researcher in the Driver and Vehicle section of VTI.
Formerly, he completed his PhD in the Transportation Research Group at the University
of Southampton. Alexander’s primary research focus is on human-automation interac‐
tion. His work draws on lessons learnt in aviation, which is then combined with experi‐
ments in driving simulators and on the road.
Zhenji Lu, is a member of the Intelligent Vehicles Group of the Cognitive Robotics
Department and pursues the PhD at the Delft University of Technology. He studies
human behavior in authority transitions between manual and highly automated driving
(i.e., Transitions of Control), situation awareness and unexpected situations, such as
system failures.
Bastiaan Petermeijer, is a Post-Doctoral Researcher on the Symbiotic Driving
Project at the Haptics Lab of Delft University of Technology. He completed his PhD at
the Technical University Munich, Department of Ergonomics, where he developed a
vibrotactile seat to support the driver during the take-over process. His Master’s thesis
research from Delft University of Technology resulted in a publication that won the
2014 Human Factors Prize in Human-Automation Interaction/Autonomy.

3 Tutorial Submission Decision

Dear Christopher Cabrall, We are pleased to inform you that your half-day tutorial
submission has been accepted for presentation at the 1st International Conference on
Intelligent Human Systems Integration: Integrating People and Intelligent Systems
(IHSI 2018) to be held at the JW Marriott Marquis, Dubai, United Arab Emirates,
January 7–9, 2018. From many tutorial proposals submitted this year, we were able to
accept only three! The acceptance decision for your tutorial submission is based on the
quality of the tutorial and outstanding tutorial presenter background and knowledge in
the subject field, the acceptance is based on reviews conducted by the tutorials chairs.
Tutorial ID#: 150 [T-2]. Date/Time: (8:00–12:00) Monday, January 8, 2018.
Title: Current Insights in Human Factors of Automated Driving and Future Outlook Towards
Tele-Operated Remote Driving Services.

Acknowledgments. The research presented in this tutorial was supported by the project HFAuto
– Human Factors of Automated Driving (PITN-GA-2013-605817).
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
magnanimous. To-morrow I’m leaving for Kazan and I should like to
know your opinion to-day. Grant me half an hour of your attention . .
. only one half-hour . . . I implore you!”
Pavel Vassilyevitch was cotton-wool at core, and could not refuse.
When it seemed to him that the lady was about to burst into sobs
and fall on her knees, he was overcome with confusion and
muttered helplessly.
“Very well; certainly . . . I will listen . . . I will give you half an
hour.”
The lady uttered a shriek of joy, took off her hat and settling
herself, began to read. At first she read a scene in which a footman
and a house maid, tidying up a sumptuous drawing-room, talked at
length about their young lady, Anna Sergyevna, who was building a
school and a hospital in the village. When the footman had left the
room, the maidservant pronounced a monologue to the effect that
education is light and ignorance is darkness; then Mme. Murashkin
brought the footman back into the drawing-room and set him
uttering a long monologue concerning his master, the General, who
disliked his daughter’s views, intended to marry her to a rich
kammer junker, and held that the salvation of the people lay in
unadulterated ignorance. Then, when the servants had left the
stage, the young lady herself appeared and informed the audience
that she had not slept all night, but had been thinking of Valentin
Ivanovitch, who was the son of a poor teacher and assisted his sick
father gratuitously. Valentin had studied all the sciences, but had no
faith in friendship nor in love; he had no object in life and longed for
death, and therefore she, the young lady, must save him.
Pavel Vassilyevitch listened, and thought with yearning anguish of
his sofa. He scanned the lady viciously, felt her masculine tenor
thumping on his eardrums, understood nothing, and thought:
“The devil sent you . . . as though I wanted to listen to your tosh!
It’s not my fault you’ve written a play, is it? My God! what a thick
manuscript! What an infliction!”
Pavel Vassilyevitch glanced at the wall where the portrait of his
wife was hanging and remembered that his wife had asked him to
buy and bring to their summer cottage five yards of tape, a pound of
cheese, and some tooth-powder.
“I hope I’ve not lost the pattern of that tape,” he thought, “where
did I put it? I believe it’s in my blue reefer jacket. . . . Those
wretched flies have covered her portrait with spots already, I must
tell Olga to wash the glass. . . . She’s reading the twelfth scene, so
we must soon be at the end of the first act. As though inspiration
were possible in this heat and with such a mountain of flesh, too!
Instead of writing plays she’d much better eat cold vinegar hash and
sleep in a cellar. . . .”
“You don’t think that monologue’s a little too long?” the lady asked
suddenly, raising her eyes.
Pavel Vassilyevitch had not heard the monologue, and said in a
voice as guilty as though not the lady but he had written that
monologue:
“No, no, not at all. It’s very nice. . . .”
The lady beamed with happiness and continued reading:
ANNA: You are consumed by analysis. Too early you have ceased
to live in the heart and have put your faith in the intellect.
VALENTIN: What do you mean by the heart? That is a concept of
anatomy. As a conventional term for what are called the feelings, I
do not admit it.
ANNA (confused): And love? Surely that is not merely a product of
the association of ideas? Tell me frankly, have you ever loved?
VALENTIN (bitterly): Let us not touch on old wounds not yet
healed. (A pause.) What are you thinking of?
 ANNA: I believe you are unhappy.
During the sixteenth scene Pavel Vassilyevitch yawned, and
accidently made with his teeth the sound dogs make when they
catch a fly. He was dismayed at this unseemly sound, and to cover it
assumed an expression of rapt attention.
“Scene seventeen! When will it end?” he thought. “Oh, my God! If
this torture is prolonged another ten minutes I shall shout for the
police. It’s insufferable.”
But at last the lady began reading more loudly and more rapidly,
and finally raising her voice she read “Curtain.”
Pavel Vassilyevitch uttered a faint sigh and was about to get up,
but the lady promptly turned the page and went on reading.
ACT II.—Scene, a village street. On right, School. On left, Hospital.
Villagers, male and female, sitting on the hospital steps.
“Excuse me,” Pavel Vassilyevitch broke in, “how many acts are
there?”
“Five,” answered the lady, and at once, as though fearing her
audience might escape her, she went on rapidly.
VALENTIN is looking out of the schoolhouse window. In the
background Villagers can be seen taking their goods to the Inn.
Like a man condemned to be executed and convinced of the
impossibility of a reprieve, Pavel Vassilyevitch gave up expecting the
end, abandoned all hope, and simply tried to prevent his eyes from
closing, and to retain an expression of attention on his face. . . . The
future when the lady would finish her play and depart seemed to
him so remote that he did not even think of it.
“Trooo—too—too—too . . .” the lady’s voice sounded in his ears.
“Troo—too—too . . . sh—sh—sh—sh . . .”
 “I forgot to take my soda,” he thought. “What am I thinking
about? Oh—my soda. . . . Most likely I shall have a bilious attack. . .
. It’s extraordinary, Smirnovsky swills vodka all day long and yet he
never has a bilious attack. . . . There’s a bird settled on the window .
. . a sparrow. . . .”
Pavel Vassilyevitch made an effort to unglue his strained and
closing eyelids, yawned without opening his mouth, and stared at
Mme. Murashkin. She grew misty and swayed before his eyes,
turned into a triangle and her head pressed against the ceiling. . . .
VALENTIN No, let me depart.
ANNA (in dismay): Why?
VALENTIN (aside): She has turned pale! (To her) Do not force me
to explain. Sooner would I die than you should know the reason.
ANNA (after a pause): You cannot go away. . . .
The lady began to swell, swelled to an immense size, and melted
into the dingy atmosphere of the study—only her moving mouth was
visible; then she suddenly dwindled to the size of a bottle, swayed
from side to side, and with the table retreated to the further end of
the room . . .
VALENTIN (holding ANNA in his arms): You have given me new
life! You have shown me an object to live for! You have renewed me
as the Spring rain renews the awakened earth! But . . . it is too late,
too late! The ill that gnaws at my heart is beyond cure. . . .
Pavel Vassilyevitch started and with dim and smarting eyes stared
at the reading lady; for a minute he gazed fixedly as though
understanding nothing. . . .
SCENE XI.—The same. The BARON and the POLICE INSPECTOR
with assistants.
VALENTIN: Take me!
 ANNA: I am his! Take me too! Yes, take me too! I love him, I love
him more than life!
BARON: Anna Sergyevna, you forget that you are ruining your
father . . . .
The lady began swelling again. . . . Looking round him wildly Pavel
Vassilyevitch got up, yelled in a deep, unnatural voice, snatched
from the table a heavy paper-weight, and beside himself, brought it
down with all his force on the authoress’s head. . . .

“Give me in charge, I’ve killed her!” he said to the maidservant

who ran in, a minute later.
The jury acquitted him.
 A MYSTERY

O
N the evening of Easter Sunday the actual Civil Councillor,
Navagin, on his return from paying calls, picked up the sheet
of paper on which visitors had inscribed their names in the
hall, and went with it into his study. After taking off his outer
garments and drinking some seltzer water, he settled himself
comfortably on a couch and began reading the signatures in the list.
When his eyes reached the middle of the long list of signatures, he
started, gave an ejaculation of astonishment and snapped his
fingers, while his face expressed the utmost perplexity.
“Again!” he said, slapping his knee. “It’s extraordinary! Again!
Again there is the signature of that fellow, goodness knows who he
is! Fedyukov! Again!”
Among the numerous signatures on the paper was the signature
of a certain Fedyukov. Who the devil this Fedyukov was, Navagin
had not a notion. He went over in his memory all his acquaintances,
relations and subordinates in the service, recalled his remote past
but could recollect no name like Fedyukov. What was so strange was
that this incognito, Fedyukov, had signed his name regularly every
Christmas and Easter for the last thirteen years. Neither Navagin, his
wife, nor his house porter knew who he was, where he came from or
what he was like.
“It’s extraordinary!” Navagin thought in perplexity, as he paced
about the study. “It’s strange and incomprehensible! It’s like
sorcery!”
“Call the porter here!” he shouted.
“It’s devilish queer! But I will find out who he is!”
 “I say, Grigory,” he said, addressing the porter as he entered, “that
Fedyukov has signed his name again! Did you see him?”
“No, your Excellency.”
“Upon my word, but he has signed his name! So he must have
been in the hall. Has he been?”
“No, he hasn’t, your Excellency.”
“How could he have signed his name without being there?”
“I can’t tell.”
“Who is to tell, then? You sit gaping there in the hall. Try and
remember, perhaps someone you didn’t know came in? Think a
minute!”
“No, your Excellency, there has been no one I didn’t know. Our
clerks have been, the baroness came to see her Excellency, the
priests have been with the Cross, and there has been no one else. . .
.”
“Why, he was invisible when he signed his name, then, was he?”
“I can’t say: but there has been no Fedyukov here. That I will
swear before the holy image. . . .”
“It’s queer! It’s incomprehensible! It’s ex-traordinary!” mused
Navagin. “It’s positively ludicrous. A man has been signing his name
here for thirteen years and you can’t find out who he is. Perhaps it’s
a joke? Perhaps some clerk writes that name as well as his own for
fun.”
And Navagin began examining Fedyukov’s signature.
The bold, florid signature in the old-fashioned style with twirls and
flourishes was utterly unlike the handwriting of the other signatures.
It was next below the signature of Shtutchkin, the provincial
secretary, a scared, timorous little man who would certainly have
died of fright if he had ventured upon such an impudent joke.
“The mysterious Fedyukov has signed his name again!” said
Navagin, going in to see his wife. “Again I fail to find out who he is.”
Madame Navagin was a spiritualist, and so for all phenomena in
nature, comprehensible or incomprehensible, she had a very simple
explanation.
“There’s nothing extraordinary about it,” she said. “You don’t
believe it, of course, but I have said it already and I say it again:
there is a great deal in the world that is supernatural, which our
feeble intellect can never grasp. I am convinced that this Fedyukov is
a spirit who has a sympathy for you . . . If I were you, I would call
him up and ask him what he wants.”
“Nonsense, nonsense!”
Navagin was free from superstitions, but the phenomenon which
interested him was so mysterious that all sorts of uncanny devilry
intruded into his mind against his will. All the evening he was
imagining that the incognito Fedyukov was the spirit of some long-
dead clerk, who had been discharged from the service by Navagin’s
ancestors and was now revenging himself on their descendant; or
perhaps it was the kinsman of some petty official dismissed by
Navagin himself, or of a girl seduced by him. . . .
All night Navagin dreamed of a gaunt old clerk in a shabby
uniform, with a face as yellow as a lemon, hair that stood up like a
brush, and pewtery eyes; the clerk said something in a sepulchral
voice and shook a bony finger at him. And Navagin almost had an
attack of inflammation of the brain.
For a fortnight he was silent and gloomy and kept walking up and
down and thinking. In the end he overcame his sceptical vanity, and
going into his wife’s room he said in a hollow voice:
“Zina, call up Fedyukov!”
 The spiritualistic lady was delighted; she sent for a sheet of
cardboard and a saucer, made her husband sit down beside her, and
began upon the magic rites.
Fedyukov did not keep them waiting long. . . .
“What do you want?” asked Navagin.
“Repent,” answered the saucer.
“What were you on earth?”
“A sinner. . . .”
“There, you see!” whispered his wife, “and you did not believe!”
Navagin conversed for a long time with Fedyukov, and then called
up Napoleon, Hannibal, Askotchensky, his aunt Klavdya Zaharovna,
and they all gave him brief but correct answers full of deep
significance. He was busy with the saucer for four hours, and fell
asleep soothed and happy that he had become acquainted with a
mysterious world that was new to him. After that he studied
spiritualism every day, and at the office, informed the clerks that
there was a great deal in nature that was supernatural and
marvellous to which our men of science ought to have turned their
attention long ago.
Hypnotism, mediumism, bishopism, spiritualism, the fourth
dimension, and other misty notions took complete possession of
him, so that for whole days at a time, to the great delight of his
wife, he read books on spiritualism or devoted himself to the saucer,
table-turning, and discussions of supernatural phenomena. At his
instigation all his clerks took up spiritualism, too, and with such
ardour that the old managing clerk went out of his mind and one
day sent a telegram: “Hell. Government House. I feel that I am
turning into an evil spirit. What’s to be done? Reply paid. Vassily
Krinolinsky.”
 After reading several hundreds of treatises on spiritualism Navagin
had a strong desire to write something himself. For five months he
sat composing, and in the end had written a huge monograph,
entitled: My Opinion. When he had finished this essay he determined
to send it to a spiritualist journal.
The day on which it was intended to despatch it to the journal was
a very memorable one for him. Navagin remembers that on that
never-to-be-forgotten day the secretary who had made a fair copy of
his article and the sacristan of the parish who had been sent for on
business were in his study. Navagin’s face was beaming. He looked
lovingly at his creation, felt between his fingers how thick it was, and
with a happy smile said to the secretary:
“I propose, Filipp Sergeyitch, to send it registered. It will be safer.
. . .” And raising his eyes to the sacristan, he said: “I have sent for
you on business, my good man. I am putting my youngest son to
the high school and I must have a certificate of baptism; only could
you let me have it quickly?”
“Very good, your Excellency!” said the sacristan, bowing. “Very
good, I understand. . . .”
“Can you let me have it by to-morrow?”
“Very well, your Excellency, set your mind at rest! To-morrow it
shall be ready! Will you send someone to the church to-morrow
before evening service? I shall be there. Bid him ask for Fedyukov. I
am always there. . . .”
“What!” cried the general, turning pale.
“Fedyukov.”
“You, . . . you are Fedyukov?” asked Navagin, looking at him with
wide-open eyes.
“Just so, Fedyukov.”
 “You. . . . you signed your name in my hall?”
“Yes . . .” the sacristan admitted, and was overcome with
confusion. “When we come with the Cross, your Excellency, to grand
gentlemen’s houses I always sign my name. . . . I like doing it. . . .
Excuse me, but when I see the list of names in the hall I feel an
impulse to sign mine. . . .”
In dumb stupefaction, understanding nothing, hearing nothing,
Navagin paced about his study. He touched the curtain over the
door, three times waved his hands like a jeune premier in a ballet
when he sees her, gave a whistle and a meaningless smile, and
pointed with his finger into space.
“So I will send off the article at once, your Excellency,” said the
secretary.
These words roused Navagin from his stupour. He looked blankly
at the secretary and the sacristan, remembered, and stamping, his
foot irritably, screamed in a high, breaking tenor:
“Leave me in peace! Lea-eave me in peace, I tell you! What you
want of me I don’t understand.”
The secretary and the sacristan went out of the study and reached
the street while he was still stamping and shouting:
“Leave me in peace! What you want of me I don’t understand.
Lea-eave me in peace!”
 STRONG IMPRESSIONS

I
T happened not so long ago in the Moscow circuit court. The
jurymen, left in the court for the night, before lying down to
sleep fell into conversation about strong impressions. They were
led to this discussion by recalling a witness who, by his own account,
had begun to stammer and had gone grey owing to a terrible
moment. The jurymen decided that before going to sleep, each one
of them should ransack among his memories and tell something that
had happened to him. Man’s life is brief, but yet there is no man who
cannot boast that there have been terrible moments in his past.
One juryman told the story of how he was nearly drowned;
another described how, in a place where there were neither doctors
nor chemists, he had one night poisoned his own son through giving
him zinc vitriol by mistake for soda. The child did not die, but the
father nearly went out of his mind. A third, a man not old but in bad
health, told how he had twice attempted to commit suicide: the first
time by shooting himself and the second time by throwing himself
before a train.
The fourth, a foppishly dressed, fat little man, told us the following
story:
“I was not more than twenty-two or twenty-three when I fell head
over ears in love with my present wife and made her an offer. Now I
could with pleasure thrash myself for my early marriage, but at the
time, I don’t know what would have become of me if Natasha had
refused me. My love was absolutely the real thing, just as it is
described in novels—frantic, passionate, and so on. My happiness
overwhelmed me and I did not know how to get away from it, and I
bored my father and my friends and the servants, continually talking
about the fervour of my passion. Happy people are the most
sickening bores. I was a fearful bore; I feel ashamed of it even now.
...
“Among my friends there was in those days a young man who was
beginning his career as a lawyer. Now he is a lawyer known all over
Russia; in those days he was only just beginning to gain recognition
and was not rich and famous enough to be entitled to cut an old
friend when he met him. I used to go and see him once or twice a
week. We used to loll on sofas and begin discussing philosophy.
“One day I was lying on his sofa, arguing that there was no more
ungrateful profession than that of a lawyer. I tried to prove that as
soon as the examination of witnesses is over the court can easily
dispense with both the counsels for the prosecution and for the
defence, because they are neither of them necessary and are only in
the way. If a grown-up juryman, morally and mentally sane, is
convinced that the ceiling is white, or that Ivanov is guilty, to
struggle with that conviction and to vanquish it is beyond the power
of any Demosthenes. Who can convince me that I have a red
moustache when I know that it is black? As I listen to an orator I
may perhaps grow sentimental and weep, but my fundamental
conviction, based for the most part on unmistakable evidence and
fact, is not changed in the least. My lawyer maintained that I was
young and foolish and that I was talking childish nonsense. In his
opinion, for one thing, an obvious fact becomes still more obvious
through light being thrown upon it by conscientious, well-informed
people; for another, talent is an elemental force, a hurricane capable
of turning even stones to dust, let alone such trifles as the
convictions of artisans and merchants of the second guild. It is as
hard for human weakness to struggle against talent as to look at the
sun without winking, or to stop the wind. One simple mortal by the
power of the word turns thousands of convinced savages to
Christianity; Odysseus was a man of the firmest convictions, but he
succumbed to the Syrens, and so on. All history consists of similar
examples, and in life they are met with at every turn; and so it is
bound to be, or the intelligent and talented man would have no
superiority over the stupid and incompetent.
“I stuck to my point, and went on maintaining that convictions are
stronger than any talent, though, frankly speaking, I could not have
defined exactly what I meant by conviction or what I meant by
talent. Most likely I simply talked for the sake of talking.
“‘Take you, for example,’ said the lawyer. ‘You are convinced at
this moment that your fiancée is an angel and that there is not a
man in the whole town happier than you. But I tell you: ten or
twenty minutes would be enough for me to make you sit down to
this table and write to your fiancée, breaking off your engagement.
“I laughed.
“‘Don’t laugh, I am speaking seriously,’ said my friend. ‘If I choose,
in twenty minutes you will be happy at the thought that you need
not get married. Goodness knows what talent I have, but you are
not one of the strong sort.’
“‘Well, try it on!’ said I.
“‘No, what for? I am only telling you this. You are a good boy and
it would be cruel to subject you to such an experiment. And besides
I am not in good form to-day.’
“We sat down to supper. The wine and the thought of Natasha,
my beloved, flooded my whole being with youth and happiness. My
happiness was so boundless that the lawyer sitting opposite to me
with his green eyes seemed to me an unhappy man, so small, so
grey. . . .
“‘Do try!’ I persisted. ‘Come, I entreat you!
“The lawyer shook his head and frowned. Evidently I was
beginning to bore him.
 “‘I know,’ he said, ‘after my experiment you will say, thank you,
and will call me your saviour; but you see I must think of your
fiancée too. She loves you; your jilting her would make her suffer.
And what a charming creature she is! I envy you.’
“The lawyer sighed, sipped his wine, and began talking of how
charming my Natasha was. He had an extraordinary gift of
description. He could knock you off a regular string of words about a
woman’s eyelashes or her little finger. I listened to him with relish.
“‘I have seen a great many women in my day,’ he said, ‘but I give
you my word of honour, I speak as a friend, your Natasha
Andreyevna is a pearl, a rare girl. Of course she has her defects—
many of them, in fact, if you like—but still she is fascinating.’
“And the lawyer began talking of my fiancée’s defects. Now I
understand very well that he was talking of women in general, of
their weak points in general, but at the time it seemed to me that he
was talking only of Natasha. He went into ecstasies over her turn-up
nose, her shrieks, her shrill laugh, her airs and graces, precisely all
the things I so disliked in her. All that was, to his thinking, infinitely
sweet, graceful, and feminine.
“Without my noticing it, he quickly passed from his enthusiastic
tone to one of fatherly admonition, and then to a light and derisive
one. . . . There was no presiding judge and no one to check the
diffusiveness of the lawyer. I had not time to open my mouth,
besides, what could I say? What my friend said was not new, it was
what everyone has known for ages, and the whole venom lay not in
what he said, but in the damnable form he put it in. It really was
beyond anything!
“As I listened to him then I learned that the same word has
thousands of shades of meaning according to the tone in which it is
pronounced, and the form which is given to the sentence. Of course
I cannot reproduce the tone or the form; I can only say that as I
listened to my friend and walked up and down the room, I was
moved to resentment, indignation, and contempt together with him.
I even believed him when with tears in his eyes he informed me that
I was a great man, that I was worthy of a better fate, that I was
destined to achieve something in the future which marriage would
hinder!
“‘My friend!’ he exclaimed, pressing my hand. ‘I beseech you, I
adjure you: stop before it is too late. Stop! May Heaven preserve you
from this strange, cruel mistake! My friend, do not ruin your youth!’
“Believe me or not, as you choose, but the long and the short of it
was that I sat down to the table and wrote to my fiancée, breaking
off the engagement. As I wrote I felt relieved that it was not yet too
late to rectify my mistake. Sealing the letter, I hastened out into the
street to post it. The lawyer himself came with me.
“‘Excellent! Capital!’ he applauded me as my letter to Natasha
disappeared into the darkness of the box. ‘I congratulate you with all
my heart. I am glad for you.’
“After walking a dozen paces with me the lawyer went on:
“‘Of course, marriage has its good points. I, for instance, belong
to the class of people to whom marriage and home life is
everything.’
“And he proceeded to describe his life, and lay before me all the
hideousness of a solitary bachelor existence.
“He spoke with enthusiasm of his future wife, of the sweets of
ordinary family life, and was so eloquent, so sincere in his ecstasies
that by the time we had reached his door, I was in despair.
“‘What are you doing to me, you horrible man?’ I said, gasping.
‘You have ruined me! Why did you make me write that cursed letter?
I love her, I love her!’
“And I protested my love. I was horrified at my conduct which
now seemed to me wild and senseless. It is impossible, gentlemen,
to imagine a more violent emotion than I experienced at that
moment. Oh, what I went through, what I suffered! If some kind
person had thrust a revolver into my hand at that moment, I should
have put a bullet through my brains with pleasure.
“‘Come, come . . .’ said the lawyer, slapping me on the shoulder,
and he laughed. ‘Give over crying. The letter won’t reach your
fiancée. It was not you who wrote the address but I, and I muddled
it so they won’t be able to make it out at the post-office. It will be a
lesson to you not to argue about what you don’t understand.’
“Now, gentlemen, I leave it to the next to speak.”
The fifth juryman settled himself more comfortably, and had just
opened his mouth to begin his story when we heard the clock strike
on Spassky Tower.
“Twelve . . .” one of the jurymen counted. “And into which class,
gentlemen, would you put the emotions that are being experienced
now by the man we are trying? He, that murderer, is spending the
night in a convict cell here in the court, sitting or lying down and of
course not sleeping, and throughout the whole sleepless night
listening to that chime. What is he thinking of? What visions are
haunting him?”
And the jurymen all suddenly forgot about strong impressions;
what their companion who had once written a letter to his Natasha
had suffered seemed unimportant, even not amusing; and no one
said anything more; they began quietly and in silence lying down to
sleep.
 DRUNK

A
MANUFACTURER called Frolov, a handsome dark man with a
round beard, and a soft, velvety expression in his eyes, and
Almer, his lawyer, an elderly man with a big rough head, were
drinking in one of the public rooms of a restaurant on the outskirts
of the town. They had both come to the restaurant straight from a
ball and so were wearing dress coats and white ties. Except them
and the waiters at the door there was not a soul in the room; by
Frolov’s orders no one else was admitted.
They began by drinking a big wine-glass of vodka and eating
oysters.
“Good!” said Almer. “It was I brought oysters into fashion for the
first course, my boy. The vodka burns and stings your throat and
you have a voluptuous sensation in your throat when you swallow an
oyster. Don’t you?”
A dignified waiter with a shaven upper lip and grey whiskers put a
sauceboat on the table.
“What’s that you are serving?” asked Frolov.
“Sauce Provençale for the herring, sir. . . .”
“What! is that the way to serve it?” shouted Frolov, not looking
into the sauceboat. “Do you call that sauce? You don’t know how to
wait, you blockhead!”
Frolov’s velvety eyes flashed. He twisted a corner of the table-
cloth round his finger, made a slight movement, and the dishes, the
candlesticks, and the bottles, all jingling and clattering, fell with a
crash on the floor.
 The waiters, long accustomed to pot-house catastrophes, ran up
to the table and began picking up the fragments with grave and
unconcerned faces, like surgeons at an operation.
“How well you know how to manage them!” said Almer, and he
laughed. “But . . . move a little away from the table or you will step
in the caviare.”
“Call the engineer here!” cried Frolov.
This was the name given to a decrepit, doleful old man who really
had once been an engineer and very well off; he had squandered all
his property and towards the end of his life had got into a restaurant
where he looked after the waiters and singers and carried out
various commissions relating to the fair sex. Appearing at the
summons, he put his head on one side respectfully.
“Listen, my good man,” Frolov said, addressing him. “What’s the
meaning of this disorder? How queerly you fellows wait! Don’t you
know that I don’t like it? Devil take you, I shall give up coming to
you!”
“I beg you graciously to excuse it, Alexey Semyonitch!” said the
engineer, laying his hand on his heart. “I will take steps immediately,
and your slightest wishes shall be carried out in the best and
speediest way.”
“Well, that’ll do, you can go. . . .”
The engineer bowed, staggered back, still doubled up, and
disappeared through the doorway with a final flash of the false
diamonds on his shirt-front and fingers.
The table was laid again. Almer drank red wine and ate with relish
some sort of bird served with truffles, and ordered a matelote of
eelpouts and a sterlet with its tail in its mouth. Frolov only drank
vodka and ate nothing but bread. He rubbed his face with his open
hands, scowled, and was evidently out of humour. Both were silent.
There was a stillness. Two electric lights in opaque shades flickered
and hissed as though they were angry. The gypsy girls passed the
door, softly humming.
“One drinks and is none the merrier,” said Frolov. “The more I
pour into myself, the more sober I become. Other people grow
festive with vodka, but I suffer from anger, disgusting thoughts,
sleeplessness. Why is it, old man, that people don’t invent some
other pleasure besides drunkenness and debauchery? It’s really
horrible!”
“You had better send for the gypsy girls.”
“Confound them!”
The head of an old gypsy woman appeared in the door from the
passage.
“Alexey Semyonitch, the gypsies are asking for tea and brandy,”
said the old woman. “May we order it?”
“Yes,” answered Frolov. “You know they get a percentage from the
restaurant keeper for asking the visitors to treat them. Nowadays
you can’t even believe a man when he asks for vodka. The people
are all mean, vile, spoilt. Take these waiters, for instance. They have
countenances like professors, and grey heads; they get two hundred
roubles a month, they live in houses of their own and send their girls
to the high school, but you may swear at them and give yourself airs
as much as you please. For a rouble the engineer will gulp down a
whole pot of mustard and crow like a cock. On my honour, if one of
them would take offence I would make him a present of a thousand
roubles.”
“What’s the matter with you?” said Almer, looking at him with
surprise. “Whence this melancholy? You are red in the face, you look
like a wild animal. . . . What’s the matter with you?”
“It’s horrid. There’s one thing I can’t get out of my head. It seems
as though it is nailed there and it won’t come out.”
 A round little old man, buried in fat and completely bald, wearing
a short reefer jacket and lilac waistcoat and carrying a guitar, walked
into the room. He made an idiotic face, drew himself up, and saluted
like a soldier.
“Ah, the parasite!” said Frolov, “let me introduce him, he has made
his fortune by grunting like a pig. Come here!” He poured vodka,
wine, and brandy into a glass, sprinkled pepper and salt into it,
mixed it all up and gave it to the parasite. The latter tossed it off
and smacked his lips with gusto.
“He’s accustomed to drink a mess so that pure wine makes him
sick,” said Frolov. “Come, parasite, sit down and sing.”
The old man sat down, touched the strings with his fat fingers,
and began singing:

“Neetka, neetka, Margareetka. . . .”

After drinking champagne Frolov was drunk. He thumped with his

fist on the table and said:
“Yes, there’s something that sticks in my head! It won’t give me a
minute’s peace!”
“Why, what is it?”
“I can’t tell you. It’s a secret. It’s something so private that I could
only speak of it in my prayers. But if you like . . . as a sign of
friendship, between ourselves . . . only mind, to no one, no, no, no, .
. . I’ll tell you, it will ease my heart, but for God’s sake . . . listen and
forget it. . . .”
Frolov bent down to Almer and for a minute breathed in his ear.
“I hate my wife!” he brought out.
The lawyer looked at him with surprise.
 “Yes, yes, my wife, Marya Mihalovna,” Frolov muttered, flushing
red. “I hate her and that’s all about it.”
“What for?”
“I don’t know myself! I’ve only been married two years. I married
as you know for love, and now I hate her like a mortal enemy, like
this parasite here, saving your presence. And there is no cause, no
sort of cause! When she sits by me, eats, or says anything, my
whole soul boils, I can scarcely restrain myself from being rude to
her. It’s something one can’t describe. To leave her or tell her the
truth is utterly impossible because it would be a scandal, and living
with her is worse than hell for me. I can’t stay at home! I spend my
days at business and in the restaurants and spend my nights in
dissipation. Come, how is one to explain this hatred? She is not an
ordinary woman, but handsome, clever, quiet.”
The old man stamped his foot and began singing:
“I went a walk with a captain bold, And in his ear my secrets told.”
“I must own I always thought that Marya Mihalovna was not at all
the right person for you,” said Almer after a brief silence, and he
heaved a sigh.
“Do you mean she is too well educated? . . . I took the gold medal
at the commercial school myself, I have been to Paris three times. I
am not cleverer than you, of course, but I am no more foolish than
my wife. No, brother, education is not the sore point. Let me tell you
how all the trouble began. It began with my suddenly fancying that
she had married me not from love, but for the sake of my money.
This idea took possession of my brain. I have done all I could think
of, but the cursed thing sticks! And to make it worse my wife was
overtaken with a passion for luxury. Getting into a sack of gold after
poverty, she took to flinging it in all directions. She went quite off
her head, and was so carried away that she used to get through
twenty thousand every month. And I am a distrustful man. I don’t
believe in anyone, I suspect everybody. And the more friendly you
are to me the greater my torment. I keep fancying I am being
flattered for my money. I trust no one! I am a difficult man, my boy,
very difficult!”
Frolov emptied his glass at one gulp and went on.
“But that’s all nonsense,” he said. “One never ought to speak of it.
It’s stupid. I am tipsy and I have been chattering, and now you are
looking at me with lawyer’s eyes—glad you know some one else’s
secret. Well, well! . . . Let us drop this conversation. Let us drink! I
say,” he said, addressing a waiter, “is Mustafa here? Fetch him in!”
Shortly afterwards there walked into the room a little Tatar boy,
aged about twelve, wearing a dress coat and white gloves.
“Come here!” Frolov said to him. “Explain to us the following fact:
there was a time when you Tatars conquered us and took tribute
from us, but now you serve us as waiters and sell dressing-gowns.
How do you explain such a change?”
Mustafa raised his eyebrows and said in a shrill voice, with a sing-
song intonation: “The mutability of destiny!”
Almer looked at his grave face and went off into peals of laughter.
“Well, give him a rouble!” said Frolov. “He is making his fortune
out of the mutability of destiny. He is only kept here for the sake of
those two words. Drink, Mustafa! You will make a gre-eat rascal! I
mean it is awful how many of your sort are toadies hanging about
rich men. The number of these peaceful bandits and robbers is
beyond all reckoning! Shouldn’t we send for the gypsies now? Eh?
Fetch the gypsies along!”
The gypsies, who had been hanging about wearily in the corridors
for a long time, burst with whoops into the room, and a wild orgy
began.
“Drink!” Frolov shouted to them. “Drink! Seed of Pharaoh! Sing! A-
a-ah!”
 “In the winter time . . . o-o-ho! . . . the sledge was flying . . .”
The gypsies sang, whistled, danced. In the frenzy which
sometimes takes possession of spoilt and very wealthy men, “broad
natures,” Frolov began to play the fool. He ordered supper and
champagne for the gypsies, broke the shade of the electric light,
shied bottles at the pictures and looking-glasses, and did it all
apparently without the slightest enjoyment, scowling and shouting
irritably, with contempt for the people, with an expression of hatred
in his eyes and his manners. He made the engineer sing a solo,
made the bass singers drink a mixture of wine, vodka, and oil.
At six o’clock they handed him the bill.
“Nine hundred and twenty-five roubles, forty kopecks,” said Almer,
and shrugged his shoulders. “What’s it for? No, wait, we must go
into it!”
“Stop!” muttered Frolov, pulling out his pocket-book. “Well! . . . let
them rob me. That’s what I’m rich for, to be robbed! . . . You can’t
get on without parasites! . . . You are my lawyer. You get six
thousand a year out of me and what for? But excuse me, . . . I don’t
know what I am saying.”
As he was returning home with Almer, Frolov murmured:
“Going home is awful to me! Yes! . . . There isn’t a human being I
can open my soul to. . . . They are all robbers . . . traitors . . . . Oh,
why did I tell you my secret? Yes . . . why? Tell me why?”
At the entrance to his house, he craned forward towards Almer
and, staggering, kissed him on the lips, having the old Moscow habit
of kissing indiscriminately on every occasion.
“Good-bye . . . I am a difficult, hateful man,” he said. “A horrid,
drunken, shameless life. You are a well-educated, clever man, but
you only laugh and drink with me . . . there’s no help from any of
you. . . . But if you were a friend to me, if you were an honest man,
in reality you ought to have said to me: ‘Ugh, you vile, hateful man!
You reptile!’”
“Come, come,” Almer muttered, “go to bed.”
“There is no help from you; the only hope is that, when I am in
the country in the summer, I may go out into the fields and a storm
come on and the thunder may strike me dead on the spot. . . .
Good-bye.”
Frolov kissed Almer once more and muttering and dropping asleep
as he walked, began mounting the stairs, supported by two
footmen.
 THE MARSHAL’S WIDOW

O
N the first of February every year, St. Trifon’s day, there is an
extraordinary commotion on the estate of Madame
Zavzyatov, the widow of Trifon Lvovitch, the late marshal of
the district. On that day, the nameday of the deceased marshal, the
widow Lyubov Petrovna has a requiem service celebrated in his
memory, and after the requiem a thanksgiving to the Lord. The
whole district assembles for the service. There you will see Hrumov
the present marshal, Marfutkin, the president of the Zemstvo,
Potrashkov, the permanent member of the Rural Board, the two
justices of the peace of the district, the police captain, Krinolinov,
two police-superintendents, the district doctor, Dvornyagin, smelling
of iodoform, all the landowners, great and small, and so on. There
are about fifty people assembled in all.
Precisely at twelve o’clock, the visitors, with long faces, make their
way from all the rooms to the big hall. There are carpets on the floor
and their steps are noiseless, but the solemnity of the occasion
makes them instinctively walk on tip-toe, holding out their hands to
balance themselves. In the hall everything is already prepared.
Father Yevmeny, a little old man in a high faded cap, puts on his
black vestments. Konkordiev, the deacon, already in his vestments,
and as red as a crab, is noiselessly turning over the leaves of his
missal and putting slips of paper in it. At the door leading to the
vestibule, Luka, the sacristan, puffing out his cheeks and making
round eyes, blows up the censer. The hall is gradually filled with
bluish transparent smoke and the smell of incense.
Gelikonsky, the elementary schoolmaster, a young man with big
pimples on his frightened face, wearing a new greatcoat like a sack,
carries round wax candles on a silver-plated tray. The hostess,
Lyubov Petrovna, stands in the front by a little table with a dish of
funeral rice on it, and holds her handkerchief in readiness to her
face. There is a profound stillness, broken from time to time by
sighs. Everybody has a long, solemn face. . . .
The requiem service begins. The blue smoke curls up from the
censer and plays in the slanting sunbeams, the lighted candles
faintly splutter. The singing, at first harsh and deafening, soon
becomes quiet and musical as the choir gradually adapt themselves
to the acoustic conditions of the rooms. . . . The tunes are all
mournful and sad. . . . The guests are gradually brought to a
melancholy mood and grow pensive. Thoughts of the brevity of
human life, of mutability, of worldly vanity stray through their brains.
. . . They recall the deceased Zavzyatov, a thick-set, red-cheeked
man who used to drink off a bottle of champagne at one gulp and
smash looking-glasses with his forehead. And when they sing “With
Thy Saints, O Lord,” and the sobs of their hostess are audible, the
guests shift uneasily from one foot to the other. The more emotional
begin to feel a tickling in their throat and about their eyelids.
Marfutkin, the president of the Zemstvo, to stifle the unpleasant
feeling, bends down to the police captain’s ear and whispers:
“I was at Ivan Fyodoritch’s yesterday. . . . Pyotr Petrovitch and I
took all the tricks, playing no trumps. . . . Yes, indeed. . . . Olga
Andreyevna was so exasperated that her false tooth fell out of her
mouth.”
But at last the “Eternal Memory” is sung. Gelikonsky respectfully
takes away the candles, and the memorial service is over. Thereupon
there follows a momentary commotion; there is a changing of
vestments and a thanksgiving service. After the thanksgiving, while
Father Yevmeny is disrobing, the visitors rub their hands and cough,
while their hostess tells some anecdote of the good-heartedness of
the deceased Trifon Lvovitch.
“Pray come to lunch, friends,” she says, concluding her story with
a sigh.
 The visitors, trying not to push or tread on each other’s feet,
hasten into the dining-room. . . . There the luncheon is awaiting
them. The repast is so magnificent that the deacon Konkordiev
thinks it his duty every year to fling up his hands as he looks at it
and, shaking his head in amazement, say:
“Supernatural! It’s not so much like human fare, Father Yevmeny,
as offerings to the gods.”
The lunch is certainly exceptional. Everything that the flora and
fauna of the country can furnish is on the table, but the only thing
supernatural about it, perhaps, is that on the table there is
everything except . . . alcoholic beverages. Lyubov Petrovna has
taken a vow never to have in her house cards or spirituous liquors —
the two sources of her husband’s ruin. And the only bottles contain
oil and vinegar, as though in mockery and chastisement of the
guests who are to a man desperately fond of the bottle, and given to
tippling.
“Please help yourselves, gentlemen!” the marshal’s widow presses
them. “Only you must excuse me, I have no vodka. . . . I have none
in the house.”
The guests approach the table and hesitatingly attack the pie. But
the progress with eating is slow. In the plying of forks, in the cutting
up and munching, there is a certain sloth and apathy. . . . Evidently
something is wanting.
“I feel as though I had lost something,” one of the justices of the
peace whispers to the other. “I feel as I did when my wife ran away
with the engineer. . . . I can’t eat.”
Marfutkin, before beginning to eat, fumbles for a long time in his
pocket and looks for his handkerchief.
“Oh, my handkerchief must be in my greatcoat,” he recalls in a
loud voice, “and here I am looking for it,” and he goes into the
vestibule where the fur coats are hanging up.
 He returns from the vestibule with glistening eyes, and at once
attacks the pie with relish.
“I say, it’s horrid munching away with a dry mouth, isn’t it?” he
whispers to Father Yevmeny. “Go into the vestibule, Father. There’s a
bottle there in my fur coat. . . . Only mind you are careful; don’t
make a clatter with the bottle.”
Father Yevmeny recollects that he has some direction to give to
Luka, and trips off to the vestibule.
“Father, a couple of words in confidence,” says Dvornyagin,
overtaking him.
“You should see the fur coat I’ve bought myself, gentlemen,”
Hrumov boasts. “It’s worth a thousand, and I gave . . . you won’t
believe it . . . two hundred and fifty! Not a farthing more.”
At any other time the guests would have greeted this information
with indifference, but now they display surprise and incredulity. In
the end they all troop out into the vestibule to look at the fur coat,
and go on looking at it till the doctor’s man Mikeshka carries five
empty bottles out on the sly. When the steamed sturgeon is served,
Marfutkin remembers that he has left his cigar case in his sledge and
goes to the stable. That he may not be lonely on this expedition, he
takes with him the deacon, who appropriately feels it necessary to
have a look at his horse. . . .
On the evening of the same day, Lyubov Petrovna is sitting in her
study, writing a letter to an old friend in Petersburg:
“To-day, as in past years,” she writes among other things, “I had a
memorial service for my dear husband. All my neighbours came to
the service. They are a simple, rough set, but what hearts! I gave
them a splendid lunch, but of course, as in previous years, without a
drop of alcoholic liquor. Ever since he died from excessive drinking I
have vowed to establish temperance in this district and thereby to
expiate his sins. I have begun the campaign for temperance at my
own house. Father Yevmeny is delighted with my efforts, and helps
me both in word and deed. Oh, ma chère, if you knew how fond my
bears are of me! The president of the Zemstvo, Marfutkin, kissed my
hand after lunch, held it a long while to his lips, and, wagging his
head in an absurd way, burst into tears: so much feeling but no
words! Father Yevmeny, that delightful little old man, sat down by
me, and looking tearfully at me kept babbling something like a child.
I did not understand what he said, but I know how to understand
true feeling. The police captain, the handsome man of whom I wrote
to you, went down on his knees to me, tried to read me some verses
of his own composition (he is a poet), but . . . his feelings were too
much for him, he lurched and fell over . . . that huge giant went into
hysterics, you can imagine my delight! The day did not pass without
a hitch, however. Poor Alalykin, the president of the judges’
assembly, a stout and apoplectic man, was overcome by illness and
lay on the sofa in a state of unconsciousness for two hours. We had
to pour water on him. . . . I am thankful to Doctor Dvornyagin: he
had brought a bottle of brandy from his dispensary and he
moistened the patient’s temples, which quickly revived him, and he
was able to be moved. . . .”
 A BAD BUSINESS
“WHO goes there?”
No answer. The watchman sees nothing, but through the roar of
the wind and the trees distinctly hears someone walking along the
avenue ahead of him. A March night, cloudy and foggy, envelopes
the earth, and it seems to the watchman that the earth, the sky, and
he himself with his thoughts are all merged together into something
vast and impenetrably black. He can only grope his way.
“Who goes there?” the watchman repeats, and he begins to fancy
that he hears whispering and smothered laughter. “Who’s there?”
“It’s I, friend . . .” answers an old man’s voice.
“But who are you?”
“I . . . a traveller.”
“What sort of traveller?” the watchman cries angrily, trying to
disguise his terror by shouting. “What the devil do you want here?
You go prowling about the graveyard at night, you ruffian!”
“You don’t say it’s a graveyard here?”
“Why, what else? Of course it’s the graveyard! Don’t you see it is?”
“O-o-oh . . . Queen of Heaven!” there is a sound of an old man
sighing. “I see nothing, my good soul, nothing. Oh the darkness, the
darkness! You can’t see your hand before your face, it is dark,
friend. O-o-oh. . .”
“But who are you?”
“I am a pilgrim, friend, a wandering man.”
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