Article Contents

I. Introduction Journal of Korean Art and Archaeology Vol. 8

II. Chronology of Typological Groups of

Silla Headband Crowns with tree-

shaped Uprights Vol.8

III. Development and Historical Context PDF Citation PubReader Article’s images

of Silla Headband Crowns with tree-

Development of Silla Headband Crowns with Tree-shaped
shaped Uprights Uprights
IV. Conclusion
Ham Soon Seop
Selected Bibliography Director, Daegu National Museum

Volume. 8
Prev Next Journal of Korean Art & Archaeology 2014, Vol.8 pp.10-27
DOI : https://doi.org/10.23158/jkaa.2014.v8_02

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ⓒ 2014 National Museum of Korea

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 AI Abstract 

This paper examines 55 Silla headband crowns with tree-shaped uprights from Korea, assessing
their typological development from 356-654 CE. These crowns, believed to signify social status,
followed three stages: prototype, standard, and regression. Their evolution is linked to shifts in
symbolic systems, reflecting Silla's socio-political and religious changes, including interactions with
Article Contents neighboring regions and the adoption of Buddhism. Crowns varied by design, metal, and
ornamental complexity, showing a progression in craftsmanship and stylistic expression over time.
I. Introduction

II. Chronology of Typological Groups ofKeywords #donations #Dongwon Lee Hong-keun #golden crown

#headband crowns with tree-shaped uprights ham

Silla Headband Crowns with tree-

shaped Uprights

I. Introduction
III. Development and Historical Context

of Silla Headband Crowns with tree-

Silla headband crowns with tree-shaped uprights (sujihyeong daegwan, 樹枝形帶冠,
shaped Uprights Fig. 1) have been the subject of much debate in Korean archaeology. This paper

IV. Conclusion examines fifty-five such crowns, including gold, gilt-bronze, and bronze examples dating

from the Maripgan period (356-514 CE) and junggogi period (中古期, 514-654 CE). Not all
Selected Bibliography
of the crowns were examined firsthand, but all could be typologically studied based on

Prev Next information obtained through various media. Silla crowns can be regarded as a form of

public ornamentation that served as an emblem of the wearer’s social status through

their shape, metal type, and decoration, all of which were highly regulated according to

institutionalized rules. Hence, each crown type (including the headband crown with tree-

shaped uprights) is assumed to have embodied a certain symbolic system, and moreover,

to have reached its quintessential form during the period when that symbolic system

existed. Accordingly, the decline of each Silla crown type can be associated with the

emergence of a new symbolic system. Therefore, the development of each crown type

can be divided into the three stages of “prototype,” “standard,” and “regression.”
 Additionally, Silla crowns can be regarded as a material expression of the symbolic

system to which the wearer adhered and reproduced prior to death. Such an

interpretation assumes that all Silla crowns were prestige items worn by the living, a

contentious point that remains the subject of lively debate. This, in turn, allows the
Article Contents
wearer’s year of death to be established as the terminus ante quem of the crown’s
I. Introduction
manufacture. This study takes the above functions and characteristics into account in
II. Chronology of Typological Groupscharting
of the development of Silla headband crowns with tree-shaped uprights.
Silla Headband Crowns with tree-

shaped Uprights

III. Development and Historical Context

of Silla Headband Crowns with tree-

shaped Uprights

IV. Conclusion

Selected Bibliography

Prev Next

Fig. 1. Parts of the headband crowns with tree-shaped uprights.

II. Chronology of Typological Groups of Silla Headband

Crowns with tree-shaped Uprights
The dates in the chronological scheme of Silla headband crowns with tree-shaped

uprights come from Silla tombs, particularly Geumgwanchong Tomb (Gold Crown Tomb),
 Cheonmachong Tomb (Heavenly Horse Tomb), and the south mound of

Hwangnamdaechong Tomb. The dating of the south mound of Hwangnamdaechong

Tomb is a central issue in Silla archaeology, as there has been disagreement regarding

the identity of the occupant of this “royal tomb.” Different studies have argued that the
Article Contents
tomb may be occupied by one of three possible Silla kings: Naemul Maripgan (d. 402)
I. Introduction
(Lee Heejoon 2010, 192-206); Silseong Maripgan (d. 417) (Ham Soonseop 2010, 226-45);
II. Chronology of Typological GroupsorofNulji Maripgan (d. 458) (Kim Yongseong 2010, 207-25). I have argued that the south

Silla Headband Crowns with tree- mound of the tomb is occupied by Silseong Maripgan, based on the relative abundance of

shaped Uprights Goguryeo objects found within, which would seem to date the tomb to the first quarter of

the fifth century CE.1 Other studies have asserted that Namul Maripgan actually lies in
III. Development and Historical Context

of Silla Headband Crowns with tree- Gyo-dong Tomb 119 in Gyeongju, as described in the “Chronology of the Kings”

shaped Uprights (wangryuk, 王曆) chapter of Samguk Yusa (Ham Soonseop 1996, 371-2; Kim Yongseong

1996, 119-21).
IV. Conclusion
Objects demonstrating interactions between Silla and Baekje have also been useful in
Selected Bibliography
dating the tombs. For example, a Silla-style, three-leaf openwork belt ornament found at

Songsan-ri Tomb 4 in Gongju was identical to one found in Geumgwanchong Tomb. This
Prev Next
exchange of objects between the two kingdoms was originally believed to have taken

place after the Baekje capital was moved from Hanseong to Ungjin in 475 CE (Lee

Hansang 1998, 29-30). However, given that Silla and Baekje established a second alliance

in 433 CE, they may conceivably have begun to conduct exchanges around that time.

Objects reflecting such exchange have also been used to date Cheonmachong Tomb.

Specifically, metal objects from Cheonmachong Tomb have been found to match those

discovered in the Baekje Tomb of King Muryeong (d. 525), thus allowing Cheonmachong

Tomb to be dated to the early sixth century (ibid., 30). Finally, the conclusion of the

chronology of Silla headband crowns with tree-shaped uprights is provided by crowns

 from the “regression” stage that have been excavated around Yeoju and Paju in Gyeonggi

Province. These crowns date to no earlier than 553 CE, when Silla began to expand into

the Han River region (Ham Soonseop 2000, 81).

To use typological analysis to chart the development of headband crowns with tree-
Article Contents
shaped uprights, both the “type” and “technical pattern” of the crowns must be
I. Introduction
considered. Type attributes were based on the outer appearance of the crowns,
II. Chronology of Typological Groupsparticularly
of the number of branches on the vertical uprights with symmetrical branches
Silla Headband Crowns with tree- and the composition of the uprights (i.e., vertical with symmetrical branches[opposite

shaped Uprights branches] vs. angled with alternating branches[alternate branches]). As such, the Silla

headband crowns with tree-shaped uprights can be divided into four types, presented in
III. Development and Historical Context
Fig. 2 and Table 1: vertical uprights with symmetrical angled branches (Type A); vertical
of Silla Headband Crowns with tree-
uprights with 90-degree branches (Type B); vertical uprights with slightly angled branches
shaped Uprights
and additional forms and embellishments (Type C); and vertical uprights with connected
IV. Conclusion
branches (Type D). Over time, the number of tiers of branches on the uprights generally
Selected Bibliography increased, from one to three to four, with some coexistence between three- and four-

tiered uprights. As such, the number of branches on the vertical uprights generally
Prev Next
increased over time (Fig. 3). The composition of the upright ornaments developed in the

following manner: first, three vertical uprights with symmetrical branches (sub-type

“3/0”); followed by three vertical uprights with symmetrical branches and two angled

uprights (“3/2”); and then vertical uprights with symmetrical branches only (“5/0,” “4/0,”

“3/0”).
Article Contents

I. Introduction

II. Chronology of Typological Groups of

Silla Headband Crowns with tree-

shaped Uprights

III. Development and Historical Context

of Silla Headband Crowns with tree-

shaped Uprights
Fig. 2. Comparison of the number of vertical uprights with symmetrical
branches.
IV. Conclusion

Selected Bibliography

Prev Next

Fig. 3. Comparison of vertical uprights with symmetrical branches of

Silla headband crowns with tree-shaped uprights, (from the left) ❶ Gyo-
dong (Gyeongju) Tomb ❷ North Mound of Hwangnamdaechong Tomb
 ❸ Geumgwanchong Tomb ❹ Seobongchong Tomb ❺ Cheonmachong
Tomb ❻ Geumryeongchong Tomb.

Typological Type Technical Place of provenance(or collection) Quantity

group pattern

I A1 a Gyo-dong Tomb (Gyeongju) 9

Article Contents (3/0)

A1 b Hwango-dong Tomb beonji 100 1 (Gyeongju)

I. Introduction (3/0)

A3 a Bokcheon-dong Tomb 11 (Busan)

II. Chronology of Typological Groups of (3/0)

A3 b Hwango-dong Tomb 16 (second cist)

Silla Headband Crowns with tree- (3/0)
Joyeong-dong Tomb CII-1 (Gyeongsan)
shaped Uprights Joyeong-dong Tomb EIII-8

Imdang-dong Tomb 7A (Gyeongsan)

III. Development and Historical Context
Bokcheon-dong Tomb 1 ①
of Silla Headband Crowns with tree-
A3 c Bokcheon-dong Tomb 1 ②
(3/0)
shaped Uprights
II A3 d Dalseong Tumuli Group Tomb 37-1 ② (Daegu) 11
(3/0)
IV. Conclusion Hwangnamdaechong Tomb south mound ③, ④,
⑤(grave goods, Gyeongju)
Selected Bibliography A3 e Moonsan-ri Tomb 3-4 (Dalseong)
(3/0)
Hwangnamdaechong Tomb south mound ②
Prev Next (grave good)

B3 c Moonsan-ri Tomb 3-1

(3/0)
B3 d Hwangseong-dong Gangbyun-ro Tomb 34
(3/0) (Gyeongju)

B3 e Hwangnamdaechong Tomb south mound ①

(3/0) (worn)

Cheonmahong Tomb (grave good, Gyeongju)

Imdang-dong Tomb 7C

III B3 f Gyo-dong Tomb 7 (Changnyeong) 7

(3/0)

B3 e Hwangnamdaechong Tomb north mound

(3/2)
Geumgwanchong Tomb (grave good Gyeongju)
 Typological Type Technical Place of provenance(or collection) Quantity
group pattern

Geumgwanchong Tomb (worn)

B3 f Imdang-dong Tomb 2 north main chamber ①

(3/2)
Imdang-dong Tomb 5B1
Article Contents
Dalseong Tumuli Group Tomb 37-1①

I. Introduction IV B3 g Seobongchong Tomb 13(+1)

(3/2)
Imdang-dong Tomb 2 north main chamber ②
II. Chronology of Typological Groups of
Hwango-dong Tomb 34 (third cist)

Silla Headband Crowns with tree- Husband-and-Wife Tomb (Yangsan)

B3 h Imdang-dong Tomb 6A
shaped Uprights (3/2)
Geumjo-chong Tomb (Yangsan)

III. Development and Historical Context B3 i Chodang-dong Tomb B-16 (Gangneung)

(3/2)
of Silla Headband Crowns with tree- B4 g Cheonmahong Tomb (worn)
(3/2)
shaped Uprights Collection of Kim Hyeongik (Japan)

B4 h Geumryeongchong Tomb
IV. Conclusion (3/2)
Attributed to North Gyeongsang Province
(Gyeongju National Museum)
Selected Bibliography B3 i Joil-ri Tomb 49-2 ①, ② (Ulsan)
(3/0)

V C4 h Dongwon Collection (National Museum of Korea) 3(+3)

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(3/2)

C4 h Byun Jongha Collection (National Museum of

(5/0) Korea)

B3 i Gacheon-dong Tomb 168 (Daegu)

(3/0)

VI D4 i Sanno Futakoyama Kofun Tomb (Japan) 4(+4)

(5/0)

D3 i Ji-dong Tomb 2 (Andong)

(4/0)

D4 i Chuam-ri B District Ga-21 (Donghae)

(4/0)
Ha-ri (Danyang)

Table 1. Typological groups of Silla headband crowns with tree-shaped

uprights.
 In order to examine the development of the headband crowns with tree-shaped

uprights more closely, some of the broader chronological phases were further subdivided

based on technical patterns derived from production techniques. Diachronic changes in

the technical patterns of the crowns can be most clearly observed in the surface patterns
Article Contents
of the uprights. Uprights with the fewest branches have plain surfaces, but as the number
I. Introduction
of branches increases, so does the degree of decorative patterning of the surface. This
II. Chronology of Typological Groupsmay
of have been a deliberate technological development, as more patterning led to a

Silla Headband Crowns with tree- corresponding increase in the curvature of the surface, which in turn helped the central

shaped Uprights upright sustain the increased weight of more branches. A total of nine different technical

patterns were identified (“a” through “i”). The types and technical patterns of the Silla
III. Development and Historical Context
headband crowns with tree-shaped uprights were thus combined to form a total of six
of Silla Headband Crowns with tree-
“typological groups” that were ordered chronologically. “Aberrant” examples of these
shaped Uprights
typological groups were also identified. The results of this analysis are presented in
IV. Conclusion
Tables 1 and 2 and Figs. 4 and 5.
Selected Bibliography

Prev Next

Table 2. Formation of typological groups through the combination of

“types” and “technical patterns”.
Article Contents

I. Introduction

II. Chronology of Typological Groups of

Silla Headband Crowns with tree-

shaped Uprights

III. Development and Historical Context

of Silla Headband Crowns with tree-

shaped Uprights

IV. Conclusion
Fig. 4. Chronology of Silla headband crowns with tree-shaped uprights.
Selected Bibliography

“Typological group I” consists of “A1 (3/0)” and “A3 (3/0)” type crowns with “a,” “b,” and
Prev Next
“c” technical patterns; its date can be established through comparisons with the crown

from the south mound of Hwangnamdaechong Tomb. Crowns of the “a” technical pattern

(from Gyo-dong Tomb in Gyeongju and Bokcheon-dong Tomb 11 in Busan) have

distinctively varied styles, but a more prevalent common style soon emerged with “A3

(3/0)” type crowns that are associated with all three technical patterns (a, b, c). Since

subsequent crowns were based on this common style, the crowns of this typological

group can be regarded as the “prototypes” of the Silla headband crown with tree-shaped

uprights. The appearance of “Typological group 1” can be dated to around the end of the

fourth century, since artifacts found in association with the gold crown at Gyo-dong Tomb
 are contemporaneous with or slightly later than Wolseong-ro Tomb Ga-13 (Lee Hansang

2000, 102-5). The concluding date of “Typological group I” can be estimated by cross-

dating between Imdang-dong Tomb 7 and the south mound of Hwangnamdaechong

Tomb. The protective stones of the Imdang-dong tombs show that Tomb 7A was
Article Contents
constructed first, followed by Tomb 7B, and then Tomb 7C. Also, mounted cups found
I. Introduction
inside Tomb 7B generally appear to be earlier than those from the south mound of
II. Chronology of Typological GroupsHwangnamdaechong
of Tomb (along with a few contemporaneous examples). Thus, the
Silla Headband Crowns with tree- Imdang-dong crown is estimated to have been produced no later than the early first

shaped Uprights quarter of the fifth century, the period just prior to the construction of the south mound of

Hwangnamdaechong Tomb. However, the time period of “Typological group I” crowns

III. Development and Historical Context
may extend a little beyond this point, to around the time of the construction of the south
of Silla Headband Crowns with tree-
mound of Hwangnamdaechong Tomb. For example, pottery contemporaneous with the
shaped Uprights
south mound of Hwangnamdaechong Tomb has been found in Hwango-dong 100 Beonji
IV. Conclusion
Tomb 1 and other tombs containing crowns of this typological group. “Typological group
Selected Bibliography I” crowns are found clustered around Gyeongju, as well as in Dongrae in Busan to the

south and Gyeongsan to the west.

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“Typological group II” is represented by five gilt-bronze headband crowns with tree-

shaped uprights from the south mound of Hwangnamdaechong Tomb. A time gap, albeit

insignificant, can be observed in the production period of these crowns, with the crown

worn by the deceased [“B3 (3/0)” type] having been manufactured after the “A3 (3/0)”

type crowns that were placed as grave goods. The conclusion of the time period for

“Typological group II” crowns can be estimated based on the identity of the deceased

entombed within the south mound. These crowns appear to have been made around the

same time or slightly later than the “A3 (3/0)” type crowns of “Typological group I.” The

time period for these crowns ends slightly after the construction of the south mound of
 Hwangnamdaechong Tomb, based on pottery from the second and third cists of

Hwango-dong Tomb 16. “Typological group II” crowns are found clustered in Gyeongju

and also in Gyeongsan. They have also been found along the middle reaches of the

Nakdong River, in Daegu and Dalseong, which was the western frontier of Silla territory at
Article Contents
the time.
I. Introduction
Although they were manufactured at slightly different times, the crowns of both
II. Chronology of Typological Groups“Typological
of group I” and “Typological group II” appear to have been used as grave goods
Silla Headband Crowns with tree- around the same time. The crowns of these two typological groups can thus be

shaped Uprights considered together as representing the “prototype” stage of the Silla headband crowns

with tree-shaped uprights, which spans from the end of the fourth century to the first
III. Development and Historical Context
quarter of the fifth century. A key feature of this stage is the rapid establishment of a
of Silla Headband Crowns with tree-
single common style.
shaped Uprights

IV. Conclusion

Selected Bibliography

Prev Next
Article Contents

I. Introduction

II. Chronology of Typological Groups of

Silla Headband Crowns with tree-

shaped Uprights

III. Development and Historical Context

of Silla Headband Crowns with tree-

shaped Uprights

IV. Conclusion
Fig. 5a. Gold crowns of Silla, Gyo-dong (Gyeongju) Tomb.
Selected Bibliography

Prev Next
Article Contents

I. Introduction

II. Chronology of Typological Groups of

Silla Headband Crowns with tree-

shaped Uprights

III. Development and Historical Context

of Silla Headband Crowns with tree-

shaped Uprights

IV. Conclusion
Fig. 5b. Gold crowns of Silla, North Mound of Hwangnamdaechong
Selected Bibliography Tomb.

Prev Next
Article Contents

I. Introduction

II. Chronology of Typological Groups of

Silla Headband Crowns with tree-

shaped Uprights

III. Development and Historical Context

of Silla Headband Crowns with tree-

shaped Uprights

IV. Conclusion
Fig. 5c. Gold crowns of Silla, Geumgwanchong Tomb.
Selected Bibliography

Prev Next
Article Contents

I. Introduction

II. Chronology of Typological Groups of

Silla Headband Crowns with tree-

shaped Uprights

III. Development and Historical Context

of Silla Headband Crowns with tree-

shaped Uprights

IV. Conclusion
Fig. 5d. Gold crowns of Silla, Seobongchong Tomb.
Selected Bibliography

Prev Next
Article Contents

I. Introduction

II. Chronology of Typological Groups of

Silla Headband Crowns with tree-

shaped Uprights

III. Development and Historical Context

of Silla Headband Crowns with tree-

shaped Uprights

IV. Conclusion
Fig. 5e. Gold crowns of Silla, Cheonmachong Tomb.
Selected Bibliography

Prev Next
Article Contents

I. Introduction

II. Chronology of Typological Groups of

Silla Headband Crowns with tree-

shaped Uprights

III. Development and Historical Context

of Silla Headband Crowns with tree-

shaped Uprights

IV. Conclusion
Fig. 5f. Gold crowns of Silla, Geumryeongchong Tomb.
Selected Bibliography
“Typological group III” is represented by the gold headband crowns with tree-shaped

uprights from Geumgwanchong Tomb and the north mound of Hwangnamdaechong

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Tomb. Typologically, the crown from the north mound of Hwangnamdaechong predates

the Geumgwanchong crown, even though the Hwangnamdaechong crown has a “later”

technical pattern than the Geumgwanchong crown. Notably, the Hwangnamdaechong

crown may have required more patterning to help sustain its wider uprights with

symmetrical branches (Fig. 6). In addition, the north mound of Hwangnamdaechong

Tomb was found to contain Goguryeo ornaments, whereas only Silla ornaments were

found in Geumgwanchong Tomb. “Typological group III” crowns are found throughout the

distribution area of “Typological group II” crowns, with the addition of Changnyeong,
 along the Nakdong River. The beginning of the time period for this typological group can

be estimated based on a three-leaf openwork belt buckle found inside Songsan-ri Tomb 4

in Gongju, which resembles one from Geumgwanchong Tomb. This tomb was

constructed sometime after 475 CE, when the Baekje capital was moved to Ungjin
Article Contents
(present-day Gongju), and this date has been used previously to cross-date the
I. Introduction
Geumgwanchong Tomb. However, the three-leaf openwork belt buckle could have
II. Chronology of Typological Groupsreached
of Baekje when the second alliance between Silla and Baekje was established in
Silla Headband Crowns with tree- 433 CE, which would push back the earliest date for these crowns. Therefore, the crown

shaped Uprights from the north mound of Hwangnamdaechong can be dated to the second quarter of the

fifth century and the Geumgwanchong crown to the third quarter of the fifth century.
III. Development and Historical Context
“Typological group III” can be seen to represent the establishment of the “standard”
of Silla Headband Crowns with tree-
phase of the Silla headband crowns with tree-shaped uprights.
shaped Uprights

IV. Conclusion

Selected Bibliography

Prev Next

Fig. 6. Comparison of gold headband crowns from Cheonmachong

Tomb and Geumgwanchong Tomb (Cheonmachong crown in the
foreground)

“Typological group IV” is represented by the gold headband crowns with tree-shaped

uprights from Seobongchong Tomb, Cheonmachong Tomb, and Geumryeongchong

 Tomb. The Seobongchong gold crown is of the “B3 (3/2)” type, but is similar to the

Cheonmachong crown in terms of technical pattern and the style of the associated

pottery. In terms of chronology, the Seobongchong crown is the earliest of the three,

followed by the Cheonmachong crown, and then the Geumryeongchong crown. This
Article Contents
group also includes the gilt-bronze crown from Tomb 55 of the Dalseong Tumuli Group in
I. Introduction
Daegu and other examples from Yangsan. This typological group can be dated from the
II. Chronology of Typological Groupsfourth
of quarter of the fifth century to the early first quarter of the sixth century, based on

Silla Headband Crowns with tree- the cross-dating of similar ornaments from Cheonmachong and the Baekje tomb of King

shaped Uprights Muryeong (Lee Hansang 1998, 30). “Typological group IV” represents the stage in which

the “standard” Silla headband crown with tree-shaped uprights developed, although some
III. Development and Historical Context

of Silla Headband Crowns with tree- crowns from this group show divergent elements. In addition, this group also includes
some regional imitations of the headband crowns with tree-shaped uprights, such as the
shaped Uprights
crown from Chodang-dong Tomb B-16 in Gangneung and two crowns from Joil-ri Tomb
IV. Conclusion
49-2 in Ulsan, which are characterized by technical pattern “i.” These three regional
Selected Bibliography crowns deviate from the standard developmental trend of increased size and increased

elaboration through the use of more spangles. Both Ulsan and Gangneung were occupied
Prev Next
by Silla at an early date, so the appearance of imitations of Silla headband crowns in

these regions would seem to indicate that both areas were quick to adopt and imitate

Silla culture.

“Typological group V” is represented by two crowns from the Dongwon Collection and

Byun Jongha Collection (respectively) of the National Museum of Korea. Both crowns

were donated to the museum by private collectors, and the precise details of their origin

and excavation are currently unknown. The chronology of this typological group can be

ascertained from Eunryeongchong Tomb, Houchong Tomb, and Bubuchong Tomb

(“Husband-and-Wife Tomb”) in Bomun-dong, all of which have yielded crown fragments

 that are similar to the crown from the Dongwon Collection.2 Thus far, it has not been

possible to determine a relative chronology for this group, as only two of the crowns are

completely intact. Notably, both of the intact crowns have side horns added to the peak of

Article Contents the central tree-shaped upright. However, the crown from the Byun Jongha Collection has

five tree-shaped uprights and no angled uprights, which is similar to the “Typological
I. Introduction
group VI” crown from the Sanno Futakoyama Kofun Tomb in Maebasi, Gunma Prefecture,
II. Chronology of Typological Groups of
Japan. To date, only gilt-bronze crowns have been identified with this typological group,
Silla Headband Crowns with tree-
which includes the largest and most opulent of Silla crowns. These crowns have wide
shaped Uprights headbands, measuring 5-6 cm, that were affixed using rivets, possibly for ease of wear.

The uprights overlap, giving the crowns a long cylindrical form, and in some cases, thin
III. Development and Historical Context

of Silla Headband Crowns with tree- metal wires were used to connect the neighboring uprights. The large size and opulent

shaped Uprights nature of the “Typological group V” crowns cannot necessarily be regarded as a

development, as it involved the erosion of the standard form of the Silla headband
IV. Conclusion
crowns with tree-shaped uprights. This erosion eventually resulted in the production of
Selected Bibliography
overly simplified crowns that maintained only the basic structure of the ceremonial

headwear. As such, this typological group represents the beginning of the “regression”
Prev Next
stage of the Silla headband crown with tree-shaped uprights. Typological analysis of

pottery discovered within the tombs indicates that Eunryeongchong Tomb is the earliest

of the three, followed by Houchong Tomb, and finally Bubuchong Tomb (Lee Juheon, Lee

Yonghyun, Yoo Hyeseon 2006, 73-4; Gyeongju National Museum 2011, 65-82; Yoon

Sangdeok 2011, 132-9). Based on the formal modifications, the “Typological group V”

crowns likely postdate the crown from Geumryeongchong Tomb. However, the

associated grave goods suggest that this typological group actually may be

contemporaneous with Geumryeongchong Tomb. For example, the three-leaf openwork

belt buckle that was discovered with the Dongwon crown is similar to one found in
 Geumryeongchong Tomb, and the pottery from Eunryeongchong Tomb may also belong

to a similar phase as that from Geumryeongchong Tomb. The conclusion of the time

period of this typological group can be established by the appearance of “Typological

group VI” crowns in the middle and lower reaches of the Han River region. Therefore,
Article Contents
“Typological group V” is estimated to have lasted from the late first quarter of the sixth
I. Introduction
century to the second quarter of the sixth century. This group also includes the crown
II. Chronology of Typological Groupsfrom
of Gacheon-dong Tomb 168 in Daegu, a regional imitation and an aberrant example,

Silla Headband Crowns with tree- which is of the “B3 (3/0)” type. This regional crown resembles one of the crowns (②)

shaped Uprights from Joilri Tomb 49-2 in Ulsan, except that it has inscribed angular patterns along the

spine of the uprights with symmetrical branches. Although Gacheon-dong now belongs to
III. Development and Historical Context

of Silla Headband Crowns with tree- the administrative district of Daegu, it was originally part of the Gyeongsan region, which
was occupied by Silla at an early date.
shaped Uprights
“Typological group VI” demonstrates the deterioration of the Silla headband crowns
IV. Conclusion
with tree-shaped uprights, as only the basic structure of the crown is expressed. Only the
Selected Bibliography vertical uprights with symmetrical branches remain, as the branches have been vertically

merged together. In addition, the technical patterns of the crowns show a wide variance,
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with the only shared traits of technical pattern “i” being the presence of convex saw-tooth

patterns and the use of metal rivets and staples for the headband. Therefore, this

typological group represents the diminishment of typological developments of the Silla

headband crowns with tree-shaped uprights.

Among this group, only the crown from Sanno Futakoyama Kofun Tomb in Maebasi,

Gunma Prefecture, Japan, which is of the “D4 (5/0)” type, shows a continuation with the

preceding typological group. However, since this crown was not found in former Silla

territory, its production site and circumstances have yet to be determined. The crown may

have accompanied Silla immigrants to Japan or may have been sent there after having
 been produced in the Silla capital or an outlying region. It may even have been produced

in Japan, although that seems unlikely, given that it shows a continuation of the

typological trajectory of the Silla headband crowns with tree-shaped uprights. For

example, like its predecessors, the crown has five vertical uprights with symmetrical
Article Contents
branches and a headband decorated with convex sawtooth patterns. Given these details,
I. Introduction
and the overall maintenance of standard shape and form, the crown was probably
II. Chronology of Typological Groupsproduced
of in the Silla center and then sent to Japan. Notably, even as the headband
Silla Headband Crowns with tree- crowns with tree-shaped uprights lost their symbolic power in the Silla center, they would

shaped Uprights certainly have retained great significance for Silla people residing in the Japanese

Archipelago.
III. Development and Historical Context
This typological group also includes “D3 (4/0)” type crowns, which show regression in
of Silla Headband Crowns with tree-
all aspects. Like the Sanno Futakoyama crown, the crown from Ji-dong Tomb 2 has peaks
shaped Uprights
on the branch-ends of the uprights. Evidence indicates that the crown from Maeryong-ri
IV. Conclusion
Tomb 5 in Yeoju also resembles the Ji-dong crown, although only the headband of the
Selected Bibliography former remains. The bronze crowns from Ha-ri in Danyang and Chuam-dong District B

Tomb Ga-21, both of which are “D4 (4/0)” type, have uprights with triangular spaces cut
Prev Next
along the sides to express the branches, much like the crown from the stone-chamber

tomb of Seongdong-ri, Paju. In the case of the Ha-ri crown, the peaks have disappeared

from the branchends of the uprights, indicating that it is relatively earlier than the other

crowns of this type, but this initial assumption is contradicted by the presence of simple

protrusions to express the branches. Based on this example, the regressive features of

these crowns cannot be used to establish an accurate chronology, but should be

considered case by case. A crown found in Ullungdo Island features uprights similar to

those of the Ha-ri crown (Choi Monglyong, et al, 1998, 126-30). As the headband crowns

with tree-shaped uprights do not adhere to any standardized form, this typological group
 represents the culmination of the “regression” stage. Apart from the Sanno Futakoyama

crown, the gilt-bronze crowns of this typological group have all been found in frontier

territories that were newly annexed by Silla during the reign of King Jinheung (r. 540-576).

On the other hand, bronze crowns from this group have been found in regions that were
Article Contents
already part of Silla territory. The gilt-bronze “D3 (4/0)” type crowns can be dated to the
I. Introduction
third to fourth quarter of the sixth century, while the bronze “D4 (4/0)” type crowns have
II. Chronology of Typological Groupsbeen
of found in association with pottery dating to the early seventh century (Yoon

Silla Headband Crowns with tree- Sangdeok 2010, 137; 2011, 137).

shaped Uprights

III. Development and Historical Context

of Silla Headband Crowns with tree- III. Development and Historical Context of Silla Headband
shaped Uprights Crowns with tree-shaped Uprights

IV. Conclusion Based on the estimated production dates, Silla headband crowns with tree-shaped

uprights seem to have been used for a period of approximately 250 years. They can be
Selected Bibliography
divided into three stages (“prototype,” “standard,” “regression”), which can be further

Prev Next divided into the following five sub-stages: “prototype”; “establishing the standard”;

“developing the standard”; “onset of regression”; and “culmination of regression.” The

transition between these stages may have occurred in association with changes in the

contemporaneous symbolic structure, which will now be examined.

The institutionalized use of specific objects to signify and maintain social stratification

can be traced back to the Samhan Confederacy (early first century BCE-late fourth

century CE). Records show that, around the second quarter of the third century, the rulers

of Samhan received seals attached with sashes (印綬) from China through exchange, and

that these seals were used as symbols of authority. Even members of agricultural villages
 (下戶) are said to have come up with their own seals with attached sashes and official

hats and robes (印綬衣幘). In Samhan, the rulers of guk polities were divided into the “eup

leader” (eupgun, 邑君) and the “eup head” (eupjang, 邑長), with the “peasants” (haho, 下

戶) below them; these different ranks were associated with different types and styles of
Article Contents
clothing. In both Buyeo and Goguryeo, clothing and personal ornaments made from
I. Introduction
precious metals were also used to denote rank. Thus, the regulations adopted in the
II. Chronology of Typological GroupsMaripgan
of period regarding clothing and rank would seem to have been rooted in earlier
Silla Headband Crowns with tree- practices. The use of Silla crowns, which were emblematic of a distinctive symbolic

shaped Uprights system, would have also been regulated.

III. Development and Historical ContextAccording to historical records and archaeological data, both Goguryeo and Baekje

of Silla Headband Crowns with tree- used exclusively conical cap-shaped crowns (mogwan, 帽冠) from the fourth century
onward. From that time, headband crowns were used only in Silla, Gaya, the southern
shaped Uprights
territories of Baekje, and Japanese Wa (Fig. 7). The use of different types of crowns
IV. Conclusion
among these states can be explained by the varying processes for achieving statehood,
Selected Bibliography the differences in the respective class and administrative rank systems, and the different

stages by which each state adopted the new ideology of Buddhism. In the case of the
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Silla Kingdom, the establishment of a centralized government system and the adoption of

Buddhism occurred almost simultaneously, followed immediately by changes in social

rules and regulations. Accordingly, these transformations were accompanied by the

decline of headband crowns with tree-shaped uprights (Ham Soonseop 2000, 81).
Article Contents

I. Introduction

II. Chronology of Typological Groups of

Silla Headband Crowns with tree-

shaped Uprights

III. Development and Historical Context

of Silla Headband Crowns with tree-

shaped Uprights

IV. Conclusion
Fig. 7. Distribution of crown types (Re-drawn from Ham 1997: 96).
Selected Bibliography
Some scholars have attempted to associate the headband crowns with tree-shaped

uprights with women (Kim Byungmo 1998, 55; Kim Yongseong 2010, 121-3). However,
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although the crowns do seem to have been used to signify notions of social stratification,

current evidence does not indicate that their use was restricted by gender or age. In the

large tombs of Gyeongju, the former capital of Silla, deceased members of the royal

family were buried wearing their crowns. The funerary rites, including the method of

laying out the deceased, were in keeping with the distinctive religious practices of the

time. However, the headband crowns with tree-shaped uprights are found less frequently

in the tombs of outlying regions, perhaps indicating some conflict between the

indigenous funerary practices and those newly introduced from the Silla center.
 In addition to their role as emblems of social rank, headband crowns with tree-shaped

uprights also may have carried a more general symbolic meaning related to the religious

rituals of the Silla capital. In particular, the crowns may have been regarded as “sacred

objects” (神物) within the Silla religious system, which had to be maintained and
Article Contents
disseminated as the Silla state expanded. The prototype of these sacred objects would
I. Introduction
have been the “sacred tree” (神木) that stood in the hallowed sites of the Samhan period,
II. Chronology of Typological Groupscalled
of “sodo” (蘇塗). The leaders of the Silla Kingdom were the head priests who had

Silla Headband Crowns with tree- presided over indigenous shamanistic rituals; male priests were given the title

shaped Uprights “Chachaung,” while females had names that contained the sound “ar” (Na Heela 1999, 95-

7). A sacred place that housed the “shrine of the clan founder” (始祖廟) was also
III. Development and Historical Context
maintained within the Silla capital. Notably, the earliest known inception of the headband
of Silla Headband Crowns with tree-
crowns with tree-shaped uprights was merely an image of the sacred tree attached to a
shaped Uprights
headband. These crowns were but one of many components of ritual dress that were
IV. Conclusion
formalized in the Maripgan period, and their development through the three stages
Selected Bibliography —“prototype,” “standard,” and “regression”—matches the trajectory of the symbolic system

that they represented. The headband crowns with tree-shaped uprights may be regarded
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as material manifestations of the Silla system of religious rituals, making it possible to

chart the overall development of Silla religious rituals, tracing back to rites carried out at

the shrine of the Silla founder, through this single type of artifact.

The crowns of the “prototype” stage, which first appeared around the end of the fourth

century, likely emerged through interaction with Goguryeo, where crowns with metal

decorations were already in use. Foreign exchange was controlled by the central elite of

Silla, who likely oversaw the creation of headband crowns with tree-shaped uprights, as

suggested by the gold crown from Gyo-dong in Gyeongju. This crown has no decorative

patterns along the edges of the uprights and its headband was not made from a single
 gold sheet, indicating that metalworking techniques had not yet been fully developed.

Such techniques had become more advanced by the beginning of the fifth century,

however, as evinced by the crowns from Bokcheon-dong Tomb 11 and Hwango-dong 100

Beonji Tomb 1, which were produced with delicate metalworking techniques that
Article Contents
permitted their headbands to be made from a single sheet of gold. The headband crowns
I. Introduction
with tree-shaped uprights from this stage, made with a variety of individual styles, were
II. Chronology of Typological Groupsproduced
of during the reign of Namul Maripgan (r. 356-402). The fact that a prevalent style
Silla Headband Crowns with tree- had not yet been established indicates that the Silla religious ritual system, embodied by

shaped Uprights the headband crowns with tree-shaped uprights, had yet to become dominant with the

outlying regions of the kingdom.

III. Development and Historical Context
The crowns of the “A3 (3/0)” and “B3 (3/0)” types with technical patterns “b,” “c,” “d,”
of Silla Headband Crowns with tree-
and “e” are representative of the reign of Silseung Maripgan (r. 402- 417). In these crowns,
shaped Uprights
a prevalent style emerged, characterized by vertical uprights with symmetrical branches.
IV. Conclusion
In addition to the Gyeongju area, crowns of these types have also been found in such key
Selected Bibliography regional centers as Dongrae in Busan and Imdang in Gyeongsan. This distribution pattern

reflects the spread of Silla’s religious ritual system into these key regional centers, along
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with the establishment of a symbolic system that utilized headband crowns with tree-

shaped uprights as an important medium. This development can be attributed to the

reign of Silseung Maripgan, a leader who was “wise with much sense and [who] had the

vision to anticipate the future,” according to the Samguk Sagi. The crowns of this stage

are also related to the existence of headband crowns with feather-shaped (羽毛形)

uprights, which are believed to reflect the direct influence of the Goguryeo crown

decorated with feathers (jowugwan, 鳥羽冠). Two such headband crowns with feather-

shaped uprights were found in the south mound of Hwangnamdaechong Tomb, perhaps

attesting to the deceased’s close connections with Goguryeo. Notably, Silseung Maripgan
 spent ten years as a hostage in Goguryeo, where he may have gained firsthand

knowledge of regulations, including those concerning dress, which were later

implemented in the Silla Kingdom.

The crowns of the “standard” stage represent the period from the reign of Nulji
Article Contents
Maripgan (r. 417-458) to King Jijeung (r. 500-514). The “B3 (3/2)” and “B4 (3/2)” types
I. Introduction
represent the quintessential Silla headband crown with tree-shaped uprights; the majority
II. Chronology of Typological GroupsofofSilla gold crowns that are refined and well-proportioned belong to these types. The

Silla Headband Crowns with tree- material culture of Goguryeo continued to have a heavy influence during the earlier part of

shaped Uprights the “establishing the standard” sub-stage, but this influence gradually decreased, until

Silla designs were firmly established by the end of the sub-stage. This development of
III. Development and Historical Context

of Silla Headband Crowns with tree- Silla designs occurred around the same time that Nulji Maripgan repaired the royal tombs
of the previous rulers and that Soji Maripgan (r. 479-500) founded the Naeul Divine Palace
shaped Uprights
(奈乙神宮), which occurred in 478. Significantly, these events took place after the second
IV. Conclusion
alliance between Silla and Baekje in 433, when Silla began to break away from Goguryeo
Selected Bibliography influence. The repair of the royal tombs was not merely an act of refurbishing ancestral

graves; it represented Nulji Maripgan’s attempt to re-organize the preceding royal lineage
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(Na Heela 1999, 104-5). The Naeul Divine Palace was intended for the worship of the

“God of the Heavens,” the supreme deity who originally sent the founder of Silla down to

earth. As such, this sacred shrine seems to have been an extension of the shrine of the

clan founder, but its establishment does not appear to have led to the abandonment of

the latter. Following the founding of the Naeul Divine Palace, the two shrines came to

serve different functions, with the shrine of the clan founder being used only for ancestral

rites for direct ancestors according to the royal genealogy (ibid., 126-7).

Thus, the Naeul Divine Palace was used for ancestral rites of the state, whereas the

shrine of the clan founder was used for rituals of the clan. This differentiation is highly
 significant, as it seems to have been linked to the appearance of imitations of headband

crowns with tree-shaped uprights, which occurred around the fourth quarter of the fifth

century, according to the pottery chronology. That is, the imitation crowns may have been

created when the clans of the regions annexed by Silla at an early date were given
Article Contents
permission to hold their own ancestral rites. Notably, the deceased who were buried with
I. Introduction
headband crowns with tree-shaped uprights in small regional tombs were also entombed
II. Chronology of Typological Groupswith
of iron bells and swords with ring-shaped pommels and three-leaf designs. Although

Silla Headband Crowns with tree- this circumstance does not necessarily prove that the deceased were the heads of

shaped Uprights regional centers, it certainly demonstrates that the ruling elite of these regions actively

adopted and reproduced these changes. The newly permitted rites would have followed
III. Development and Historical Context
Silla-style religious rituals.
of Silla Headband Crowns with tree-
Crowns of the “regression” stage belong to the Middle Ancient period (Ham Soonseop
shaped Uprights
2000, 81). The conditions that brought about the transition to this regression stage were
IV. Conclusion
set in place at the end of the preceding stage. During the reign of King Jijeung (r. 500-
Selected Bibliography 514), the authority of the Silla ruler expanded beyond that of the Maripgan rulers, as

evidenced by the new use of Chinese-style king names (503), the establishment of formal
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guidelines on mourning clothes (504), and the dispatching of provincial governors (505).

In the old system of the Silla Kingdom, the Maripgan rulers were akin to a “Khan” whose

power and authority was relatively greater than that of his people. This power and

authority was supported by Silla-style religious rituals (evidenced by the Naeul Divine

Palace and the clan founder’s shrine), which were presided over by the Maripgan, while

indirect rule was practiced according to the bu-system. However, the changes

implemented by King Jijeung marked the dawn of a new system. The transition to the

new system was completed with the establishment of a new centralized of government

during the reign of King Beopheung (r. 514-540), who also oversaw the promulgation of
 state laws and decrees and the implementation of rules concerning official dress (520),

and the acknowledgement of Buddhism as the state religion (527). As the result of all

these changes, an absolute kingship was created (Jo Bodon 19889, 124-5). Therefore, the

erosion of the standard form of the Silla headband crowns with tree-shaped uprights can
Article Contents
be associated with the establishment of the new system during the reign of King
I. Introduction
Beopheung and the accompanying changes to Silla-style religious rituals. The royal family
II. Chronology of Typological Groupscontinued
of to preside over national ancestral rites at the Naeul Royal Shrine, but also
Silla Headband Crowns with tree- actively delegated its religious duties to Buddhism. The increasing emphasis on the

shaped Uprights heavenly nature of the Naeul Royal Shrine and those lineages that were descended from

the heavens led to greater authority for certain groups (in both the capital and provinces)
III. Development and Historical Context
that had not been fully incorporated into the state system, which became an obstacle to
of Silla Headband Crowns with tree-
the royal family’s attempt to centralize the government system. Therefore, the royal family
shaped Uprights
turned to Buddhism to obtain the transcendental authority it required to accelerate the
IV. Conclusion
centralization process (Na Heela 1999, 133-4). Religious rituals were carried out at three
Selected Bibliography different locations: the Buddhist temple, the Naeul Royal Shrine, and the clan founder’s

shrine. The imitation crowns that continued to be used in the provinces were still
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accompanied by iron bells, but not by swords with ring-shaped pommels and three-leaf

designs. This change may not be attributed to the decline of the regional heads, but may

instead reflect the wide dissemination of Silla-style religious rituals, which had taken root

in these regions. As discussed, these imitation crowns have been found in the regions

that were incorporated into the Silla state at an early date.

During the “culmination of regression” sub-stage, only the basic structure of the

headband crowns with tree-shaped uprights was expressed. “D3 (4/0)” type crowns have

been found around the peripheries of the regional centers in the Yeongnam area, as well

as in the Han River region, which became part of Silla territory in 553, during the reign of
 King Jinheung (r. 540-576). The discovery of headband crowns with tree-shaped uprights

representing Silla-style religious rituals in this area is especially interesting because that

area had already been exposed to Buddhism as a former part of Goguryeo and Baekje

territory. Moreover, by 553, Buddhism had already been introduced to Silla, so these
Article Contents
crowns may reflect the process of “Silla-fication” undertaken by the communities of newly
I. Introduction
annexed regions. The “D3 (4/0)” type crowns were probably produced locally, as they are
II. Chronology of Typological Groupshighly
of simplified and crudely made, unlike the “D4 (5/)” type crown from the Sanno

Silla Headband Crowns with tree- Futakoyama Kofun Tomb in Japan. Like the Sanno Futakoyama crown, these crowns may

shaped Uprights possibly have been imitations of contemporaneous examples from the Silla capital, given

the fact that the Naeul Royal Shrine was still in use. But this seems very unlikely, given
III. Development and Historical Context
that the royal family had adopted Buddhism as the state religion, which left little reason
of Silla Headband Crowns with tree-
for the capital to continue producing headband crowns with tree-shaped uprights.
shaped Uprights
From this stage and beyond, the number of gold personal ornaments found in
IV. Conclusion
archaeological contexts decreased dramatically. This diminishment is not due to a
Selected Bibliography decreased demand for such objects; rather, it is due to the regulation of their use

according to rank. In addition, with the implementation of the official rank system,
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covering everyone from the village head to the peasantry, there was no longer a need to

indicate rank through personal accessories (Kim Jaehong 2001, 165-177). These

changes reflect the will of the Silla king, who also restricted the use of gold to the royal

family and Buddhist temples (Ham Soonseop 2010, 190), an expected result of state

centralization. The last of the headband crowns with tree-shaped uprights were the

bronze “D4 (4/0)” type crowns manufactured in the seventh century. The use of certain

precious metals was restricted by rank, so such metals could no longer be used for the

crowns, even as gilt. The bronze crown from Ha-ri in Danyang did not come from a tomb

but was found in a stone grotto, along with several ceramic vessels. Therefore, it is
 assumed that the Ha-ri crown would have been worn by a shaman who served the local

community (Choi Monglyong, et al 1998, 129; Ham Soonseop 2000, 81). Some Silla-style

religious rituals and ceremonies continued to take place in the Silla capital, including the

coronation ceremony. By this time, however, in the local regions, the headband crowns
Article Contents
with tree-shaped uprights had taken on a new meaning as a piece of religious
I. Introduction
paraphernalia worn by shamans serving the local community.
II. Chronology of Typological Groups of

Silla Headband Crowns with tree-

shaped Uprights
IV. Conclusion
III. Development and Historical Context
This paper provides a diachronic analysis of Silla headband crowns with tree-shaped
of Silla Headband Crowns with tree-
uprights. In previous papers published in Korea, I have examined the research history and
shaped Uprights
iconography of Silla headband crowns with tree-shaped uprights, established typological

IV. Conclusion categories and stages, and considered the overall development of the crowns within the

historical context. This paper, intended for the English-language audience, analyzes the
Selected Bibliography
typological categories and developmental stages of the Silla headband crowns with tree-

Prev Next shaped uprights in more detail, and also discusses the historical context of their

development from a fresh perspective.

In the future, the results of this study may be built upon by exploring the following the

avenues of research. First, the development of the conical cap-shaped crown (mogwan),

another type of Silla crown, should also be examined in detail. Such research would

enhance our understanding of how crowns were worn in the Silla Kingdom from the

Maripgan to Middle Ancient periods. Second, this research can help form the basis of

future attempts to reconstruct Silla’s entire system of formal dress through

archaeological material. Third, comparative studies with archaeological material from

 northern China, other regions of the Korean Peninsula, and the Japanese Archipelago will

allow a more comprehensive understanding of the ancient systems of formal dress in

East Asia.

Article Contents
Footnote
I. Introduction 1 Goguryeo’s influence on Silla began around 377 CE, when Goguryeo helped Silla
send a diplomatic envoy to China. This influence reached its peak during the first
II. Chronology of Typological Groups of
quarter of the fifth century, when Goguryeo forces were stationed in Silla, before
Silla Headband Crowns with tree- decreasing during the second quarter of the fifth century. By 464, Goguryeo forces
had been expelled from Silla territory.
shaped Uprights
2 For example, the crown from the Dongwon Collection has side branches decorated
III. Development and Historical Context with the three-leaf motif, like the Houchong crown, and angled uprights with
alternating branches, like the Eunryeongchong crown. Fragments of the Bomun-
of Silla Headband Crowns with tree-
dong crown also share certain similarities with the Dongwon Collection crown.
shaped Uprights

IV. Conclusion

Selected Bibliography Selected Bibliography

Choi, Monglyong, et al (최몽룡 外). 1998. Ulleungdo Island: Archaeological Investigation
Prev Next and Research (울릉도-고고학적 조사연구). Seoul: Seoul National University Museum.

Gyeongju National Museum (국립경주박물관). 2011. The Bomun-dong Double Tomb,

Formerly Known as the Bomun-ri Husband-and-Wife Tomb (경주 보문동합장분-구 경주 보문
리부부총). Gyeongju: Gyeongju National Museum.

Ham, Soonseop (함순섭). 1996. “Consideration of the Dalseong Tumuli Group of Daegu,
Based on the Results of an Investigation Undertaken During the Japanese Colonial
Period” (대구 달성고분군에 대한 소고-일제강점기 조사내용의 검토). Festschrift in Honor of
the Retirement of Seokoh Yoon Yongjin (석오 윤용진 교수 정년퇴임 기념논총). Daegu:
Publication Committee.

Ham, Soonseop (함순섭). 1997. “Production Method and Genealogy of the Ogura
Collection Gold Headband Crown” (小倉 콜렉션 금제대관의 제작기법과 그 계통). Ancient
 Studies (고대연구) 5: 69-102.

Ham, Soonseop (함순섭). 2000. “Establishment of the Regression Type of the Silla tree-
shaped Headband Crown, Based on the Dongwon Collection Crown” (신라 수지형대관의 퇴
화형식 설정 – 동원선생 기증품을 중심으로). Dongwon Academic Essays (동원학술논문집) 3:
Article Contents 59-83.

I. Introduction Ham, Soonseop (함순섭). 2010. “Where Did All of the Gold of the Maripgan Period Go?”
(마립간시기의 그 많던 황금은 이후에 모두 어디로 갔을까?) and “The Debate Surrounding
II. Chronology of Typological GroupsHwangnamdaechong:
of One Other Possibility” (황남대총을 둘러 싼 논쟁, 또 하나의 가능성).
Hwangnamdaechong Tomb: A Royal Tomb of Silla, the Kingdom of Gold (황금의 나라 신라
Silla Headband Crowns with tree-
의 왕릉 황남대총), edited by National Museum of Korea. Seoul: National Museum of Korea.
shaped Uprights
Ju, Bodon (주보돈). 1989. “The Silla Stele of Bongpyeong, Ulsan, and the Laws and
Regulations of King Beopheung’s Reign” (울진봉평신라비와 법흥왕代 율령). The Journal of
III. Development and Historical Context
Korean Ancient History (한국고대사연구) 2: 115-137.
of Silla Headband Crowns with tree-

shaped Uprights Ju, Bodon (주보돈). 1990. “The Status of Silla Royal Authority in the Early Sixth Century
and the Establishment of the Government Official Ranking System” (6세기초 신라왕권의 위
IV. Conclusion 상과 관등제의 성립). History Education Review (역사교육논집) 13·14: 245-70.

Selected Bibliography Kim, Byeongmo (김병모). 1998. The Secret of the Gold Crowns (금관의 비밀). Seoul: Blue
History.

Prev Next Kim, Jaehong (김재홍). 2001. Establishment of Village Organization and the Structure of
Local Societies in the Silla Middle Ancient Period (신라 중고기 촌제의 성립과 지방사회구조).
Ph.D. dissertation, Seoul National University.

Kim, Yongseong (김용성). 1996. “Chronology of the Ancient Tombs of the Daegu and
Gyeongsan Regions Based on Pottery” (토기에 의한 대구·경산지역 고대분묘의 편년). Journal
of the Korean Archaeological Society (한국고고학보) 35: 79-151.

Kim, Yongseong (김용성). 2010. “A Royal Tomb of the Silla Maripgan Period: The South
Mound of Hwangnamdaechong Tomb” (신라 마립간시기의 왕릉 황남대총 남분).
Hwangnamdaechong Tomb: A Royal Tomb of Silla, the Kingdom of Gold (황금의 나라 신라
의 왕릉 황남대총), edited by National Museum of Korea. Seoul: National Museum of Korea.
 Lee, Hansang (이한상). 1998. “Chronology of Silla Tombs of the Fifth and Sixth Centuries
Based on Gold-Metal Artifacts” (금공품을 통해 본 5-6세기 신라분묘의 편년). Research of
Gyeongju Culture (경주문화연구) 1: 1-31.

Lee, Hansang (이한상). 2000. “Comments for the Study of Silla Crowns” (신라관 연구를 위
Article Contents 한 일시론). Gogohakji (고고학지) 11: 95-134.

I. Introduction Lee, Heejoon (이희준). 2010. “Background and Significance of the Hypothesis that the
South Mound of Hwangnamdaechong Tomb is the Grave of King Naemul” (황남대총 남분
II. Chronology of Typological Groups내물왕릉설의
of 제기 배경과 개요 그리고 의의). Hwangnamdaechong Tomb: A Royal Tomb of
Silla, the Kingdom of Gold (황금의 나라 신라의 왕릉 황남대총), edited by National Museum
Silla Headband Crowns with tree-
of Korea. Seoul: National Museum of Korea.
shaped Uprights
Lee, Juheon, Lee Yonghyun and Yoo Hyeseon (이주헌·이용현·유혜선). 2006. “Artifacts from
III. Development and Historical Context
the Houchong and Eunryeongchong Tombs, Focusing on Pottery and Bronze Artifacts”
(호우총·은령총 출토유물-토기와 청동용기를 중심으로). Symposium Celebrating the 60th
of Silla Headband Crowns with tree-
Anniversary of the Excavation of the Houchong and Eunryeongchong Tombs (호우총 은령
shaped Uprights 총 발굴 60주년 기념 심포지엄). Seoul: National Museum of Korea.

IV. Conclusion Na, Heela (나희라). 1999. Study on the Ancestral Rites of the State and Royal Family in the
Silla Kingdom (신라의 국가 및 왕실 조상제사 연구). Ph.D. dissertation, Seoul National
Selected Bibliography University.

Yoon, Sangdeok (윤상덕). 2010. “Chronology of Gyeongju Pottery of the Sixth and Seventh
Prev Next
Centuries” (6-7세기 경주지역 신라토기 편년). Ulleungdo Island and the Ancient Culture of
the Korean Peninsula, Pottery Culture (한반도 고대문화 속의 울릉도-토기문화), edited by
Northeast Asian History Foundation. Seoul: Northeast Asian History Foundation.

Yoon, Sangdeok (윤상덕). 2011. “Chapter IV. Discussion” (IV. 고찰). The Bomun-dong
Double Tomb, Formerly Known as the Bomun-ri Husband-and-Wife Tomb (경주 보문동합장
분-구 경주 보문리부부총), edited by Gyeongju National Museum. Gyeongju: Gyeongju
National Museum.

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Editorial Note

Silla Crowns and Crown Ornaments of the Yeongdong Region

Article Contents
Metalwork Objects from Ungjin-period Baekje Tombs in the Gongju Region

I. Introduction Taoist Iconography of the Baekje Gilt-bronze Incense Burner

II. Chronology of Typological Groups of Silla Stone-chamber Tombs with Corridor Entrances in the Gyeongju Area: Social Status and
Change in Tomb Structure
Silla Headband Crowns with tree-
Elements of Goryeo Celadon that Reflect Influence of Liao Crafts
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III. Development and Historical Context Scientific Analysis of a Goryeo Lacquer Incense Box with Inlaid Mother-of-pearl and Gold-
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of Silla Headband Crowns with tree-

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