:

INTRODUCTION
"To those who are continually using interpolation methods, the use of
factorizingmethods with which they are unfamiliar may at first attempt appear
more lengthy. Such workers will find, however, that this is not so and that ;

after becoming familiar with them, they are at least as short for finding loga-
rithms, and distinctly shorter for finding antilogarithms." That is what A. J.
Thompson had to say in the introduction to part viii of his "Logarithmetica
Britannica" about the factorizing method for finding logarithms and antiloga-
rithms. The present volume is devoted exclusively to the factorizing method
and is composed of two parts, as follows

Table 1 : 23-decimal-place values of the natural logarithms of XXXX,

l.O^XXXX, and 1.0' XXXX, the range of XXXX being from
1 to 10,000.
Table 2 : 23-decimal-pIace values of the common logarithms of XXXX,
l.O^XXXX, and l.O^XXXX, the range of XXXX being from
1 to 10,000.

These tables should be a welcome addition to the existing tables of loga-

rithms.
The optimui number of significant figures has been chosen for the range
of the argument. Five significant figures would increase the number of tabular
values from the existing 60,000, for both tables, to 600,000. Thus two rela-

tively large volumes would be required. Further the number of decimal places
of the logarithm has been extended to 23. This number is the natural point
of departure permitting the computation ab initio of the logarithm of the
fourth factor l.O^^XXXX . . . with ease; for the second term of the series
/n(l +x) —x — x-/2-\- . . . will affect at most the twenty-third decimal place.
The need for a fourth column is therefore eliminated.
The computation of the logarithms, to the base e, of the integers was per-
formed with the aid of Wolfram's table, which contains the natural logarithms
of the first 2,200 integers and of primes and certain composite numbers up
to 10,009 to 48 decimal places. The table actually used was the one given in
"Thesaurus Logarithmorum Completus" (1794) by George Vega. A complete
list ofknown errors in this table was supplied by Prof. Raymond Clare Archi-
bald, of Brown University, along with an invaluable suggestion. The tabular
values for the second and third columns were obtained with the aid of the series
ln(l+:K) =x — x-/2 + x^/3— . . . , and calculated to 28 decimal places. All
the tabular values for the logarithms, to the base 10, were obtained by multi-
plying the tabular values in the table of logarithms, to the base e, by the

modulus 0.43429 . . . , to 28 decimal places. These values were rounded to

23 decimal places. Both
tables were tested by applying differencing tests.
Throughout the duration of this project hand-operated, calculating machines
with 10 columns of 10 keys were used for the computing and checking of the
tables.
 In both tables of this volume, the error in the twenty-third place does not
exceed 0.5. The maximum error, therefore, which can occur in a result
obtained by adding together three logarithms from the table and the com-
puted logarithm of the fourth factor will be less than 4(0.5), i.e. less than two
units in the twenty-third place.

DIRECT FACTORIZATION
When number of more than four significant digits
the natural logarithm of a
is number must be broken up into factors, the first of which con-
desired, the
sists of the number formed by the first four digits. The others are the three

numbers l.O^XXXX, 1.0'XXXX, and l.O^^XXXX formed from the . . .

first 8, 12, and 23 digits, respectively, of the quotient that results when the

division is performed with the preceding factor as divisor and commencing

with the first four digits. The logarithms of the first three factors are taken
from the first, second, and third columns, respectively, of table 1. The loga-
rithm of the last factor, 1.0"XXXX . . . , is the decimal O.O^^XXXX . . .
,

to 23 places, minus a correction factor that may be obtained by a simple

mental calculation. The sum of these logarithms is the desired logarithm.
It is assumed, in the example that follows, that the computer has access to
a calculating machine.

Example : To find btir, given the value

TT = 3. 141 59,26535,89793,23846,264
Solution
7r= 3.141 59,26535,89793,23846,264
= 3.141 X 1.0n8,86830,91306,34780,72588
= 3.141 X 1. on 886 X 1.0^830,75638,28242,71930
= 3.141 X 1.0n886x 1.0^8307 X 1.01^5638,28195,88209
= 3141 X 1.0^886 X 1.0^8307 X 1. 0^5638,28195,88209 X 10-3
The above are the factors of ir identical, respectively, with

XXXXxl.O^XXXXxl.O^XXXXxl.Oi^XXXX . . .

In practice it is obviously not necessary to record all the data given above.
The /« of the first three factors may be obtained from the three columns of
table 1. The /«( 1.01^5638,28195,88209) =0.0i^S638,28195,88209-0.0--157 =
0.0i'5638,28195,881, from the series /M(l+.r)=.v-,r72+ in which only .
. .

the first two terms are significant. From table 1 :

In 3141 =8.05229,64995,38646,54598,997
In 1.0^886= 18,85822,17255,84856,087
In 1.0^8307= 830,69996,54968,774
In 1.0115638....= 5638,28195,881

8.05248,5 1648,3 1 537,22619,739

(minus) In 10^ =6.90775,52789,82137,05205,397
Therefore, In n = 1.14472,98858,49400,17414,342
in which there is an error of one unit in the twenty-third decimal place.
 : :

Instead of commencing with 3141 as the first factor, 3140 or 3139 could
have been used. In general, any number may be used as the first factor pro-

vided the first eight digits of the resulting quotient fall within the interval
of the argument for the second column of the table. When checking the result
obtained from one series of values, there is a definite advantage in employing
an entirely dififerent series. This provides for checking the work of the com-
puter and the accuracy of these tables.
In finding the common logarithm of a number, the procedure is much the
same as that for finding the natural logarithm. Table 2, containing the com-
mon logarithms, will be used. The characteristic of the common logarithm is

obtained in the customary manner employed when tables involving interpola-

tion methods are utilized. The only significant difference is found in the com-
puted value of the logarithm of the fourth factor.
To emphasize the modification required when obtaining a common logarithm,
the following example will illustrate the method in finding the log of tt. The
four factors are the same, and the logarithms of the first three factors are
found in the first, second, and third columns, respectively, of table 2. In the
previous example the In of the fourth factor was found to be 0.0^^5638,28195,
88052. This result must be multiplied by the modulus, 0.43429 . . . , and
their product rounded to 23 decimal places. Hence

log 1.0^5638,28195,88209= (0.0^^5638,28195,88209-0.0-157)

(0.43429,44819,03251,82765,11829) =0.0^^2448,67474,212.

Therefore, the log of tt follows

log 3.141 =0.49706,79363,98504,77113,023

log 1.0n886= 8,19002,16339,29522,736
log 1.0^8307= 360,76841,11325,155
log 1.0^^5638...= 2448,67474,212

Thus the log TT =0.49714,98726,94133,85435,126

in which there is an error of one unit in the twenty-third decimal place.

INVERSE FACTORIZATION
An antilogarithm is found by reversing the process. From the logarithm
proposed, the natural logarithms of the numbers XXXX, l.O^XXXX, etc.,
are subtracted in succession. The product of these numbers gives the number
sought.
In most cases the value of In N should first be brought into that part of
the table where N
between 1.000 and 10,000. This may be accomplished
lies

by adding or subtracting a multiple of In 10 which only affects the position

of the decimal point in the value of N. The proper multiple of /;/ 10 to be
added or subtracted may be readily determined if the computer knows only
the approximate value for the In 10 = 2.3, In 10- = 4.6, In 10^ = 6.9, In 10* = 9.2,
etc.

In the example that follows it is again assumed that the computer has
access to a calculating machine.
 Example : To find tt^, given
In 7r= 1.14472,98858,49400,17414,34273
Solution
In TT^ = 2.28945,97716,98800,34828,685
In 10^ = 6.90775,52789,82137,05205,397 (plus)

9. 19721 ,50506,80937,40034,082
In"^ 9.19715,38101.72007,17851,824 = 9869

6,12405,08930,22182,258
In-i 6, 1 1981 ,27356,40346,909 = 1 .0^0612

423,81573,81835,349
In-i 423,79999,10196,783= 1.0'4238

In-^ 0. 0^ , 0' ,01574,71638,566=1.0^4574 . . .

,

the fourth factor of the desired number. Since 0.0^U574 ... is the In of a
number of the form /n(lH-jr), we have from the equivalent series:

x-xV2 = 0.0in574,71638,566
x=0.0in574,71638,566 + A-V2
= 0.0^4574,71638,566+0.0-423
x = 0.0^4 574,71638,566
Hence /n-i(0.0"1574,71638,566) = 1.0"1574,71638,566. Thus 7r-=(9869)
(1.0^0612) (1.0H238) (1.0^4574,71638,566) (10-«) =9.86960,440 10,893 58,-
61883,44 in which there is an error of one unit in the last decimal place.
Instead of commencing by deducting In 9869 would be just as con-
it

venient to deduct In 9868 or any logarithm down and then proceed,

to In 9860,
as before, to the use of table 1. In general any number whose logarithm,
when subtracted from the given logarithm, results in a remainder that falls
within the tabular values found in the second column of table 1 may be used.
In finding an antilogarithm when the common logarithm of a number is

given, the procedure is much the same as that when the natural logarithm is

given. When selecting the initial log nearest the value of the given log, it is

advisable to select the log found between the tabular values for the numbers
1,000 to 10,000.
The only significant difference when working with the common logarithms
of table 2 is found in the computed value of the log of the fourth factor,
l.O^^XXXX. . . . The following example will readily explain the procedure
to follow
Example : To find e, given
log 6 = 0.43429,44819,03251,82765,1 13
log-^ 0.43408,96384,17890,77149,304=2.717
'

20,48434,85361,05615.809
log-^ 20,48084,06847,61790,274= 1.0H717

350,78513,43825,535
log-i 350,77963,88670,210= 1.0^8077

log-' 0.0^ , 0" ,00549,55 155,325 may be found by the same

method applicable to natural logarithms if the above log is first divided by the
modulus, 0.43429,44819,03251, from the formula In N=(\/p) log where N
p = 0A3429, .... This gives a result of 0.0^M265,38921,434517 which is the

In l.O^^XXXX . . . , the fourth factor. Comparison with the procedure used

in the example for natural logarithms verifies that the value for In l.O^^XXXX
, .= 1.0"1265,38921,435 + 0.0-*8= 1.0^4265,38921,435. Therefore e= (2.717)
.

(1.0H717) (1.0^8077) (1.0"1265,38921,435) =2.71828,18284,59045,23536,03.

This result is correct for 23 significant digits.
It is interesting to note that the tabular value nearest the given log is the
log 2718 rather than 2717. Furthermore, the log 2716 could also be used and
the series derived from use of this tabular value could serve as a check on the
previous work,
E. R. Epperson.
Miami University,
Oxford, Ohio,
June 24, 1951.
LOGARITHMS OF POWERS OF 10

In 10 = 2.30258,50929,94045,68401,799
In 10^ = 4.60517,01859,88091,36803,598
In 10^ = 6.90775,52789,82137,05205,397
In 10^ = 9.21034,03719,76182,73607,197
In 10^ =11.51292,54649,70228,42008,996
In 10« =13.81551,05579,64274,10410,795
In 10^ =16.11809,56509,58319,78812,594
In 10« = 18.42068,07439,52365,47214,393
In 10« =20.72326,58369,46411,15616,192
In 10^° = 23.02585,09299,40456,84017,991
log e = 0.43429.44819.03251,82765,113
 LOGARITHMIC TABLES TO THE BASE e

xxxx
 LOGARITHMIC TABLES TO THE BASE e

xxxx
 LOGARITHMIC TABLES TO THE BASE e

xxxx In XXXX In l.O^XXXX In 1.0^ XXXX

101 4.61512 05168 41259 45088 420 .0^01 00999 48995 34343 107 0*^010 09999 99948 995
102 4.62497 28132 84271 08106 201 01999 47980 35373 329 19999 99947 980
103 4.63472 89882 29635 77076 860 02999 46955 36423 952 29999 99946 955
104 4.64439 08991 41372 66430 518 03999 45920 37495 174 39999 99945 920
105 4.65396 03501 57523 37110 136 04999 44875 38^87 196 49999 99944 875

106 4.66343 90941 12067 14356 170 05999 43820 39700 218 59999 99943 820
107 4.67282 88344 61906 17330 440 06999 42755 40834 439 69999 99942 755
108 4.68213 12271 24219 69302 020 07999 41680 41990 060 79999 99941 680
109 4.69134 78822 29143 70037 732 08999 40595 43167 280 89999 99940 595
110 4.70048 03657 92416 22807 994 09999 39500 44366 301 99999 99939 500

111 4.70953 02013 .0^01 10999 38395 45587 320 0*^011 09999 99938 395
12334 13576 334
112 4.71849 88712 95094 54277 428 11999 37280 46830 540 19999 99937 280
113 4.72738 78187 12340 56858 213 12999 36155 48096 159 29999 99936 155
114 4.73619 84483 94495 46082 150 13999 35020 49384 378 39999 99935 020
115 4.74493 21283 63250 06540 751 14999 33875 50695 396 49999 99933 875

116 4.75359 01911 06364 64601 774 15999 32720 52029 414 59999 99932 720
117 4.76217 39347 97756 11884 398 16999 31555 53386 632 69999 99931 555
118 4.77068 46244 65664 76003 328 17999 30380 54767 249 79999 99930 380
119 4.77912 34931 11529 38535 489 18999 29195 56171 465 89999 99929 195
120 4.78749 17427 82045 99424 770 19999 28000 57599 482 99999 99928 000

121 4.79579 05455 96741 08812 389 .0^01 20999 26795 59051 497 .0^012 09999 99926 795
122 4.80402 10447 33256 55816 862 21999 25580 60527 713 19999 99925 580
123 4.81218 43553 72417 49526 201 22999 24355 62028 328 29999 99924 355
124 4.82028 15656 05036 86476 363 23999 23120 63553 542 39999 99923 120
125 4.82831 37373 02301 12380 228 24999 21875 65103 556 49999 99921 875

126 4.83628 19069 51477 99731 308 25999 20620 66678 570 59999 99920 620
127 4.84418 70864 58591 27304 744 26999 19355 68278 783 69999 99919 355
128 4.85203 02639 19617 16592 062 27999 18080 69904 396 79999 99918 080
129 4.85981 24043 61672 11486 809 28999 16795 71555 608 89999 99916 795
130 4.86753 44504 55582 42007 148 29999 15500 73232 619 99999 99915 500

131 4.87519 73232 01151 54414 942 .0^01 30999 14195 74935 630 .o''013 09999 99914 195
132 4.88280 19225 86370 85429 165 31999 12880 76664 841 19999 99912 880
133 4.89034 91282 21753 76511 438 32999 11555 78420 451 29999 99911 555
134 4.89783 97999 50911 36908 730 33999 10220 80202 661 39999 99910 220
135 4.90527 47784 38429 44878 650 34999 08875 82011 670 49999 99908 875

136 4.91265 48857 36052 00850 123 35999 07520 83847 678 59999 99907 520
137 4.91998 09258 28124 91531 519 36999 06155 85710 886 69999 99906 155
138 4.92725 36851 57204 69161 923 37999 04780 87601 493 79999 99904 780
139 4.93447 39331 30691 75718 878 38999 03395 89519 700 89999 99903 395
140 4.94164 24226 09304 29854 058 39999 02000 91465 706 99999 99902 000

141 4.94875 98903 78168 27821 620 .0^01 40999 00595 93439 712 .0^014 09999 99900 595
142 4.95582 70576 01260 73074 669 41998 99180 95441 917 19999 99899 180
143 4.96284 46302 59907 28011 543 42998 97755 97472 521 29999 99897 755
144 4.96981 32995 76000 62045 942 43998 96320 99531 725 39999 99896 320
145 4.97673 37424 20574 40178 403 44998 94876 01619 728 49999 99894 875

146 4.98360 66217 08336 43850 934 45998 93421 03736 731 49999 99893 420
147 4.99043 25867 78736 30160 595 46998 91956 05882 933 69999 99891 955
148 4.99721 22737 64115 06320 256 47998 90481 08058 534 79999 99890 480
149 5.00394 63059 45459 14099 243 48998 88996 10263 734 89999 99888 995
150 5.01063 52940 96255 75001 400 49998 87501 12498 734 99999 99887 500

SMITHSONIAN LOGARITHMIC TABLES