VELAMMAL VIDYALAYA

PHYSICS
LIGHT

Sign Convention
Mirror Lens
Convex Concave
Particulars Concave mirror Convex lens
mirror lens
Real & Virtual Virtual & Real & Virtual & Virtual &
Inverted & Erect Erect Inverted Erect Erect
f - - + + + -
u - - - - - -
v - + + + - -
h + + + + + +
h1 - + + - + +
m - + + - + +
 FORMULAS
Mirror formula Lens formula Description
𝑅
F= R - Radius of curvature (m)
2
1 1
= -
1
(m) f - Focal length (m)
1 1 1
= + (m) 𝑓 𝑣 𝑢 u - Object distance (m)
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
v - Image distance (m)

Magnification Description
ℎ1 ℎ1
m= m=
ℎ ℎ

−𝑉 𝑉 m - magnification (no unit)

m= m=
𝑢 𝑢 h - height of the object (m)
h1 - height of the image (m)
ℎ1 −𝑉 ℎ1 𝑉
= =
ℎ 𝑢 ℎ 𝑢

Refractive index Description

v1 – speed of light in medium
𝑉2 (m/s)
n12 =
𝑉1 v2 - speed of light in medium 2
(m/s)
𝑉1
n21 = nm – refractive index of a medium
𝑉2
(no unit)
nm =
𝐶 c – Speed of light in air (m/s)
𝑉 v – Speed of light in the medium
(m/s)

Power of a lens Description

1
P=𝑓 (D) P – Power (D) or diopter
f – Focal length in metres
ASSERTION AND REASON
Following questions consist of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason
(R). Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given below:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

Q.1. Assertion(A) : The centre of curvature is not a part of the mirror. It lies
outside its reflecting surface.
Reason (R) : The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror forms a part of a
sphere. This sphere has a centre.

Answer: (a)

Q.2. Assertion (A) : A ray passing through the centre of curvature of a concave
mirror after reflection, is reflected back along the same path.
Reason (R) : The incident rays fall on the mirror along the normal to the
reflecting surface.

Answer: (a)

Q.3. Assertion (A) : Light does not travel in the same direction in all the media.
Reason (R) : The speed of light does not change as it enters from one
transparent medium to another.

Answer: (c)

Q.4. Assertion(A) : The emergent ray is parallel to the direction of the incident
ray.
Reason (R) : The extent of bending of the ray of light at the opposite parallel
faces (air- glass interface and glass-air interface) of the rectangular glass slab is
equal and opposite.

Answer: (a)

Q.5. Assertion(A) : A ray of light travelling from a rarer medium to a denser

medium slows down and bends away from the normal. When it travels from a
denser medium to a rarer medium, it speeds up and bends towards the normal.
Reason (R) : The speed of light is higher in a rarer medium than a denser
medium.

Answer: (d)
Q.6. Assertion(A): The mirrors used in search lights are concave spherical.
Reason (R) : In concave spherical mirror the image formed is always virtual.

Answer: (c)

Q.7. Assertion(A) : Light travels faster in glass than in air.

Reason (R) : Glass is denser than air.

Answer: (d)

Q.8. Assertion(A) : For observing traffic at back, the driver mirror is convex
mirror.
Reason (R) : A convex mirror has much larger field of view than a plane mirror.

Answer: (a)

Q.9. Assertion(A) : Mirror formula can be applied to a plane mirror.

Reason (R) : A plane mirror is a spherical mirror of infinite focal length.

Answer: (a)

Q.10. Assertion(A) : It is not possible to see a virtual image by eye.

Reason (R): The rays that seem to emanate from a virtual image do not in fact
emanates from the image.

Answer: (d)

Q.11. Assertion(A) : When the object moves with a velocity 2 m/s, its image in
the plane mirror moves with a velocity of 4 m/s.
Reason (R) : The image formed by a plane mirror is as far behind the mirror as
the object is in front of it.

Answer: (a)

Q.12. Assertion(A) : The height of an object is always considered positive.

Reason (R) : An object is always placed above the principal axis in this upward
direction.

Answer: (a)
Q.13. Assertion(A) : Concave mirrors are used as make-up mirrors.
Reason (R) : When the face is held within the focus of a concave mirror, then a
diminished image of the face is seen in the concave mirror.

Answer: (c)

Q.14. Assertion(A) : Refractive index has no units.

Reason (R) : The refractive index is a ratio of two similar quantities.

Answer: (a)

Q.15. Assertion(A) : The formula connecting u, v and f for a spherical mirror is

valid in all situations for all spherical mirrors for all positions of the object.
Reason (R) : Laws of reflection are strictly valid for plane surfaces.

Answer: (c)

Q.16. Assertion(A): A person cannot see his image in a concave mirror, unless,
he is standing beyond the center of curvature of the mirror.
Reason (R) : In a concave mirror, image formed is real provided the object is
situated beyond its focus.

Answer: (b)

Q.17. Assertion(A): Virtual images are always erect.

Reason (R) : Virtual images are formed by diverging lenses only.

Answer: (c)

CASE STUDY
Question 1:

Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v).

The spherical mirror forms different types of images when the object is placed
at different locations. When the image is formed on screen, the image is real and
when the image does not form on screen, the image is virtual. When the two
reflected rays meet actually, the image is real and when they appear to meet,
the image is virtual.

A concave mirror always forms a real and inverted image for different positions
of the object. But if the object is placed between the focus and pole. the image
formed is virtual and erect.
A convex mirror always forms a virtual, erect and diminished image. A concave
mirror is used as doctor’s head mirror to focus light on body parts like eyes,
ears, nose etc., to be examined because it can form erect and magnified image of
the object. The convex mirror is used as a rear view mirrors in automobiles
because it can form an small and erect image of an object.
(i) When an object is placed at the centre of curvature of a concave mirror,
the image formed is
(a) larger than the object
(b) smaller than the object
(c) same size as that of the object
(d) highly enlarged.

Answer: (c)

(ii) No matter how far you stand from a mirror, your image appears erect.
The mirror is likely to be
(a) plane
(b) concave
(c) convex
(d) either plane or convex.

Answer: (d)

(iii) A child is standing in front of a magic mirror. She finds the image of
her head bigger, the middle portion of her body of the same size and that
of the legs smaller. The following is the order of combinations for the
magic mirror from the top.
(a) Plane, convex and concave
(b) Convex, concave and plane
(c) Concave, plane and convex
(d) Convex, plane and concave

Answer: (c)

(iv) To get an image larger than the object, one can use
(a) convex mirror but not a concave mirror
(b) a concave mirror but not a convex mirror
(c) either a convex mirror or a concave mirror
(d) a plane mirror.

Answer: (b)
(v) A convex mirror has wider field of view because
(a) the image formed is much smaller than the object and large number of
images can be seen.
(b) the image formed is much closer to the mirror
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of these.

Answer: (c)

Question 2:

Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v).

The lenses forms different types of images when object placed at different
locations. When a ray is incident parallel to the principal axis, then after
refraction, it passes through the focus or appears to come from the focus.
When a ray goes through the optical centre of the lens, it passes without any
deviation. If the object is placed between focus and optical center of the convex
lens, erect and magnified image is formed.

As the object is brought closer to the convex lens from infinity to focus, the
image moves away from the convex lens from focus to infinity. Also the size of
image goes on increasing and the image is always real and inverted.

A concave lens always gives a virtual, erect and diminished image irrespective
to the position of the object.

i) The location of image formed by a convex lens when the object is placed
at infinity is
(a) at focus
(b) at 2F
(c) at optical center
(d) between Fand 2F

Answer: (a)

(ii) When the object is placed at the focus of concave lens, the image
formed is
(a) real and smaller
(b) virtual and inverted
(c) virtual and smaller
(d) real and erect

Answer: (b)
(iii) The size of image formed by a convex lens when the object is placed at
the focus of convex lens is
(a) small
(b) point in size
(c) highly magnified
(d) same as that of object

Answer: (c)

(iv) When the object is placed at 2F in front of convex lens, the location of
image is
(a) at F
(b) at 2 F on the other side
(c) at infinity
(d) between F and optical center

Answer: (b)

(v) At which location of object in front of concave lens, the image between
focus and optical centre is formed
(a) anywhere between centre and infinity
(b) at F
(c) at 2F
(d) infinity

Answer: (a)

BOARD QUESTIONS:
Question 1.
The laws of reflection hold true for
(a) plane mirrors only
(b) concave mirrors only
(c) convex mirrors only
(d) all reflecting surface

Answer:
(d) The laws of reflection holds true for all reflecting surface.
Question 2.
List four characteristics of the images formed by plane mirrors. (Delhi 2015,
AI2011)

Answer:
Characteristics of the image formed by a plane mirror are
(i) imagedistanceissameasthatofobjectdistance
(ii) image formed is virtual and erect
(iii) image formed is of the same size as that of the object
(iv) image formed is laterally inverted (left appears right and right appears left).

Question 3.
State the two laws of reflection of light. (Delhi 2011)

Answer:

Laws of reflection of light states that

(i) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
(ii) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the mirror at the point
of incidence all lie in the same plane.

Question 4.
When an object is kept within the focus of a concave mirror, an enlarged image
is formed behind the mirror. This image is
(a) real
(b) inverted
(c) virtual and inverted
(d) virtual and erect (2020)

Answer:
(d) When an object is placed between the principal focus and pole of a concave
mirror, an enlarged virtual and erect image is formed behind the mirror.

Question 5.
What is the magnification of the images formed by plane mirrors and why?
(Delhi 2015)

Answer:
Magnification of images formed by plane mirrors is unity because for plane
mirrors, the size of the image formed is equal to that of the object.

Question 6.
Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the path of the reflected ray corresponding
to an incident ray of light parallel to the principal axis of a convex mirror. Mark
the angle of incidence and angle of reflection on it. (AI 2019)
Answer:

Question 7.
If the image formed by a spherical mirror for all positions of the object placed in
front of it is always erect and diminished , what type of mirror is it? Draw a
labelled ray diagram to support your answer. (2018)

Answer:
If the image formed by a spherical mirror is always erect and diminished then it
is convex mirror.

Question 8.
An object is placed at a distance of 30 cm in front of a convex mirror of focal
length 15 cm. Write four characteristics of the image formed by the mirror.
(Delhi 2017)

Answer:
Four characteristics of the image formed by the given convex mirror are :
(i) Virtual
(ii) Erect
(iii) Diminished
(iv) Image is always formed behind the mirror between pole and focus.

Question 9.
An object is placed at a distance of 12 cm in front of a concave mirror of radius
of curvature 30 cm. List four characteristics of the image formed by the mirror.
(Delhi 2017)
Answer:
Radius of curvature (R) = 30 cm, object distance is 12 cm in front of the mirror.
Thus we can say that object is placed between focus and pole. Four
characteristics of the image formed by die given concave mirror when object is
placed between pole and focus are:
(i) Virtual
(ii) Erect
(iii) Enlarged
(iv) Image is formed behind the mirror

Question 10.
A ray of light is incident on a convex mirror as shown. Redraw the diagram and
complete the path of this ray after reflection from the mirror. Mark angle of
incidence and angle of reflection on it. (Delhi 2016)

Answer:

Question 11.
Name the type of mirrors used in the design of solar furnaces. Explain how high
temperature is achieved by this device. (AI 2016)

Answer:
Concave mirrors are used in the designing of solar furnaces.
When a solar furnace is placed at the focus of a large concave mirror, it focuses a
parallel beam of light on the furnace. Therefore, a high temperature is attained
at the point after some time.

Question 12.
“The magnification produced by a spherical mirror is -3”. List four informations
you obtain from this statement about the mirror/ image. (AI 2016)
Answer:
Negative sign of magnification indicates that the image is real and inverted.
Since the image is real and inverted, the mirror is concave and magnification of -
3 indicates that the image is magnified.

Question 13.
AB and CD, two spherical mirrors, from parts of a hollow spherical ball with its
centre at O as shown in the diagram. If arc AB = 12 arc CD, what is the ratio of
their focal lengths? State which of the two mirrors will always form virtual
image of an object placed in front of it and why? (Foreign 2016)

Answer:
Focal length of a mirror is given by
Focal length = Radius of curvature / 2
Since both the mirrors have same radius of curvature, therefore focal length of
the two mirrors will be same, i.e.,
f1f2 = 11
Since virtual image is always formed by convex mirror. The mirror AB will
always form virtual image.

Question 14.
List two properties of the images formed by convex mirrors. Draw ray diagram
in support of your answer. (Foreign 2016)

Answer:
Convex mirrors always form diminished, virtual and erect images.

Question 15.
The linear magnification produced by a spherical mirror is +3. Analyse this
value and state the (i) type of mirror and (ii) position of the object with respect
to the pole of the mirror. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image in
this case. (Foreign 2016)
Answer:
Positive value of the magnification indicates that image is virtual and erect.
(i) Since the image is magnified, the mirror is concave.
(ii) The object is between pole and focus of the mirror as shown

Question 16.
List four specific characteristics of the images of the objects formed by convex
mirrors. (Delhi 2015)

Answer:
Refer to answer 8

Question 17.
Draw a ray diagram to show the path of the reflected ray corresponding to an
incident ray which is directed towards the principal focus of a convex mirror.
Mark on it the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection. (Delhi 2014)

Answer:

Question 18.
Draw a ray diagram to show the path of the reflected ray corresponding to an
incident ray which is directed parallel to the principal axis of a convex mirror,
Mark on it the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection. (Delhi 2014)

Answer:
Refer to answer 6
Question 19.
Draw a ray diagram to show the path of the reflected ray corresponding to an
incident ray of light parallel to the principal axis of a concave mirror. Mark the
angle of incidence and angle of reflection on it. (Delhi 2014)

Answer:

Question 20.

List two possible ways in which a concave mirror can produce a magnified
image of an object placed in front of it. State the difference if any between these
two images. (AI2014)

Answer:
A concave mirror can produce a magnified image of an object when object is
placed:
(1) In between its pole and its focus
(2) In between its focus and its centre of curvature.
Difference,between these two images:
The image produced in first case will be virtual and erect.
The image produced in second case will be real and inverted.

Question 21.
The image formed by a concave mirror is observed to be virtual, erect and
larger than the object. Where should the position of the object be relative to the
mirror? Draw ray diagram to justify your answer. (AI 2014)

Answer:
The position of the object should be between P and F
Question 22.
The linear magnification produced by a spherical mirror is +1/3. Analysing this
value state the (i) type of mirror and (ii) position of the object with respect to
the pole of the mirror. Draw any diagram to justify your answer. (AI 2014,
Foreign 2014)

Answer:
(i) Convex mirror
(ii) Between infinity and the pole of the mirror.

Question 23.
The linear magnification produced by a spherical mirror is -1. Analysing this
value state the (i) type of mirror and (ii) position of the object with respect to
the pole of the mirror. Draw any diagram to justify your answer. (Foreign 2014)

Answer:
(i) Concave mirror because the image is real, inverted.
(ii) Object is placed at C.

Question 24.
The linear magnification produced by a spherical mirror is -1/5. Analysing this
value state the (i) type of spherical mirror and (ii) the position of the object
with respect to the pole of the mirror. Draw ray diagram to justify your answer.
(Foreign 2014)

Answer:
(i) Concave mirror
(ii) Object is placed beyond C.
Question 25.
Draw ray diagrams for the following cases when a ray of light:
(i) passing through centre of curvature of a concave mirror is incident on it.
(ii) parallel to principal axis is incident on convex mirror.
(iii) is passing through focus of a concave mirror incident on it. (2020)

Answer:
(i) Ray of light passing through centre of curvature of concave mirror, after
reflection

(ii) Ray of light parallel to the principal axis is incident on a convex mirror after
reflection appear to diverge from the principal focus of a convex mirror.

(iii) Ray of light passing through focus of a concave mirror after reflection will
emerge parallel

Question 26.
A concave mirror is used for image formation for different positions of an
object. What inferences can be drawn about the following when an object is
placed at a distance of 10 cm from the pole of a concave mirror of focal length
15 cm?
(a) Position of the image
(b) Size of the image
(c) Nature of the image
Draw a labelled ray diagram to justify your inferences. (2020)

Answer:
Given, f = -15 cm, u = -10 cm.
Thus the object is placed between the principal focus and pole of the mirror.
(a) The position of the image will be behind the mirror.
(b) The size of the image will be highly enlarged.
(c) The nature of the image will be virtual and erect.
Question 27.
A concave mirror has a focal length of 20 cm. At what distance from the mirror
should a 4 cm tall object be placed so that it forms an image at a distance of 30
cm from the mirror? Also calculate the size of the image formed. (AI 2019)

Answer:
Given f = -20 cm v = -30 cm u = ?
Using 1v + 1u = 1f
1u = 1f – 1v = 1−20 – 1−30 = −3+260
⇒ u = -60 cm
∴ Object placed at 60 cm from the mirror.
Also magnification, m = h′h = −vu
⇒ h’ = −(−30)−60 × 4 = -2 cm
∴ The size of the image is 2 cm.

Question 28.
The image of a candle flame placed at a distance of 30 cm from a mirror is
formed on a screen placed in front of the mirror at a distance of 60 cm from its
pole. What is the nature of the mirror? Find its focal length. If the height of the
flame is 2.4 cm, find the height of its image. State whether the image formed is
erect or inverted. (Delhi 2017)

Answer:
Object distance, u = – 30 cm, image size, h’ = ?
Image distance, v = – 60 cm,
Object size ,h = 2.4 cm,
Focal length, f = ?
Using mirror formula,
1/f=1/v+1/u or 1f=−1−260=−360=−1/20
or f = – 20 cm
Hence, focal length is 20 cm
Also, magnification, m = h′h = −v/u
or, m = (−60)/(−30) = -2 or h′/h = -2
h’ = – 2 × 2.4 = – 4.8 cm
As the image formed is real, therefore the mirror is concave.
The height of the image is 4.8 cm.
The image formed is enlarged and inverted.
Question 29.
An object 4 cm in height, is placed at 15 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal
length 10 cm. At what distance from the mirror should a screen be placed to
obtain a sharp image of the object. Calculate the height of the image. (Delhi
2017)

Answer:
Given : object distance, u = -15 cm,
object height, h = 4 cm, focal length f = -10 cm;
Image distance, v = ?
Using mirror formula,
1/v+1/u=1/f⇒1/v+1/(−15)=1/−10⇒1/v=1/15−1/10
or 1/v=10−15150=−5150=−130 or v = -30Ccm
In order to obtain a sharp image of the object on the screen, screen should be
placed at a distance of 30 cm in front of the mirror.
Also, magnification, m = h′/h=−v/u
or h′/4=−(−30)/(−15) or h’ = −(30)×4(15) = -2 × 4
or h’ = -8 cm
Thus, the height of the image is 8 cm.

Question 30.
Draw the following diagram in which a ray of light is incident on a
concave/convex mirror, on your answer sheet. Show the path of this ray, after
reflection, in each case.

Answer:
The path of the rays are shown in figure.
Question 31.
The image of an object formed by a mirror is real, inverted and is of
magnification -1. If the image is at a distance of 40 cm from the mirror, where is
the object placed? Where would the image be if the object is moved 20 cm
towards the mirror? State reason and also draw ray diagram for the new
position of the object to justify your answer. (AI 2016)

Answer:
Since the image formed by the mirror is real and inverted, therefore the mirror
is concave and magnification of the mirror will be
m = –v/u ⇒ -1 = –vu ⇒ v = u
i.e., object and image both are formed at the centre of curvature, i.e., 40 cm from
the mirror.
Now, if the object is moved 20 cm towards the mirror, the object will be at the
focus of the mirror and therefore the image will be formed at infinity.

Question 32.
The image formed by a spherical mirror is real, inverted and its magnification is
-2. If the image is at a distance of 30 cm from the mirror, where is the object
placed? Find the focal length of the mirror. List two characteristics of the image
formed if the object is moved 10 cm towards the mirror. (AI 2016)

Answer:
Since the image formed is real and inverted, the mirror is concave.
Magnification, m = −vu/ ⇒ -2 = −vu ⇒ v = 2u
Now, if v = – 30 cm then u = – 15 cm
As focal length of the mirror is
f = uv/u+v=−15×−30/−15−30=f=450/−45 = -10 cm
If the object is shifted 10 cm towards the mirror, then the object is between
principal focus and the optical centre and the image formed will be virtual and
erect.

Question 33.
If the image formed by mirror for all positions of the object placed in front of it
is always virtual and diminished, state the type of the mirror. Draw a ray
diagram in support of your answer. Where are such mirrors commonly used and
why? (Foreign 2016, AI 2015)
Answer:
Refer to answer 7.
Convex mirrors are widely used as rear view mirrors in cars, motorcycles etc. It
produces an erect image that is smaller in size than the object hence giving a
wide view.

Question 34.
To construct a ray diagram we use two rays of light which are so chosen that it
is easy to determine their directions after reflection from the mirror. Choose
these two rays and state the path of these rays after reflection from a concave
mirror. Use these two rays to find the nature and position of the image of an
object placed at a distance of 15 cm from a concave mirror of focal length 10 cm.
(Delhi 2015, AI 2012)

Answer:
We use two rays of light, one passing through the centre of curvature of a
concave mirror, and another is parallel to the principal axis. After reflection, the
ray passing through the centre of a concave mirror is reflected back along the
same path and the ray parallel to the principal axis will pass through the
principal focus.
u = -15 cm, f= -10 cm

From ray diagram, v = -30 cm, i.e., beyond C Nature of image is real, inverted
and magnified.

Question 35.
Draw a ray diagram to show the path of the reflected ray in each of the following
cases. A ray of light incident on a convex mirror :
(a) strikes at its pole making an angle 0 from the principal axis.
(b) is directed towards its principle focus.
(c) is pardllel to its principal axis. (Foreign 2015)

Answer:
(b) Refer to answer 17.
(c) Refer to answer 6.

Question 36.
A spherical mirror produces an image of magnification -1 on a screen placed at
a distance of 50 cm from the mirror.
(a) Write the type of mirror.
(b) Find the distance of the image from the object.
(c) What is the focal length of the mirror?
(d) Draw the ray diagram to show the image formation in this case. (Delhi 2014,
AI 2014)

Answer:
(a) Concave mirror
(b) Magnification, m = –v/u or v = u
∴ Distance of the image from the object is, v – u = 0
(c) As the image is formed at centre of curvature i.e., v = R.
∴ focal length of the mirror, f = −50/2 = -25 cm
(d) Refer to answer 23(ii).

Question 37.
A spherical mirror produces an image of magnification -1 on a screen placed at
a distance of 40 cm from the mirror.
(i) Write type of mirror.
(ii) What is the nature of the image formed?
(iii) How far is the object located from the mirror?
(iv) Draw the ray diagram to show the image formation in this case. (Delhi
2014)

Answer:
(i) This is a concave mirror.
(ii) The image is real and inverted and of same size.
(iii) As m = – 1
∴ m = –vu ⇒ -1 = −vu ⇒ u = v
Hence, object is located at centre of curvature i.e., at distance of 40 cm from the
pole of the mirror,
(iv) Refer to answer 23(ii).

Question 38.
A spherical mirror produces an image of magnification -1.0 on a screen placed
at a distance of 30 cm from the pole of the mirror. (Delhi 2014)
(i) Write the type of mirror in this case.
(ii) What is the focal length of the mirror?
(iii) What is the nature of the images formed?
(iv) Draw the ray diagram to show the image formation in this case.
Answer:
(i) The mirror is concave mirror.
(ii) Distance the image from the mirror = – 30 cm
Magnification, m = −vu
Here m = – 1 and v = – 30 cm
-1 = –(−30)u
∴ u = – 30 cm
As v = u, object is placed at centre of curvature. Therefore, focal length of the
mirror,
f = −302 = – 15 cm
(iii) Image formed is real and inverted and of the same size of the object.
(iv) Refer to answer 23(ii).

Question 39.
A student wants to project the image of a candle flame on a screen 48 cm in
front of a mirror by keeping the flame at a distance of 12 cm from its pole.
(a) Suggest the type of mirror he should use.
(b) Find the linear magnification of the image produced.
(c) How far is the image from its object?
(d) Draw ray diagram to show the image formation in this case. (AI 2014)

Answer:
(a) Concave mirror
(b) Linear magnification,
m = −v/u = −(−48)/−12 = -4
(c) The distance between the image and the object
= 48 – 12 = 36 cm

Question 40.
A student wants to obtain an erect image of an object using a concave mirror of
12 cm focal length. What should be the range of distance of the candle flame
from the mirror? State the nature and size of the image he is likely to observe.
Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation in this case. (Foreign 2014)
Answer:
To obtain an erect image, the object is placed in between pole and the focus of
the concave mirror. So range of distance of the candle llame from the mirror is
in between 12 cm.
Nature of the image = Virtual and erect.
Size of the image = Enlarged

Question 41.
A student wants to obtain an erect image of a candle flame using a concave
mirror of focal length 15 cm. What should be the range of distance of the candle
flame from the mirror?
State the nature and size of the image he is likely to observe. Draw a ray
diagram to show the image formation in this case. (Foreign 2014)

Answer:
To obtain an erect image of an object, the object should be placed in between
pole and focus. Range of distance of the candle flame from the mirror is in
between 15 cm.
Nature of the image = Virtual and erect
Size of the image = Enlarged
For ray diagram, refer to answer 40.

Question 42.
A student has a concave mirror of 20 cm focal length and he wants to see an
erect image of his face in the mirror. What should be the range of distance of the
mirror from his face? State the nature and size of the image he is likely to
observe. Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer. (Foreign 2014)

Answer:
Focal length of a concave mirror = 20 cm Range will be in between 20 cm.
Nature of the image = Virtual and erect
Size of the image = Enlarged
For ray diagram, refer to answer 40.

Question 43.
Mention the types of mirrors used as (i) rear view mirrors, (ii) shaving mirrors.
List two reasons to justify your answer in each case. (Delhi 2013, Delhi 2012)
Answer:
(i) Convex mirror is used as rear view mirror because
(a) it gives erect image.
(b) it gives diminished image thus provides wider view of traffic behind the
vehicle.
(ii) Concave mirror is used as shaving mirror because
(a) it gives erect image when mirror is close to the face.
(b) it gives enlarged image of the face so that a person can shave safely.

Question 44.
Calculate the magnification of the image of an object placed perpendicular to
the principal axis of a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm. The object is at a
distance of 20 cm from the mirror. (Delhi 2013)

Answer:
Given, focal length of concave mirror,
f = -15 cm
Object distance, u = -20 cm
Image distance, v = ?
Using mirror formula,

Using magnification formula,

m = –vu = -(−60−20) or m = -3
So, the magnification, m = -3.

Question 45.
To construct ray diagram we use two light rays which are so chosen that it is
easy to know their directions after reflection from the mirror. List these two
rays and state the path of these rays after reflection. Use these rays to locate the
image of an object placed between centre of curvature and focus of a concave
mirror. (AI2012)

Answer:
A ray parallel to the principal axis, after reflection, will pass through the
principal focus in case of a concave mirror or appear to diverge from the
principal focus in case of a convex mirror.
A ray passing through the centre of a curvature of a concave mirror or directed
in the direction of the centre of curvature of a convex mirror, after reflection, is
reflected back along the same path. The light rays come back along the same
path because the incident rays fall on the mirror along the normal to the
reflecting surface.

Question 46.
State the types of mirrors used for (i) headlights and (ii) rear view mirrors, in
motorcycles. Give reason to justify your answer in each case. (AI 2012)

Answer:
(i) Concave mirrors are used in headlights of cars to get powerful beams of light.
(ii) Convex mirrors are used as rear-view mirrors of vehicle to get a wider field
of view and and erect image of traffic behind.

Question 47.
An object is placed between infinity and the pole of a convex mirror. Draw a ray
diagram and also state the position, the relative size and the nature of the image
formed. (AI 2011)

Answer:

Position: Image is formed between pole and principal focus of the mirror.
Relative size : Image formed is diminished.
Nature : Image formed is virtual and erect.

Question 48.
With the help of a ray diagram explain why a convex mirror is preferred for rear
view mirrors in the motor cars. (Foreign 2011)
Answer:
Convex mirror is preferred for rear view mirrors in motor cars because no
matter where the object is located in front of convex mirror, it always gives erect
and diminished image of the object, so that driver is able to see the large traffic
view in small area and the image is erect. This can be interpreted from the
following diagram.

Question 49.
An object 4.0 cm in size, is placed 25.0 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal
length 15.0 cm.
(i) At what distance from the mirror should a screen be placed in order to
obtain a sharp image?
(ii) Find the size of the image.
(iii) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image in this case. (2020)

Answer:
(i) Given, h = 4 cm,
u = -25 cm (concave mirror), f = -15 cm
Using mirror formula,

Thus, the image is real and inverted.

Question 50.
(a) A concave mirror of focal length 10 cm can produce a magnified real as well
as virtual image of an object placed in front of it. Draw ray diagrams to justify
this statement,
(b) An object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex mirror of
focal length 10 cm. The distance of the object from the pole of the mirror is 10
cm. Find the position of the image formed. (2020)

Answer:
(a) A magnified real image is produced in a concave mirror when the object is
placed between principal focus and centre of curvature.

A magnified virtual image is produced in a concave mirror when the object is

placed between the pole and the principle focus of the mirror.

(b) Given, f = +10 cm (convex mirror) and u = -10 cm

From mirror formula,

Question 51.
(a) A security mirror used in a big showroom has radius of curvature 5 m. If a
customer is standing at a distance of 20 m from the cash counter, find the
position, nature and size of the image formed in the security mirror.
(b) Neha visited a dentist in his clinic. She observed that the dentist was holding
an instrument fitted with a mirror. State the nature of this mirror and reason for
its use in the instrument used by dentist. (2020)
Answer:
(a) Given radius of curvature of the mirror,
R=5m
∴ Focal length, f = R/2 = 2.5 m (convex mirror) and u = -20 m
From mirror formula,
1f=1v+1u or 1v=1f−1u
= 12.5−1−20=−20−2.5−20×2.5
∴ v = 2.22 m
Thus, the image is formed 2.22 m behind the mirror. The image is diminished,
virtual and erect.
(b) Concave mirrors are used by dentist. Dentist use it as it is a converging
mirror and when used at close range forms a highly enlarged, virtual and erect
image of the object.

Question 52.
(a) To construct a ray diagram we use two rays which are so chosen that it is
easy to know their directions after reflection from the mirror. Use these two
rays and draw ray diagram to locate the image of an object placed between pole
and focus of a concave mirror.
(b) A concave mirror produces three times magnified image on a screen. If the
objects placed 20 cm in front of the mirror, how far is the screen from the
object? (Delhi 2017)

Answer:
(a) Two lights rays whose path of reflection are priorly known are :
(i) When the incident ray passes through the centre of curvature of a concave
mirror, it gets reflected in the same path.
(ii) When the ray is incident obliquely to the principal axis, towards the pole of
mirror, it gets reflected back by making equal angles with the principal axis
(laws of reflections).
Suppose an object is placed between focus and pole of the concave mirror. Then
by using the above two rays, the image of the object can be located as

Image formed is virtual, erect, magnified and it is formed behind the mirror.
(b) Given : Magnification, m = – 3
Object distance, u = – 20 cm
Magnification, m = −v/u or -3 = −v/−20 or v = -60 cm
The screen is placed in front of the mirror at a distance of 60 cm from the pole.
Thus, the screen is placed 40 cm (= 60 cm – 20 cm) away from the object.
Question 53.
(a) If the image formed by a mirror for all positions of the object placed in front
of it is always diminished, erect and virtual, state the type of the mirror and also
draw a ray diagram to justify your answer. Write one use such mirrors are put to
and why?
(b) Define the radius of curvature of spherical mirrors. Find the nature and focal
length of a spherical mirror whose radius of curvature is +24 cm. (AI2017)
Answer:
(a) If the image formed by a mirror for all positions of the object placed in front
of it is always diminished, erect and virtual then the mirror is convex mirror.
The ray diagrams for the formation of image by a convex mirror for the first
position when the object is at infinity and the second position when the object
is at a finite distance from the mirror are shown.

Answer:
Use of Convex Mirrors
Convex mirrors are commonly used as rear-view (wing) mirrors in vehicles
because they always give an erect, though diminished image. Also, they have a
wider field of view as they are curved outwards. Thus, convex mirrors enable
the driver to view a large area.
(b) Radius of Curvature: The radius of the sphere of which the reflecting surface
of a spherical mirror forms a part, is called the radius of curvature of the mirror.
It is represented by the letter R.
∵ The radius of curvature is equal to twice the focal length.
∴ R = 2f
If R = +24 cm ∴ f = R/2 = 24/2 = 12 cm
Since the radius of curvature is positive, the mirror is convex mirror. Hence the
nature of the image is virtual and erect.
Question 54.
(a) Define the following terms in the context of spherical mirrors:
(i) Pole
(ii) Centre of curvature
(iii) Principal axis
(iv) Principal focus
(b) Draw ray diagrams to show the principal focus of a
(i) Concave mirror (ii) Convex mirror
(c) Consider the following diagram in which M is a mirror and P is an object and
Q is its magnified image formed by the mirror.

State the type of the mirror M and one characteristic property of the image Q.
(Delhi 2016)

Answer:
(a) (i) Pole : The centre of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is a point
called the pole. It lies in the surface of the mirror and its represented by the
letter P.
(ii) Centre of curvature: The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is a part of a
sphere which has a centre. This point is called the centre of curvature of
spherical mirror and is represented by the letter C.
(iii) Principal axis : An imaginary line passing through the pole and the centre of
curvature of a spherical mirror and normal to the mirror at its pole is called
principal axis.
(iv) Principal focus : Incident rays parallel to principal axis, after reflection
either converge to as appear to diverge from a fixed point on the principal axis
known as principal focus of the spherical mirror.
(c) The object is placed between focus and pole of the mirror and a magnified
image is formed behind the mirror.
∴ The mirror is concave and image formed is virtual and erect.

Question 55.
It is desired to obtain an erect image of an object, using concave mirror of focal
length of 12 cm.
(i) What should be the range of distance of a , object placed in front of the
mirror?
(ii) Will the image be smaller or larger than the object? Draw ray diagram to
show the formation of image in this case.
(iii) Where will the image of this object be, if it is placed 24 cm in front of the
mirror? Draw ray diagram for this situation also to justify your answer.
Show the positions of pole, principal focus and the centre of curvature in the
above ray diagrams. (AI2016)

Answer:
Given : focal length of the concave mirror f = 12 cm
(i) If the object is placed between the pole and focus of the concave mirror, then
the image formed is virtual and erect. Iheretore, the range of distance of the
object should be 0 < u <. 12 cm.
(ii) The image formed will be enlarged as shown below.

(iii) If the object is placed 24 cm in front of the mirror i.e., at the centre of the
curvature then the image will also be formed at the centre of the curvature.

Question 56.
Suppose you have three concave mirrors A, B and C of focal lengths 10 cm, 15
cm and 20 cm. For each concave mirror you perform the experiment of image
formation for three values of object distances of 10 cm, 20 cm and 30 cm. By
giving reason, answer the following:
(a) For the three object distances, identify the mirror/mirrors which will form
an image of magnification -1.
(b) Out of the three mirrors, identify the mirror which would be preferred to be
used for shaving purposes/make up.
(c) For the mirror B draw ray diagram for image formation for object distances
10 cm and 20 cm. (Foreign 2016)

Answer:
Given fa = 10 cm, fb = 15 cm, fc = 20 cm
ua = 10 cm, ub = 20 cm, uc = 30 cm
(a) Magnification of -1 implies that size of image is same as that of object or
image is formed at the same distance as of the object. This is the case when the
object distance, u = 2f, i.e., when the object is at the centre of the curvature.
For fa, ub and for fb, uc, we get magnification – 1.
(b) Concave mirror forms virtual, erect and magnified image when the object is
between focus and pole of the mirror, i.e., direct distance should be less than the
focal length of the mirror.
For object distance 10 cm, mirrors of focal length f b = 15 cm and fc = 20 cm can
be used.

Question 57.
A student has focused the image of a candle flame on a white screen using a
concave mirror. The situation is a given below:
Length of fhe flame = 1.5 cm
Focal length of the mirror = 12 cm
Distance of flame from the mirror = 18 cm
If the flame is perpendicular to the principal axis of the mirror, then calculate
the following:
(a) Distance of the image from the mirror
(b) Length of the image
If the distance between the mirror and the flame is reduced to 10 cm, then what
would be observed on the screen? Draw ray diagram to justify your answer
from this situation. (Foreign 2015)

Answer:
Given: focal length of the concave mirror, f = – 12 cm
Length of the flame, h = 1.5 cm
Distance of flame from the mirror, u = -18 cm

(b) Let h’ be the length of the image.

∵ Magnification, m = h′/h = −v/u
∴ h’ = −v×h / u=−(−36)×1.5 /−18 = -3 cm
If the distance between the mirror and the flame is reduced to 10 cm, then
1/v=1/f−1/u=1/−12−1/−10=160
∴ v = 60 cm
Hence, image is formed behind the mirror.

Question 58.
A student wants to project the image of a candle flame on the walls of school
laboratory by using a mirror.
(a) Which type of mirror should he use and why?
(b) At what distance in terms of focal length ‘f’ of the mirror should he place the
candle flame so as to get the magnified image on the wall?
(c) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image in this case.
(d) Can he use this mirror to project a diminished image of the candle flame on
the same wall? State ‘how’ if your answer is ‘yes’ and ‘why not’ if your answer is
‘no’ (Delhi 2014)

Answer:
(a) He should use concave mirror to get image of candle flame on the walls of
school laboratory. Because concave mirror is a converging mirror and produce
real image.
(b) He should place the candle flame in between centre of curvature C and
principal focus F of the mirror to get the magnified image on the wall.

(d) Yes, he can use concave mirror to project a diminished image of the candle
flame on the same wall. He has to place the candle flame beyond centre of
curvature to get diminished image.

Question 59.
Define the following terms in case of a concave mirror:
(a) Pole
(b) Radius of curvature
(c) Principal axis
(d) Principal focus
Suppose you want to observe an erect image of a candle flame using a concave
mirror of focal length 20 cm. State the range of distance of the candle flame
from the mirror. List two other characteristics of the observed image. Draw a
ray diagram to show the formation of image in this case. (Delhi 2013)

Answer:
(a) Refer to answer 54(a) (i).
(b) Refer to answer 53(b).
(c) Refer to answer 54(a) (iii).
(d) Refer to answer 54(a) (iv).
If we want to get an erect image of a candle flame using concave mirror of focal
length 20 cm, then we must place the object between a pole and focus of the
mirror. If u is the image distance, then 0 < u < 20 cm
Other two characteristics of the observed image are
(i) Image is virtual and erect
(ii) Image is enlarged
The ray diagram for this situation can be drawn as follows:
Question 60.
List the sign conventions for reflection of light by spherical mirrors. Draw a
diagram and apply these conventions in the determination of focal length of a
spherical mirror which forms a three times magnified real image of an object
placed 16 cm infront of it. (Delhi 2012)

Answer:
Sign Convention for Reflection by Spherical Mirrors : While dealing with the
reflection of light by spherical mirrors, we shall follow a set of sign conventions
called the New Cartesian Sign Convention, the conventions are as follows:
(i) The object is always placed to the left of the mirror. This implies that the light
from the object falls on the mirror from the left-hand side.
(ii) All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the pole of the
mirror.
(iii) All the distances measured to the right of the origin (along + x-axis) are
taken as positive while those measured to the left of the origin (along – x-axis)
are taken as negative.
(iv) Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis (along
+y-axis) are taken as positive.
(v) Distances measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis (along-y-
axis) are taken as negative.

Given that m = -3 (real image), u = -16 cm

Magnification, m = −vu

Question 61.
List the new Cartesian sign convention for reflection of light by spherical
mirrors. Draw a diagram and apply these conventions for calculating the focal
length and nature of a spherical mirror which forms a 1/3 times magnified
virtual image of an object placed 18 cm in front of it. (AI 2012)

Answer:
Refer to answer 60.
Given that m = +13 (virtual image), u = -18 cm
Magnification, m = –vu
13 = −v−18 ⇒ v = 6 cm
mirror formula 1v + 1u = 1f
16 – 118 = 1f ⇒ 3−118 = 1f ⇒ f = 9 cm
As the value of focal length is positive, the mirror used is convex mirror.

Question 62.
Name the type of mirror used in the following situations
(i) Headlights of a car
(ii) Rear-view mirror of vehicle
(iii) Solar furnace
Support your answer with reason. (Foreign 2012)

Answer:
(i) Refer to answer 46(i).
(ii) Refer to answer 46(ii).
(iii) Concave mirrors are used in solar furnaces to concentrate sunlight to
produce heat.

Question 63.
What is meant by power of a lens? (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Power is the degree of convergence or divergence of light rays achieved by a
lens.
It is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length.
i.e., P = 1f

Question 64.
An object is placed at a distance of 15 cm from a convex lens of focal length 20
cm. List four characteristics (nature, position, etc.) of the image formed by the
lens. (AI2017)

Answer:
Given : Object distance, u = – 15 cm
Focal length, f = + 20 cm
Using lens formula, As |u| < |f|
The object is placed between F and optical centre of lens.
Thus, the four characteristics of the image formed by the convex lens are:
(i) Erect
(ii) Virtual
(iii) Enlarged image,
(iv) Image is formed on the same side of the lens as the object.

Question 65.
What is meant by power of a lens? What does its sign (+ve or -ve) indicate?
State its S.I. unit related to focal length of a lens. (Delhi 2016)

Answer:
Refer to answer 63.
Positive sign (+) of power indicates that lens is convex and negative sign (-) of
power indicates that lens is concave.
If focal length (f) is expressed in metres, then, power is expressed in dioptres.
The SI unit of power is dioptre. Thus, 1 dioptre is the power of lens whose focal
length is 1 metre. 1 D = 1 m-1

Question 66.
The refractive indices of glass and water with respect to air are 3/2 and 4/3
respectively. If speed of light in glass is 2 × 10 8 m/s, find the speed of light in
water. (AI 2016)
Answer:

Question 67.
The absolute refractive indices of glass and water are 4/3 and 3/2 respectively.
If the speed of light in glass is 2 × 10 8 m/s, calculate the speed of light in (i)
vacuum, (ii) water. (AI 2015)
Answer:
Given that: ng = 43, nw = 32, vg = 2 × 108 m/s
Absolute refractive index of a medium, n m = cv
where, c is the speed of light in vacuum and v is the speed of light in medium.

Note: The values given in question are not correct as the speed of light in
vacuum is 3 × 108 m/s

Question 68.
“A ray of light incident on a rectangular glass slab immersed in any medium
emerges parallel to itself.” Draw labelled ray diagram to justify the statement”.
(Delhi 2013)
Answer:

Question 69.
The absolute refractive indices of glass and water are 1.5 and 1.33 respectively.
In which medium does light travel faster? Calculate the ratio of speeds of light in
the two media. (Delhi 2013 C)

Answer:
Given : refractive index of glass, n g = 1.5
Refractive index of water, nw = 1.33
Since, refractive index of medium,

For glass ng = cvg ……… (i)

For water nw = cvw ……… (ii)
Since velocity of light in medium is inversely proportional to its refractive index,
the light will travel faster in optically rarer medium i.e., water.
Dividing (i) by (ii),

So, the ratio of vg and vw is 1.33 : 1.5.

Question 70.
To construct a ray diagram we use two light rays which are so chosen that it is
easy to know their directions after refraction from the lens. List these two rays
and state the path of these rays after refraction. Use these two rays to locate the
image of an object placed between ‘f’ and ‘2f’ of a convex lens. (Foreign 2012)
Answer:
The two rays are :
(i) A ray of light from the object, parallel to the principal axis, after refraction
from a convex lens, passes through the principal focus on the other side of the
leps and in case of concave lens, a ray appears to diverge from the principal
focus located on the same side of the lens.

(ii) A ray of light passing through the optical centre of a lens will emerge
without any deviation.
When object is placed between F and 2F.

Question 71.
(a) Water has refractive index 1.33 and alcohol has refractive index 1.36. Which
of the two medium is optically denser? Give reason for your answer.
(b) Draw a ray diagram to show the path of a ray of light passing obliquely from
water to alcohol.
(c) State the relationship between angle of incidence and angle of refraction in
the above case. (2020)

Answer:
(a) Here, alcohol is optically denser medium as its refractive index is higher
than that of water. When we compare the two media, the one with larger
refractive index is called the optically denser medium than the other as the
speed of light is lower in this medium.
(b) Since light is travelling from water (rarer medium) to alcohol (denser
medium), it slows down and bends towards the normal.

where i = angle of incidence and r = angle of refraction.

(c) According to Snell’s law,
sini/sinr=μalcohol / μwater =1.36 / 1.33 = 1.0225
∴ sin i = 1.0225 × sin r

Question 72.
The refractive index of a medium V with respect to a medium ‘y’ is 2/3 and the
refractive index of medium ‘y’ with respect to medium ‘z’ is 4/3. Find the
refractive index of medium ‘z with respect to medium V. If the speed of light in
medium ‘x’ is 3 × 108 m s-1, calculate the speed of light in medium ‘y’. (2020)
Answer:
Given, refractive index of medium x with respect to y,
yµx = 23

Refractive index of medium y with respect to z,

zµy = 43
∴ Refractive index of medium x with respect to z,
zµx = yµx . zµy = 23 × 43 = 89

∴ Refractive index of medium z with respect to x,

xµy = 1zµx = 98

Now speed of light in x = 3 × 10 8 m/s

Speed of light in y, vy = ?

⇒ vy = 23 × 3 × 108 = 2 × 108 m/s

Question 73.
A real image 2/3rd of the size of an object is formed by a convex lens when the
object is at a distance of 12 cm from it. Find the focal length of the lens. (AI
2019)
Answer:
Given, h’ = 23h, u = -12 cm

∴ Focal length of the convex lens = 4.8 cm

Question 74.
State the laws of refraction of light. Explain the term absolute refractive index of
a medium’ and write an expression to relate it with the speed of light in vaccum.
(2018)

Answer:
(a) Laws of refraction of light:
(i) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface of two
transparent media at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.
(ii) The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is
constant, for the light of a given colour and for the given pair of media.
This law is also known as Snell’s law of refraction.
sinisinr = constant,
where i is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of refraction.
This constant value is called refractive index of the second medium with respect
to the first when the light travels from first medium to second medium.
⇒ constant = n21 = v1v2 ∴sinisinr = v1v2
If n is the absolute refractive index of the medium, c is the velocity of light in
vacuum and v is the speed of light in a given medium, then n = cl v.

Question 75.
What is meant by power of a lens? Write its SI unit. A student uses a lens of focal
length 40 cm and another of -20 cm. Write the nature and power of each lens.
(2018)

Answer:
Refer to answer 65.
Given that: Focal length of lens A, f A = +40 cm
Focal length of lens B, fB = -20 cm
Lens A is converging. Lens B is diverging.

Question 76.
Draw ray diagrams to show the formation of three times magnified (a) real, and
(b) virtual image of an object by a converging lens. Mark the positions of O, F
and 2F in each diagram. (AI 2017)

Answer:

(b) Ray diagrams of an object placed between F 1 and optical centre O of lens can
be drawn as follows:
(i) The image formed is virtual and erect.
(ii) Image is formed in front of the lens.
(iii) Image formed is enlarged.

Question 77.
(a) Draw a diagram to show the refraction of light through a glass slab and mark
angle of refraction and the lateral shift suffered by a ray of light while passing
through the slab.
(b) If the refractive index of glass for light going from air to glass is 3/2, find the
refractive index of air for light going from glass to air. (Delhi 2016)

Answer:
(a) Refer to answer 68.
(b) Refractive index of glass w.r.t air is 3
gna = 32
Now, refractive index of air w.r.t glass will be
ang = 1gna = 1(3/2) = 23

Question 78.
The image of an object formed by a lens is of magnification -1. If the distance
between the object and its image is 60 cm, what is the focal length of the lens? If
the object is moved 20 cm towards the lens, where would the image be formed?
State reason and also draw a ray diagram in support of your answer. (AI2016)

Answer:
Magnification of -1 indicates that the image is real and inverted and is of the
same size as of the object. The object must be at 2f and image also at 2f on the
other side.
Total distance between image and object
Also 4f = 60 cm ⇒ f = 15 cm
If object is moved 20 cm towards the lens, then the object will be between focus
and optical centre of the lens and image formed will be virtual and erect and on
the same side of the lens.
Question 79.
(a) Define focal length of a spherical lens.
(b) A divergent lens has a focal length of 30 cm. At what distance should an
object of height 5 cm from the optical centre of the lens be placed so that its
image is formed 15 cm away from the lens? Find the size of the image also.
(c) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image in the above situation.
(AI 2016)

Answer:
(a) Distance between the optical centre and the focus of the lens is known as the
focal length of the lens.
(b) Given f = -30 cm, v = -15 cm, h = 5 cm From the lens formula,

Object should be placed 30 cm from the optical centre.

Also m = h′h = vu ⇒ h’ = h(vu)
or h’ = 5 × −15−30 = 2.5 cm
Size of image formed is 2.5 cm

Question 80.
If the image formed by a lens for all positions of the object placed in front of it is
always virtual, erect and diminished, state the type of the lens. Draw a ray
diagram in support of your answer. If the numerical value of focal length of such
a lens is 20 cm, find its power in new cartesian sign conventions. (Foreign 2016)

Answer:
Concave lens always forms virtual, erect and diminished image for all positions
of the object.
Focal length of the concave lens
f = -20 cm = −20100 m
Power of the lens, P = 1f(inm) = −10020m = -5D

Question 81.
State the laws of refraction of light. If the speed of light in vacuum is 3 ×
108 m/s, find the absolute refractive index of a medium in which light travels
with a speed of 1.4 × 108 m/s. (Foreign 2015)

Answer:
Laws of refraction: Refer to answer 74.
The speed of light in vacuum = 3 × 10 8 m/s
The speed of light in a medium = 1.4 × 10 8 m/s
∴ Absolute refractive index

Question 82.
State the laws of refraction of light. If the speed of light in vacuum is 3 × 10 8 m s-
1, find the speed of light in a medium of absolute refractive index 1.5. (Delhi

2014, AI 2014)

Answer:
Refer to answer 74.
The speed of light in vacuum = 3 × 10 8 m/s
Absolute refractive index =1.5
∴ The speed of light in a medium

Question 83.
The image of a candle flame placed at a distance of 40 cm from a spherical lens
is formed on a screen placed on the other side of the lens at a distance of 40 cm
from the lens. Identify the type of lens and write its focal length. What will be
the nature of the image formed if the candle flame is shifted 25 cm towards the
lens? Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer. (Foreign 2014)

Answer:
Given : u = -40 cm, v = 40 cm
1f=140+140=240 ⇒ f = 20 cm
Type of lens : Convex lens
Focal length = 20 cm
Nature of the image will be virtual and erect if the candle flame is shifted 25 cm
towards the lens.

Question 84.
An object of height 6 cm is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a
concave lens of focal length 5 cm. Use lens formula to determine the position,
size and nature of the image if the distance of the object from the lens is 10 cm.
(Delhi 2013)

Answer:
Focal length of given concave lens, f= – 5 cm
Distance, u = -10 cm, object size, h = 6 cm
Image distance, v = ?
Using lens formula, 1f = 1v – 1u
1v=1f+1u=1−5+1−10=−310
v = –10u = -3.33 cm
So, the image is located 3.33 cm from the lens. Magnification (m) of lens is given
by
m = vu = −103−10=13 = 0.33
m is positive implies that image is virtual and erect. Also, magnitude of m is less
than one implies that image is diminished.
Since m = vu = h′h ⇒ 13 = h′6 or h’ = 2 cm

Question 85.
Draw ray diagram to show the path of the refracted ray in each of the following
cases. A ray of light incident on a concave lens
(i) is parallel to its principal axis, (ii) is passing through its optical centre and
(iii) is directed towards its principal focus. (Delhi 2013 C)

Answer:
(i) A ray of light incident on a concave lens is parallel to its principal axis, the
diagram can be drawn as follows:
The refracted ray appears to pass through focus on the same side of the lens.
(ii) If a ray of light incident on a concave lens is passing through its optical
centre then the refracted ray will go without deviation.

(iii) If a ray of light incident on a concave lens is directed towards its principal
axis then it will go parallel to principal axis.

Question 86.
What is the principle of reversibility of light? Show that the incident of light is
parallel to the emergent ray of light when light falls obliquely on a side of a
rectangular glass slab. (AI 2011)

Answer:
Principle of reversibility of light states that the light will follow exactly the same
path if the direction is reversed.
Using Snell’s law of refraction, sinisinr1=sinesinr2
Since r1 = r2, so i = e

so PQ is parallel to RS.
So, we conclude that incident ray is parallel to the emergent ray.
Question 87.
What is understood by lateral displacement of light? Illustrate it with the help of
a diagram. List any two factors on which the lateral displacement in a particular
substance depends. (Foreign 2011)

Answer:
When a ray of light is incident obliquely on a parallel sided glass slab, the
emergent ray shifts laterally. The perpendicular distance between the direction
of the incident ray and emergent ray is called lateral shift.
Diagram : Refer to answer 68.
Tire factors on which the lateral displacement depends are:
(i) thickness of the refracting material.
(ii) the refractive index of the material.

Question 88.
Draw a ray diagram in each of the following cases to show the formation of
image, when the object is placed:
(i) between optical centre and principal focus of a convex lens.
(ii) anywhere in front of a concave lens.
(iii) at 2F of a convex lens.
State the signs and values of magnifications in the above mentioned cases (i)
and (ii). (2020)

Answer:
(i) When an object is placed between Fj and optical centre, O of a convex lens, it
forms a virtual and erect image. The ray diagram for this situation can be drawn
as follows:
In case (i), the magnification, m is given by,
m = vu = −v−u = positive
i.e., the image formed virtual and erect.
In case (ii), the magnification,
m = vu = −v−u = positive
i.e., the image formed is virtual and erect.

Question 89.
(a) Define the following terms :
(i) Power of lens
(ii) Principal focus of a concave mirror
(b) Write the relationship among the object distance (u), image distance (v) and
the focal length (f) of a
(i) Spherical lens
(ii) Spherical mirror
(c) An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm from optical centre of a convex lens
of focal length 15 cm. Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the formation of
image in this case. (2020)

Answer:
(a) (i) Refer to answer 63.
(ii) Refer to answer 54(a)(iv).
(b) (i) for a spherical lens, according to lens formula,
1f = 1v + 1u
where f is the focal length of the lens, v is the image distance and u is the object
distance.
(ii) For a spherical mirror, according to mirror formula,
1f = 1v + 1u
where f is the focal length of the mirror, v is the image distance and u is the
object distance.
(c) Given focal length, f = +15 cm (convex lens) and u = -10 cm

Question 90.
Rishi went to a palmist to show his palm. The palmist used a special lens for this
purpose.
(i) State the nature of the lens and reason for its use.
(ii) Where should the palmist place/hold the lens so as to have a real and
magnified image of an object?
(iii) If the focal length of this lens is 10 cm, the lens is held at a distance of 5 cm
from the palm, use lens formula to find the position and size of the image.
(2020)

Answer:
(i) The lens used here is a convex lens and it is used as a magnifying glass
because at close range, i.e., when the object is placed between optic centre and
principal focus it forms an enlarged, virtual and erect image of the object.
(ii) When this lens is placed such that the object is between the centre of
curvature and the principal focus, the palmist obtain a real and magnified
image.
(iii) Given focal length, f = 10 cm and u = -5 cm According to lens formula,

Thus, the image will be formed at 10 cm on the same side of the palm and the
size of the image will be enlarged.

Question 91.
An object is placed at a distance of 60 cm from a concave lens of focal length 30
cm.
(i) Use lens formula to find the distance of the image from the lens
(ii) List four characteristics of the image (nature, position, size, erect/inverted)
formed by the lens in this case
(iii) Draw ray diagram to justify your answer of pair (ii) . (Delhi 2019)

Answer:
(i) Given, f = -30 cm, u = -60 cm, v = ?
Using lens formula,

(ii) (a) The image is virtual in nature.

(b) The image is formed at a distance of 20 cm on the left from the concave lens.
(c) Magnification, m = vu
Here, v = – 20 cm; u = – 60 cm
So, m = 2060 = 13 = + 0.3
Since value of magnification is less than 1, therefore, the image is diminished.
(d) The plus sign for the magnification shows that the image is erect.

Question 92.
(a) A 5 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex
lens of focal length 20 cm. The distance of the object from the lens is 30 cm.
Find the position, nature and size of the image formed.
(b) Draw a labelled ray diagram showing object distance, image distance and
focal length in the above case. (AI 2019)

Answer:
(a) Given, h = 5 cm, f = 20 cm, u = -30 cm
Using lens formula, 1v – 1u = 1f
1v=1u+1f=1−30+120=−2+360=160
⇒ v = 60 cm
Now, magnification, m = h′h = vu
⇒ h’ = vu × h = 60−30 × 5 = -10 cm
Hence, the image formed at 60 cm, which is real and magnified.

Question 93.
Analyse the following observation table showing variation of image distance (v)
with object distance (u) in case of a convex lens and answer the questions that
follows, without doing any calculations :
S. No. Object distance u (cm) Image distance v (cm)
1 -90 + 18
2 -60 + 20
3 -30 + 30
4 -20 + 60
5 – 18 + 90
6 – 10 + 100
(a) What is the focal length of the convex lens? Give reason in support of your
answer.
(b) Write the serial number of that observation which is not correct. How did
you arrive at this conclusion?
(c) Take an appropriate scale to draw ray diagram for the observation at S. No. 4
and the approximate value of magnification. (Delhi 2017)

Answer:
(a) When an object placed at 2F from a convex lens, then its image is formed on
the other side of the lens at the same distance from the lens. Thus from S. No.(3)
we can say that.
f = v/2 ⇒ f = 302 = + 15 cm
Thus, the focal length is + 15 cm.
(b) In this case S.No. (6) is incorrect as the object distance is between focus and
pole, for such case, the image formed is virtual and on the same side as the
object, hence image distance is negative.
(c) The approximate value of magnification for object distance -20 cm and
image distance +60 cm is -3

Question 94.
Analyse the following observation table showing variation of image-distance (v)
with object-distance (u) in case of a convex lens and answer the questions that
follow without doing any calculations.
S. No. Object Distance w(cm) Image Distance v(cm)
1 -100 +25
2 -60 +30
3 -40 +40
4 -30 +60
5 -25 +100
6 -15 +120
(a) What is the focal length of the convex lens? Give reason to justify your
answer.
(b) Write the serial number of the observation which is not correct. On what
basis have you arrived at this conclusion?
(c) Select an appropriate scale and draw a ray diagram for the observation at S.
No. 2. Also find the approximate value of magnification. (AI 2017)
Answer:
(a) When an object is placed at 2F from the convex lens, then its image is
formed on the other side of the lens at the same distance from the lens. Thus
from S.No. (3), we can say that
∴ f = v2 = 402 = 20 cm
(b) In this case, S. No. (6) is incorrect as the object distance is between focus
and optical centre for such cases, the image formed is virtual and image
distance is negative.

The approximate value of magnification for object distance -60 cm and image
distance +30 cm is -1/2.

Question 95.
(a) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image by a convex lens when
an object is placed in front of the lens between its optical centre and principal
focus.
(b) In the above ray diagram mark the object distance (u) and the image
distance (v) with their proper sign (+ve or -ve as per the new Cartesian sign
convention) and state how these distances are related to the focal length (f) of
the convex lens in this case.
(c) Find the power of a convex lens which forms a real and inverted image of
magnification -1 of an object placed at a distance of 20 cm from its optical
centre. (Delhi 2016)

Answer:
(a) Refer to answer 88(i).
(b) The lens formula is given as
1v – 1u = 1f
(c) Magnification of the lens is given by
m = vu ⇒ -1 = −v20 [u = -20 cm]
∴ v = 20 cm
As v = u then
∴ f = 202 cm = 10 cm = 0.1 m
Power of the lens, P = 1f(inm) D = 10.1 D = 10 D

Question 96.
(a) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image by a concave lens when
an object is placed in front of it.
(b) In the above diagram mark the object distance (u) and the image distance
(v) with their proper sign (+ve or -ve as per the new Cartesian sign convention)
and state how these distances are related to the focal length (/) of the concave
lens in this case.
(c) Find the nature and power of a lens which forms a real and inverted image
of magnification -1 at a distance of 40 cm from its optical centre. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
(a) Refer to answer 88(ii).
(b) The lens formula is given by
1v – 1u = 1f
(c) Since, the nature of the image is real and inverted therefore the lens is
convex.
Now magnification of the lens is
m = vu ⇒ -1 = vu ⇒ v = -u
Now, from lens formula,

Question 97.
(a) Define optical centre of a spherical lens.
(b) A divergent lens has a focal length of 20 cm. At what distance should an
object of height 4 cm from the optical centre of the lens be placed so that its
image is formed 10 cm away from the lens. Find the size of the image also.
(c) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image in above situation. (AI
2016)

Answer:
(a) Optical centre is the central part of the lens through which a ray of light
passes without suffering any deviation. It is usually represented by the letter O.
(b) Given f = – 20 cm, h = 4 cm, v = – 10 cm
From lens formula,
1/v – 1/u = 1/f
⇒ 1/u = −1/10 + 1/20 ⇒ u = -20 cm
Also, magnification of the lens,
m = h′/h = v/u ⇒ h’ = 10/20 × 4 ⇒ h’ = 2 cm
Question 98.
(a) Define focal length of a divergent lens.
(b) A divergent lens has a focal length of 30 cm forms the image of an object of
size 6 cm on the same side as the object at a distance of 15 cm from its optical
centre. Use lens formula to determine the distance of the object from the lens
and the size of the image formed.
(c) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image in the above situation.
(AI 2016)

Answer:
(a) Distance between the principal focus and the optical centre is known as the
focal length of the lens.
(b) Given, f = -30 cm, v = -15 cm, h = 6 cm
Now, from lens formula,

Question 99.
At what distance from a concave lens of focal length 20 cm a 6 cm tall object be
placed so as to obtain its image at 15 cm from the lens? Also calculate the size of
the image formed. Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer for the above
situation and label it. (Foreign 2016)

Answer:
Focal length of concave lens, f = -20
cm Height of the object, h = 6 cm
Image distance, v = -15 cm
From lens formula,

Question 100.
At what distance from a concave lens of focal length 25 cm a 10 cm tall object be
placed so as to obtain its image at 20 cm from the lens. Also calculate the size of
the image formed. Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer for the above
situation and label it. (Foreign 2016)
Answer:
Focal length of concave lens f = – 25 cm
Image distance, v = -20 cm
Height of the object, h = 10 cm
Now, from lens formula,
Question 101.
“A convex lens can form a magnified erect as well as magnified inverted image
of an object placed in front of it”. Draw ray diagram to justify this statement
stating the position of the object with respect to the lens in each case. An object
of height 4 cm is placed at a distance of 20 cm from a concave lens of focal
length 10 cm. Use lens formula to determine the position of the image formed.
(Delhi 2015)

Answer:
Magnified erect image:

Magnified inverted image:

Given that h = 4 cm, u = -20 cm, f = -10 cm

Lens formula:
1/v – 1/u = 1/f ∴ 1/v – 1/(−20) = 1/(−10)
or 1/v=−1/10−1/20=−2/20−1/20=−3/20 or v = −20/3 cm

Question 102.
The image of a candle flame placed at a distance of 30 cm from a spherical lens
is formed on a screen placed on the other side of the lens at a distance of 60 cm
from the optical centre of the lens. Identify the type of lens and calculate its
focal length. If the height of the flame is 3 cm, find the height of its image. (Delhi
2015)
Answer:
Given that u = -30 cm, v = 60 cm, h = 3 cm
Lens Formula:
1/v – 1/u = 1/f ∴ 160 – 1(−30) = 1f
⇒ 1+260=1f=360=120 or f = 20 cm
As focal length is positive, hence lens is convex lens.
Magnification, m = v/u = h′/h
∴ 60−30 = h′3 or h’ = −60×3/30 = -6 cm
⇒ The height of image is 6 cm and negative sign shows that the image is real
and inverted.

Question 103.
(a) State the laws of refraction of light. Explain the term absolute refractive
index of a medium and write an expression to relate it with the speed of light in
vacuum.
(b) The absolute refractive indices of two media A and B are 2.0 and 1.5
respectively. If the speed of light in medium B is 2 × 10 8 m/s, calculate the speed
of light in
(i) vacuum
(ii) medium A (Delhi 2015)

Answer:
(a) Refer to answer 74.
(b) Given that nA = 2.0, nA = 1.5, vA = 2 × 108 m/s
(i) nB = cvB, where c is the speed of light in vacuum

Question 104.
What is meant by power of a lens? Define its S.I. unit.
You have two lenses A and B of focal lengths + 10 and -10 cm respectively. State
the nature and power of each lens. Which of the two lenses will form a virtual
and magnified image of an object placed 8 cm from the lens? Draw a ray
diagram to justify your answer. (AI 2015)

Answer:
Refer to answer 65.
Given that:
Focal length of lens A, fA = +10 cm
Focal length of lens B, fB = -10 cm
Lens A is convex lens . Lens B is concave lens,
Power of lens A = 100fA(incm) = 10010 = +10 D
Power of lens B = 100fB(incm) = 100−10 = -10 D
Lens A will form a virtual and magnified image.

Question 105.
One half of a convex lens of focal length 10 cm is covered with a black paper. Can
such a lens produce an image of a complete object placed at a distance of 30 cm
from the lens? Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer.
A 4 cm tall obj ect is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a concave lens
of focal length 20 cm. The distance of the object from the lens is 15 cm. Find the
nature, position and size of the image. (AI 2015)

Answer:
Yes, the lens will produce an image of complete object.

Given that h = 4 cm, f = 20 cm, u = -15 cm

Lens formula: = 1/v – 1/u = 1/f
∴ 1/v – 1/(−15) = 1/20 or 1/v = 1/20 – 1/15 = −160
⇒ v = -60 cm
Magnification, m = v/u = −60/−15 = 4
Nature of image: Virtual, erect and enlarged Position of image : In front of lens
60 cm from the lens
Size of image : Four times of object, i.e.,
(4 × 4) cm = 16 cm

Question 106.
What is meant by the power of a lens ? What is its S.I. unit ? Name the type of
lens whose power is positive. The image of an object formed by a lens is real,
inverted and of the same size as the object. If the image is at a distance of 40 cm
from the lens, what is the nature and power of the lens? Draw ray diagram to
justify your answer. (Foreign 2015)
Answer:
Refer to answer 65.
Convex lens has positive power. Since the image of an object formed by a lens is
real, inverted and of the same size as the object.
Given: Size of object = Size of image and h’ = -h
∴ Magnification, m = h′h = −hh = -1
∴ -1 = vu or v = -u
Focal length of the lens,

Question 107.
(a) Explain the following terms related to spherical lenses:
(i) optical centre
(ii) centres of curvature
(iii) principal axis (iv) aperture
(v) principal focus (vi) focal length
(b) A converging lens has focal length of 12 cm. Calculate at what distance
should the object be placed from the lens so that it forms an image at 48 cm on
the other side of the lens. (AI 2014)

Answer:
(a) (i) Optical centre : The centre point of a lens is known as the optical centre.
It always lies inside the lens. A light beam passing through the optical centre
without any deviation.
(ii) Centre of curvature : It is defined as the centre of the sphere of which the
lens is originally a part of. Because the spherical lens consists of two spherical
surfaces, the lens has two centre of curvature.
(iii) Principal axis : A straight line passing through the optical centre and
principal focus of a spherical lens. This line is called the principal axis.
(iv) Aperture : The diameter of the reflecting surface of spherical lens is called
its aperture.
(v) Principal focus : A number of rays parallel to the principal axis are falling on
a lens.
These rays, after refraction from the lens, are appearing to converge to or
diverge from a point on the principal axis. This point on the principal axis is
called the principal focus of the lens.
(vi) Focal length: The distance between the optical centre and the principal
focus of a spherical lens is called the focal length. It is represented by the letter
f.
(b) Given f = 12 cm, v = 48 cm, u = ?

Question 108.
(i) Explain the following terms related to spherical lenses
(a) Centres of curvature (b) Principal axis
(c) Optical centre (d) Principal focus
(ii) At what distance from a concave lens of focal length 20 cm, should a 6 cm
tall object be placed so that it forms an image at 15 cm from the lens? Also
determine the size of the image formed. (AI 2014)
Answer:
(i) Refer to answer 107(a).
(ii) Refer to answer 99.
Question 109.
What is meant by power of a lens? Name and define its S.I. unit.
One student uses a lens of focal length +50 cm and another of -50 cm. State the
nature and find the power of each lens. Which of the two lenses will always give
a virtual and diminished image irrespective of the position of the object?
(Foreign 2014)

Answer:
Refer to answer 65.
A convex lens has the focal length +50 cm.
∴ power = 1f = +10050 = +2 D
A concave lens has the focal length -50 cm.
∴ power = 1f = −10050 = -2 D
Concave lens always gives a virtual, erect and diminished image irrespective of
the position of the object.
Question 110.
(a) State the laws of refraction of light. Give an expression to relate the absolute
refractive index of a medium with speed of light in vacuum.
(b) The refractive indices of water and glass with respect to air are 4/3 and 3/2
respectively. If the speed of light in glass is 2 × 10 8 m s-1, find the speed of light
in (i) air, (ii) water. (Delhi 2013)

Answer:
(a) Refer to answer 74.
(b) Refer to answer 66.

Question 111.
The image of a candle flame placed at a distance of 45 cm from a spherical lens
is formed on a screen placed at a distance of 90 cm from the lens. Identify the
type of lens and calculate its focal length. If the height of the flame is 2 cm, find
the height of its image. (Delhi 2012)

Answer:
Given that u = -45 cm, v = +90 cm, h = 2 cm
(as the image is formed on the screen, the image is real and hence image is
formed by convex lens on the other side of the lens).
Type of the lens used : Convex lens
Lens formula
1/v – 1/u = 1/f
∴ 1/90−1/(−45)=1/f=3/90 or f = 30 cm
Focal length, f = 30 cm
Magnification, m = h′/h = v/u
∴ h′/2 = 90/−45 or h’ = -4 cm
⇒ height of image = 4 cm (inverted)

Question 112.
State the law of refraction of light that defines the refractive index of a medium
with respect to the other. Express it mathematically. How is reffactive index of
any medium ‘A’ with respect to a medium ‘B’ related to the speed of propagation
of light in two media A and A? State the name of this constant when one
medium is vacuum or air.
The refractive indices of glass and water with respect to vacuum are 3/2 and
4/3 respectively. If the speed of light in glass is 2 × 10 8 m/s, find the speed of
light in (i) vacuum, (ii) water. (Delhi 2012)

Answer:
Refer to answer 74 and 66.
Question 113.
A 4 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of convex lens of
focal length 24 cm. The distance of the object from the lens is 16 cm. Find the
position, size and nature of the image formed, using the lens formula. (AI 2012,
Foreign 2012)

Answer:
Given that :u = -16 cm, f = 24 cm, h = 4 cm

Nature of image : virtual and erect, enlarged

Question 114.
With the help of a ray diagram state what is meant by refraction of light. State
Snell’s law for refraction of light and also express it mathematically.
The refractive index of air with respect to glass is 2/3 and the refractive index of
water with respect to air is 4/3. If the speed of light in glass is 2 × 10 8 m/s, find
the speed of light in (a) air, (b) water. (AI 2012)

Answer:
When travelling obliquely from one medium to another, the direction of
propagation of light in the second medium changes. This phenomenon is known
as refraction of light.
The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is
constant, for the light of a given colour and for the given pair of media. This law
is also known as snell’s law of refraction.

sinisinr = constant,
Where i is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of refraction.
Given that: nag = 2/3, nwa = 4/3, vg = 2 × 108 m/s
(a) Refer to answer 66.
(b) Va = nga × vg
= 1nag × Vg = 32 × 2 × 108 = 3 × 108 m/s

Question 115.
List the sign conventions that are followed in case of refraction of light through
spherical lenses. Draw a diagram and apply these conventions in determining
the nature and focal length of a spherical lens which forms three times
magnified real image of an object placed 16 cm from the lens. (Foreign 2012)

Answer:
For lenses, we follow sign convention, similar to one used for spherical mirrors.
We apply the rules for signs of distances, except that all measurements are
taken from the optical centre of the lens.
For sign convention of mirror : refer to answer 60.

u = -16 cm, m = -3 (real)

or f = 12 cm
Spherical lens is convex lens or converging lens of focal length 12 cm.

Question 116.
(a) What is meant by ‘power of a lens?’
(b) State and define the S.I unit of power of a lens.
(c) A convex lens of focal length 25 cm and a concave lens of focal length 10 cm
are placed in close contact with each other. Calculate the lens power of this
combination. (AI 2011)

Answer:
(a) Refer to answer 63.
(b) Refer to answer 65.
(c) Power of convex lens of focal length 25 cm is
p1 = 10025(inm) = 4 D
Power of concave lens of focal length 10 cm is 100
p2 = 100−10(inm) = -10 D
∴ Power of the combination = P = P1 + P2
∴ P = 4 – 10 = -6D

Question 117.
(a) Under what condition with a glass lens placed in a transparent liquid
become invisible.
(b) Describe and illustrate with a diagram, how we should arrange two
converging lenses so that a parallel beam of light entering one lens emerges as a
parallel beam after passing through the second lens.
(c) An object is placed at a distance of 3 cm from a concave lens of focal length
12 cm. Find the (i) position and (ii) nature of the image formed. (Foreign 2011)

Answer:
(a) If the refractive index of glass lens is equal to the refractive index of liquid
then the glass lens placed in a transparent liquid will become invisible.
(b) Suppose we have two converging lens of focal lengths f 1 and f2. We will keep
the two converging lens at a distance of f 1 +f2 so that a parallel beam of light
entering one lens emerges as a parallel beam after passing through the second
lens.

Here the focus of the two lenses should coincide,

(c) (i) Focal length of concave lens, f = -12 cm
Object distance, u = -3 cm Image distance, v = ?
Using lens formula,

So, the image is formed at 2.4 cm from the concave lens.

(ii) Using magnification formula,
m = vu = −2.4−3 = + 0.8
Since m is +ve and magnitude of m is less than 1, so the image formed is virtual
and diminished.
HOTs QUESTIONS:
1.Show that radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is twice of its focal
length

Consider a concave mirror as shown in the figure above.

Answer:
A ray of light AB which is travelling parallel to the principal axis PC is incident
on a concave mirror at B. After reflection, it goes through the focus F. P is the
pole of the mirror. C is the centre of curvature.

The distance PF = focal length f.

The distance PC = the radius of curvature R of the mirror.

BC is the normal to the mirror at the point of incidence B.

∠ABC = ∠CBF (Law of reflection, ∠i = ∠r)∠ABC = ∠CBF (Law of reflection, ∠i

= ∠r)
∠ABC = ∠BCF (alternate angles)∠ABC = ∠BCF (alternate angles)
⇒∠BCF = ∠CBF⇒∠BCF = ∠CBF
∴ ▲FBC∴ ▴FBC is an isosceles triangle.

Hence, sides BF=FCBF=FC

For a small aperture of the mirror, the point B is very close to the point P,

⇒BF=PF⇒BF=PF

∴ PF = FC = 12PC⇒ f = 12R∴ PF = FC = 12PC⇒ f = 12R

2. Which type of reflection of light leads to the formation of images?
Answer:
Regular reflection leads to the formation of images because the rays are
reflected in a particular direction and meet at a point to form image.

3. An object is placed at a distance of 0.25 m

in front of a plane mirror. Calculate the distance between the object and image?

Answer:
Distance between object and image = 0.25 + 0.25 = 0.5 m

4. A concave mirror of radius 30 cm is placed in water. It’s focal length in air and
water differ by

Answer:
The focal length of spherical mirror does not depends on the surrounding
medium.

5. A concave mirror of focal length 20 cm forms an image having twice the size
of object. For the virtual position of object, the position of object will be at

Answer:
For virtual image,

6. The angle of incidence i and refraction r are equal in a transparent slab when
the value of i is

Answer:
When the incident ray falls normally on the glass slab, it will refracted without
deviation, i.e. along the normal in the glass slab. So, ∠i = ∠r = 0
7. The refractive index of water is 1.33. The speed of light in water will be

Answer:

8. Figure shows a ray of light as it travels from medium A to medium B.

Refractive index of the medium B relative to medium A is [NCERT Exemplar
Problems]

∠i = 60°, ∠r = 45°
Using Snell’s law of refraction, refractive index of medium B with respect to
medium A.

A light ray enters from medium A to medium B as shown in figure. The

refractive index of medium B relative to A will be [NCERT Exemplar Problems]

(a) greater than unity

(b) less than unity
(c) equal to unity
(d) zero
(b) In medium B, light ray bends away from the normal. It indicates that
medium B is optically rarer than medium A. Hence speed of light in medium B is
more than that in medium A.
Now, refractive index

9. The image produced by a concave mirror is one-quarter the size of object. If

the object is moved 5cm closer to the mirror, the image will only be half the size
of the object. The focal length of mirror is

Answer:

10. For the same angle of incidence 45∘, the angle of refraction in two transparent
media : I and II is 20∘ and 30∘ respectively. Out of I and II, which medium is optically
denser and why ?

Answer:
Angle of incidence =I = 45 degrees
Medium 1 angle of refraction= 20 degrees
Medium 2 angle of refraction=30 degrees.
Medium 1 is optically denser as angle of refraction is less . So light rays bends
more towards normal.
Conclusion:
Medium 1 is optically denser medium.
11. Refractive index of glass with respect to water is 5/4 and the refractive
index of water with respect to air is 4/3, what is the refractive index of glass
with respect to air?

Answer:

12. The absolute refractive indices of glass and water are 4/3 and 3/2
respectively. If the speed of light in glass is 2 x 10^8 m/s, calculate the speed of
light in (i) vacuum (ii) water

Answer:
13. The refractive index of a medium ′x′ with respect to a medium ′y′ is 2/3 and the
refractive index of medium ′y′ with respect to medium ′z′ is 4/3. Find the refractive
index of medium ′z′ with respect to medium ′x′. If the speed of light in
medium ′x′ is 3×108ms−1, calculate the speed of light in medium ′y′.
Answer:

For a normal incident light on the surface, ∠i = 0.

 14. Absolute refractive indices of medium 'A' and medium 'B' are 'na' and 'nb'
respectively what is the refractive index of medium 'B' with respect to medium
'A' ?
How does the velocity of light vary with change in the optical density of the
media ?

Explanation:
From the basic statement of Snell's Law:
Absolute refractive index of medium A

Absolute refractive index of medium B

 As the optical density increases the speed of light in that medium decreases and
hence the ratio of speed of light in air to the speed of light in the medium
increases therefore the refractive index increases.

15. The power of a combination of two lenses X and Y is 5 D. If the focal length
of lens X be 15 cm : (a) calculate the focal length of lens Y. (b) state the nature of
lens Y.
16. A 5 mm high pin is placed at a distance of 15 cm from a convex lens of focal
length 10 cm. A second lens of focal length 5 cm is placed 40 cm from the first
lens and 55 cm from the pin. Find (a) the position of the final image, (b) its
nature and (c) its size.

Answer:
17. Two parallel rays of Red and Violet travelling through air, meet the air-glass
boundary as shown in the figure: (a) Will their paths inside the glass be
parallel? Give a reason for your answer. (b) Compare the speeds of the two rays
inside the glass.

Answer:
MCQs
Question 1.
Which of the following can make a parallel beam of light when light from a point
source is incident on it?
(a) Concave mirror as well as convex lens
(b) Convex mirror as well as concave lens
(c) Two plane mirrors placed at 90° to each other
(d) Concave mirror as well as concave lens

Answer:
(a) Concave mirror as well as convex lens

Question 2.
A 10 mm long awl pin is placed vertically in front of a concave mirror. A 5 mm
long image of the awl pin is formed at 30 cm in front of the mirror. The focal
length of this mirror is
(a) -30 cm
(b) -20 cm
(c) -40cm
(d) -60 cm

Answer: (b) -20 cm

Question 3.
Under which of the following conditions a concave mirror can form an image
larger than the actual object?
(a) When the object is kept at a distance equal to its radius of curvature
(b) When object is kept at a distance less than its focal length
(c) When object is placed between the focus and centre of curvature
(d) When object is kept at a distance greater than its radius of curvature

Answer: (c) When object is placed between the focus and centre of curvature

Question 4.
The diagrams showing the correct path of the ray after passing through the
(a) II and III only
(b) I and II only
(c) I, II and III
(d) I, II and IV

Answer: (c) I, II and III

Question 5.
A light ray enters from medium A to medium B as shown in figure. The
refractive index of medium B relative to A will be

(a) greater than unity

(b) less than unity
(c) equal to unity
(d) zero

Answer: (a) greater than unity

Question 6.
Beams of light are incident through the holes A and B and emerge out of box
through the holes C and D respectively as shown in the figure. Which of the
following could be inside the box?

(a) A rectangular glass slab

(b) A convex lens
(c) A concave lens
(d) A prism

Answer: (a) A rectangular glass slab

Question 7.
A beam of light is incident through the holes on side A and emerges out of the
holes on the other face of the box as show in the figure. Which of the following
could be inside the box?

(a) Concave lens

(b) Rectangular glass slab
(c) Prism
(d) Convex lens

Answer: (d) Convex lens

Question 8.
Which of the following statements is true?
(a) A convex lens has 4 dioptre power having a focal length 0.25 m
(b) A convex lens has -4 dioptre power having a focal length 0.25 m
(c) A concave lens has 4 dioptre power having a focal length 0.25 m
(d) A concave lens has -4 dioptre power having a focal length 0.25 m.

Answer: (a) A convex lens has 4 dioptre power having a focal length 0.25 m

Question 9.
Magnification produced by a rear view mirror fitted in vehicles
(a) is less than one
(b) is more than one
(c) is equal to one
(d) can be more than or less than one depending upon the position of the object
in front of it.

Answer: (a) is less than one

Question 10.
Rays from Sun converge at a point 15 cm in front of a concave mirror. Where
should an object be placed so that size of its image is equal to the size of the
object?

(a) 15 cm in front of the mirror

(b) 30 cm in front of the mirror
(c) between 15 cm and and 30 cm in front of the mirror
(d) more than 30 cm in front of the mirror

Answer: (b) 30 cm in front of the mirror

Question 11.
A full length image of a distant tall building can definitely be seen by using
(a) a concave mirror
(b) a convex mirror
(c) a plane mirror
(d) both concave as well as plane mirror
Answer: (b) a convex mirror
Question 12.
In torches, search lights and headlights of vehicles the bulb is placed
(a) between the pole and the focus of the reflector
(b) very near to the focus of the reflector
(c) between the focus and centre of curvature of the reflector
(d) at the centre of curvature of the reflector
Answer: (b) very near to the focus of the reflector
Question 13.
The laws of reflection hold good for
(a) plane mirror only
(b) concave mirror only
(c) convex mirror only
(d) all mirrors irrespective of their shape
Answer: (d) all mirrors irrespective of their shape
Question 14.
The path of a ray of light coming from air passing through a rectangular glass
slab traced by four students are shown as A, B, C and D in figure. Which one of
them is correct?

(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D
Answer: (b) B
Question 15.
You are given water, mustard oil, glycerine and kerosene. In which of these
media a ray of light incident obliquely at same angle would bend the most?
(a) Kerosene
(b) Water
(c) Mustard oil
(d) Glycerine
Answer: (d) Glycerine
Question 16.
Which of the following ray diagrams is correct for the ray of light incident on a
concave mirror as shown in figure?

(a) Fig. A
(b) Fig. B
(c) Fig. C
(d) Fig. D
Answer: (d) Fig. D
Question 17.
Which of the following ray diagrams is correct for the ray of light incident on a
lens shown in figure?
(a) Fig. A
(b) Fig. B
(c) Fig. C
(d) Fig. D
Answer: (a) Fig. A
Question 18.
A child is standing in front of a magic mirror. She finds the image of her head
bigger, the middle portion of her body of the same size and that of the legs
smaller. The following is the order of combinations for the magic mirror from
the top.
(a) Plane, convex and concave
(b) Convex, concave and plane
(c) Concave, plane and convex
(d) Convex, plane and concave
Answer: (c) Concave, plane and convex
Question 19.
In which of the following, the image of an object placed at infinity will be highly
diminished and point sized?
(a) Concave mirror only
(b) Convex mirror only
(c) Convex lens only
(d) Concave mirror, convex mirror, concave lens and convex lens
Answer: (d) Concave mirror, convex mirror, concave lens and convex lens
Question 20.
Light travel fastest in
(a) Water
(b) Air
(c) Glass
(d) Diamond
Answer: (b) Air
Question 21.
A student used a device (X) to obtain/focus the image of a well illuminated
distant building on a screen (S) as shown alongside in the diagram. Select the
correct statement about the device (X).
(a) This device is a concave lens of focal length 8 cm.
(b) This device is a convex mirror of focal length 8 cm.
(c) This device is a convex lens of focal length 4 cm.
(d) This device is a convex lens of focal length 8 cm.
Answer: (d) This device is a convex lens of focal length 8 cm.
Question 22.
A student obtains a sharp image of the distant window (W) of the school
laboratory on the screen (S) using the given concave mirror (M) to determine its
focal length. Which of the following distances should he measure to get the focal
length of the mirror?

(a) MW
(b) MS
(c) SW
(d) MW- WS
Answer: (b) MS
Question 23.
The mirror having reflection surface curved outward
(a) plane mirror
(b) concave mirror
(c) convex mirror
(d) cylindrical mirror
Answer: (c) convex mirror
Question 24.
The mirror having reflecting surface curved inwards
(a) plane mirror
(b) convex mirror
(c) cylindrical mirror
(d) concave mirror
Answer: (d) concave mirror
Question 25.
The mirror used as rear-view mirror in vehicles
(a) convex mirror
(b) plane mirror
(c) cylindrical mirror
(d) concave mirror
Answer: (a) convex mirror
Question 26.
The deviation of light ray from its path when it travels from one transparent
medium to another transparent medium is called
(a) reflection
(b) refraction
(c) dispersion
(d) scattering
Answer: (b) refraction
Question 27.
Convex lens is also known as
(a) converging lens
(b) diverging lens
(c) radial lens
(d) axial lens
Answer: (a) converging lens
Question 28.
The image which is formed behind the mirror
(a) real image
(b) virtual image
(c) blue image
(d) partial image
Answer: (b) virtual image
HUMAN EYE AND COLOURFUL WORLD
ASSERTION AND REASONING

Following questions consist of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason

(R). Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given below:

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

Q.1. Assertion(A) : White light is dispersed into its seven-colour components

by a prism.
Reason (R) : Different colours of light bend through different angles with
respect to the incident ray as they pass through a prism.

Answer: (a)
Q.2. Assertion(A) : The phenomenon of scattering of light by the colloidal
particles gives rise to Tyndall effect.
Reason (R): The colour of the scattered light depends on the size of the
scattering particles.

Answer: (b)
Q.3. Assertion(A): A normal human eye can clearly see all the objects beyond
certain minimum distance.
Reason (R) : The human eye has capacity of adjusting the focal length of eye
lens.

Answer: (a)

Q.4. Assertion(A) : A rainbow is sometimes seen in the sky in rainy season only
when observer’s back is towards the Sun.
Reason (R) : Internal reflection in the water droplets cause dispersion and the
final rays are in backward direction.

Answer: (a)

Q.5. Assertion (A) : Myopia is the defect of the eye in which only nearer objects
are seen by the eye.
Reason (R) : The eye ball is elongated.

Answer: (a)

Q.6. Assertion(A): Hypermetropia is the defect of the eye in which only farther
objects are seen.
Reason (R) : Hypermetropia is corrected by using converging lens.

Answer: (b)

Q.7. Assertion(A) : Danger signals are made of red colour.

Reason (R) : Velocity of red light in air is maximum, so signals are visible even
in dark.

Answer: (c)

Q.8. Assertion(A): The sky looks dark and black instead of blue in outer space.
Reason (R) : No atmosphere containing air in the outer space to scatter
sunlight.

Answer: (a)
Q.9. Assertion (A): The stars twinkle, while the planets do not.
Reason (R) : The stars are much bigger in size than the planets.

Answer: (b)

Q.10. Assertion(A): The Sun appears flattened at sunrise and sunset.

Reason (R) : The apparent flattering of the Sun’s disc at sunrise and sunset is
due to atmospheric refraction.

Answer: (a)

Q.11. Assertion (A) : Blue colour of sky appears due to scattering of blue
colour.
Reason (R) : Blue light has longer wavelength.

Answer: (c)

CASE STUDY

Question 1:
Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v).

The spreading of light by the air molecules is called scattering of light. The light
having least wavelength scatters more. The sun appears red at sunrise and
sunset, appearance of blue sky it is due to the scattering of light. The colour of
the scattered light depends on the size of particles. The smaller the molecules in
the atmosphere scatter smaller wavelengths of light. The amount of scattering
of light depends on the wavelength of light. When light from sun enters the
earth’s atmosphere, it gets scattered by the dust particles and air molecules
present in the atmosphere. The path of sunlight entering in the dark room
through a fine hole is seen because of scattering of the sun light by the dust
particles present in its path inside the room.

(i) To an astronaut in a spaceship, the colour of earth appears

(a) red
(b) blue
(c) white
(d) black

Answer: (b) Light is scattered by the air molecules present in the atmosphere.
(ii) At the time of sunrise and sunset, the light from sun has to travel.
(a) longest distance of atmosphere
(b) shortest distance of atmosphere
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) can’t say

Answer: (a) As the distance between us and the sun is more at the time of
sunrise and sunset.

(iii) The colour of sky appears blue, it is due to the

(a) refraction of light through the atmosphere
(b) dispersion of light by air molecules
(c) scattering of light by air molecules
(d) all of these.

Answer: (c) Due to more scattering of blue colour by molecules of air.

(iv) At the time of sunrise and sunset

(a) Blue colour scattered and red colour reaches our eye
(b) Red colour scattered and blue colour reaches our eye
(c) Green and blue scattered and orange reaches our eye
(d) None of these

Answer: (a) Red light being the largest wavelength blue scatters more, red
scattered least.

(v) The danger signs made red in colour, because

(a) the red light can be seen from farthest distance
(c) both (a) and (b)
(b) the scattering of red light is least
(d) none of these

Answer: (c) Scattering is least but velocity of red light is more.

Question 2:
Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v)

Atmospheric refraction is the phenomenon of bending of light on passing

through earth’s atmosphere. As we move above the surface of earth, density of
air goes on decreasing. Local conditions like temperature etc. also affect the
optical density of earth’s atmosphere. On account of atmospheric refraction,
stars seen appear higher than they actual are; advanced sunrise; delayed sunset,
oval appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset; stars twinkle, planets do not.
(i) Due to atmospheric refraction, apparent length of the day
(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) remains the same
(d) all of these

Answer: (a) Due to atmospheric refraction, apparent length of the day

increases by 4 minutes.

(ii) Apparent position of the star appears raised due to

(a) atmospheric refraction
(b) scattering of light
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of these

Answer: (a) Apparent position of the stars appears raised due to atmospheric
refraction.

(iii) The sun appears oval shaped or flattened due to

(a) dispersion
(b) scattering
(c) atmospheric refraction
(d) cannot say

Answer: (c)

(iv) Twinkling of stars and non-twinkling of planets is accounted for by

(a) scattering of light
(b) dispersion of light
(c) atmospheric refraction
(d) none of these

Answer: (c)

(v) In absence of atmosphere, the colour of sky appears

(a) blue
(b) black
(c) red
(d) yellow

Answer: (d) Due to no scattering of light.

Question 3:
Read the following and answer the questions

As we know that, the ciliary muscles are responsible for change in focal length
of the eye lens. And this ability of eye lens to change the focal length is referred
as accommodation. The least distance of distinct vision of normal eye is a about
25 cm and the far point of normal eye is found to be at infinity. Because of
refractive defects of vision in human being 3 defects are possible they are
myopia, hypermetropia and presbyopia. In case of myopia, person is able to see
nearby objects clearly but cannot able to see distant objects distinctly. In this
defect, the image is formed in front of retina and hence to correct this defect
concave lens which is a diverging lens of suitable power is used to form the
image on the retina. In case of hypermetropia, the person is not able to see
nearby objects clearly but he is able to see distant objects distinctly. And hence
in this case, the image is formed behind the retina because of that to correct this
defect convex lens which is converging lens of suitable power is used to form
the image on the retina.

Presbyopia is the defect of vision which occurs with ageing. Such person is not
able to see nearby objects clearly and distinct objects distinctly without proper
eye glasses. The persons which are suffering from both myopia and
hypermetropia uses bi-focal lenses.

Questions:
1) Which reasons are responsible for myopia?
2) Hypermetropia is also called as?
3) A student who is sitting on the first bench in the class is not able to see what
is written on the board. The student is suffering from which defect and which
type of lens is suitable for him?
4) What is cataract?

Answers:
1) The defect myopia occurs because of excessive curvature of eye lens and
elongation of the eye balls.
2) Hypermetropia is also called as far-sightedness because person suffering
from hypermetropia is able to see distant objects clearly but cannot able to see
nearby objects clearly.
3) The student sitting on the first bench in the class is not able to see what is
written in the board because that student is suffering from hypermetropia in
which person is able to see distant objects distinctly but cannot able to see
nearby objects clearly. And hence to correct his defect he should have to use
convex lens of suitable power.
4) Sometimes, at old age the crystalline lens of people becomes cloudy and
milky and that condition is called as cataract because of which the person may
lose partial or complete vision. And it is cured by cataract surgery only.

Question 4:
Read the following and answer the questions

There are various natural phenomenon associated with light. Refraction of

light is the phenomenon in which when light travels from one transparent
medium to another transparent medium it changes its direction. The change in
direction of light is due to the change in velocity of light in different media. And
hence the path of the light also changes in different media. In case of refraction
of light through rectangular glass slab we must observe that the incident ray
and the emergent ray are parallel to each other. We can see the pencil
immersed in water as bent at the water air interface only because of the
refraction of light. Again second phenomenon is dispersion of light in which
white light when passed through the prism it splits into seven coloured
spectrum. And these seven colours are VIBGYOR. We can see here the angle of
deviation is different for different colour because different wavelengths of
different colour. Also, Newton observed that when second prism is placed
inverted to first prism the white light incident on the first prism will come out
as white light only when emerges out from second prism. The phenomenon of
formation of rainbow is also because of the dispersion of light. In that case the
tiny water droplets acts as prism.

But most importantly, the refraction of light occurs only because of the change
in refractive index of medium. The twinkling of stars is due to the atmospheric
refraction of light.

Questions:
1) Rainbow formation takes place because of which phenomenon related to
light?
2) What is mean by total internal reflection?
3) Why atmospheric refraction occurs?
4) For which colour the angle of deviation is more in case of dispersion?

Answers:
1) Rainbow is formed because of total internal reflection of light, dispersion of
light and refraction of light.
2) When a ray of light travels from one medium to other, if the angel of
incidence is greater than the critical angle then the incident light get reflected
totally in the same medium is called as total internal reflection.
3) The atmosphere contains different layers which contains hot and cold air.
The hotter air is lighter than the cooler air. And hence the refractive index of
hot air is less than the cooler air. As there is continuous change in refractive
index of different layers of atmosphere, the atmospheric refraction takes place.
4) The angel of deviation is more for violet colour. And it decreases from violet
to red in VIBGYOR.

BOARD QUESTIONS

Question 1.
State one function of iris in human eye. (AI 2012)

Answer:
Iris dark muscular diaphragm that controls the size of the pupil.

Question 2.
State one function of the crystalline lens in the human eye. (Foreign 2012)

Answer:
The crystalline lens of human eye focuses the light that enters the eye and form
the image on the retina.

Question 3.
Define the term power of accommodation. Write the modification in the
curvature of the eye lens which enables us to see the nearby objects clearly?
(Delhi 2019)

Answer:
The ability of the eye lens to adjust its focal length is called power of
accommodation. The ciliary muscles modifies the curvature to some extent. The
change in the curvature of the eye lens can thus change its focal length. When
the ciliary muscles contract, the lens becomes thick and its focal length
decreases, thus enables us to see nearby objects clearly.

Question 4.
Trace the sequence of events which occur when a bright light is focused on your
eyes. (Delhi 2019)

Answer:
When a bright light enters the eye then most of the refraction for the light rays
entering the eye occurs at the outer surface of the cornea. Then, the crystalline
lens merely provides the finer adjustment of focal length required to focus
object at different distances on the retina. The pupil regulates and controls the
amount of light entering the eye. At retina, the light-sensitive cells get activated
upon illumination and generate electric signals. These signals are sent to the
brain via the optic nerves. The brain interprets these signals and finally,
processes the information so that we perceive objects as they are.

Question 5.
Write about power of accommodation of human eye. Explain why the image
distance in the eye does not change when we change the distance of an object
from the eye? (Delhi 2017)

Answer:
The ability of the eye lens to adjust its focal length is called power of
accommodation.
The ciliary musqles modifies the curvature to some extent. The change in the
curvature of the eye lens can thus change its focal length. Thus, the focal length
of the human lens increases or decreases depending on the distance of the
object value to this distance of the image does not change. For example, when
the ciliary muscles are relaxed, the lens becomes thin and its focal length
increases, thus enables us to see distant object clearly.

Question 6.
State the function of each of the following parts of human eye:
(i) Cornea
(ii) Iris
(iii) Pupil (1.5/3, Delhi 2013 C)

Answer:
(i) Cornea : It is a transparenl bulge on the front surface of eyeball which
refracls most ol lhe light rays entering the eye.
(ii) Iris : Refer to answer 1.
(iii) Pupil: It controls the amount of light entering into the eye.

Question 7.
Write the function of each of the following parts of human eye:
(i) Cornea (ii) Iris (iii) Crystalline lens (iv) Ciliary muscles (2/5, 2018, Delhi
2016)

Answer:
(i) Cornea : Refer to answer 6(i).
(ii) Iris : Refer to answer 1.
(iii) Crystalline lens : Refer to answer 2.
(iv) Ciliary muscles: Ciliary muscles holds the eye lens and helps in the
adjustment of its focal length.
Question 8.
State the function of each of the following parts of the human eye :
(i) Cornea (ii) Iris (iii) Pupil (iv) Retina (2/5, Foreign 2015)

Answer:
(i) Cornea : Refer to answer 6(i).
(ii) Iris : Refer to answer 1.
(iii) Pupil: Refer to answer 6(iii).
(iv) Retina: It capture light and convert it into electric signals that are translated
into images by the brain.

Question 9.
(a) List the parts of the human eye that control the amount of light entering into
it. Explain how they perform this function?
(b) Write the function of retina in human eye. (3/5, AI2014)

Answer:
(a) The part of the human eye that controls the amount of light entering into it
is pupil.
Light enters the eye through a thin membrane called the cornea. It forms the
transparent bulge on the front surface of the eyeball most of the refraction for
the light rays entering the eye occurs at the outer surface of the cornea, the
crystalline lens merely provides the linear adjustment of focal length required
to focus objects at different distances on the retina. Iris which is behind the
cornea controls the size of the pupil. The pupil regulates and controls the
amount of light entering the eye.
(b) Refer to answer 8(iv).

Question 10.
Person suffering from cataract has
(a) elongated eyeball
(b) excessive curvature of eye lens
(c) weakened ciliary muscles
(d) opaque eye lens

Answer:
(d) A person suffering from cataract has cloudy opaque eye lens.

Question 11.
(a) List two causes of hypermetropia.
(b) Draw ray diagrams showing (i) a hypermetropic eye and (ii) its correction
using suitable optical device. (2020)
Answer:
(a) Hypermetropia is caused due to following reasons:
(i) Shortening of the eyeball
(ii) Focal length of crystalline lens is too long.

Question 12.
(a) A person is suffering from both myopia and hypermetropia.
(i) What kind of lenses can correct this defect?
(ii) How are these lenses prepared?
(b) A person needs a lens of power +3 D for correcting his near vision and -3 D
for correcting his distant vision. Calculate the focal lengths of the lenses
required to correct these defects. (2020)

Answer:
(a) (i) The lens which can correct the vision of such a person suffering from
both myopia and hypermetropia is a bifocal lens.
(ii) A common type of bifocal lens contains both concave and convex lens. It is
prepared with the upper portion consisting of a concave lens facilitating distant
vision and the lower portion consisting of convex lens facilitating near vision,
(b) The power for correcting his near vision,
PN = +3 D.
As P = 1f(m)
∴ Focal length of convex lens needed,
fN = 1PN = 0.33 m = +33.33 cm
Power required to correct distant vision, PD = -3D
∴ Focal length of concave lens,
fD = 1PD = -0.33 m = -33.33 cm.

Question 13.
A person may suffer from both myopia and hypermetropia defects.
(a) What is this condition called?
(b) When does it happen?
(c) Name the type of lens often required by the persons suffering from this
defect. Draw labelled diagram of such lenses. (2020)
Answer:
(a) This condition is called presbyopia.
(b) It happens due to gradual weakening of ciliary muscles and diminishing
flexibility of eye lens due to agening.
(c) It can be corrected by using bifocal lenses.

Question 14.
What eye defect is myopia? Describe with a neat diagram how this defect of
vision can be corrected by using a suitable lens. (AI 2011)

Answer:
Myopia is also known as near-sightedness. A person with myopia can see
nearby objects clearly but cannot see distant objects distinctly.
Myopia can he corrected by using concave lens of appropriate local length.

Question 15.
Name the three common defects of vision. What are their causes? Name the
type of lens used to correct each of them. (Foreign 2011)

Answer:
Three common defects of vision are

 Myopia
 Hypermetropia
 Presbyopia
Myopia can be caused due to following reasons.

 Elongation of eyeball.
 Excessive curvature of eye lens.

Hypermetropia can be caused due to following reasons.

 Shortening of eyeball.
 Focal length of eye lens becomes too long.
Presbyopia is caused due to gradual weakening of ciliary muscles and
diminishing flexibility of eye lens due to ageing.
Correction of these defects:

 Myopia can be corrected by using concave lens of appropriate focal length.

 Hypermetropia can he corrected by using convex lens of appropriate local
length.
 Presbyopia can be corrected by using bifocal lens.

Question 16.
A student is unable to see clearly the words written on the black board placed at
a distance of approximately 3 m from him. Name the defect of vision the boy is
suffering from. State the possible causes of this defect and explain the method of
correcting it. (3/5, 2018)

Answer:
Student is suffering from myopia.
The two possible reasons due to which the defect of vision arises are : excessive
curvature of the eye lens and elongation of the eye ball.
A student with myopia has the far point nearer than infinity, thus, the image of a
distant object is formed in front of the retina.

Correction of myopia: This defect can be corrected by using a concave lens of

suitable power as it brings the image back on to the retina, thus the defect is
corrected.
Question 17.
A student suffering from myopia is not able to see distinctly the objects placed
beyond 5 m.
(a) List two possible reasons due to which this defect of vision may have arisen.
With the help of ray diagrams, explain
(i) Why the student is unable to see distinctly the objects placed beyond 5 m
from his eyes?
(ii) The type of the corrective lens used to restore proper vision and how this
defect is corrected by the use of this lens.
(b) If, in this case, the numerical value of the focal length of the corrective lens is
5 m, find the power of the lens as per the new Cartesian sign convention. (AI
2017)

Answer:
(a) Refer to answer 16.
(b) Focal length, f = -5 m
P = 1f(inmeters) or, p = 1−5 = -0.2D
Hence, the power is – 0.2 D.

Question 18.
Millions of people of the developing countries of world are suffering from
corneal blindness. These persons can be cured by replacing the defective cornea
with the cornea of a donated eye. A charitable society of your city has organised
a campaign in your neighbourhood in order to create awareness about this fact.
If you are asked to participate in this mission how would you contribute in this
noble cause?
(a) State the objective of organising such campaigns.
(b) List two arguments which you would give to motivate the people to donate
their eyes after death.
(c) List two values which are developed in the persons who actively participate
and contribute in such programmes. (VBQ, 3/5, Delhi 2016)

Answer:
We can encourage people to participate in the camp and also register ourselves
as a donator.
(a) The objective of organising such campaign is to make people aware and
realize their duties towards society.
(b) (i) By donating our eyes after we die, we can light the life of a blind person.
(ii) One pair of eyes gives vision to two corneal blind people.
(c) (i) It shows the concern for others.
(ii) It also shows the responsible behavior towards the society.
Question 19.
A student is unable to see clearly the words written on the blackboard placed at
a distance of approximately 4 m from him. Name the defect of vision the boy is
suffering from.
Explain the method of correcting this defect. Draw ray diagram for the
(i) defect of vision and also
(ii) for its correction (Delhi 2015)

Answer:
Refer to answer 16.

Question 20.
Write the importance of ciliary muscles in the human eye. Name the defect of
vision that arises due do gradual weakening of the ciliary muscles in old age.
What type of lenses are required by the persons suffering from this defect to see
the objects clearly?
Akshay, sitting in the last row in his class, could not see clearly the words
written on the blackboard. When the teacher noticed it, he announced if any
student sitting in the front row could volunteer to exchange his seat with
Akshay. Salman immediately agreed to exchange his seat with Akshay. He could
now see the words written on the blackboard clearly. The teacher thought it fit
to send the message to Akshay s parents advising them to get his eyesight
checked.
In the context of the above event, answer the following questions:
(a) Which defect of vision is Akshay suffering from? Which type of lens is used
to correct this defect?
(b) State the values displayed by the teacher and Salman.
(c) In your opinion, in what way can Akshay
express his gratitude towards the teacher and Salman? (VBQ, AI 2015)

Answer:
Ciliary muscles modifies the curvature of eye lens and hence adjusts its focal
length. I his enables us to see objects.
The defect of vision arises due to weakening of ciliary muscles in old age is
presbyopia, person suffering from this defect should wear bifocal lenses. These
lenses consists of both concave and convex lenses.
(a) Akshay is suffering from myopia or near-sightedness. He should use concave
lens to correct this defect.
(b) Teacher and Salman are concerned and caring.
(c) Akshay can show his gratitude by saying thank you.

Question 21.
Millions of people of the developing countries are suffering from corneal
blindness. This disease can be cured by replacing the defective cornea with the
cornea of a donated eye. Your school has organised a campaign in the school
and its neighbourhood in order to create awareness about this fact and motivate
people to donate their eyes after death. How can you along with your
classmates contribute in this noble cause? State the objectives of organising
such campaigns in schools. (VBQ, 3/5, Foreign 2015)

Answer:
Refer to answer 18.

Question 22.
Do you know that the corneal-impairment can be cured by replacing the
defective cornea with the cornea of the donated eye?
How and why should we organise groups to motivate the community members
to donate their eyes after death? (2/5, AI 2014)

Answer:
Yes, we know that the corneal – impairment can be cured by replacing the
objective cornea with the cornea of the donated eye. We can provide the
importance of eye donation to the community members. Our eyes can live even
after our death. By donating our eyes after die, we can light the life of a blind
person. The human eye is one of the most valuable and sensitive sense organs. It
enables us to see the wonderful world and colours around us. It is however,
impossible to identify colours while closing the eyes. Thus of all the sense
organs, the human eye is the most significant one as it enables as to see the
beautiful colourful word around us. Hence, we should donate our eyes after
death.

Question 23.
What is myopia? List two causes for the development of this defect? How can
this defect be corrected using a lens? Draw ray diagrams to show the image
formation in case (i) defective eye and (ii) corrected eye. (Foreign 2014)

Answer:
Myopia is also known as near-sightedness defect in which a person can see
nearby objects clearly but cannot see distant objects distinctly. This defect may
arise due to
(a) excessive curvature of the eye.
(b) elongation of the eye ball.
This defect can be corrected by using a concave lens of suitable power.
Refer to answer 16.

Question 24.
(a) A person cannot read newspaper placed nearer than 50 cm from his eyes.
Name the defect of vision he is suffering from. Draw a ray diagram to illustrate
this defect. List its two possible causes. Draw a ray diagram to show how this
defect may be corrected using a lens of appropriate focal length.
(b) We see advertisements for eye donation on television or in newspapers.
Write the importance of such advertisements. (Delhi 2013)

Answer:
(a) The person is suffering from hyperme-tropia.
Hypermetropia : It is a defect in an eye in which a person is not able to see
nearby object distinctly but can see far objects clearly.
Refer to answer 11.
(b) It is important to advertise for eye donation on television or in newspaper
because
(i) Few people are unaware about the fact that there can be an eye transplant
through which blind people can see this colourful and beautiful world.
(ii) To encourage them to donate their eye by spreading awareness about it
through television or newspaper.

Question 25.
A student cannot see a chart hanging on a wall placed at a distance of 3 m from
him. Name the defect of vision he is suffering from. How can it be corrected?
Draw ray diagrams for the (i) defect of vision and also
(ii) for its correction. (Delhi 2012)

Answer:
Refer to answer 16.

Question 26.
An old man cannot see objects closer than 1 m from the eye clearly. Name the
defect of vision he is suffering from. How can it be corrected? Draw ray diagram
for the (i) defect of vision and also (ii) for its correction. (AI 2012)

Answer:
He is suffering from hypermetropia. Refer to answer 24 (a).

Question 27.
Draw a diagram to show why distant objects cannot be seen distinctly by a
myopic eye. List two reasons due to which this defect of vision may be caused.
A person with a myopic eye cannot see objects clearly beyond a distance of 2 m.
Name the type of the corrective lens that would be needed to correct the defect
of vision and draw a ray diagram to show how the defect gets corrected.
(Foreign 2012)

Answer:
Refer to answer 16.
Question 28.
Draw a ray diagram to show the refraction of light through a glass prism. Mark
on it (a) the incident ray, (b) the emergent ray and (c) the angle of deviation. (AI
2011)

Answer:

i = angle of incidence
(a) PE = incident ray
(b) FS = emergent ray
(c) ∠D = angle of deviation

Question 29.
Draw a ray diagram to explain the term angle of deviation. (1/5, Delhi 2017)
Answer:
The emergent ray bends at an angle to the direction of the’incident, thus the
angle between them is known as angle of deviation (D).

Question 30.
Draw a labelled diagram to explain the formation of a rainbow in the sky.
(Foreign 2015)

Answer:
A rainbow is a natural spectrum caused by dispersion of sunlight by tiny water
droplets, present in the atmosphere.
Point A denotes dispersion and point B denotes internal reflection.

Question 31.
How will you use two identical glass prisms so that a narrow beam of white
light incident on one prism emerges out of the second prism as white light?
Draw and label the ray diagram. (2020)

Answer:
Newton was the first to use a glass prism to obtain the spectrum of a white light.
He then placed a second identical prism in an inverted position with respect to
the first prism. This allowed all the colours of the white light to pass through the
second prism combining to form a white light emerging from the other side of
the second prism. This made him believe that white light was composed of
different colours.

Question 32.
Differentiate between a glass slab and a glass prism. What happens when a
narrow beam of
(i) a monochromatic light and (ii) white light passes through (a) glass slab and
(b) glass prism? (2020)

Answer:
Glass slab:

 It is a substance made of glass having three dimension and has cuboidal

structure.
 It does not deviate the path of light falling on it but produces a lateral
displacement of the light ray after refraction. The incident and emergent
ray are parallel to each other.
Glass prism:

 A prism is a structure made of glass with two triangle bases and three
rectangular lateral surfaces. These surfaces are inclined to each other.
 A prism deviates the path of light ray falling on it. Here the incident ray and
emergent ray are not parallel to each other.
(i) When a narrow beam of monochromatic light falls on a
(a) glass slab, it gets refracted at its surface and the emergent ray is laterally
displaced from the incident ray.
(b) prism, it gets refracted at the surface and the light gets deviated from its
initial path. The angle between the incident ray and emergent ray is known as
angle of deviation.
(ii) When a white light passes through a
(a) glass slab, the light does not undergo dispersion as its two refracting
surfaces are parallel to each other. The white light is laterally displaced from its
initial path.
(b) prism, the white light undergoes dispersion and splits into its constituent
colours along with deviation from its initial path.

Question 33.
(a) With the help of labelled ray diagram show the path followed by a narrow
beam of monochromatic light when it passes through a glass prism.
(b) What would happen if this beam is replaced by a narrow beam of white
light? (2020)

Answer:

Here, in the figure, ∠D is the angle of deviation of the given monochromatic light
by the glass prism.
(b) If AO were a ray of white light, then on screen BC, a spectrum will be
observed, consisting of seven colours arranged from bottom to top as follows.
Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red (VIBGYOR)

Question 34.
What is rainbow? Draw a labelled diagram to show the formation of a rainbow.
(Delhi 2019)

Answer:
After a rain-shower, the sunlight gets dispersed by tiny droplets, present in the
atmosphere. The water droplets acts like small glass prisms. They refract and
disperse the incident sunlight, then reflect it internally, and finally refract it
again when it comes out of the raindrop. Due to dispersion of light and internal
reflection, different colours reaches the observers eye, which is called a
rainbow.
Refer to answer 30.

Question 35.
What is ‘dispersion of white light’? State its cause. Draw a ray diagram to show
the dispersion of white light by a glass prism. (AI 2017)

Answer:
Splitting of white light into its seven constituent colours due to refraction is
known as dispersion of white light.
Cause of dispersion : When a beam of white light enters a prism, it gets
refracted and splits into seven constituent colours. The splitting of the light ray
occurs due to the different bending angle for each colour. Thus, each colour ray
when passing through the prism bends at different angles with respect to the
incident beam, thus giving rise to a spectrum.

Question 36.
State the cause of dispersion of white light passing through a glass prism. How
did Newton showed that white light of sun contains seven colours using two
identical glass prisms. Draw a ray diagram to show the path of light when two
identical glass prisms are arranged together in inverted position with respect to
each other and a narrow beam of white light is allowed to fall obliquely on one
of the focus of the first prism. (Delhi 2016)

Answer:
Refer to answer 35 and 31.

Question 37.
Describe an activity to show that the colours of white light splitted by a glass
prism can be recombined to get white light by another identical glass prism.
Also draw ray diagrams to show the recombination of the spectrum of white
light. (AI 2016)
Answer:
Refer to answer 31.

Question 38.
A narrow PQ of white light is passing through a glass prism ABC as shown in the
diagram. Trace it on your answer sheet and show the path of the emergent
beam as observed on the screen DE.

(i) Write the name and cause of the phenomenon observed.

(ii) Where else in nature is this phenomenon observed?
(iii) Based on this observation, state the conclusion which can be drawn about
the constituents of white light. (AI 2014)

Answer:

(i) The phenomenon of the splitting up of the white light into its constituents
colours is called dispersion of light. Dispersion of light is caused due to,
different constituents colours of light after different refractive indices to the
material of the prism.
(ii) The formation of rainbow is caused by the dispersion of the white sunlight
into its constituent colours.
(iii) Based on the dispersion of white light into its constituents colours, we can
conclude that
(a) The white light consists of seven colours.
(b) The violet light Millers maximum deviations and the red light suffers
minimum deviation.

Question 39.
Define the term dispersion of white light. Name the colour of light which bends
(i) the most, (ii) the least while passing through a glass prism. Draw a ray
diagram to justify your answer. (Foreign 2014)
Answer:
Refer to answer 38.
Question 40.
What is a spectrum? How can we recombine the components of white light after
a glass prism has separated them? Illustrate it by drawing a diagram. (Foreign
2014)

Answer:
Refer to answer 36.

Question 41.
When we place a glass prism in the path of a narrow beam of white light, a
spectrum is obtained. What happens when a second identical prism is placed in
an inverted position with respect to the first prism? Draw a labelled diagram to
illustrate it. (Delhi 2012)

Answer:
Refer to answer 31.

Question 42.
Draw a labelled ray diagram to illustrate the dispersion of a narrow beam of
white light when it passes through a glass prism. (AI 2012)

Answer:
Refer to answer 35.

Question 43.
Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of a rainbow and mark the point
where
(i) dispersion, (ii) internal reflection occurs. (Foreign 2012)

Answer:
Refer to answer 30.

Question 44.
What is meant by the dispersion of white light? Draw a diagram to show
dispersion of white light by the glass prism. (Delhi 2011)

Answer:
Refer to answer 35.

Question 45.
Explain the formation of rainbow in the sky with the help of a diagram. (Foreign
2011)

Answer:
Refer to answer 30.
Question 46.
Give reasons:
(i) The extent of deviation of a ray of light on passing through a prism depends
on the colour.
(ii) Lights of red colour are used for danger signals. (Foreign 2011)

Answer:
(i) The extent of deviation of a ray of light on passing through a prism depends
on the colour because the refractive index of glass for different colour is
different. It depends on wavelength of a particular light.
(ii) Since the wavelength of light is maximum in the spectrum, its penetration
power in the air is maximum and so we can see red colour from farther
distances. Thus, danger signal uses red colour.

Question 47.
(a) Why do the component colours of incident white light split into a spectrum
while passing through a glass prism, explain.
(b) Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the formation of a rainbow. (4/5, Delhi
2017)

Answer:
(a) When a beam of light incidents on a prism, it first gets refracted and splits
into seven constituent colors. The splitting of the light ray occurs due to the
different bending angle for each colour. Thus each colour ray when passing
through the prism bends at different angles with respect to the incident beam.
This gives rise to the formation of the spectrum.
(b) Refer to answer 30.

Question 48.
(a) What is dispersion of white light? State its cause.
(b) “Rainbow is an example of dispersion of sunlight.” Justify this statement by
explaining, with the help of a labelled diagram, the formation of a rainbow in
the sky. List two essential conditions for observing a rainbow. (Foreign 2016)

Answer:
(a) Refer to answer 35.
(b) Refer to answer 34.
Two essential conditions for observing rainbow are
(i) Sun should be at the back of the observer.
(ii) Rainbow should be seen after rainfall or through a waterfall or water
fountain.
Question 49.
(a) Trace on your answer sheet the path of a monochromatic ray AO incident on
a glass prism and mark the angle of deviation.

(b) If AO were a ray of white light,

(i) describe what will you observe on the screen BC placed near the prism
(ii) write the name of this phenomenon
(iii) state the cause of this phenomenon
(iv) what does it prove about the constituents of white light? (Delhi 2013 C)

Answer:
(a) Refer to answer 33(a)
(b) (i) Refer to answer 33(b)
(ii) This phenomenon is known as dispersion of light.
(iii) Refer to answer 35.
(iv) It proves that a white light consists of seven colours and lower the
wavelength higher will be the deviation of light.

Question 50.
Why do stars appear to twinkle ? Explain. (Foreign 2015)

Answer:

Due to atmospheric refraction, position of star visible from sun, is slightly

different from its actual position. This apparent position of the star is not
stationary, but keeps on changing with change in physical condition on earths
atmosphere. Since the stars are very distant, they are approximately point-sized
sources of light. As the path of rays of light coming from the star goes on varying
slightly, the apparent position of the star fluctuates and the amount of starlight
entering the eye flickers the star sometimes appears brighter, and at some other
time, fainter, which is the twinkling effect.
Question 51.
Explain why the planets do not twinkle. (Foreign 2015)

Answer:
Planets do not emit light. However, they become visible due to reflection of light
falling on them. The planets are much closer to the earth and thus can be
considered as the extended source of light. The fluctuations in the light coming
from various points of the planet due to atmospheric refraction get averaged
out. As a result, no twinkling of planets is seen.

Question 52.
Explain in brief the reason for each of the following:
(a) Advanced sun-rise
(b) Delayed sun-set
(c) Twinkling of stars (Foreign 2016)

Answer:
(a, b): The Sun is visible to us about 2 minutes before the actual sunrise, and
about 2 minutes after the actual sunset because of atmospheric refraction. By
actual sunrise, we mean the actual crossing of the horizon by the Sun. Figure
shows the actual and apparent positions of the Sun with respect to the horizon.
The time difference between actual sunset and the apparent sunset is about 2
minutes. The apparent flattening of the Sun’s disc at sunrise and sunset is also
due to the same phenomenon.

(c) Refer to answer 50.

Question 53.
What is meant by advance sunrise and delayed sunset? Draw a labelled diagram
to explain these phenomena. (Foreign 2015)

Answer:
Refer to answer 52(a) and (b).

Question 54.
Explain with the help of a labelled diagram, the cause of twinkling of stars.
(Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Refer to answer 50.

Question 55.
A star sometimes appears brighter and some other times fainter. What is this
effect called? State the reason for this effect. (Delhi 2012)

Answer:
This effect is called twinkling of stars.
Refer to answer 50.

Question 56.
A star appears slightly higher (above) than its actual position in the sky.
Illustrate it with the help of a labelled diagram. (AI2012)

Answer:
A star appears slightly above than its actual position in the sky. Since the
starlight, on entering the earth’s atmosphere undergoes refraction continuously
in a medium of gradually changing refractive index, before it reaches the earth.
Since the atmosphere bends starlight towards the normal, the star appears
slightly above than its actual position.

Question 57.
“The time difference between the actual sunset and the apparent sunset is
about 2 minutes” What is the reason for the same? Explain with the help of a
diagram. (Foreign 2012)

Answer:
Refer to answer 52(a) and (b).

Question 58.
Explain why the planets do not twinkle but the stars twinkle. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Refer to answer 50 and 51.
Question 59.
Why do stars twinkle ? Explain (2/3, 2018)

Answer:
Refer to answer 50.

Question 60.
What is atmospheric refraction? Use this phenomenon to explain the following
natural events.
(a) Twinkling of stars
(b) Advanced sun-rise and delayed sun-set. Draw diagrams to illustrate your
answers. (AI 2016)

Answer:
Refraction of the light by the different layers of the atmosphere having different
refractive indices is known as atmospheric refraction.
(a) Twinkling of stars : Refer to answer 50.
(b) Advanced sun-rise and delayed sun-set : Refer to answer 52(a) and (b).

Question 61.
The sky appears dark to passengers flying at very high altitudes mainly because
(a) Scattering of light is not enough at such heights.
(b) There is no atmosphere at great heights.
(c) The size of molecules is smaller than the wavelength of visible light.
(d) The light gets scattered towards the earth. (2020)

Answer:
(b) There is no atmosphere at great heights.

Question 62.
Consider the following reasons for the reddish appearance of the sun at the
sunrise or the sunset:
(A) Light from the sun near the horizon passes through thinner layers of air.
(B) Light from the sun covers larger distance of the earths atmosphere before
reaching our eyes.
(C) Near the horizon, most of the blue light and shorter wavelengths are
scattered away by the particles.
(D) Light from the sun near the horizon passes through thicker layers of air.
The correct reasons are
(a) A and C only
(b) B, C and D
(c) A and B only
(d) C and D only (2020)
Answer:
(b) Near the horizon, the light rays from the sun has to travel a larger distance
through the Earth’s atmosphere as compared to when it is away from the
horizon. Thus, when this light travels through the atmosphere, most of short
wavelength lights are scattered away causing the reddish appearance of the sun.

Question 63.
What will be the colour of the sky when it is observed from a place in the
absence of any atmosphere? (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
If the earth had no atmosphere, there would not have been any scattering. Then,
the sky would look dark.

Question 64.
Give an example of a phenomenon where Tyndall effect can be observed. (AI
2011)

Answer:
The phenomenon of scattering of light by the colloidal particle give rise to
Tyndall effect.
This phenomenon is seen when a fine beam of sunlight enters a smoke-filled
room through a small hole. This can also be observed when sunlight passes
through a canopy of a dense forest.

Question 65.
Why is the colour of clear sky blue? (Foreign 2011)

Answer:
When sunlight passes the atmosphere, the fine particles in air scatter blue
colour more strongly than red. This scattered blue light enters our eye and the
colour of clear sky appears blue.

Question 66.
Why is Tyndall effect shown by colloidal particles? State four instance of
observing the Tyndall effect. (2020)

Answer:
The phenomenon of scattering of light by the colloidal particles give rise to
Tyndall effect. When a beam of light strike colloidal particles, the path of the
beam becomes visible. This is known as Tyndall effect.
This phenomenon can be observed when

 sunlight passes through a canopy of dense forest, when tiny water droplets
in the mist scatter light.
  torch light is switched on in a foggy environment, light rays are visible
after being scattered by the fog particles in the surrounding air.
 a fine beam of sunlight enters a smoke-filled room through a small hole.
 shining a flashlight beam into a glass of dilated milk produces Tyndall
effect.

Question 67.
(a) State the relation between colour of scattered light and size of the scattering
particle.
(b) The apparent position of an object, when seen through the hot air, fluctuates
or waves. State the basic cause of this observation.
(c) Complete the path of white light when it passes through two identical
prisms placed as shown

Answer:
(a) The colour of scattered light depends on the size of the scattering particle.
Very fine particles scatter short wavelengths such as blue and violet, lights.
Large size particles scatter light of longer wavelengths.
(b) The basic cause of this observation is atmospheric refraction. As hot air is
less denser then the colder air surrounding it, it has a slightly lower refractive
index. Since the physical condition of the refracting medium, in air is not
stationary, the apparent position of an object, when seen through hot air
fluctuates.
(c) Refer to answer 31.

Question 68.
Explain giving reason why the sky appears blue to an observer from the surface
of the Earth. What should the appearance of the sky be during the day for an
astronaut staying in the international space station orbiting the Earth? State
reason to justify your answer. (Foreign 2015)

Answer:
Refer to answer 65.
For an astronaut staying in the international space station orbiting the Earth,
the appearance of the sky will be black due to absence of air molecules to
scatter the light coming from the Sun.
HOTs QUESTIONS
Question 1.
A person is able to see objects clearly only when these are lying at distance
between 50 cm and 300 cm from his eye.

1. What kind of defect of vision he is suffering from ?

2. What kind of lenses will he required to increase his range of vision from 25
cm to infinity ? Explain briefly.

Answer:

1. For a normal eye, the near point is at 25 cm and the far point is at infinity
from the eye. The given
person cannot see object clearly either closer to the eye or far away from
the eye. So, he is suffering horn both myopia and hypermetropia.

2. A bi-focal lens consisting of a concave lens and convex lens of suitable focal
lengths will be required to correct the defects and to increase his range or
vision from 25 cm to infinity. In a bi-focal lens, upper portion is concave
which corrects distant vision and lower portion is convex which corrects
near vision.

Question 2.
A student finds the writing on the black board as blurred and unclear when
sitting on the last desk in a classroom. He however, sees it clearly when sitting
on the front desk at an approximate distance of 2 m from the black board.

(a) Draw ray diagrams to illustrate the formation of image of the black board
writing by his eye-lens when he is seated at the

1. last desk,
2. front desk. (CBSE 2011, 2015)
(b) Name the kind of lens that would help him to see clearly even when he is
seated at the last desk. Draw a ray diagram to illustrate how this lens helps him
to see clearly. (CBSE 2011, 2012, 2015)
Answer:
(a)

1. Formation of image of the black board writing by the eye-lens of the

student sitting at the last desk is shown in figure.

2. Formation of image of the black board writing by the eye-lens of the

student sitting at the front-desk is shown in figure.

(b) Student is suffering from Myopia, so his eye defect can be corrected by using
a concave lens as shown in figure.

Question 3.
A student finds the writing on the black board as blurred and unclear while
sitting on the front desk in a classroom of a big size. He however, sees it clearly
while sitting on the last desk of the classroom.
(a) Draw ray diagrams to illustrate the formation of image of the black board
writing by his eye-lens when he is seated at
1. the front desk,
2. last desk.
(b) Name the defect, the eye of the student is suffering from?
(c) Name the type of lens that would enable him to see the black board writing
clearly, when seated on the front desk.
(d) Draw a ray diagram to illustrate how this lens helps him to see clearly.
Answer:
(a)

1. Formation of image of black board writing by the eye-lens of the student

sitting on the front desk is shown in figure.

2. Formation of the image of the black board writing by the eye-lens of the
student sitting on the last desk is shown in figure.

(b) Student’s eye suffers from hypermetropia or long sightedness as he is able

to see far off object clearly but unable to see near object clearly.
(c) Convex lens of suitable focal length.
(d)

Question 4.
A person cannot see object farther than 10m from the eye clearly. Name the
defect of vision, he is suffering from. How can it be corrected ? Draw ray
diagrams for
1. defective eye,
2. its correction.

Answer:
He is suffering from myopia or short-sightedness. The defect can be corrected
using spectacles having concave lens.
Question 5.
A 14-years old student is not able to see clearly the questions written on a black
board placed at a distance of 5 m from him.
(a) Name the defect of vision, he is suffering from.
(b) With the help of labelled ray diagram show how this defect can be corrected.
(c) Name the type of lens used to correct this defect.
(d) State two causes of this defect. (CBSE 2007, 2011, 2013, 2017)

Answer:
(a) Student is suffering from Myopia or short-sightedness
(b) For ray diagram,

(c) Concave lens of suitable focal length is used to correct this defect.
(d) It is due to
1. elongation of the eye ball,
2. excessive curvature of the cornea.

Question 6.
A beam of white light falling on a glass prism gets split up into seven colours
marked 1 to 7 as shown in the diagram. A student makes the following
statements about the spectrum observed on the screen.
(a) The colours at position marked 3 and 5 are similar to the colour of the sky
and the core of a hard boiled egg respectively. Is the statement made by the
student correct or incorrect ? Justify.
(b) Which two positions correspond closely to the colour of
1. a solution of potassium permanganate ?
2. Danger or stop signal lights ? (CBSE 2011, 2012, 2016)

Answer:
(a) (i) The colours at positions 3 and 5 are yellow and blue respectively. On the
other hand, student has identified them as blue (i.e colour of sky) and yellow
(colour of the core of a hard boiled egg) respectively. Hence, the statement is
incorrect.
(b)

1. Position 7 is the position of violet colour, which corresponds to the colour

of a solution of potassium permanganate.
2. Position 1 is the position of red colour, which corresponds to the colour of
‘danger’ or stop signal lights.

Question 7.
A glass prims is able to produce a spectrum when white light passes through it
but a glass slab does not produce any spectrum. Explain. Why is it so ? [CBSE
(All India) 2009]

Answer:
When white light enters the glass slab, dispersion of light takes place. The angle
of refraction for violet colour is more than for red colour on entering the glass
slab. But all colours of light return to the original direction of propagation while
refracting from other side of the glass slab and thus white light emerges out of
the glass slab. Hence, glass slab does not produce any spectrum.
MCQs

Question 1.
A person cannot see distinctly objects kept beyond 2 m. This defect can be
corrected by using lens of power
(a) +0.5 D
(b) -0.5 D
(c) +0.2 D
(d) -0.2 D

Answer: (b) -0.5 D

Question 2.
A student sitting on the last bench can read the letters written on the
blackboard but is not able to read / the letters written in his textbook. Which of
the following statements is correct?
(a) The near point of his eyes has receded away.
(b) The near point of his eyes has come closer to him.
(c) The far point of his eyes has come closer to him.
(d) The far point of his eyes has receded away.

Answer: (a) The near point of his eyes has receded away.

Question 3.
A prism ABC (with BC as base) is placed in different orientations. A narrow
beam of white light is incident on the prism as shown in the Figures given
below. In which of the following cases, after dispersion, the third colour from
the top corresponds to the colour of the sky?

(a) (i)
(b) (ii)
(c) (iii)
(d) (iv)

Answer: (b) (ii)

Question 4.
At noon the sun appears white as
(a) light is least scattered.
(b) all the colours of the white light are scattered away.
(c) blue colour is scattered the most.
(d) red colour is scattered the most.

Answer: (a) light is least scattered.

Question 5.
Which of the following phenomena of light are involved in the formation of a
rainbow?
(a) Reflection, refraction and dispersion
(b) Refraction, dispersion and total internal reflection
(c) Refraction, dispersion and internal reflection
(d) Dispersion, scattering and total internal reflection

Answer: (c) Refraction, dispersion and internal reflection

Question 6.
Twinkling of stars is due to atmospheric
(a) dispersion of light by water droplets
(b) refraction of light by different layers of varying refractive indices
(c) scattering of light by dust particles
(d) internal reflection of light by clouds

Answer: (b) refraction of light by different layers of varying refractive indices

Question 7.
The clear sky appears blue because
(а) blue light gets absorbed in the atmosphere.
(b) ultraviolet radiations are absorbed in the atmosphere.
(c) violet and blue lights get scattered more than lights of all other colours by
the atmosphere.
(d) light of all other colours is scattered more than the violet and blue colour
lights by the atmosphere.

Answer: (c) violet and blue lights get scattered more than lights of all other
colours by the atmosphere.

Question 8.
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the propagation of light
of different colours of white light in air?
(a) Red light moves fastest.
(b) Blue light moves faster than green light.
(c) All the colours of the white light move with the same speed.
(d) Yellow light moves with the mean speed as that of the red and the violet
light.

Answer: (c) All the colours of the white light move with the same speed.

Question 9.
The danger signals installed at the top of tall buildings are red in colour. These
can be easily seen from a distance because among all other colours, the red light
(a) is scattered the most by smoke or fog.
(b) is scattered the least by smoke or fog.
(c) is absorbed the most by smoke or fog.
(d) moves fastest in air.

Answer: (b) is scattered the least by smoke or fog.

Question 10.
Which of the following phenomena contributes significantly to the reddish
appearance of the sun at sunrise or sunset?
(a) Dispersion of light
(b) Scattering of light
(c) Total internal reflection of light
(d) Reflection of light from the earth

Answer: (b) Scattering of light

Question 11.
The bluish colour of water in deep sea is due to
(a) the presence of algae and other plants found in water
(b) reflection of sky in water
(c) scattering of light
(d) absorption of light by the sea

Answer: (c) scattering of light

Question 12.
When light rays enter the eye, most of the refraction occurs at the
(a) crystalline lens
(b) outer surface of the cornea
(c) iris
(d) pupil

Answer: (b) outer surface of the cornea

Question 13.
The focal length of the eye lens increases when eye muscles
(a) are relaxed and lens becomes thinner
(b) contract and lens becomes thicker
(c) are relaxed and lens becomes thicker
(d) contract and lens becomes thinner

Answer: (a) are relaxed and lens becomes thinner

Question 14.
Which of the following statement is correct?
(a) A person with myopia can see distant objects clearly.
(b) A person with hypermetropia can see nearby objects clearly.
(c) A person with myopia can see nearby objects clearly.
(d) A person with hypermetropia cannot see distant objects clearly.

Answer: (c) A person with myopia can see nearby objects clearly.

Question 15.
A student traces the path of a ray through a glass prism for four different values
of angle of incidence. On analysing the diagrams he is likely to conclude that the
emergent ray
(a) is always parallel to the incident ray.
(b) is always perpendicular to the incident ray.
(c) is always parallel to the refracted ray.
(d) always bends at an angle to the direction of incident ray.

Answer: (d) always bends at an angle to the direction of incident ray.

Question 16.
A student is observing the diagram showing the path of a ray of light passing
through a glass prism. He would find that for all angles of incidence the ray of
light bends:
(а) towards the normal while entering into the prism and away from the normal
while emerging out of the prism
(b) away from the normal while entering into the prism and towards the normal
while emerging out of the prism.
(c) away from the normal while entering as well as while emerging out of the
prism.
(d) towards the normal while entering as well as while emerging out of the
prism.

Answer: (а) towards the normal while entering into the prism and away from
the normal while emerging out of the prism
Question 17.
In the following diagram, the path of a ray of light passing through a glass prism
is shown:

In this diagram the angle of incidence, the angle of emergence and the angle of
deviation respectively are (select the correct option):
(a) X, R and T
(b) Y, Q and T
(c) X, Q and P
(d) Y, Q and P

Answer: (d) Y, Q and P

Question 18.
After tracing the path of a ray of light through a glass prism a student marked
the angle of incidence (∠i), angle of refraction (∠r), angle of emergence (∠e) and
the angle of deviation (∠D) as shown in the diagram. The correctly marked
angles are:

(a) ∠i and ∠r
(b) ∠i and ∠e
(c) ∠i, ∠e and ∠D
(d) ∠i, ∠r and ∠e

Answer: (b) ∠i and ∠e

Question 19.
The splitting of white light into its component colours is called
(a) refraction
(b) reflation
(c) dispersion
(d) tyndall effect

Answer: (c) dispersion

Question 20.
Reason behind advance sunrise and delayed sunset
(a) atmospheric refraction
(b) total internal reflection
(c) dispersion
(d) reflection

Answer: (a) atmospheric refraction

Question 21.
Type of lens used in correction of myopia
(a) convex lens
(b) concave lens
(c) reflecting lens
(d) bifocal lens

Answer: (b) concave lens

Question 22.
Type of lens used in correction of hypermetropia
(a) concave lens
(b) reflecting lens
(c) bifocal lens
(d) convex lens

Answer: (d) convex lens

Question 23.
Myopia may arise due to
(a) excessive curvature of the eye lens
(b) elongation of the eyeball
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of these

Answer: (c) both (a) and (b)

Question 24.
In an experiment to trace the path of a ray of light through a glass prism for
different values of angle of incidence a student would find that the emergent
ray:
(a) is parallel to the incident ray
(b) is perpendicular to the incident ray
(c) is parallel to the refracted ray
(d) bends at an angle to the direction of incident ray

Answer: (d) bends at an angle to the direction of incident ray

Question 25.
While performing the experiment to trace the path of a ray of light passing
through a glass prism, four students marked the incident ray and the emergent
ray in their diagrams in the manner shown below.

The correct path of the rays has been shown by:

(a) I
(b) II
(c) III
(d) IV

Answer: (c) III

Question 26.
A dark muscular membrane which controls size of pupil
(a) eye
(b) iris
(c) cornea
(d) retina
Answer: (b) iris

Question 27.
Least distance of distinct vision for normal eye is
(a) 25 cm
(b) 50 cm
(c) 75 cm
(d) infinity
Answer: (a) 25 cm
Question 28.
Farthest point of a normal eye is
(a) 25 cm
(b) 50 cm
(c) 75 cm
(d) infinity

Answer: (d) infinity

Question 29.
Crystalline lens of people at old age becomes milky and cloudy. This condition is
called
(a) myopia
(b) lever
(c) cataract
(d) presbyopia

Answer: (c) cataract

Question 30.
The splitting of light into its component colours is called
(a) Spectrum
(b) Dispersion
(c) Tyndall effect
(d) Refraction

Answer: (b) Dispersion

Question 31.
Bifocal lens is used in
(a) myopia
(b) lever
(c) Cataract
(d) Presbyopia

Answer: (d) Presbyopia

Question 32.
Stars appears to be twinkling because of
(a) atmospheric refraction
(b) reflection
(c) Tyndall effect
(d) spectrum

Answer: (a) atmospheric refraction

Electricity
S.NO Parameter Symbol Formula Unit Description

𝑄 Q – Charge (C)
1 Current I I= A or C/S
t – time (s)
𝑡

𝑊
V= W – Workdone (J)
2 Electric Potential V 𝑄 V or J/C
Q – charge (C)

V= IR
V –Electric Potential
3 Resistance R 𝑉 ohm or Ω (V)
I= I – Current (A)
𝑅

R=ρ
𝑙
𝐴 R – resistance (Ω)
ρ l – length (m)
4 Resistivity Ωm
𝑅𝐴 A – Area of (m2)
ρ =
𝑙 Cross section

Rs = R1 + R2
5 Resistance in series Rs Ω
+ R3
1 1
= + R1, R2, R3 -- Resistors
𝑅𝑝 𝑅1
(Ω)
6 Resistance in Parallel 1
+
1 Ω
𝑅2 𝑅3

H=VIt

H= I2Rt
7 Heat H J or joule
𝑣2
H= xt
𝑅
V – Electric potential
P = w/t (V)
I – Current (A)
P = VI t – time (s)
R – Resistance (Ω)
P = I 2R W or W – Work done
8 Power P
watt
𝑣2
P=
𝑅
1 kwh =
3.6 x 106 J
ASSERTION AND REASON

Following questions consist of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason

(R). Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given below:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

Q.1. Assertion (A) : Tungsten metal is used for making filaments of

incandescent lamps.
Reason (R) : The melting point of tungsten is very low.

Answer: (c)

Q.2. Assertion (A) : If a graph is plotted between the potential difference and
the current flowing the graph is a straight line passing through the origin.
Reason (R) : The current is directly proportional to the potential difference.

Answer(a)

Q.3. Assertion (A) : Longer wires have greater resistance and the smaller wires
have lesser resistance.
Reason (R) : Resistance is inversely proportional to the length of the wire.

Answer(c)

Q.4. Assertion (A) : Alloys are commonly used in electrical heating devices, like
electrical iron, toasters etc.
Reason (R) : Alloys do not oxidise (burn) readily at high temperatures.

Answer(a)

Q.5. Assertion (A) : When the resistances are connected end-to-end

consecutively, they are said to be in series.
Reason (R) : In case the total resistance is to be increased, then the individual
resistances are connected in series.

Answer(b)

Q.6. Assertion (A) : When the resistances are connected between the same two
points, they are said
to be connected in parallel.
Reason (R) : In case the total resistance is to be decreased, then the individual
resistances are connected in parallel.

Answer(b)

Q.7. Assertion (A) : A cell is a device which converts chemical energy into
electrical energy.
Reason (R) : Cell maintains a constant potential difference between its
terminals for a long time.

Answer(b)

Q.8. Assertion (A) : The resistivity of a substance does not depend on the
nature of the substance and temperature.
Reason (R) : The resistivity of a substance is a characteristic property of the
material.

Answer(d)

Q.9. Assertion(A) : Tungsten metal is used for making filaments of

incandescent lamps.
Reason (R): The melting point of tungsten is very low.

Answer(c)

Q.10. Assertion (A) : The fuse is placed in series with the device.
Reason (R) : Fuse consists of a piece of wire made of a metal or an alloy of
appropriate melting point.

Answer(b)

Q.11. Assertion (A) : The coil of a heater is cut into two equal halves and only
one of them is used into heater. The heater will now require half the time to
produce the same amount of heat.
Reason (R) : The heat produced is directly proportional to square of current.

Answer(b)

Q.12. Assertion (A) : The wires supplying current to an electric heater are not
heated appreciably.
Reason (R) : Resistance of connecting wires is very small and H<< R.

Answer(a)
Q.13. Assertion (A) : A current carrying wire should be charged.
Reason (R) : The current in a wire is due to flow of free electrons in a definite
direction.

Answer(d)

Q.14. Assertion (A) : Electron has a negative charge.

Reason (R) : Electrons move always from a region of higher potential to a
region of lower potential.

Answer(c)

Q.15. Assertion (A) : Heater wire must have high resistance and high melting
point.
Reason (R) : If resistance is high, the electric conductivity will be less.

Answer(b)

Q.16. Assertion (A) : In a chain of bulbs, 50 bulbs are joined in series. One bulb
is removed now and circuit is completed again. If the remaining 49 bulbs are
again connected in series across the same supply, then light
gets decreased in the room.
Reason (R) : Net resistance of 49 bulbs will be less than 50 bulbs.

Answer(d)

Q.17. Assertion (A) : Fuse wire must have high resistance and low melting
point.
Reason (R) : Fuse is used for small current flow only.

Answer(c)

Q.18. Assertion (A) : The connecting wires are made of copper.

Reason (R) : The electrical conductivity of copper is high.

Answer(a)

Q.19. Assertion (A) : Current is the rate of flow of charge.

Reason (R) : Electric current will not flow between two charged bodies when
connected, if they are at same potential.

Answer(b)
Q.20. Assertion (A) : A bird perches on a high power line and nothing happens
to the bird.
Reason (R) : The circuit is incomplete for the bird sitting on high power line.

Answer(a)

Q.21. Assertion (A) : When a wire is stretched to three times of its length, its
resistance becomes 9 times.
Reason (R) : Resistance is directly proportional to length of wire.

Answer(b)

Q.22. Assertion (A) : It is advantageous to transmit electric power at high

voltage.
Reason (R) : High voltage implies high current.

Answer(c)

Q.23.Assertion (A) : Bending a wire does not affect electrical resistance.

Reason (R) : Resistance of a wire is proportional to resistivity of material.

Answer(b)

Q.24. Assertion (A) : A voltmeter and ammeter can be used together to

measure resistance but not power.
Reason (R) : Power is proportional to voltage and current.

Answer(d)

Q.25. Assertion (A) : The 200 W bulbs glows with more brightness than 100 W
bulbs.
Reason (R) : A 100 watt bulb has more resistance than a 200 W bulb.

Answer(b)

Q.26. Assertion (A) : If 10 bulbs are connected in series and one bulb fused,
then the remaining 9 bulbs will not work.
Reason (R) : Bulb of higher wattage will give less bright light.
Answer(b)

Q.27. Assertion (A) : Good conductors of heat are also good conductors of
electricity and vice versa.
Reason (R) : Mainly electrons are responsible for conduction.
Answer(a)
CASE STUDY:

Question 1
Read the following and answer the questions

We can see that, as the applied voltage is increased the current through the
wire also increases. It means that, the potential difference across the terminals
of the wire is directly proportional to the electric current passing through it at a
given temperature.
Thus, V= IR
Where R is the proportionality constant called as resistance of the wire. Thus,
we can say that the resistance of the wire is inversely proportional to the
electric current. As the resistance increases current through the wire decreases.
The resistance of the conductor is directly proportional to length of the
conductor, inversely proportional to the area of cross section of the conductor
and also depends on the nature of the material from which conductor is made.
Thus R= qL/A, where q is the resistivity of the material of conductor. According
resistivity of the material they are classified as conductors, insulators and
semiconductors. It is observed that the resistance and resistivity of the material
varies with temperature. And hence there are vast applications of these
materials based on their resistivity.
The SI unit of resistance is ohm while the SI unit of electric current is ampere.
The potential difference is measured in volt. Conductors are the materials
which are having less resistivity or more conductivity and hence they are used
for transmission of electricity. Alloys are having more resistivity than
conductors and hence they are used in electric heating devices. While insulators
are bad conductors of electricity.

Questions:
1) What is SI unit of resistivity?
2) What is variable resistance?
3) Why tungsten is used in electric bulbs?
4) 1M ohm = ?

Answers:
1) The SI unit of resistivity is ohm meter.
2) The electric component which is used to regulate the electric current without
changing voltage source is called as variable resistance.
3) Tungsten filament are used in electric bulbs because the resistivity of
Tungsten is more and it’s melting point is also high.
4) 1M ohm = 106 ohm
Question 2
Read the following and answer the questions

Resistance is the opposition offered by the conductor to the flow of electric

current. When two or more resistors are connected in series then electric
current through each resistor is same but the electric potential across each
resistor will be different. If R1, R2 and R3 are the resistance connected in series
then current through each resistor will be I but potential difference across each
resistor is V1, V2 and V3 respectively.
Thus, the total potential difference is equal to the sum of potential difference
across each resistor. Hence, V= V1 + V2 + V3
Again, IR = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
Thus, R = R1 + R2 + R3
Hence in case of series combination of resistors, the total resistance is the sum
of resistance of each resistor in a circuit.
Now, in case of parallel combination of resistors electric current through each
resistor is different but the potential difference across each resistor is same. If
resistors R1, R2 and R3 are connected in parallel combination then potential
difference across each resistor will be V but current through each resistor is I1,
I2 and I3 respectively.
Thus, total current through the circuit is the sum of current flowing through
each resistor.
I = I1 + I2 + I3
Again, V/R= V/R1 + V/R2 + V/R3
Thus, 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
Hence, in case of parallel combination of resistors, the reciprocal of total
resistance is the sum of reciprocal of each resistance connected in parallel.

Questions:
1) In which case the equivalent resistance is more and why?
2) In our home, which type of combination of electric devices is preferred?
Why?
3) If n resistors of resistance R are connected in parallel then what is the
equivalent resistance?

Answers:
1) In case of parallel combination of resistors the equivalent resistance is less
than the individual resistance connected in parallel.
Since, 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 +…
2) At our home, we are connecting electrical devices in parallel combination
because in parallel combination equivalent resistance is less and also we can
draw an electric current according to the need of electric devices.
3) If n resistors of resistance R are connected in parallel then equivalent
resistance is given by,
1/Re = 1/R + 1/R + 1/R +….n times 1/R
Thus, 1/Re = n/R
Hence, Re= R/n is the required equivalent resistance of the given combination.

Question 3
Read the following and answer the questions

When electric current flows through the circuit this electrical energy is used in
two ways, some part is used for doing work and remaining may be expended in
the form of heat. We can see, in mixers after using it for long time it become
more hot, fans also become hot after continuous use. This type of effect of
electric current is called as heating effect of electric current. If I is the current
flowing through the circuit then the amount of heat dissipated in that resistor
will be H = VIt
This effect was discovered by Joule, hence it is called as Joule’s law of heating.
Also, we can write, H = I2Rt
Thus, heat produced is directly proportional to the square of the electric
current, directly proportional to the resistance of the resistor and the time for
which electric current flows through the circuit. This heating effect is used in
many applications. The heating effect is also used for producing light. In case of
electric bulb, the filament produces more heat energy which is emitted in the
form of light. And hence filament are made from tungsten which is having high
melting point.
In case of electric circuit, this heating effect is used to protect the electric circuit
from damage.
The rate of doing work or rate of consumption of energy is called as power.
Here, the rate at which electric energy dissipated or consumed in an electric
circuit is called as electric power. And it is given by P= VI
The SI unit of electric power is watt.

Questions:
1) What is the SI unit of electric energy?
2) How heating effect works to protect electric circuit?
3) 1KW h = ?
4) If a bulb is working at a voltage of 200V and the current is 1A then what is
the power of the bulb?
Answers:
1) The SI unit of electric energy is watt hour. And the commercial unit of
electric energy is kW h.
2) In case of electric circuit fuse is connected in series with the circuit which
protects the electric devices by stopping the extra current flowing through
them. When a large amount of current is flowing through the circuit the
temperature of the fuse wire increases and because of that fuse wire melts
which breaks the circuit.
3) 1kW h = 3.6*106 joule
4) Given that,
V = 200V, I = 1A
Then, P = VI = 200*1 = 200 J/s = 200 W
Magnetic effect of electric current

Question 4
Read the following and answer the questions

The change in electric current through the circuit produces magnetic field
around it. Magnetic field is a vector quantity which has both magnitude as well
as direction. The magnetic field lines produced are directed from north pole and
ends at south pole. These lines are closed curves from which strength of the
magnetic field is determined. Where magnetic field lines are crowded magnetic
field is stronger and where very apart the strength of magnetic field is weak. So,
we can say that as the current through the electrical circuit increase then the
magnitude of magnetic field also increases. If a current carrying conductor is
holded in right hand by curling figures around it. Then, the curled figures gives
the direction of electric current and curled figures gives the direction of
magnetic field.
As the magnitude of magnetic field depends on the current through it. Also, if
the number of turns of wire in a circuit is more then also the magnitude of
magnetic field is more. If a coil having many circular turns of insulated copper
wire wound closely to form a cylindrical shape is called as solenoid. Solenoid is
used to produce strong magnetic field which can be used to magnetise the piece
of magnetic material. And hence they are used in making electromagnet mainly.

Questions:
1) What is the nature of magnetic field lines inside the solenoid?
2) For what right hand thumb rule is used?
3) What are the properties of magnetic poles?
Answers:
1) Inside the solenoid the magnetic field lines are parallel straight lines and the
magnetic field inside the solenoid is uniform.
2) The right hand thumb rule is used to find the direction of electric current
which given by the thumb.
3) The like poles of a magnet repels each other and the unlike poles of magnet
attract each other.

BOARD QUESTIONS
Question 1.
A current of 10 A flows through a conductor for two minutes.
(i) Calculate the amount of charge passed through any area of cross section of
the conductor.
(ii) If the charge of an electron is 1.6 × 10 -19 C, then calculate the total number of
electrons flowing. (Board Term I, 2013)

Answer:
Given that: I = 10 A, t = 2 min = 2 × 60 s = 120 s
(i) Amount of charge Q passed through any area of cross-section is given by I
= Qt
or Q = I × t ∴ Q = (10 × 120) A s = 1200 C
(ii) Since, Q = ne
where n is the total number of electrons flowing and e is the charge on one
electron
∴ 1200 = n × 1.6 × 10-19
or n = 12001.6×10−19 = 7.5 × 1021

Question 2.
Define electric current. (1/5, Board Term 1,2017)

Answer:
Electric current is the amount of charge flowing through a particular area in
unit time.

Question 3.
Define one ampere. (1/5, Board Term 1,2015)

Answer:
One ampere is constituted by the flow of one coulomb of charge per second.
1 A = 1 C s-1
Question 4.
Name a device that you can use to maintain a potential difference between the
ends of a conductor. Explain the process by which this device does so. (Board
Term I, 2013)

Answer:
A cell or a battery can be used to maintain a potential difference between the
ends of a conductor. The chemical reaction within a cell generates the potential
difference across the terminals of the cell, even when no current is drawn from
it. When it is connected to a conductor, it produces electric current and,
maintain the potential difference across the ends of the conductor.

Question 5.
Draw the symbols of commonly used components in electric circuit diagrams
for
(i) An electric cell
(ii) Open plug key
(iii) Wires crossing without connection
(iv) Variable resistor
(v) Battery
(vi) Electric bulb
(vii) Resistance (4/5, Board Term 1,2017)

Answer:
Question 6.
A student plots V-I graphs for three samples of nichrome wire with resistances
R1, R2 and R3. Choose from the following the statements that holds true for this
graph. (2020)

(a) R1 = R2 = R3
(b) R1 > R2 > R3
(c) R3 > R2 > R1
(d) R2 > R1 > R3

Answer:
(d) : The inverse of the slope of I-V graph gives the resistance of the material.
Here the slope of -Rj is highest. Thus, R2 > R1 > R3

Question 7.
State Ohms law. (AI 2019)

Answer:
It states that the potential difference V, across the ends of a given metallic wire
in an electric circuit is directly proportional to the current flowing through it,
provided its temperature remains the same. Mathematically,
V∝I
V = RI
where R is resistance of the conductor.

Question 8.
A V-I graph for a nichrome wire is given below. What do you infer from this
graph? Draw a labelled circuit diagram to obtain such a graph. (2020)
Answer:
As graph is a straight line, so it is clear from the graph that V ∝ I.

The shape of the graph obtained by plotting potential difference applied across
conductor against the current flowing slope will be a straight line.
According to ohms law,

V = IR or R = V/I
So, the slope of VI - graph at any point represents the resistance of the given
conductor.

Question 9.
Study the V-I graph for a resistor as shown in the figure and prepare a table
showing the values of I (in amperes) corresponding to four different values V
(in volts). Find the value of current for V = 10 volts. How can we determine the
resistance of the resistor from this graph? (Board Term I, 2016)

Answer:
Since, the graph is straight line so we can either extrapolate the data or simply
mark the value from graph as shown in figure.
 Current, I(A) Voltage, V(V)
0 0
1 2
2 4
3 6
4 8

Hence, the value of current for V = 10 volts is 5 amperes (or 5 A).

From Ohm’s law, V = IR,
We can write, R = V/I
At any point on the graph, resistance is the ratio of values of V and I. Since, the
given graph is straight line (ohmic conductor) so, the slope of graph will also
give the resistance of the resistor
R = 10V/5A = 2Ω
Alternately, R = (8−2)V/(4−1)A = 6V/3A = 2 Ω

Question 10.
V-I graph for a conductor is as shown in the figure

(i) What do you infer from this graph?

(ii) State the law expressed here. (Board Term I, 2014)

Answer:
(i) Refer to answer 8.
(ii) Refer to answer 7.

Question 11.
State Ohm’s law. Draw a labelled circuit diagram to verify this law in the
laboratory. If you draw a graph between the potential difference and current
flowing through a metallic conductor, what kind of curve will you get? Explain
how would you use this graph to determine the resistance of the conductor.
(Board Term I, 2016)
Answer:
Refer to answer 7 and 8.

Question 12.
State and explain Ohm’s law. Define resistance and give its SI unit. What is
meant by 1 ohm resistance? Draw V-I graph for an ohmic conductor and list its
two important features. (Board Term I, 2014)

Answer:
Ohm’s law: Refer to answer 7.
Resistance : It is ihe properly of a conductor lo resist the How of charges
through it.
Its SI unit is ohm (Ω). If the potential difference across the two ends of a
conductor is 1 V and the current through it is 1 A, then the resistance R, of the
conductor is 1 ohm (1 Ω). lvolt
1 ohm = 1volt1ampere
V-I graph for an ohmic conductor can be drawn as given in figure.

Important feature of V-I graph are:

(i) It is a straight line passing through origin.
(ii) Slope of V-I graph gives the value of resistance of conductor slope = R = V/I

Question 13.
Assertion (A) : The metals and alloys are good conductors of electricity.
Reason (R) : Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin and it is not a good conductor
of electricity.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of the assertion
(A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of the
assertion (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. (2020)

Answer:
(c) : Metals and alloys are good conductors of electricity. Bronze is an alloy of
copper and tin which are metals and thus is a good conductor of electricity.

Question 14.
A cylindrical conductor of length ‘I’ and uniform area of cross section ‘A’ has
resistance ‘R’. The area of cross section of another conductor of same material
and same resistance but of length ‘2I’ is (2020)
(a) A2
(b) 3A2
(c) 2A
(d) 3A

Answer:
(c) : The resistance of a conductor of length!, and area of cross section, A is
R = ρIA
where ρ is the resistivity of the material.
Now for the conductor of length 2I, area of cross-section A’ and resistivity ρ.
R’ = ρI′A′ = ρ2IA′
But given, R = R’ ⇒ ρIA = ρ2IA or A’ = 2A

Question 15.
Assertion (A) : Alloys are commonly used in electrical heating devices like
electric iron and heater.
Reason (R): Resistivity of an alloy is generally higher than that of its constituent
metals but the alloys have low melting points then their constituent metals.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of the assertion
(A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of the
assertion (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. (2020)

Answer: (a)

Question 16.
How is the resistivity of alloys compared with those of pure metals from which
they may have been formed? (Board Term I, 2017)

Answer:
The resistivity of an alloy is generally higher than that of its constituent metals.

Question 17.
(i) List three factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends.
(ii) Write the SI unit of resistivity. (Board Term 1, 2015)

Answer:
(i) Resistance of a conductor depends upon the following factors:
(1) Length of the conductor : (greater the length (I) of the conductor more will
be the resistance (R).
R∝I
(2) Area ol cross section of the conductor: (Ireater the cross-sectional area of
the conductor, less will be the resistance.
R ∝ 1A
(3) Nature of conductor.
(ii) SI unit of resistivity is Ω m.

Question 18.
Calculate the resistance of a metal wire of length 2m and area of cross section
1.55 × 106 m², if the resistivity of the metal be 2.8 × 10 -8 Ωm. (Board Term I,
2013)

Answer:
For the given metal wire,
length, l = 2 m
area of cross-section, A = 1.55 × 10-6 m²
resistivity of the metal, p = 2.8 × 10 -8 Ω m
Since, resistance, R = ρl/A
So R = (2.8×10-8×2/1.55×10−6)Ω
R = 0.036Ω

Question 19.
(a) List the factors on which the resistance of a conductor in the shape of a wire
depends.
(b) Why are metals good conductors of electricity whereas glass is a bad
conductor of electricity ? Give reason.
(c) Why are alloys commonly used in electrical heating devices ? Give reason.
(2018)

Answer:
(a) Refer to answer 17 (i).
(b) Metal have very low resistivity and hence they are good conductors of
electricity.
Whereas glass has very high resistivity so glass is a bad conductor of electricity.
(c) Alloys are commonly used in electrical heating devices due to the following
reasons
(i) Alloys have higher resistivity than metals
(ii) Alloys do not get oxidised or burn readily at high temperature.

Question 20.
Calculate the resistivity of the material of a wire of length 1 m, radius 0.01 cm
and resistance 20 ohms. (Board Term I, 2017)
Answer:
We are given, the length of wire, l = 1 m, radius of wire, r = 0.01 cm = 1 × 10 -4 m
and resistance, R = 20Ω As we know,
R = ρl/A, where ρ is resistivity of the material of the wire.
∴ 20Ω.= ρl/πr2 = ρ X 1 / 3.14 X (1 × 10-4)2 = 200
∴ ρ = 6.28 × 10-7 Ω m

Question 21.
A copper wire has diameter 0.5 mm and resistivity 1.6 × 10 -8 Ω m. Calculate the
length of this wire to make it resistance 100 Ω. How much does the resistance
change if the diameter is doubled without changing its length? (Board Term I,
2015)

Answer:
Given; resistivity of copper = 1.6 × 10 -8 Ω m, diameter of wire, d = 0.5 mm and
resistance of wire, R = 100 Ω
Radius of wire, r = d/2 = 0.5/2 mm
= 0.25 mm = 2.5 × 10-4 m
Area of cross-section of wire, A = πr²
∴ A = 3.14 × (2.5 × 10-4)²
= 1.9625 × 10-7 m²
= 1.9 × 10-7 m²
As, R = ρl/A
∴ 100 Ω = 1.6×10-8 Ωm×l/1.9×10−7 m2
l = 1200 m
If diameter is doubled (d’ = 2d), then the area of cross-section of wire will
become
A’ = πr² = π(d/2)² = π(2d/2)² = 4A
Now R ∝ 1A, so the resistance will decrease by four times or new resistance will
be
R’ = R4 = 1004 = 25Ω

Question 22.
The resistance of a wire of 0.01 cm radius is 10 Ω. If the resistivity of the
material of the wire is 50 × 10 -8 ohm meter, find the length of the wire. (Board
Term I, 2014)

Answer:
Here, r = 0.01 cm = 10-4 m, ρ = 50 × 10-8 Ω m and R = 10 Ω
As, R = ρl/A
or l = RA/ρ=Rπr2/ρ
10X3.14X0.0001X10-4 m/50 × 10-8
= 0.628 m = 62.8 cm
Question 23.
A wire has a resistance of 16 Ω. It is melted and drawn into a wire of half its
original length. Calculate the resistance of the new wire. What is the percentage
change in its resistance? (Board Term I, 2013)

Answer:
When wire is melted, its volume remains same, so,
V’ = V or A’l’ = Al
Here, l’ = l/2
Therefore, A’ = 2 A
Resistance, R = ρl/A = 16 Ω
Now, R’ = ρl/′A′=ρ(l/2)2A= ρl/4A
So, R’ = R/4 = 16/4 = 4 Ω
Percentage change in resistance,
= (R−R′/R)×100=(16−4/16) × 100 = 75%

Question 24.
If the radius of a current carrying conductor is halved, how does current
through it change? (2/5 Board Term I, 2014)

Answer:
If the radius of conductor is halved, the area of cross-section reduced to (1/4) of
its previous value.
Since, R ∝ 1/A, resistance will become four times
From Ohm’s law, V = IR
For given V, I ∝ 1/R
So, current will reduce to one-fourth of its previous value.

Question 25.
Define resistance of a conductor. State the factors on which resistance of a
conductor depends. Name the device which is often used to change the
resistance without changing the voltage source in an electric circuit. Calculate
the resistance of 50 cm length of wire of cross sectional area 0.01 square mm
and of resistivity 5 × 10 -8 Ω m. (Board Term I, 2014)

Answer:
Resistance is the property of a conductor to resist the flow of charges through it.
Factors affecting resistance of a conductor:
Refer to answer 17(i)
Rheostat is the device which is often used to change the resistance without
changing the voltage source in an electric circuit.
We are given, length of wire, l = 50 cm = 50 × 10 -2 m cross-sectional area, A =
0.01 mm²
= 0.01 × 10-6 m²
and resistivity, ρ = 5 x 10-8 Ω m.
As, resistance, R = ρlA
∴ R = (5×10−8×50×10−20.01×10−6) Ω
= 2.5 Ω

Question 26.
If a person has five resistors each of value 15 Ω, then the maximum resistance
he can obtain by connecting them is
(a) 1 Ω
(b) 5 Ω
(c) 10 Ω
(d) 25 Ω (2020)

Answer:
(a) The maximum resistance can be obtained from a group of resistors by
connecting them in series. Thus,
Rs = 15+15+15+15+15 1 Ω

Question 27.
The maximum resistance which can be made using four resistors each of 2 Ω is
(a) 2 Ω
(b) 4 Ω
(c) 8 Ω
(d) 16 Ω (2020)

Answer:
(c) : A group of resistors can produce maximum resistance when they all are
connected in series.
∴ Rs = 2 Ω + 2 Ω + 2 Ω + 2 Ω = 8 Ω

Question 28.
The maximum resistance which can be made using four resistors each of
resistance 12 Ω is
(a) 2 Ω
(b) 1 Ω
(c) 2.5 Ω
(d) 8 Ω (2020)

Answer:
(a) The maximum resistance can be produced from a group of resistors by
connecting them in series.
Thus, Rs = 12 Ω + 12 Ω + 12 Ω + 12 Ω = 2 Ω

Question 29.
Three resistors of 10 Ω, 15 Ω and 5 Ω are connected in parallel. Find their
equivalent resistance. (Board Term I, 2014)
Answer:
Here, R1 = 10 Ω, R2 =15 Ω, R3 = 5 Ω.
In parallel combination, equivalent resistance, (Req) is given by

Question 30.
List the advantages of connecting electrical devices in parallel with an electrical
source instead of connecting them is series. (Board Term I, 2013)

Answer:
(a) When a number of electrical devices are connected in parallel, each device
gets the same potential difference as provided by the battery and it keeps on
working even if other devices fail. This is not so in case the devices are
connected in series because when one device fails, the circuit is broken and all
devices stop working.
(b) Parallel circuit is helpful when each device has different resistance and
requires different current for its operation as in this case the current divides
itself through different devices. This is not so in series circuit where same
current flows through all the devices, irrespective of their resistances.

Question 31.
Show how would you join three resistors, each of resistance 9 Ω so that the
equivalent resistance of the combination is (i) 13.5 Ω, (ii) 6 Ω (2018)

Answer:
(i) The resistance of the series combination is higher than each of the
resistances. A parallel combination of two 9 Ω resistors is equivalent to 4.5 Ω.
We can obtain 13.5 Ω by coupling 4.5 Ω and 9 Ω in series. So, to obtain 13.5 Ω,
the combination is as shown in figure (a).

(ii) To obtain a equivalent resistance of 6 Ω, we have to connect two 9 Ω

resistors in series and then connect the third 9 Ω resistor in parallel to the
series combination as shown in the figure (b).
Question 32.
Three resistors of 3 Ω each are connected to a battery of 3 V as shown. Calculate
the current drawn from the battery. (Board Term I, 2017)

Answer:
As given in circuit diagram, two 3 Ω resistors are connected in series to form R1;
so R1 = 3 Ω + 3 Ω = 6 Ω
And, R1 and R2 are in parallel combination, Hence, equivalent resistance of
circuit (Req) given by

Req = 2 Ω
Using Ohm’s law, V = IR
We get,
3V=I×2Ω
or I = 32 A = 1.5 A
Current drawn from the battery is 1.5 A.

Question 33.
Two identical resistors are first connected in series and then in parallel. Find
the ratio of equivalent resistance in two cases. (Board Term I, 2013)
Answer:
Let resistance of each resistor be R.
For series combination,
Rs = R1 + R2
So, Rs = R + R = 2R
For parallel combination,

Question 34.
(a) A 6 Ω resistance wire is doubled on itself. Calculate the new resistance of the
wire.
(b) Three 2 Ω resistors A, B and C are connected in such a way that the total
resistance of the combination is 3 Ω. Show the arrangement of the three
resistors and justify your answer. (2020)

Answer:
(a) Given resistance of wire, R = 6 Ω
Let l be the length of the wire and A be its area of
cross-section. Then
R = ρl/A = 6 Ω
Now when the length is doubled, l’ = 2l and A’ = A/2
∴ R’ = ρ(2l)A/2=4ρl/A = 4 × 6 Ω = 24 Ω
(b) Given the total resistance of the combination = 3 Ω
In order to get a total resistance of 3 Ω, the three resistors has to be connected
as shown.

Such that, 1RP=1/2+1/2 = 1

⇒ Rp = 1 Ω
and Rs = 2 Ω + 1 Ω = 3 Ω

Question 35.
Draw a schematic diagram of a circuit consisting of a battery of 3 cells of 2 V
each, a combination of three resistors of 10 Ω, 20 Ω and 30 Ω connected in
parallel, a plug key and an ammeter, all connected in series. Use this circuit to
find the value of the following :
(a) Current through each resistor
(b) Total current in the circuit
(c) Total effective resistance of the circuit. (2020)
Answer:
The circuit diagram is as shown below.

(a) Given, voltage of the battery = 2V + 2V + 2V = 6 V

Current through 10 Ω resistance,
I10 = VR=610 = 0.6 A
Current through 20 Ω resistance,
I20 = VR=620 = 0.3 A
Current through 30 Ω resistance,
I30 = VR=630 = 0.2 A
(b) Total current in the circuit, 1= I10 + I20 + I30
= 0.6 + 0.3 + 0.2 = 1.1 A
(c) Total resistance of the circuit,
1RP=110+120+130=1160

Question 36.
(a) With the help of a suitable circuit diagram prove that the reciprocal of the
equivalent resistance of a group of resistances joined in parallel is equal to the
sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances.
(b) In an electric circuit two resistors of 12 Ω each are joined in parallel to a 6 V
battery. Find the current drawn from the battery. (Delhi 2019)

Answer:
(a) Resistors in parallel : When resistors are connected in parallel.

(i) The potential difference across their ends is the same.

(ii) The sum of current through them is the current drawn from the source of
energy or cell.
I = I1 + I1 + I3 or VRP=VR1+VR2+VR3
(iii) The equivalent resistance is given by,
1RP=1R1+1R2+1R3
Hence equivalent resistance in parallel combination is equal to the sum of
reciprocals of the individual resistances.
Question 37.
For the series combination of three resistors current in each resistor, establish
the relation R = R1 + R2 + R3 where the symbols have their usual meanings.
Calculate the equivalent resistance of the combination of three resistors of 6 Ω,
9 Ω and 18 Ω joined in parallel. (Board Term I, 2016)

Answer:

Given figure shows the series combination of three resistors R 1, R2 and

R3 connected across a voltage source of potential difference V.
Let current I is flowing through the circuit.
V1, V2 and V3 are the potential differences across resistors R1, R2 and
R3 respectively.
Since, the total potential difference across a combination of resistors in series is
equal to the sum of potential difference across the individual resistors.
∴ v = v1 + v2 + v3 …(i)
In series current through each resistor is same. Applying the Ohms law,
V1 = IR1, V2 = IR2 and V3 = IR1 ……..(ii)
If Rs is the equivalent resistance of the circuit, then
V = IRs …(iii)
From eqns. (i), (ii) and (iii),
we can write IRs = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
or Rs = R1 + R2 + R3
We can conclude that when several resistors are joined in series, the resistance
of the combination Rs equals the sum of their individual resistances,
R1, R2 and R3
Given : R1 = 6 Ω, R2 = 9 Ω,
R3 = 18 Ω are connected in parallel.
Equivalent resistance, Req, is given by

or Req = 3 Ω

Question 38.
State ohms law. Represent it graphically. In the given circuit diagram calculate
(i) the total effective resistance of the circuit.
(ii) the current through each resistor.

Answer:
Ohm’s law: Refer to answer 7.
Graphical representation of Ohm’s law

For the given circuit

R1 = 3 Ω, R2 = 4 Ω., R3 = 6 Ω and V = 6V.
(i) Total effective resistance of the circuit, Req is given by
1Req=1R1+1R2+1R3=13+14+16=912
or Req = 129 Ω = 43 Ω = 1.33 Ω
(ii) Since, potential difference across each resistor connected in parallel is same.
So, V1 = V2 = V3 = 6 V
Applying Ohm’s law,
V1 = I1R1 or I1 = V1R1 or I3 = 63 A = 2A
Similarly, I2 = 6A4 = 1.5 A and I3 = 66 A = 1 A
Question 39.
(a) Prove that the equivalent resistance of three resistors R 1, R2 and R3 in series
is R1 + R2 + R3
(b) You have four resistors of 8 Ω each. Show how would you connect these
resistors to have effective resistance of 8 Ω? (4/5, Board Term I, 2015)

Answer:
(a) Refer to answer 37.
(b) If you have four 8 Ω resistors and the effective resistance is also 8 Ω then the
two 8 Ω resistors are connected in series. Now you have pair of two 16 Ω
resistors (8 Ω + 8 Ω). If you connect these resistors in parallel, you will have net
resistance 8 Ω.

Question 40.
Draw a labelled circuit diagram showing three resistors R 1, R2 and R3 connected
in series with a battery (E), a rheostat (Rh), a plug key (K) and an ammeter (A)
using standard circuit symbols. Use this circuit to show that the same current
flows through every part of the circuit. List two precautions you would observe
while performing the experiment. (Board Term I, 2014)

Answer:

Change the positions of ammeter and note the reading of ammeter each time.
You will find that all the reading obtained are same.
So, the value of the current in the ammeter is the same, independent of its
position in the electric circuit. It means that in this circuit (series combination)
the current is the same in every part of the circuit.
Precautions:
(i) All the connections are neat and tight.
(ii) Ammeter is connected with the proper polarity, i.e., positive terminal of the
ammeter should go to positive terminal and negative terminal of ammeter to
the negative terminal of the battery or cell used.
Question 41.
Two wires A and B are of equal length and have equal resistances. If the
resistivity of A is more than that of B, which wire is thicker and why ? For the
electric circuit given below calculate:

(i) current in each resistor

(ii) total current drawn from the battery, and
(iii) equivalent resistance of the circuit. (Board Term I, 2014)

Answer:
Let lA, aA and RA be the length, area of cross-section and resistance of wire A and
lB, aB and RB are that of wire B.
Here, lA = lB and RA = RB
If ρA and ρB are the resistivities of wire A and B respectively then
RA = ρA lAaA and RB = ρB lBaB, As RA = RB
∴ ρA lAaA, ρB lBaB
or ρAρB = aAaB
Since ρA > ρB therefore aA > aB Hence, wire A is thicker than wire B.
For parallel combination,
V1 = V2 = V3 = 6V
(i) Using Ohm’s law
I1 = V1/R1 = 6/30 = 0.2 A
I2 = V2/R2 = 6/10 = 0.6 A
I3 = V3/R3 = 6/5 = 1.2 A
(ii) Total current drawn from battery,
I = I1 + I2 + I3 = 0.2 + 0.6 + 1.2 = 2 A
(iii) Equivalent resistance of the circuit, Req can be obtained by Ohm’s law
V= I Req
So, 6 V = 2 A × Req or, Req = 62 = 3 Ω
Aliter, 1Req=1R1+1R2+1R3
130+110+15=1+3+630=1030=13
or Req = 3 Ω

Question 42.
(a) Derive an expression to find the equivalent resistance of three resistors
connected in series. Also draw the schematic diagram of the circuit.
(b) Find the equivalent resistance of the following circuit.
Answer:
(a) Refer to answer 37.
(b) For the given circuit,
R1 = 6 Ω, R2 = 10 Ω, R3 = 15 Ω.
As 1Req=1R1+1R2+1R3
1Req=16+110+115
= 5+3+230=1030=13
Req = 3 Ω

Question 43.
Draw a circuit diagram for a circuit consisting of a battery of five cells of 2 volts
each, a 5 Ω resistor, a 10 Ω resistor and a 15 Ω resistor, an ammeter and a plug
key, all connected in series. Also connect a voltmeter to record the potential
difference across the 15 Ω resistor and calculate
(i) the electric current passing through the above circuit and
(ii) potential difference across 5 Ω resistor when the key is closed. (Board Term
1, 2013)

Answer:

Potential of the battery, V = (2 × 5) V = 10 V

Equivalent resistance,
Req = R1 + R2 + R3
= (5 + 10 + 15)Ω = 30 Ω
(i) Current through circuit, I = VR=1030 A=13 A
(ii) Potential across 5 Ω resistor, V1 = IR1
= 13 × 5 = 53 V = 1.67 V

Question 44.
The resistance of a resistor is reduced to half of its initial value. In doing so, if
other parameters of the circuit remain unchanged, the heating effects in the
resistor will become
(a) two times
(b) half
(c) one-fourth
(d) four times (2020)

Answer:
(a) : We know, H = I²Rt = V2 t/r
Now when, R’ = R/2, V’ = V and t’ = t
H = V2 t/ R = V2 t/ R / 2 = 2V2 t / R

Question 45.
(a) Write the mathematical expression for Joules law of heating.
(b) Compute the heat generated while transferring 96000 coulomb of charge in
two hours through a potential difference of 40 V. (2020)

Answer:
(a) The Joule’s law of healing implies that heat produced in a resistor is
(i) directly proportional to the square of current lor a given resistance,
(ii) directly proportional to resistance for a given current, and
(iii) directly proportional to the time for which the current flows through the
resistor.
i.e., H = I² Rt
(b) Given, charge q = 96000 C, time t = 2 h = 7200 s and potential difference V =
40 V
We know, H = I²Rt = Q2t2×VQ × t × t = VQ
= 40 × 96000 = 3.84 × 106 J = 3.84 MJ
Question 46.
Write Joules law of heating. (1/3, 2018)

Answer:
Refer to answer 45(a).

Question 46.
Explain the use of an electric fuse. What type of material is used for fuse wire
and why? (Board Term I, 2016)

Answer:
Electric fuse protects circuits and appliances by stopping the flow of any unduly
high electric current. It consists of a piece of wire made of a metal or an alloy of
appropriate melting point, for example aluminium, copper, iron, lead etc. If a
current larger than the specified value flows through the circuit, the
temperature of the fuse wire increases. This melts the fuse wire and breaks the
circuit.
Question 47.
(a) Why is tungsten used for making bulb filaments of incandescent lamps?
(b) Name any two electric devices based on heating effect of electric current.
(2/5, Board Term I, 2015)

Answer:
(a) (i) Tungsten is a strong metal and has high melting point (3380°C).
(ii) It emits light at high temperatures (about 2500°C).
(b) Electric laundry iron and electric heater are based on heating effect of
electric current.

Question 48.
A fuse wire melts at 5 A. If it is desired that the fuse wire of same material melt
at 10 A, then whether the new fuse wire should be of smaller or larger radius
than the earlier one? Give reasons for your answer. (3/5, Board Term I, 2014)

Answer:
Let the resistance of the wire be R, heat produced in the fuse at 5 A in Is is
H=(5)²R ( H – I²Rt)
50. fuse melts at (5)²R joules of heat.
Let, the resistance of new wire is R’
So, heat produced in 1 second = (10)²R’
To prevent it from melting
(5)²R = (10)²R’ or R’ = R4
As R ∝ 1A
∴ cross-sectional area of new fuse wire is four times the first fuse.
Now, A = πr², so new radius is twice the previous one. So, at 10 A, the new fuse
wire of same material and length has larger radius than the earlier one.

Question 49.
What is heating effect of current? List two electrical appliances which work on
this effect. (2/5, Board Term I, 2013)

Answer:
If only resislors are connected to the battery, the source energy continually gets
dissipated entirely in the form of heal. This is known as healing effect of current,
’file amount of heat (77) produced in time t is given by Joule’s law of heating.
H = I²Rt
Where, 7 is current flowing through resistor R.
The electric laundry iron, electric toaster, electric oven, electric kettle and
electric heater are some common devices based on heating effect of current.
Question 50.
Two bulbs of 100 W and 40 W are connected in series. The current through the
100 W bulb is 1 A. The current through the 40 W bulb will be
(a) 0.4 A
(b) 0.6 A
(c) 0.8 A
(d) 1A (2020)

Answer:
(d) : Given power of first bulb, P1 = 100 W and second bulb P2 = 40 W
Current through 100 W bulb, I1 = 1 A
Current through 40 W bulb, I 2 = ?
Since both the bulbs are connected in series, the electric current passing
through both the bulbs are same i.e., I 2 = 1 A.

Question 51.
Write the relation between resistance (R) of filament of a bulb, its power (P)
and a constant voltage V applied across it. (Board Term I, 2017)

Answer:
P = V2 / R

Question 53.
Power of a lamp is 60 W. Find the energy in joules consumed by it in is. (Board
Term I, 2016)

Answer:
Here, power of lamp, P = 60 W
time t = 1 s
So, energy consumed = Power × time = (60 × 1) = 60 J

Question 54.
Two lamps, one rated 100 W; 220 V, and the other 60 W; 220 V, are connected in
parallel to electric mains supply. Find the current drawn by two bulbs from the
line, if the supply voltage is 220 V. (2/3, 2018, Board Term I, 2014)

Answer:
Since both the bulbs are connected in parallel and to a 220 V supply, the voltage
across each bulb is 220 V. Then
Current drawn by 100 W bulb,
I1 = power rating voltage applied = 100W 220V = 0.454 A
Current drawn by 60 W bulb,
I2 = 60W 220V = 0.273 A
Total current drawn from the supply line,
I = I1 + I2 = 0.454 A + 0.273 A = 0.727 A = 0.73 A
Question 55.
How much current will an electric iron draw from a 220 V source if the
resistance of its element when hot is 55 ohms? Calculate the wattage of the
electric iron when it operates on 220 volts. (Board Term I, 2016)

Answer:
Here, V = 220 V, R = 55 Ω
By Ohm’s law V = IR
∴ 220 = 7 × 55 or I = 4A
Wattage of electric iron = Power
= V2 /R=(220)2/ 55 = 880 W

Question 56.
An electric iron has a rating of 750 W; 200 V. Calculate:
(i) the current required.
(ii) the resistance of its heating element.
(iii) energy consumed by the iron in 2 hours. [Board Term 1, 2015]

Answer:
Here, P = 750 W, V = 200 V
(i) As P = V7
I = P/V= (750/200) A = 3.75A
(ii) By Ohm’s law V = IR or R = V/I
∴ R = 2003.75 Ω = 53.3 Ω
(iii) Energy consumed by the iron in 2 hours
= P × t = 750 W × 2h = 1.5 kWh
or E = (750 × 2 × 3600) J = 5.4 × 10 6 J

Question 57.
An electric bulb is connected to a 220 V generator. The current is 2.5 A.
Calculate the power of the bulb. (1/3, Board Term I, 2015)

Answer:
Here, V= 220 V,/= 2.5 A
Power of the bulb P = VI = 220 × 2.5 W = 550 W

Question 58.
(a) Define power and state its SI unit.
(b) A torch bulb is rated 5 V and 500 mA. Calculate its
(i) power
(ii) resistance
(iii) energy consumed when it is lighted for 2 12 hours.
Answer:
(a) Power is defined as the rate at which electric energy is dissipated or
consumed in an electric circuit.
P = VI = I²R = V²/R
The SI unit of electric power is watt (W). It is the power consumed by a device
that carries 1 A of current when operated at a potential difference of IV.
1 W = 1 volt × 1 ampere = 1 V A
(b) Given, V = 5 V and I = 500 mA = 0.5 A
(i) Power, P = V × 7 = 5 × 0.5 = 2.5 W
(ii) As, P = V2R⇒R=V2P=252.5 = 10 Ω
(iii) Given, time t = 2.5 hrs = 9000 s
∴ The energy consumed, E = P × t
= 2.5 × 9000 = 2.25 × 10 4 J
= 6.25 watt hour

Question 59.
Two identical resistors, each of resistance 15 Ω, are connected in (i) series, and
(ii) parallel, in turn to a battery of 6 V. Calculate the ratio of the power
consumed in the combination of resistors in each case. (2020)
Answer:
Given, R1 = R1 = 15 Ω, V = 6 V
(i) When connected in series,
Rs = R1 + R2 = 15 Ω + 15 Ω = 30 Ω
Power, PS = V2RS=3630 W
(ii) When connected in parallel,

Question 60.
An electric lamp of resistance 20 Ω and a conductor of resistance 4 Ω. are
connected to a 6 V battery as shown in the circuit. Calculate.

(a) the total resistance of the circuit

(b) the current through the circuit,
(c) the potential difference across the (i) electric lamp and (ii) conductor, and
(d) power of the lamp. (Delhi 2019)
Answer:
Resistance of the lamp = 20 Ω
External resistance = 4 Ω
(a) As both the lamp and external resistance are connected in series, therefore
the total resistance,
R = 20 + 4 = 24 Ω
(b) Current, I = VR = 624 = 0.25 A
(c) (i) Potential difference across the electric lamp
TotalvoltageTotalresistance × resistance of lamp
= 624 × 20 = 5 V
(ii) Potential difference across conductor
TotalvoltageTotalresistance × resistance of conductor
= 624 × 4 = 1 V
(d) Power of the lamp
= (current)² × resistance of lamp
= (0.25)² × 20 = 1.25 W

Question 61.
Compare the power used in 2 Ω. resistor in each of the following circuits. (AI
2019)

Answer:
In circuit A,
Total resistance, R = l + 2 = 3Ω
Voltage across 2 Ω = VTotalRTotal × 2 Ω = 63 × 2 = 4 V
∴ Power used in 2 Ω resistor,
p = V2/ R = (4)2 /2 = 8 w
In circuit B, Voltage across both the resistance is same i.e. 4 V and both are
connected in parallel combination.
∴ Power used in 2 Ω resistor = V2/ R = (4)2 /2 = 8 w
∴ Power used in 2 Ω resistor in each case is same i.e. 8 w.

Question 62.
A bulb is rated 40 W; 220 V. Find the current drawn by it, when it is connected
to a 220 V supply. Also find its resistance. If the given bulb is replaced by a bulb
of rating 25 W; 220 V, will there be any change in the value of current and
resistance? Justify your answer and determine the change. (AI 2019)
Answer:
In first case, P = 40 W, V = 220 V
Current drawn l = PV = 40220 = 0.18 A
Also, resistance of bulb,
R = V2P=(220)240 = 1210 Ω
In second case, P = 25 W, V = 220 V
Current drawn, I = PV = 25220 = 0.11 A
Also, resistance of the bulb,
R = V2P = (220)225 = 1936 Ω
Hence, by replacing 40 W bulb to 25 W bulb, having same source of voltage the
amount of current flows decreases while resistance increases.

Question 63.
(a) How two resistors, with resistances R1 Ω and R1 Ω respectively are to be
connected to a battery of emf V volts so that the electrical power consumed is
minimum?
(b) In a house 3 bulbs of 100 watt each lighted for 5 hours daily, 2 fans of 50
watt each used for 10 hours daily and an electric heater of 1.00 kW is used for
half an hour daily. Calculate the total energy consumed in a month of 31 days
and its cost at the rate of Rs 3.60 per kWh. (Board Term I, 2017)

Answer:
(a) Power consumed is minimum when current through the circuit is minimum,
so the two resistors are connected in series.
(b) Power of each bulb P1 = 100 watt
Total power of 3 bulbs, P1 = 3 × 100 = 300 watt
Energy consumed by bulbs in 1 day
E1 = P1 × t = 300 watt × 5 hours.
= 1500 Wh = 1.5 kWh
Power of each fan = 50 watt
Total power of 2 fans = 2 × 50 watt
P2 = 100 watt
Energy consumed by fans in 1 day
E2 = P2 × t = 100 watt × 10 hours
= 1000 watt hour = 1 kWh
Energy consumed by heater,
E3 = 1 kW × 1/2 h = 0.5 kWh
Total energy consumed in one day
E = E1 + E2 + E3 = (1.5 + 1 + 0.5) kWh = 3 kWh
Total energy consumed in a month of 31 days
= E × 31 = (3 × 31) kWh = 93 kWh
Cost of energy consumed = Rs (93 × 3.60) = Rs 334.80
Question 64.
(a) An electric bulb is connected to a 220 V generator. If the current drawn by
the bulb is 0.50 A, find its power.
(b) An electric refrigerator rated 400 W operates 8 hours a day. Calculate the
energy per day in kWh.
(c) State the difference between kilowatt and kilowatt hour. (3/5, Board Term I,
2013)

Answer:
(a) Here, V = 220 V, I = 0.50 A
Power of the bulb, P = VI = (220 × 0.5)W = 110 W
(b) Energy consumed by electric refrigerator in a day = Power x time
= 400 W × 8 h = 3200 Wh = 3.2 kWh
(c) Kilowatt is unit of power and kilowatt hour is a unit of energy.

Question 65.
(i) State one difference between kilowatt and kilowatt hour. Express 1 kWh in
joules.
(ii) A bulb is rated 5V; 500 mA. Calculate the rated power and resistance of the
bulb when it glows. (Board Term I, 2013)

Answer:
(i) Refer to answer 64(c).
1 kWh = 1000 W × 1 h
= 1000 W × 3600 s = 3600000 J = 3.6 × 10 6 J
(ii) Here, V = 5 V, I = 500 mA = 0.5 A
Power rating of bulb is
P = VI = ( 5 × 0.5)W = 2.5W
Resistance of the bulb is R = V/I = (5/0.5) Ω = 10 Ω

HOTS QUESTIONS:
Question 1.
Following table gives the resistivity of three samples in (Ωm)

Which of them is a good conductor ? And which of them is an insulator ? Explain

why ? (CBSE 2012)

Answer:
A material having low resistivity is a good conductor. Since, resistivity of sample
A is the least among all other materials, so sample A is a good conductor. A
material having high value of resistivity is an insulator. Therefore, sample C is an
insulator.
Question 2.
The electrical resistivity of few materials is given below in ohm-meter. Which of
these materials can be used for making element of a heating device ?

(CBSE Sample Paper, CBSE 2012, Similar CBSE 2014)

Answer:
For making element of a heating device, we use alloy instead of pure metals.The
resistivity of material D lies in the range of resistivities of alloys. Therefore,
material D can be used for making element of a heating device.

Question 3.
Electrical resistivities of some substances at 20°C are given below :

Answer the following questions in relation to them :

1. Among silver and copper, which one is a better conductor ? Why ?

2. Which material would you advise to be used in electrical heating devices ?
Why ? (CBSE 2012)

Answer:

1. A material whose electrical resistivity is low is a good conductor of

electricity. Since the electrical resistivity of silver is less than that of the
copper, so silver is a better conductor than the copper.
2. For making the elements of heating devices, alloy is used instead of a pure
metal. This is because the resistivity of an alloy is more than that of a metal
and alloy does not burn (or oxidise) even at higher temperature. Out of the
given substances, nichrome is an alloy, so nichrome is used in electrical
heating devices.

Question 4.
The following table gives the resistivity of three samples :
Which of them is suitable for heating elements of electrical appliances and why
? (CBSE, 2010, 2012)

Answer:
For making the heating elements of electrical appliances, alloy is used instead of
a pure metal. This is because alloy does not burn even at higher temperature.
The resistivity of sample C is of the order of an alloy, so sample C is suitable for
heating elements of electrical appliances.

Question 5.
Two metallic wires A and B are connected in series. Wire A has length l and
radius r, while wire B has length 2l and radius 2r. Find the ratio of the total
resistance of series combination and the resistance of wire A, if both the wires
are of same material

Answer:

Question 6.
Two metallic wires A and B of same material are connected in parallel. Wire A
has length l and radius r and wire B has length 2l and radius 2r. Compute the
ratio of the total resistance of parallel combination and the resistance of wire A.
(CBSE Sample Paper)

Answer:

Question 7.
Two students perform the experiments on series and parallel combinations of
two given resistors R1 and R2 and plot the following V-I graphs.
Which of the graphs is (are) correctly labelled in terms of the words ‘series’ and
‘parallel’. Justify your answer.
(CBSE Sample Paper, 2012)

Answer:
In first graph, slope of I-V graph = Resistance.
Since in series combination, resistance is more than the resistance in parallel
combination, therefore slope of I-V graph for series combination is more than
the slope of resistance.

Hence, graph is correctly labelled. In second graph, slope of resistance

Question 8.
Two electric circuits I and II are shown in figure.

(i) Which of the two circuits has more resistance ?

(ii) Through which circuit, more current passes ?
(iii) In which circuit, the potential difference across each resistor is equal.

Answer:
(i) Equivalent resistance of series combination of resistors is more than the
equivalent resistance of the parallel combination of resistors. So, the resistance
of circuit I is more than the resistance of circuit II.

So current in circuit II is more than the current in circuit I.

(iii) Potential difference across each resistor is equal in circuit II.
Question 9.
An electrician puts a fuse of rating 5 A in that part of domestic electrical circuit
in which an electrical heater of rating 1.5 kW, 220 V is operating. What is likely
to happen in this case and why ? What change, if any needs to be made ?
(CBSE Sample Paper)

Answer:
The fuse will melt and the circuit breaks if electric current more than the rating
of fuse (i.e., 5 A) flows in the circuit. Electric current flowing in the circuit,

Since, current flowing in the circuit (6.82 A) is more than the rating of fuse (5
A), therefore, the fuse will melt and the electrical heater does not work. To
operate the heater, fuse of rating 10 A is to be put in the circuit.

Question 10.
The electric power consumed by a device may be calculated by using either of
the two expressions: P = I 2R or P = V2/R . The first expression indicates that the
power is directly proportional to R,whereas the second expression indicates
inverse proportionality. How can the seemingly different dependence of P on R
in these expressions be explained ?
(CBSE Sample Paper)

Answer:
P = I2R is used when current flowing in every component of the circuit is
constant. This is the case of series combination of the devices in the circuit.
P = V2/R is used when potential difference (V) across every component of the
circuit is constant. This expression is used in case of parallel combination in the
circuit. In series combination, R is greater than the value of R in parallel
combination.

Question 11.
Three V-I graphs are drawn individually for two resistors and their series
combination. Out of A, B, C which one represents the graph for series
combination of the other two. Give reason for y or ansiver. (CBSE 2011)

Answer:
Slope of V-I graph = resistance of a resistor.
When two resistors are connected in series,Volts the resistance of this
combination (R = R1 + R2) is more than the resistance of both the resistors.
Since, slope of C is greater than the slopes of A and B. Therefore, C represents
the graph for series combination of the other two.

Question 12.
V-I graphs for the two wires A and B are shown in the figure. If we connect both
the wires one by one to the same battery, which of the two will produce more
heat per unit time ? Give justification for your answer (CBSE 2014, 2015)

Answer:
Heat produced per unit time = V 2/R
Now slope of V-I graph = R (resistance of wire).

Since slope of V-I graph for wire A is greater than the slope of V-I graph for wire
B, therefore, resistance of wire A is greater than the resistance of wire B. Hence,
more heat will be produced per unit time in wire B than in wire A.

Question 13.
The resistivities of some substances are given below :

Answer the following questions in relation to them giving justification for each :
(i) Which material is best for making connecting cords ?
(ii) Which material do you suggest to be used in heater elements ?
(iii) You have two wires of same length and same thickness. One is made of
material A and another of material D. If the resistance of wire made of A is 2 Ω,
what is the resistance of the other wire ?

Answer:
(i) Material A is best for making connecting cords as its resistivity is the lowest
one.
(ii) For heater elements, material of high resistivity is used. Therefore, the
material E is to be used in heater elements.
MCQs
Question 1.
Which of the following represents voltage?

Answer: (a)

Question 2.
Unit of electric power may also be expressed as
(a) volt ampere
(b) kilowatt hour
(c) watt second
(d) Joule second

Answer: (a) volt ampere

Question 3.
Electrical resistivity of a given metallic wire depends upon
(a) its length
(b) its thickness
(c) its shape
(d) nature of the material

Answer: (d) nature of the material

Question 4.
A cell, a resistor, a key and ammeter are arranged as shown in the circuit
diagrams of Figure (i), (ii) and (iii). The current recorded in the ammeter will be
(a) maximum in (i)
(b) maximum in (ii)
(c) maximum in (iii)
(d) the same in all the cases

Answer: (d) the same in all the cases

Question 5.
The unit of e.m.f. of a cell is
(a) dyne
(b) volt
(c) ampere
(d) joule

Answer: (b) volt

Question 6.
Kilowatt hour is the unit of
(a) power
(b) energy
(c) impulse
(d) force

Answer: (b) energy

Question 7.
1 kWh is equal to
(a) 3.6 × 106 MJ
(b) 3.6 × 105 MJ
(c) 3.6 × 10² MJ
(d) 3.6 MJ

Answer: (d) 3.6 MJ

Question 8.
Materials which allow larger currents to flow through them are called
(a) insulators
(b) conductors
(c) semiconductors
(d) alloys

Answer: (b) conductors

Question 9.
Conventionally, the direction of the current is taken as
(a) the direction of flow of negative charge
(b) the direction of flow of atoms
(c) the direction of flow of molecules
(d) the direction of flow of positive charge

Answer: (d) the direction of flow of positive charge

Question 10.
The unit of specific resistance is
(a) ohm
(b) ohm
(c) ohm-metre
(d) ohm per metre

Answer: (c) ohm-metre

Question 11.
The slope of voltage (V) versus current (I) is called

(a) resistance
(b) conductance
(c) resistivity
(d) conductivity

Answer: (a) resistance

Question 12.
The variable resistance is called
(a) resistor
(b) rheostat
(c) open switch
(d) none of these

Answer: (b) rheostat

Question 13.
The SI unit of resistance is
(a) ohm m
(b) ohm m1
(c) ohm
(d) (ohm)-1

Answer: (c) ohm

Question 14.
An electric iron draws a current 4 A when connected to a 220 V mains. Its
resistance must be
(a) 1000 Ω
(b) 55 Ω
(c) 44 Ω
(d) None of these

Answer: (b) 55 Ω

Question 15.
The element used almost exclusively for filaments of incandescent lamps
(a) copper
(b) gold
(c) silver
(d) tungsten

Answer: (d) tungsten

 MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

ASSERTION AND REASON

Following questions consist of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason
(R). Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given below:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

Q.1. Assertion(A): On changing the direction of flow of current through a

straight conductor, the direction of a magnetic field around the conductor is
reversed.
Reason (R) : The direction of magnetic field around a conductor can be given in
accordance with left hand thumb rule.

Answer: (c)
Q.2. Assertion(A): The magnitude of the magnetic field at a point on the axis of
a current carrying solenoid is inversely proportional to the current flowing
through the solenoid.
Reason (R) : The magnitude of the magnetic field at a point on the axis of a
current carrying solenoid is directly proportional to the number of turns per
unit length of a solenoid.

Answer: (d)

Q.3. Assertion(A): A compass needle is placed near a current carrying wire.

The deflection of the compass needle decreases when the magnitude of an
electric current in the wire is increased.
Reason (R) : Strength of a magnetic field at a point near the conductor
increases on increasing the current.

Answer: (d)

Q.4. Assertion(A) : A compass needle is placed near a current carrying wire.

The deflection of the compass needle decreases when the compass needle is
displaced away from the wire.
Reason (R) : Strength of a magnetic field decreases as one moves away from a
current carrying conductor.

Answer: (a)

Q.5. Assertion(A) : The strength of the magnetic field produced at the centre of
a current carrying circular coil increases on increasing the current flowing
through the coil.
Reason (R) : Magnetic field strength is inversely proportional to the current
flowing in the coil.

Answer: (c)

Q.6. Assertion(A) : The strength of the magnetic field produced at the centre of
a current carrying circular coil increases on increasing the radius of the circular
coil.
Reason (R) : Magnetic field strength is inversely proportional to the radius of
the circular coil.

Answer: (d)
Q.7. Assertion(A) : The strength of the magnetic field produced at the centre of
a current carrying circular coil increases on increasing the number of turns of
the circular coil.
Reason (R) : Magnetic field strength is directly proportional to the number of
turns of the circular coil.

Answer: (a)

Q.8. Assertion(A) : On freely suspending a current-carrying solenoid, it comes

to rest in N-S direction just like a bar magnet.
Reason (R) : One end of current carrying straight solenoid behaves as a North
pole and the other end as a South pole.

Answer: (a)

Q.9. Assertion(A) : Alternating Current is used in household supply.

Reason (R) : AC electric power can be transmitted over long distances without
much loss of energy.

Answer: (a)

Q.10. Assertion(A) : The strength of the magnetic field at the centre of a

circular coil of a wire depends on the radius of the coil
Reason (R) : The strength of the magnetic field at the centre of a circular coil of
a wire depends on the number of turns of the wire in the coil.

Answer: (b)

Q.11. Assertion(A) : A current carrying wire deflects a magnetic needle placed

near it.
Reason (R) : A magnetic field exists around a current carrying wire.

Answer: (a)

Q.12. Assertion(A) : Strength of an electromagnet can be increased by

increasing the number of turns per unit length in solenoid coil.
Reason (R) : Strength of an electromagnet can be increased by increasing the
current flowing through the solenoid.

Answer: (b)
 CASE STUDY
Question 1
Read the following and answer the questions
Two coils C1 and C2 are wrapped around a non-conducting cylinder. Coil C1 is
connected to a battery and key and C2 with galvanometer G. On pressing the
key (K), current starts flowing in the coil C1.
State your observation in the galvanometer.
 (a) When key K is pressed on.
 (b) When current in the coil C1 is switched off.
 (c) When the current is passed continuously through coil C1 .
 (d) Name and state the phenomenon responsible for the above
observation.

Answer:
a.) The galvanometer needle deflects momentarily in one direction.
b.) The galvanometer needle deflects again momentarily but in opposite
direction to
that in the previous case.
c.) No deflection.
d) Electromagnetic induction.
Explanation- Electromagnetic induction is a process by changing a magnetic
field in a conductor, which induces a current in another conductor placed in
nearby.

Question 2
Read the following and answer the questions

The change in electric current through the circuit produces magnetic field
around it. Magnetic field is a vector quantity which has both magnitude as well
as direction. The magnetic field lines produced are directed from north pole and
ends at south pole. These lines are closed curves from which strength of the
magnetic field is determined. Where magnetic field lines are crowded magnetic
field is stronger and where very apart the strength of magnetic field is weak. So,
we can say that as the current through the electrical circuit increase then the
magnitude of magnetic field also increases. If a current carrying conductor is
holded in right hand by curling figures around it. Then, the curled figures gives
the direction of electric current and curled figures gives the direction of
magnetic field.
As the magnitude of magnetic field depends on the current through it. Also, if
the number of turns of wire in a circuit is more then also the magnitude of
magnetic field is more. If a coil having many circular turns of insulated copper
wire wound closely to form a cylindrical shape is called as solenoid. Solenoid is
used to produce strong magnetic field which can be used to magnetise the piece
of magnetic material. And hence they are used in making electromagnet mainly.
Questions:
1) What is the nature of magnetic field lines inside the solenoid?
2) For what right hand thumb rule is used?
3) What are the properties of magnetic poles?
Answers:
1) Inside the solenoid the magnetic field lines are parallel straight lines and the
magnetic field inside the solenoid is uniform.
2) The right hand thumb rule is used to find the direction of electric current
which given by the thumb.
3) The like poles of a magnet repels each other and the unlike poles of magnet
attract each other.

Question 3
Read the following and answer the questions

If we stretched the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of our left hand so that
they are mutually perpendicular to each other. If the forefinger gives the
direction of magnetic field and middle finger gives the direction of electric
current then the thumb gives the direction of motion or the force acting on the
conductor.
Electric motor is used to convert electric energy into mechanical energy. It is
mostly used in electric fans, refrigerators, mixers, washing machine, computers
etc.
The commercial motor uses an electromagnet in place of permanent magnet,
large number of turns of the conducting wire in the current carrying coil, a soft
iron core on which the coil is wound. If we stretched the thumb, forefinger and
middle finger of right hand so that they are mutually perpendicular to each
other. If the forefinger gives the direction of magnetic field and thumb gives the
direction of motion of conductor then the middle finger gives the direction of
induced current. And this rule is called as Fleming’s right hand rule.
Electric generator is used to convert mechanical energy into electrical
energy.The direct current always flows in one direction while the alternating
current changes its direction periodically. The frequency of AC in India is 50 Hz.
Questions:
1) Which is the important advantage of AC over DC?
2) Electric generator works on the phenomenon of?
3) Fleming’s right hand rule is used for ?
4) The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction was discovered by?
Answers:
1) The important advantage of AC over DC is that electric power can be
transmitted over long distances without more loss of energy.
2) Electric generator is based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.
3) Fleming’s right hand rule is used to find the direction of induced current.
4) The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction was discovered by Michael
Faraday.
Question 4
Read the following and answer the questions

The domestic electric circuit consist of red insulated cover called as live wire,
wire with black insulation called as neutral wire and the wire with green
insulation is called as Earth wire. We know that fuse is connected in series with
the circuit to prevent the damaging of electrical appliances and circuit from
overloading. Overloading occurs when live wire and the neutral wire comes in
direct contact with each other. Because of which current through the circuit
increases suddenly. Also, overloading may occurs because of connecting many
appliances to a single socket. The Earth wire which is green in colour is
connected to a metal plate deep in the earth near the house. This type of safety
measure is used in appliances like electric press, toaster, table fan, refrigerator
etc. The Earth wire is gives low resistance conducting path for the electric
current. In this way it protects us from severe electric shock.
All the appliances are connected in parallel circuit so that the potential
difference across each appliance will be same.
Questions:
1) What are the signs of live wire and neutral wire?
2) In our country what is the potential difference between live wire and neutral
wire?
3) What is short circuiting?
4) What is the main purpose of using fuse in electric circuit?
Answers:
1) The red insulated wire is the live wire or positive and the black insulated
wire is the neutral wire or negative.
2) In our country the potential difference between live wire and neutral wire is
220 V.
3) When live wire and neutral wire comes in direct contact, in that situation the
current through the circuit increases suddenly and it is called as short
circuiting.
4) Because of Joule’s heating effect the heat produced causes the fuse to melt
and to break the circuit. And thereby protect the circuit and electric appliances.
BOARD QUESTIONS
Question 1.
What is meant by magnetic field?

Answer:
Magnetic field : It is defined as the space surrounding the magnet in which
magnetic force can be experienced.

Question 2.
Draw magnetic field lines around a bar magnet. Name the device which is used
to draw magnetic field lines. (Board Term I, 2015)

Answer:

Compass needle is used to draw magnetic field lines.

Question 3.
Design an activity to demonstrate that a bar magnet has a magnetic field around
it. (Board Term I, 2017)

Answer:
One can easily demonstrate the presence of field lines around a bar magnet
using compass needles. Place the magnet on a white sheet and mark its
boundaries on sheet. Place the compass near the north pole of magnet and
mark the position of needle. Now move the compass such that its south pole
occupies the position previously occupied by its north pole. Repeat this step
several times and you will have pattern as shown in the figure.
Repeat the above procedure and draw as many lines as you can. These lines
represent the magnetic field around the magnet. These are known as magnetic
field lines.

Question 4.
What are magnetic field lines? Justify the following statements:
(a) Two magnetic field lines never intersect each other.
(b) Magnetic field are closed curves. (Board Term I, 2016)

Answer:
Imaginary continuous closed curves used to represent the magnetic field in a
region is known as magnetic field lines. It is directed from north pole to south
pole outside the magnet and south pole to north pole inside the magnet.

(a) The direction of magnetic field (B) at any point is obtained by drawing a
tangent to the magnetic field line at that point. In case, two magnetic field lines
intersect each other at the point P as shown in figure, magnetic field at P will
have two directions, shown by two arrows, one drawn to each magnetic field
line at P, which is not possible.

(b) It is taken by convention that the field lines emerges from north pole and
merge at the south pole. Inside the magnet, the direction of field lines is from its
south pole to its north pole. Thus, the magnetic field lines are closed curves.

Question 5.
(a) What is meant by a magnetic field? Mention two parameters that are
necessary to describe it completely.
(b) If field lines of a magnetic field are crossed at a point, what does it indicate?
(Board Term I, 2013)
Answer:
(a) Refer to answer 1.
Necessary parameters are:

 Magnitude of magnetic field.

 Direction of field lines

(b) If field lines of a magnetic field are crossed at a point, it indicates that there
are two direction of magnetic field at a point which is not possible.

Question 6.
A compass needle is placed near a current carrying straight conductor. State
your observation for the following cases and give reasons for the same in each
case.
(a) Magnitude of electric current is increased.
(b) The compass needle is displaced away from the conductor. (AI 2019)

Answer:
(a) As the amount of magnetic field strength is directly proportional to the
amount of current, so the deflection of compass needle increases.
(b) Since magnetic field strength at a point is inversely proportional to the
distance from the wire. Hence deflection of compass decreases when it is
displaced away from the conductor.

Question 7.
State how the magnetic field produced by a straight current carrying conductor
at a point depends on
(a) current through the conductor
(b) distance of point from conductor. (Board Term I, 2014)

Answer:
Strength of magnetic field produced by a straight current-carrying wire at a
given point is
(a) directly proportional to the current passing through it.
(b) inversely proportional to the distance of that point from the wire.
Question 8.
Give reason for the following
(i) There is either a convergence or a divergence of magnetic field lines near the
ends of a current carrying straight solenoid.
(ii) The current carrying solenoid when suspended freely rests along a
particular direction. (2/3, 2020)

Answer:
(i) There is either a convergence or a divergence of magnetic field lines near the
ends of a current carrying straight solenoid because it behaves similar to that of
a bar magnet and has a magnetic field line pattern similar to that of a bar
magnet. Thus the ends of the straight solenoid behaves like poles of the magnet,
where the converging end is the south pole and the diverging end is the north
pole.
(ii) The current carrying solenoid behaves similar to that of a bar magnet and
when freely suspended aligns itself in the north-south direction.
Question 9.
Find the direction of magnetic field due to a current carrying circular coil held:
(i) vertically in North – South plane and an observer looking it from east sees
the current to flow in anticlockwise direction,
(ii) vertically in East – West plane and an observer looking it from south sees
the current to flow in anticlockwise direction,
(iii) horizontally and an observer looking at it from below sees current to flow
in clockwise direction .(Board Term I, 2017)
Answer:
According to right hand rule, the direction of magnetic field is
(i) west to east
(ii) north to south
(iii) into the paper.
Question 10.
(a) State three factors on which the strength of magnetic field produced by a
current carrying solenoid depends.
(b) Draw circuit diagram of a solenoid to prepare an electromagnet. (Board
Term I, 2016)
Answer:
(a) Strength of magnetic field produced by a current carrying solenoid depends
upon the following factors:

 number of turns in the coil

 amount of current flowing through it
 radius of coil
 Material of core of the solenoid.
(b) A strong magnetic field produced inside a solenoid can be used to magnetise
a piece of magnetic material, like soft iron, when placed inside the coil. The
magnet so formed is called an electromagnet.

Question 11.
(a) State Right Hand Thumb rule to find the direction of the magnetic field
around a current carrying straight conductor.
(b) How will the magnetic field be affected on:
(i) increasing the current through the conductor
(ii) reversing the direction of flow of current in the conductor? (Board Term I,
2015)

Answer:
(a) It states that you are holding a current carrying straight conductor in your
right hand such that the thumb points towards the direction of current. Then
your finger will wrap around the conductor in the direction of the field lines of
the magnetic field.
(b) (i) If the current is increased, the magnetic field strength also increases.
(ii) If the direction of current is reversed, the direction of magnetic field also get
reversed.

Question 12.
Diagram shows the lengthwise section of a current carrying solenoid. ⦻
indicates current entering into the page, ⨀ indicates current emerging out of
the page. Decide which end of the solenoid A or B, will behave as north pole.
Give reason for your answer. Also draw field lines inside the solenoid.

Answer:
Using right hand thumb rube we can draw the magnetic field lines around the
conductor as shown. From figure, end A of solenoid act as north pole and end B
will act as south pole. Inside the solenoid field lines are in the form of parallel
straight lines.

Question 13.
Write one application of right hand thumb rule. (1/3, Board Term I, 2013)

Answer:
It is used to find the direction of magnetic field around a current carrying
conductor.

Question 14.
(a) What is an electromagnet? List any two uses.
(b) Draw a labelled diagram to show how an electromagnet is made.
(c) State the purpose of soft iron core used in making an electromagnet.
(d) List two ways of increasing the strength of an electromagnet if the material
of the electromagnet is fixed. (2020)

Answer:
(a, b) Refer to answer 10(b).
Electromagnets are used in electric motors and generators, electric bells and
buzzers, loudspeakers and headphones etc.
(c) The soft iron core placed in an electromagnet increases the strength of the
magnetic field produced. Thus increasing the strength of electromagnet.
(d) The strength of electromagnet can be increased by
(i) Increasing the current passing through the coil.
(ii) Increasing the number of turns in the coil.

Question 15.
What is solenoid? Draw the pattern of magnetic field lines of
(i) a current carrying solenoid and
(ii) a bar magnet.
List two distinguishing features between the two fields. (Delhi 2019)

Answer:
(i) Solenoid : A coil of many circular turns of insulated copper wire wrapped in
the shape of cylinder is called solenoid.
The pattern of magnetic field lines inside the solenoid indicates that the
magnetic field is the same at all points inside the solenoid. That is, the field is
uniform inside the solenoid.
(ii) Magnetic field lines around a bar magnet.

Following are the distinguishing features between the two fields.

(a) A bar magnet is a permanent magnet whereas solenoid is an electromagnet,
therefore field produced by solenoid is temporary and stay till current flows
through it.
(b) Magnetic field produced by solenoid is more stronger than magnetic field of
a bar magnet.

Question 16.
What are magnetic field lines? List three characteristics of these lines. Describe
in brief an activity to study the magnetic field lines due to a current carrying
circular oil. (Board Term I, 2017, 2016)
Answer:
Magnetic field lines : These are the imaginary close curves which are used to
represent the magnetic field around the magnet.
The properties of the magnetic field lines are listed below:

 Magnetic field lines start at the north pole and end at the south pole.
 Magnetic field lines do not intersect each other, because there cant be two
directions of the magnetic field at any one point.
 The degree of closeness of the field lines depends upon the strength of the
magnetic field. Stronger the field, closer are the field lines.
In order to find the magnetic field due to a coil, it is held in a vertical plane and
is made to pass through a smooth cardboard in such a way that the centre (O) of
the coil lies at the cardboard. A current is passed through the coil and iron
filings are sprinkled on the cardboard. These iron filings arrange themselves in
a pattern similar to one shown in the figure. This pattern represents the
magnetic field lines due to the coil.
In order to find the direction of magnetic field lines, we plot the magnetic field
with the help of a compass needle. The pattern of magnetic field lines so
obtained is shown in figure (b). From this pattern, the following important
conclusion have been drawn.
  The magnetic field lines near the coil are nearly circular and concentric.
This is due to the reason that the segments of the coil in contact with the
board at the points A and B are almost like straight conductors. The
direction of the field lines can also be found by applying right-hand thumb
rule.
 The field lines are in the same direction in the space enclosed by the coil.
 Near the centre of the coil, the field lines are nearly straight and parallel.
As such the magnetic field at the centre of the coil can be taken to be
uniform.
 The direction of the magnetic field at the centre is perpendicular to the
plane of the coil.
 As we move towards the centre of the coil, the strength of magnetic field
increases. Magnetic field is maximum at its centre. This is due to the
reason that the two magnetic field (one due to the semicircular segment of
the coil through A and the other due to the semicircular segment through
B) assist each other.
The magnitude of the magnetic field at the centre of the coil is directly
proportional to the current flowing through it and total number of turns and
inversely proportional to the radius of the coil. This is due to the reason that the
current in all the circular turns of the coil is in the same direction. As such, the
resultant magnetic field due to the coil is equal to the sum of the field due to all
these turns.

Question 17.
Draw the magnetic field lines through and around a single loop of wire carrying
electric current. (2/5, Board Term I, 2016)
Answer:

Question 18.
What is a solenoid? Draw a diagram to show field lines of the magnetic field
through and around a current carrying solenoid. State the use of magnetic field
produced inside a solenoid. List two properties of magnetic lines of force.
(Board Term I, 2015)

Answer:
Refer to answer 15(i).
Solenoid is used to form strong but temporary magnet called electromagnets.
These electromagnets are used in wide variety of instruments and used to lift
heavy iron, objects.
Properties of magnetic filed lines :
Refer to answer 16.

Question 19.
State the effect of a magnetic field on the path of a moving charged particle.
(Board Term I, 2014)

Answer:
A charged particle moving in a magnetic field may experience a force in the
direction perpendicular to direction of magnetic field and direction of motion of
particle. This force deflects the charged particle from its path.

Question 20.
State the direction of magnetic field in the following case.

Answer:
Using Fleming’s left hand rule, the direction of magnetic field is out of the plane
of paper.
Question 21.
Write one application of Flemings left hand rule. (1/3, Board Term I, 2013)
Answer:
Flemings left hand rule is used to find the direction of force on a current
carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field acting perpendicular to the
direction of current.

Question 22.
A current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field. Now answer the
following.
(i) List the factors on which the magnitude of force experienced by conductor
depends.
(ii) When is the magnitude of this force maximum?
(iii) State the rule which helps, in finding the direction of motion of conductor.
(iv) If initially this force was acting from right to left, how will the direction of
force change if:
(a) direction of magnetic field is reversed?
(b) direction of current is reversed? (Board Term I, 2017)

Answer:
(i) When a current carrying wire is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a
magnetic force that depends on
(a) current flowing in the conductor
(b) strength of magnetic field
(c) length of the conductor
(d) angle between the element of length and the magnetic field.
(ii) Force experienced by a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic
field is largest when the direction of current is perpendicular to the direction of
magnetic field.
(iii) The rule used in finding the direction of motion of the conductor placed in a
magnetic field is Flemings left hand rule.
Fleming’s left hand rule is as follows:
Stretch out the thumb, the forefinger, and the second (middle) finger of the left
hand so that these are at right angles to each other. If the forefinger gives the
direction of the magnetic field (N to S), the second (middle) finger the direction
of current then the thumb gives the direction of the force acting on the
conductor.
(iv) (a) Direction of force will be reversed when direction of magnetic field is
reversed, i.e., now force on conductor will act from left to right.
(b) Direction of force will be reversed, if the direction of current is reversed, i.e.,
the force on the conductor will act from left to right.
Question 23.
State whether an alpha particle will experience any force in a magnetic field if
(alpha particles are positively charged particles)
(i) it is placed in the field at rest.
(ii) it moves in the magnetic field parallel to field lines.
(iii) it moves in the magnetic field perpendicular to field lines.
Justify your answer in each case. (Board Term I, 2016)

Answer:
(i) No, alpha particle will not experience any force if it is at rest, because only
moving charge particle can experience force when placed in a magnetic field.
(ii) No, alpha particle will not experience any force if it moves in the magnetic
field parallel to field lines because charge particle experiences force only when
it moves at an angle other than 0° with magnetic field.
(iii) Alpha particle will experience a force in the direction perpendicular to the
direction of magnetic field and direction of motion of alpha particle.

Question 24.
Describe an activity with labelled diagram to show that a force acts on current
carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field and its direction of current
through conductor. Name the rule which determines the direction of this force.
(Board Term I, 2016)

Answer:
A small aluminium rod suspended horizontally from a stand using two
connecting wires. Place a strong horseshoe magnet in such a way that the rod
lies between the two poles with the magnetic field directed upwards. For this,
put the north pole of the magnet vertically below and south pole vertically
above the aluminium rod.

Connect the aluminium rod in series with a battery, a key and a rheostat. Pass a
current through the aluminium rod from one end to other (B to A). The rod is
displaced towards left. When the direction of current flowing through the rod is
reversed, the displacement of rod will be towards right. Direction of force on a
current carrying conductor is determined by Fleming’s left hand rule.
Question 25.
What is the function of a galvanometer in a circuit? (Delhi 2019)

Answer:
Galvanometer is an instrument that can detect the presence of electric current
in a circuit.

Question 26.
Write the frequency of alternating current (AC) in India. How many times per
second it changes its direction? (Board Term I, 2015)

Answer:
The frequency of A.C. in India is 50 Hz and it changes direction twice in each
cycle. Therefore, it changes direction 2 × 50 = 100 times in one second.

Question 27.
How is the type of current that we receive in domestic circuit different from the
one that runs a clock? (Board Term I, 2014)

Answer:
The current that we receive from domestic circuit is alternating current (A.C.)
and the current that issuse to run clock is direct current (D.C.). Direct current
always flow in one direction whereas the alternating current reverses its
direction periodically.

Question 28.
Define alternating current and direct current.
Explain why alternating current is preferred over direct current for
transmission over long distances. (Board Term I, 2014)

Answer:
Alternating current (A.C.) : An electric current whose magnitude changes with
time and direction reverses periodically is called alternating current.
Direct current (D.C.) : An electric current whose magnitude is either constant or
variable but the direction of flow in a conductor remains the same is called
direct current.
A.C. can be transmitted to distant places without much loss of electric power
than D.C. That is why A.C. is preferred over D.C. for transmission of current over
a long distances.

Question 29.
(i) Alternating current has a frequency of 50 Hz. What is meant by this
statement? How many times does it change its direction in one second? Give
reason for your answer.
(ii) Mention the frequency of D.C that is given by a cell. (Board Term I, 2013)
Answer:
(i) The frequency of household supply of A.C. in India is 50 Hz. This means, A.C.
completes 50 cycles in one second. Thus, A.C. changes direction 2 × 50 = 100
times in one second.
(ii) Frequency of D.C. is zero as its direction does not change with time.

Question 30.
At the time of short circuit, the electric current in the circuit.
(a) vary continuously (b) does not change
(c) reduces substantially
(d) increases heavily. (2020)

Answer:
(d) At the time of short circuit, the live and neutral wire come in direct contact,
thus increasing the current in the circuit abruptly.

Question 31.
Mention and explain the function of an earth wire. Why it is necessary to earth
metallic appliances? (Board Term I, 2013)

Answer:
Many electric appliances of daily use like electric press, heater, toaster,
refrigerator, table fan etc. have a metallic body. If the insulation of any of these
appliances melts and makes contact with the metallic casing, the person
touching it is likely to receive a severe electric shock. This is due to the reason
that the metallic casing will be at the same potential as the applied one.
Obviously, the electric current will flow through the body of the person who
touches the appliance. To avoid such serious accidents, the metal casing of the
electric appliance is earthed. Since the earth does not offer any resistance, the
current flows to the earth through the earth wire instead of flowing through the
body of the person.

Question 32.
Give reason for the following :
The burnt out fuse should be replaced by another fuse of identical rating. (1/3,
2020)

Answer:
A burnt out fuse should be replaced with identical rating because it helps in
protecting the circuit from overloading and short circuiting. If a fuse of higher
rating is used then it may not melt and cut off the supply during overloading.
Similarly a fuse of lower rating may melt frequently even for a normal flow of
current. This results in decreasing the efficiency of the circuit.
Question 33.
Give reasons for the following:
(a) It is dangerous to touch the live wire of the main supply rather than neutral
wire.
(b) In household circuit, parallel combination of resistances is used.
(c) Using fuse in a household electric circuit is important. (Board Term I, 2017)
Answer:
(a) Live wire is at 220V and neutral wire is at zero volt since the electric current
flows from higher potential to lower potential, we can get an electric shock by
touching live wire but that is not the case with neutral wire.
(b) In parallel combination, each resistor gets same potential from the source.
We can use separate on/off switches with each appliance. Also in case if any one
resistor fails then the circuit will not break. So, it is safe and convenient to
connect household circuit in parallel combination of resistors
(c) Fuse is an important safety device. It is used in series with any electrical
appliance and protects it from short-circuiting and overloading.

Question 34.
(a) Fuse acts like a watchman in an electric circuit. Justify this statement.
(b) Mention the usual current rating of the fuse wire in the line to (i) lights and
fans (ii) appliance of 2 kW or more power. (Board Term I, 2014)

Answer:
(a) When an unduly high electric current flows through the circuit, the fuse wire
melts due to joule heating effect and breaks the circuit. Hence, it keeps an eye
on the amount of current flowing and also stops the current if exceeds the
maximum value. So, fuse acts like a watchman in an electric circuit.
(b) (i) A fuse of rating 5A is usually used for lights and fans.
(ii) A fuse of rating 15 A is usually used for appliance of 2 kW or more power.

Question 35.
(a) State Fleming’s Left-hand rule.
(b) List three characteristic features of the electric current used in our homes.
(c) What is a fuse? Why is it called a safety device?
(d) Why is it necessary to earth metallic electric appliances? (2020)

Answer:
(a) Refer to answer 22(iii).
(b) (i) The electric current which we receive in our homes are alternating
current with a frequency of 50 Hz.
(ii) There are mainly two wires used in the power supply provided to us. The
one usually with a red insulation is called the live wire (or positive wire) and
the one with black insulation is called the neutral wire (or negative wire). The
potential difference between these wires is 220 V.
(iii) Often, there are two separate circuits used in our homes, one of 15 A
current rating for appliances with higher power rating and the other circuit of 5
A rating for appliances such as fans, bulbs, etc.
(c) A fuse is safety device use to limit the current in an electric circuit.
Refer to answer 44(a).
(d) Refer to answer 41.

Question 36.
(a) Name two safety measures commonly used in an electric circuit and
appliances.
(b) What precaution should be taken to avoid the overloading of domestic
electric circuits? (Board Term I, 2017)

Answer:
(a) Fuse and the connection of earthing wire are the two safety measure
commonly used in electric circuit and appliances.
(b) Provide fuses/MCBs of proper rating.

Question 37.
(a) Draw a schematic diagram of a common domestic circuit showing provision
of
(i) Earth wire, (ii) Main fuse
(iii) Electricity meter and
(iv) Distribution box.
(b) Distinguish between short circuiting and overloading. (Board Term I, 2015)

Answer:

(b) Overloading : The condition in which a high current flows through the
circuit and at the same time too many appliances are switched on then the total
current drawn through the circuit may exceed its rated value.
Short circuiting: The condition when the live wire comes in direct contact with
the neutral wire, due to which a high current flows in the circuit.
HOTs QUESTIONS

Question 1.
One end of a bar magnet is brought near the south pole of a magnetic compass
needle. It was noticed that the needle of the magnetic compass deflected away
from the end of the bar magnet. Name the pole of the bar magnet at its end
pointing towards the south pole of the magnetic compass. Justify your answer.

Answer:
The pole of the bar magnet at the end pointing towards the south pole of the
magnetic compass is south pole. This is because, like magnetic poles repel each
other.

Question 2.
Magnetic field lines around a bar magnet are shown in figure. A student makes a
statement that magnetic field at point A is stronger than at point B. State,
whether the statement is correct or incorrect. Explain.
(CBSE 2012)

Answer:
Statement is correct. This is because field lines are crowded in a region of
strong magnetic field and field lines diverge in a region of weak magnetic field.

Question 3.
Magnetic lines of force of two pairs of magnets are shown in figure A and B. Out
of these two figures, which one represents the correct pattern of field lines.
Name the poles of magnets facing each other. (CBSE 2012)
Answer:
Figure B represents the correct pattern of magnetic field lines of a pair of
magnets. Figure A does not represent the correct pattern of field lines because
magnetic field lines never cross each other.

Poles of magnets facing each other are north poles as the magnetic field lines
emerge from a magnet at N-pole.

Question 4.
A student performs an experiment to study the magnetic effect of current
around a current carrying straight conductor. He reports that

1. the direction of deflection of the north pole of a compass needle kept at a

given point near the conductor remains unaffected even when the
terminals of the battery sending current in the wire are interchanged.
2. for a given battery, the degree of deflection of a N-pole decreases when the
compass is kept at a point farther away from the conductor. Which of the
above observations of the student is incorrect and why ?
(CBSE Sample Paper Question)

Answer:

1. The first statement is incorrect because the direction of the magnetic field
around the conductor is reversed when the direction of the current flowing
in the conductor changes. Hence, the direction of deflection of N-pole of
the compass needle cannot remain unaffected when the terminals of the
battery sending current in the wire or conductor are interchanged.

2. The second statement is correct because the magnetic field decreases with
the increase in the distance from the conductor.
MCQs

Question 1.
Choose the incorrect statements from the following regarding magnetic lines of
field.
(a) the direction of magnetic field at a point is taken to be the direction in which
the north pole of a magnetic compass needle points
(b) magnetic field lines are closed curves
(c) if magnetic field lines are parallel and equidistant, they represent zero field
strength
(d) relative strength of magnetic field is shown by the degree of closeness of the
field lines.

Answer: (c) if magnetic field lines are parallel and equidistant, they represent
zero field strength

Question 2.
If the key in the arrangement figure given below is taken out (the circuit is
made open) and magnetic . field lines are drawn over the horizontal plane
ABCD, the lines are

(a) concentric circles

(b) elliptical in shape
(c) straight lines parallel to each other (Due to earth’s magnetic field)
(d) concentric circles near the point O but of elliptical shapes as we go away
from it.

Answer: (c) straight lines parallel to each other (Due to earth’s magnetic field)

Question 3.
A circular loop placed in a plane perpendicular to the plane of paper carries a
current when the keys is ON. The current as seen from points A and B (in the
plane of paper and on the axis of the coil) is anticlockwise and clockwise
respectively. The magnetic field lines point from B to A. The N-pole of the
resultant magnet is on the faces close to
(a) A
(b) B
(c) A if the current is small, and B if the current is large
(d) B if the current is small and A if the current is large.

Answer: (a) A

Question 4.
For a current in a long straight solenoid, N- and S-poles are created at the two
ends. Among the following statements, the incorrect statement is
(a) the field lines inside the solenoid are in the form of straight lines which
indicates that the magnetic field is the same at all points inside the solenoid
(b) the strong magnetic field produced inside the solenoid can be used to
magnetise a piece of magnetic material like soft iron, when placed inside the
coil
(c) the pattern of the magnetic field associated with the solenoid is different
from the pattern of the magnetic field around a bar magnet
(d) the N- and S-poles exchange position when the direction of current through
the solenoid is reversed.

Answer: (c) the pattern of the magnetic field associated with the solenoid is
different from the pattern of the magnetic field around a bar magnet

Question 5.
A constant current flows in a horizontal wire in the plane of the paper from east
to west as shown in the figure. The direction of magnetic field at a point will be
North to South
(a) directly above the wire
(b) directly below the wire
(c) at a point located in the plane of the paper, on the north side of the wire
(d) at a point located in the plane of the paper, on the south side of the wire.

Answer: (b) directly below the wire

Question 6.
The strength of magnetic field inside a long current carrying straight solenoid is
(a) more at the ends than at the centre
(b) minimum in the middle
(c) same at all points
(d) found to increase from one end to the other

Answer: (c) same at all points

Question 7.
The most important safety method used for protecting home appliances from
short circuiting or overloading is by
(a) earthing
(b) use of fuse
(c) use of stabilizers
(d) use of electric meter.
Answer: (b) use of fuse

Question 8.
Select the incorrect statement
(а) Magnetic field lines are closed curves
(b) No two field lines can cross each other
(c) Field lines can cross each other
(d) The relative strength of the magnetic field is shown by degree of closness of
the field lines.

Answer: (c) Field lines can cross each other

Question 9.
Magnetic field lines around a straight conductor forms a pattern of
(a) concentric circles
(b) concentric ellipse
(c) straight line
(d) square shape.

Answer: (a) concentric circles

Question 10.
Electric motor is a device which converts
(a) mechanical energy to electrical energy
(b) electrical energy to mechanical energy
(c) chemical energy to mechanical energy
(d) mechanical energy to light energy.

Answer: (b) electrical energy to mechanical energy

Question 11.
The insulation colour of earth wire is
(a) blue
(b) red
(c) green
(d) white.
Answer: (c) green

Question 12.
In India the potential difference between live wire and neutral wire is
(a) 240 V
(b) 250 V
(c) 280 V
(d) 220 V.

Answer: (d) 220 V.