A GRAMMAR OF MODERN AND CLASSICAL TAMIL By M.S, ANDRONOV, MLA, PhD, D.Lit, Chi Research Profesor, Insitute of Orienal Studies USSR. Academy of Sciences Second Esltion Revised and Enlarged New Century Book House (Pvt.) Ltd “41B, SIDCO Industrial Estate ‘Madras - 600 088 1989int edition: 1909 Second edition: 1959 Code No A. 482 Price: Rs, 160 (in india) US. $15 (elsewhere) ©All rifhis reserved. No pait of this publication may be reproduced in any way or by any means without the prior permission of New Century Book Howse Private Limited (Madras, Inds) and Soviet Copysight Agency (VAAP), Moscow, U'S.S.R. Malet ttt ttt ttt PUBLISHERS’ NOTE ‘This book is a Gramm ‘written form, ‘The Period of Tamil Renaissance and the subsequent {ullsale development of various genes in Tamil erature have called forth the unprecedented enrichment of the lenguage ‘Which now-2-days has come to avail itelf of all ite potenti ‘esources, both grammatical and lexical of the Tamil Language in its ‘This process has led, on the one hand, to the inclusion within the sphere of written Tamil of forms, consirucions and Phrases which for a fong time bore the labelf cologuial and ‘ere peacialy‘eulawed from prose and poetry. (On the other hand, the curren movement for the restatement ‘of Tamil asthe language of education, science and administration Bt all levels bas led to the revival of the classical language which Is now used not only in poetry but also in research publications ‘and oficial documents In the result, such historical divisions of Tamil as its modem and classical, lerary and collogual varieties, which seemed absolute several decades ago, have lost much of their orginal Insulation and incompatibility and are gradually evolving into ordinary. literary syles, Their grammatical unity. becomes evident to everybody who goes through this book ‘Very full and informative, this book, awarded with the First Prize of the Council for Tamil Research and: Development, Government of Tamilnadu, may be found helpful both for teaching Tanil in schools and coleges of Tamil Land and for isseminationg knowledge about Tami in the ouside world ‘September 1989, ‘Madeas New Century Book House Private Ltd‘Accusative Case Instrumental Case ‘Comitstive Case Dative Case Locative Cxse Genitive Case ‘Vocative Case Colloquia forms ‘Nomer ‘ Pronouns Personal Pronouns Reflesive Pronouns ossesyve Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns Interrogative Pronouns Determinaive Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns Personal nouns Adjectives Verbs ‘Verbal stems sive form Tcicative mood AURRIESRSAESBRSS 8 #8 100 10 10 42 ua ns n19 16 7 11 13 m4 BT 28wu Present ens Fate tease Puetlene Personal Sofie ist person singular Ist peron plu 2nd posn'snglat 2nd person plush 2rd person sngaar masculine 3rd peron sng fein 3d person plural eplene 5rd prion Singur neuer 3d person plural peter Iiiormtc se of ncetive forms Indetve mood Opiatve mood Novi forms arpa ‘Verbal patciples Tafnives Spins, Conctionl verbal paites Pardcpal aoune Verba son Negative fom Nepiiettene Pi aiaive mood Trperatne mood ‘Nowfnite foms Paricples Verbal Parteipes Parispal nouns Paradigm of ver nlestins in eray Tami ‘he verbs Ls ai ‘adver Parties Tene word Edens Interjetions Syotae ‘Sinple sentence Binomial seaence 38 39 mai 146 16 130 158 157 161 164 167 m 1% 251 257 vu Senet Prete Spl vel predic Sto om tte ompovnd Verbal prefs Cepeand verti preite T agoovea becca bj ana pretioas Aiwe At postive ates Frets sts fopousen ove ‘Diet beet Tate cj ‘Adve ir ‘ive moder of mamer ‘Adve moses of eyes Abeta moder of pice ‘Avetal modi of ine ‘vet moder urpon ‘Averill a oe ‘Averil moder onion Coordinated members th etre Wor order, meric Menoacer tess Nomi orden toe Veto momma tener Insompiete semenees Fetes weteces onpante sence coset sens Sob cae Sahl Composite words Index of inflectional sufixed and increments Abbreviations Subject index SSSSBBSVe BRRRRRBRS 310 as 318 319 2 328 31 a 337 a si 30 36 346 350 353 356 361INTRODUCTION “Tamil amish, it, + refinenes *,“efined Language) belongs to the Draviion fomily of languages and Is rightfully regarded fs their most ancient and typical represetative. The mumbor of| spsakers, whichis nosey 60 millions, makes Tamil ene of the ‘een greatest languages of the world. The majority of Tamils (approximately 90 per cet) Hive in South India, where Tami is fan oficlal language of Tamilnadu. A few millions of Tamils {about 7 per cent) live also tn Sel Lanka, mostly in its northern tea, Besides, Tamils form a sizable portion fof the population in South-East Asian countries, primarily in Singapote (02 mili), where Tamil isons ofthe State's okie languages, and Malaysia (L milion), a6 well es in Indonesia (@:5 million) and Busta (02 milion). A signifcant layer of the ‘Tamil population is found ia South Africa (04 milion) and Mauritius (0.05 millon). Several form of the Tamil language are 10 be distinguished, fest.of all Literary Tail and Colloquial Tami. Literary Tamst ‘at present does not serve ae a medium of oral communication for" aay portion of the Tamil populsion and, being largely Incompeehensible without special taining, should be regarded a8 4 bookish, written language used only by educated. people Literary Tamil fs into Modeen Literary Tari, Ley the lnguage of newspapers and joarnas, oficial and retearch public cations, business documents, correspondence, the most part of omer2 fiction, el end Classical Temil, ke the language of the ancient and mediseval iterature. The dilference between thelvo lies mainly in helt vocabulary. Ther grammar isthe seme, although the oder language, particularly that ofthe prose, does fot make we of all grammatical forns found in the classical language In spite ofits regularity the classical langsape is not absole ‘ately uniform and gets modifiet im the enunie of teanition fom fone historical epoch te another, “The cates clasical language is found in the anthologies “Porthoppatie®, “Ada gurunuru", % Kurundobsi", se Nattrin", Pathitireppatia”, “ Ahananuew, Pura rnanuru, “Parada” and“ Kalithohai’™ ating back to ‘the Il =H xntures A.D, He is succeeded by the language of didactic, primarily Jinist, works of the VI- VIE centuries, such as Thirwvallwvar’s ‘Thirukiural "or the anthology “ Nalaiyar*. 1s characterized by the use of some Tater forms, ‘A. new period of the development of the clasial language is represented in the literature of Tamil Bhakt—the Saiva. hymns" Thevaram ” compored by Appar, Sambander ard Sundarat (Vil - VIM centuies, Thirumular’ Thiramandiram " (VITL century) Manikkavacahar's **Thirwvascham "(IX century) and the anthology of Vaishnava. hymns ~ Nalayin Divya Prabandkam" GX century). Their language is very close to the popalar language of those days, Simuttancously a number of great eple poums were created by Juinist and Buddhist ports, wiz,“ Perungadai ” by Konguvel (VIII center), *Silappadinatem "by Tango OX century), ** Manimekialai by Satianar (IX contury) and Jivakachinameni"” by Thiruthakkadevar (X century) The language of these works is mach more formalise, 3 ‘The Tenguage of the XI ceotury may be seen in svch voluminous works es Kamban's” Ramavatharam ”, generally known as * Kambaramayanam", and. Sekkizhaes “Pera Poranam ", which contains Sava Sunt’ life oie. ‘Am en of the classical language of later periods “may bbe drava fom lumbaranar, Senavareyar, Nacchinakkiaiyat (XIL-XIV centuries) and others commentaries cari texts, from such poems as.‘ Mabablaratham” by Villippattherar (XIV eantuy) and“ Raghuvamsam "by Arasakeaet (XVI century), aS well as from such monuments of the Saiva religious literature as Kacehiyap pa Shacheriyars “ Kendaporanam “ (XVI century), Peranjodis “ Thirwilalyadal Puramim (XVI cantar), Thayumanavar's “Padal ” QXVIIL century), ee Grommatical rales of the literary language were first fore slated by Thrinadhumagn! in his grammar * Taelbappiyam " (On Old Poems) (V centr) and pot finally canonized. in ‘the gramae * Nansul ("On Good Books”) by Bhavanand XU cota) Colioguial Tami is a common modem language of ‘Tamil, 1 must be leptin mind, however, that is stand andization has not yet teen achieved: a rovognized ode of its grammatical rules Is not yet elaborate, nor are the Jaws of is orthography and orthoepy propaly established. ‘Oral communication ‘has been completely monopolized by CColloguial Tami Moreover, its spore continues to expand: it hs come fo be used in’ the cinema, over the radio, at the theatre, in works of fiction, ete. Lately, the pencrstion ‘of Colloguisl Tamil into Aston has intentiss to such an extent that many writings of modern authors can hardly be ndestood “anesthe egal langege oroegly Colloquia! Tamil as national language should be distinguished from dalcis. Most fequently the distiactve features are restricied to thet vocabulary. As fer as phonology4 fand_inflestions are concerned, their peculleries itnguish the southern dislest (Tirunelveli and Rawmnad district). the South-Western dislect (Kaxyekimeri dstist) andthe dialect Of Sri Lanka, Quite m few specific features may be found in some social dialects, such as the dislect of Brahmans and the diaeet of Harlons. Dialects, as well the colloquial language are widely used in fiction ‘At preent all forms of the Tamil tanguage may be found, in’ teratare GRAPHEMICS ‘The modern Temi alphabet consists of thiry-tive letters and one sign arranged in the following. onder a8 va he 5 8 8 8 OKs et ® aa * oe po ~ the g fa isha coe al, Mabe is bis te, ts each tater SHOE, f MDE, This ble maybe fema t vowel Eeeptng ce smnnet sound falloned by a wee en caged OY septate laters in word inal ote Othorwite, Bey it® denoted by “joint letters wt simalteneously ceem * CoMMNERE aad’ following vee, mle cate wit Tone! 4, folowing contact 2, expressed i sriing alogetber, end consouaat witha ot following Gee Tate, 7 © MmOENdng Teta wi Agar NE (Gee Table 1), Cee” oft tit Slat totes stom ia Tae 1 Boos my of some of hem are alan widely uty ofthe 2b "Tha" concara fh Sted ie eenteat M n Mith the somes ag ae 7 oreo tion of he consonnt with tks aye 20, tho ene an ombintons of the “conenaa Me, the vowel ai (tee Table 3) Tobie 2 Older Forms of some Joint Letters Consonants folowed by Yenc 2 2 . ° ”~ @ for Bm Oe « = & — is e ~ ar ~ - 6 e - oe oe -~ » be 52 aeBy Tre 1 oint eters denoting compsants fotowed by vowels om @sr Oem oar a oe re ow wr Gor ere age oe Ser eur ~2 Ger our ee aw uae By jor Gant Come Corer tom Os we Gar ae per Gp es op or Csr see Sor cur ur Guar Seer ue ou Gur Gur Gu ore Gu Ore ore cr or eae Gas Gar a bs Ca Ga Gor Gar Gaser a ey apr ye pee ep Gore Gara Op Cpr per or Carr ener Gare =p pr Age Bape Bi Bi rt eé . tt &e ae at RE at et oor Oe ora (Geo Geo Save ed pat pos Spo aD gor pwr paar Gay 80 ae Omar Cope Ongar oop a ais oe9 fn Tamil, the tte fh denotes a combination of the lesters and ah, the leter oy denotes a combination of the ltrs a and» (pronounced as bilabial continuant), fant he lelter af dencter_a combination of ar (i the inal, syllable) of ep (lsewhere), The sign x denotes the sound [x] recoding & consonant “There is no distinction of small and capital letters im the “Too alphabet, Walten lettre do. mot fer i form from printed levers, The dltection of writing is feom the lft co fhe ish $2 ta Tamil words he eters nz and mt are diseibuted in susk a way thet the former # generally “used. before the lever f, wheteas the later mis never used In. this postion, ‘The only exeeption (0 this rule is found im several words of CClsieal Tail, wz inane) “here, antntan'(an), tr (an "there", “enna where”, in the callogulal expression reo poole * crooked and in some loanwords like inj vari ‘Cngicering’. On account of his, in all words except those sted above the both letters for greater conveniense are transitrated here with the Roman leier mt. Simiacy, che letters and are distributed in such a way that the former is found in word initial postion and Tefore the contensat f wiees the latter ie xo! founl in thowe posi and is uaed In medial snd final positions. The only frception to this rule is formed by. the word veri Tack", wows with the suffix an (lke poranan * waciors "pero ad words with the Sanskrit pesca ike a ean ‘ollowee') which in old books wete frequently spelt with n(@ ncaar), Besides, in some composite words whose second Component has 1 in word inital poston the geminated lever tn roay be found in seedal postion on the boundary of two Sess: ee» ainmeaRy * five hundred" (gf maulty * hundred’), naga * this country” (efi naaTu « country"). AS the cases viet the letters n and n’ are sed ace Know, the both letters for arcater converience ace transliterated here with the Roman acer10 $3. At present Tamils generally make use of Arabic and Roman gates. However, m some pablications one may ome deross fgares which were in wse in older mes: een er Gar w ede g 123.4 5 6 7 8 8 10 100 100 $4, The modern Tamil alphabet has developed from an ‘kd variety of the Grantha. alphabet, which earlier was also ted for writing. Tanul, Old Tamil fascrptions are frequently ‘written either in the Vatteshuta script or in the Palla end ome other forms of writing. Until recently, Tamil Moslems ied a kind of the Arabic alphabet PHONOLOGY PHONEMES AND THEIR ALLOPHONES $5. There ate ten vowel phonemes, tive short and five ong, in Literary Tamil, w/a faa Je f(s fy fa fb Teh fee Lah [0ol: jaf is & short unrounded cental vowel varying in literary pronunciation between lower mié and higher fow in word= Tiel, wordmedial end wordsinal postions; eg. anta [ANdA] that’, kaTakka [KAR Ata] ‘to eros". In substandard pronation it may sound 26 a front lower mid vowel (E] In wordial poston (ea, ata [AndE] ‘that") or a central mmeamnid vowel {8} in word-medial position (eg. kaTakka TRAR'SKKE] "to eros’, avon [ Ava’) “Be” 2a) is a long unroundod central open vowel (3: ] occuring Initially, medially and finally in words ; eg. aoe [a°RI] river’, kaal (Kash "egy peo [puRe) ‘pigeon fis « short wncounded front close vowel varying between high [i] and lower high [T) in all postions, with an optionat onset {] in word-inital postion after pautes eg. u [7h] eA] is this nial [ney en [Tey] sweetness DULLL [PELL] [PELL] * dot i Before retrofier consonants /1/ becomes somewhat lover and reacted, the tp of the tongue in pronouncing if eine ‘bent upwards. and back, which impart speci; retrofles timbre 10 the sound : {Tam [IR’Am] ‘place’, iNet [1RPex] ‘aie’ ship [zhapp |" convulsion’ piL-La'[ptLLey) child Ul retofien timbre is particulary sone before) 2 and Lj In the modern language 7) tends to change into (71 ‘Af lira short allophose [is found. (@) in the particle miyaa added (0 the imy Chesca Tamils eg, keeNmiyae [ke:Nmyas] “Tisten” (in (3) -ending words in sandhi where it replaces the final vowel preceding ya eg aku na:x1] “youth” + app [ya :ppi] ‘affestion = maakisagppu [na:x'ye:ppt] * affection of youth (in the dative efit when it is joined to. nominal tases ending if; egy pul tiger" pul (pulihk] tothe i @ optionaly:in loxmwords within comionant clesses as platnit [pitAdhinidhi} wp [p*Atnidhi] w [prAtinilh:) Oy nepreentaive’, Taam [Tram] qq [Trem] * trum {it{. isa tong wnroundes close fent vowel (i: ] sonra highae than the respective short sound. It oecurs inl tmediely and Sinally in words ; cg, yam ,[i:yAm] “Teud. TaNivir (tANNie} ‘water’. teem! (tw:n'c] “bee. Initially fer pause it may receive an optional onset (2): cal (v= Gal] (isAl] "winged white ant” Before retrflex consonants Jit} articulated in the same way a8 tho short /7/ (st TTI [isT) “spear, Rush (:zh] “down ) and in the modern Tanguage has changed into (1°) Jaf is a short rounded close back vowel varying. ftom high [2] 0. lover -high [U]. Teoccurs in wordinitial and wordmedial positions and in word‘inal postion in Gislabie words withthe fist short open sllable fe well oF im disyllabic and polyllabic words with « penult imate single sonar ; eg uTal [URVAL) op (UR'AI) * bay Duka {parey | ep (pUxey smoke, ten [tera] “street”. ava fiexdnava] ‘door’, eezhw [ez] “seven2 Finally after obstrueats (except for postions lst above) snd after geminata sonants /u/ has a short high to lower high ceniral_unrounéed allophoxe (£] eg nazku [4:1] "cow ', racy [ATAS'] ‘state haat [kash] eat’, nnaTw [ruc RC] "country", kiN [RIROARE] ‘a well 5 vexkir exat]* soe dara [indi] it’, this texka [reba] ‘flea’, eLLa "TeLLif sesame," narpu ‘[nATpy] * frend ship coor [50:8] « partiality", Kathe [KCK] * sane, ppoarTu {pu:TT] * song’, paRRu [pA] “attachment | feurany (KUrAntgi} “monkey paampu { parmbi) * stake” ‘avRu [An'det] “(on that day” Madilly the vowel [7] Js found in the word munet[nindey | “your father Four wonts are pronounced in two ways > iw (idbu} Lint] vit shies am [Adba} gy [AUB] we (dbo) vo [odht) Sie “ar, em Cedhu] om [edhe] * what. There is @ tendency in Modern Tamil to pronounce [{] fntead of Lu) in some other caver t00; ef, kota [kAGDAv] ap (KAdhAVI] door" alarw[ ALAve] —{ ALAY] Ss measure", “iruktRaru [AruRRIRAGRI] oy [SHRKIRAdAE] “itis, coche Cebu} gy [eaht] *seven” ete {im / 64 Tong outed close back vowel |: | somewhat higher ‘than is short counterpart. Tt cecus inl, medially and finlly in words, fequently with a bilabial onset (]in_wordinital positon ‘after pase; eg. wr fart] oy [ue] * village smutal (mouLey)* brain tue [tu] *Seannes {e/ iva short unrounded front higher vo iniily and medially in words, frequenty with palatal onset [Lin uttsramseintil postion; ee [en] oe | “my ey [ney] “butter: Belore reirofe consonants /e/ becomes fomewhat lower aod retracted, the tip of the tongue being fone upwards and back which imparts a specific retofes timbre to the sound: eg, ecu [erhotti], pe [ peN'] [eo] oxcvering {cea Jong unounded front higher vowel ¢:] somewhat higher than ts short counterpart. Tt occurs initially, medially ani finally ia. words with palatal onset [7] in uteraae-inta position eg, cen[orn'] an [Yesn'] why’, teen [tex] honey ', 3 ‘ce (30: ] “bull, Before retrflex consonants je /is aticulted in the same way af the short Je/: eke [ezhu] w [Deca J seven’, seed Tum [ve2NDam ] 1k ness) = Jo} is a short sounded back haltopen vorel 10 varying. from mearemlé to lowermid. 1 oovurs_initialy, redial and. finally in words, with a biabiel onset in ‘iteranceinitial positon ; eg, aru [Ora] vp ["Oru] “one per [Oy] “lie “unas no [90] * pain oo) i & long rounded back higher-mid_ vowel (0: } its ‘abiabzaton sometimet reaching Ue degres found in 92} 1 ovoxcs initially, medially and filly in. words (witha blbial onset in utteranceniial position); eg, ooram [oan] a [roiAm } ‘edge; rooppu Cto:ppt}* garden poo [pos ] ‘a0 co) $6. There are seventeen consonant phonemes in Literary Tami viz {A /s fe FT Je! Rio (fle 1B em PNG Fahl, dye fet, We Phe Fede dak ls 3k E 1 kis wea obstevent with theee positional allophones(k}, fek xh ‘The voiceless ocelusive allophone [4] occurs lther in ‘word-initial position (lightly aspirated. by individsl spethes) fo in wordmedial positon (when followed or preceded by Fe oe any ather voiceless stop): eg ood [had] eg ppokkam [pARkAm| “sie , cokt! [SAK] * power”, uTkaar Catinir] “sit down’ (ag), ataRue [ABACK] “10 it’, “to that’. In wordfiaal position this sound. only foond in eas-words:” raat (ira: | “Iraq ‘The voiced ooctsive allophone [ g] oscars in _worde saedial postion after the nasal sonants [m+], [N] and [a7]; ets amku [Antal]. * there kaNkaaNi CkANSO:Ri} “ ovemeee , enkiReen [en’giRexx'] say". In other postions (e] i met with only im lomnwords: kavanam [ gAvAn'Am} ‘attention’, plraak [pira:e) © Prague’, tarkkam: ( vAreeAm] ceaTie frcative allophone {x} vaning fiom voiceless velar to woieless or halvoiced phages! oscur (2) medially in interyocatc postion «in writing denoted by the leer A): mukam {maxAm] "face: (@) medially following the somants fpf. Jefe (Hs f2h/n [21 Gu writing denoted by the Teter i}: ecyhiRern {seputRemt | 1 do's aorkad [AWAPKAL ] they tolkagyplran [1Oka:ppiyAm] *Tolhappiam ', saahka [vaya ) "long Tne’, kadai [KOLsey ] “policy” 5 (Q. medially in short sytables preceding the obstruent phonemes [2 /.fef,/T 1.1 Rj, ti. jp) (a writing denoted by the sign 3}: extu [ext] see!" haxcu KARS'] "a measure ot weight” paxtt[ pAxAb | “portion . paxparty { pAXBAL | "hundred, pact [pAxRI] “boat In wort-iitial position the sllophone [x] occurs only in loanword (ia writing denoted by the leter 1): hum [pakkum | ‘order’. Im Toan-words the ietter may optionally be spelt ined of [x] ia otber positions too purihaacan (i parhacsam (pAsisasAm } “mockery Je} & @ palatoalveoler obstruent with ther posiionat allophones Le]. (7s Ll ‘The voiceless palate-ilveolar affiate allophone [e] én writ denoted by the eter) oceu's in word-media Dosti when geminated or preceded by the obstruent phonemes [TAB Is ey pascal [pAscey}* greenness’, heed [kATEI ] panty’, miyaRet {muyAti] “effort. In Sri Lanka and in some continental substandard dialosts as well as in Tosn-words ‘he allophone [¢] is sometimes pronounced in word-intil Postion (particularly preceding front voweh) : cinna {cin'’A ] (sin W’A} * small ef [eis] “Be, cok [oak] “check fn Wwordnal poston [3] is met with only ia. loan-words : pie [io "beech The voiod pulatoaheolar ffiate allophone (4 (in iting denoted by the letter) oocurs in -word-medial postion following the masa sonants mh), { Nf, f° /s gy fumheu 1s cam os St ToS: Gm ep fam AAMT peo rene 0 {ctype ent de, vonsh oxi Gna bY ear tt aa ee aha ad Tees ake Greta ied ke wt Sa ee eee Pa a Te ce ean, re oe wants Schad (ee a om? Ber Peete oe (fe See ree Stone ee ame as ta ne in som 8) fm ees meee re Shae ae oeLT ie a fovelingual retrofiex bstruznt with three positional allophones (T], (DL (R'), their articulation varying from clearly retroflex to cacuminal (in pronouncing revroflex consonants the tip of the tongue i bent wpwarss fand back to touch the hard palate With is lowerside, whereat in pronouncing eacuminal consonants the blunt edge of the tongue touches the ant plate. ‘The voiceless occlusive allophone [T] occurs in word redial position in gemination or im clusters with other voiceless bstruents jeg, 147 Tam [VATTAma ciel weTRar | veTAm shame ', kaTei [kATeI] ‘party’, kaihTam [ kASTAM } aiticulsy tally and finally [T] is only found in Yoan- words : Tiraam [Tram] tram’, koorD [o:tT) “court ‘The voiced occlusive ellophone [| occurs in wontmadial position following the retroflex nasal sonant {N'/; e4., aNTI (YANDI ‘ert’ Initaly and finally [1D] is only found in losmwords : Tar (DAe] ‘fear’, haar (ka:xD ] "posta ‘Tho voiced retroflex flap [R"] occurs in intorvcslic pose sion; eg, aaa [AR'A:] “hey, kagTu [Sa‘R't] "forest In pronouncing ([R') the tip of the tongue is beat upwards and beck end then, swiftly wnbending and lowering to the font lower weet, momentarily sues by its loverside on the hard palate behind the alveoli J] ia w dental obstraent with thre positional allophones Ce) [ah Cah}, ‘The voiceless occlusive sllophone (¢] ossuts in wordintial position (litly aspired by individual speakers) and medially im gemination or in clusters with other obstrumnts; falai [tAley } “ead paren [AU] “ten, cake (SAKIET over In wordinal ‘postion [¢} is found only in loan words + fugar [BUJAt] “obstacle ‘The voiced occlusive allopkone [4] ooturs in word-medial postion following the dental nasal senamt [a]; eg. inva CindA] “this "Ia Toanovords [4] may. also oscar in’ other positions: tinam [ n'Am] "day, camuttvae [sAtmueAmy J <9 (samUdseAm] “sen ets Oe Dee ” “The voiced trative allophone {ch} is atcelaed by the cage ofthe tonee coving a her Seo the oppe Tec ean it eons the English th ia other but dil en in that it mover becomes ‘internal. [dk } occurs etal in imterocaie position and folowing the. sonats ae chr pshan{ pOshudB | pooch {pod} Deceit Cseiuaty "eon 10 do watt Luséhi) vehi Jip ie bilabial bstvent with thice positional allophones te}. 101 18) “The voiceless occlusive allophone [p] oscus in word. inva postion (lightspeed by individual spesker) and “odaty, in pemination of following the obstrvest phonemss Pri yRi: ‘ees pant (Pat] "nalk’) nape | ATH) {nash Kadi TAC cehatty apu [Upp “sal a wordsual postion (p] i found oaly im loanword > hap TAP] "cup ‘The yoiced occa alopkone [] ossurs in wordnet postion folowing the atl xonants Cm) (NI. [0)}s ea Poampa [pect |" suake papa (PANG * ual" anew [iawot)afetion In. oer postins (6) is found nly io eae pala [BAIAm] “strength pammai [bOmaey 1 ols rapper [sAbbAC ) ‘rbber Tiyuap [Ty] * tube ‘Ths voiced of halevoiced fcative allophone [B] cis woicedness varying considerably depending on individval speakers land thee pod of pooch) oocurs in fntervocalic positon and following the sonants 9 i, 71, {Ue /2h 1 Eis © koopare wrath, pam {fu:BAm] inceas '.eeypavan J "be wo wil do caarpu (easBC] * patiaity Taba [IYAIBI] “mature yaazkpavan {va:zhBAvAR’ | ‘he rho wil live", Kozpavan [KOIBAVAR'] “he who will tke min bilabial asl sonst with wo positional alfophones [m) and [m] ‘The yelar sats sllophone nf} im the modern literary language occurs in word-nedial positon preceding the vist fbstrvent phoneme [J eg amu [ Antgt] *thore’. In‘mination [a0] is found in several words of Clasical Tamil, eg, antranam [ AnmvARAm)} “thas S30". I Wword-inalpositisn [m8] ie found only” in loem-words Dytnivarins engincring Te bial nual slope tm) osu tay, rely an oly cpt" pein Woe Rs eg me (RAN sath cima [aUiey) urea "fad moras (rain) "toe" va an {Amb anos etia {Act} “pe” Jf is a donoaleolar nasal sonant with two positional allophones [2] and [1 ‘Tho dental allophone {1a} occurs in woréiniti sition ‘and medially preceding the dental obstuent phoneme 1/1 /; 285 roan (oan! ] “LY, dua [led] “this tn Clascal ‘Tamil the dents! alophone [n] is ao found in the end of the word verin [verin] back intervocalically in words containing the sufi wt (as, eg, in nullan [ VAlAAR’) sttong man") and optionally’ in Ipanwords with the Sanskcit prefix ama (eg.,amueaar! [Anta] follower") Within composite words the “geminated [1] my arise in result of the gemination of the intial [a] of the second gomponent: innaaL [Unna:t. | "this day” (of) nal [aa agy ‘The sheolar_allophone —[w'] ours eaewhere | eg, ‘panui (pAx'ey | * plmyea-pelm ’, Kanna [kAatn’Am] "check", Kans (EARWG)]"ealt’," moonku Cavin] "four? pe [ARE] “affection © 1.{ i a forelingual cetroflex nasal somant with wo positional allophones [N] and [ Re} “The reirflex nes flap [R°) occurs intervorlicaly; eg ave (ARS) "atom * 7 ‘The non-flap allophene [N] oowurs ekewhere {'nh/ is modio-platl polatlized nasal sonant occuring in wordinitial postion and medially in gemination, Iimecvcdlcaly oc “preceling the alficate /¢/; eg whaanam { nha:a’am |‘ wisdom’, viebwiaanant [vinknta-3/Am j*sience ‘karan [KAvishAN’} * post’, parhcw [ pAhjt} “cotton {His medio-platl liquid sonant oocuering in workin, word-meial and wordstinal positions, aso Intevovalicaly, im gemination or in elise with other sonants or obstruents ee. 300m [yan] "1, koorllCko:yIt] * temple naay [nay ] dog, cexyuk [oeyyUL] "poetry, kelyaanal” [kOlya:ny } “enraged elephant, ceyeunai" [seystiney] “tank, vamyppu [va:yp9t] * opportunity, et. {1 [san spicostveolar flapped sonant occuring im wont ‘medial postion (either intervocslically or in clstr with other onsonants) and finally ; eg, yaar (yar) ‘who maram [mAram] tee", poarkka (pactkkA] ‘10 ste,” aarvam [savAm ] ‘zal ete. In wordinitial postion ji’ Cound only. in. loar-words and collguiaiss : roomam {ro:mAm} tue‘, “lair; rompa [OKA] * mach “pasty (1) isan apico-alveolae Iatrat medial sonant occuring in ‘word:madial. postion (ether intervocalically, or in gemination, for in cluster with other conscnants) and finally; lal (Mey ] “eat, aol [kal] eg" pal [pAli)] “lizard holkai [kOMe | “kiling ', Rotyaanal [kOWR:t'ey | * enraged flephant? ete, In wordnitial position {1 i found only in loanword: and colloguilisns : Jaan {TANDAa’ “London, Ieecaaka [e'sa'3a }* slightly 1.» is labiosontal guid sonant occurring in wordnitil and wword-medial positions ; eg, wal [val} *tail’, avn CAWAR ] "he foréfam [IvIR'Am ] * (lo) this place’ In several words of Classial Tamil / vf is found in word-na] position: ter [ter] “enmity”, “hostility ", ete. In substandard fpeech and ic dialects /» | sometines tends to be pronounced fe 8 bilabial sonant. [ok] is a foralingual yetrtlex Tiquid sonant. In peonouncing 24 the tip of the tongue is bent upwanks» and buck $0 a 0 approach the palate with its tower side and to produce a navrow pastige through which te “air comes out. Acousticaly it may be roughly compared. with 4 fn pleanwe, ‘bat difers ftom it by its reitflee timbec and fonority. sh “oscars in wordsmedis! position (intere- Calcaly and preceding obsirueats or nassl-stop chases) and {x yordsinal postion; eg., ragchal [va-zhey } * plantain toe’, tami [eAmlch | * Temi’, raccha { yazhxa] * tong live” panshmiiNaRu | pachwglRARt} *negcted well” [LS is a lotrel retrofex sonant. In pronouacing | 2) the tip of the tongue is bent upwards and buck Aappiog saainst the palste (Gn inervocale position) or touching (in other cases) by its undersite."/Z/ occurs in word: ‘dial postion (atervocalicaly, in gemination or in chaster with obstrwens) and finaly ; eg, vigaku (vILARK] "lamps, maak, (mech ] * day. pizza [play] child". eee [kOLxey||* policy’, te Joh is & vorceless palatal fricative obstracat with two allophones {sh J and { $j ‘The retofex alfophone ($] occurs medially in tndoe Anjan foan-vords preceding retolex consonants :kashng ARASTAm) *aieuty whan [uSNAm] *wateuh ‘The medio-paatal allophone {sh} occas in loumwords sttewhere; eg, shaNmakan | shaNaUXAn’ | "six-fuced poo ooshal (S0:sNAL] * social’, eapaash { sABush J * bravo $7 Colloguist Tamil and its dialects in addition to vowel: dosctibed above posess thirteen more vowel phonomes Wes 181, 188), (Eh LEE) Ji, 198), 8) faa h, FErh AEE, /Ori, lol, [im ) 181 isa short twmrounded mean-mid central" vowel” silat to en etter. Tn Colloquial Tamil [8 } i a positional allophone Of the phoneme //a/ in fal sylables of di and polsrlabie Wrords ending in the sonants fr, / 1); ey alr [Ayy8e] Brahman", —paaTal [pa:R'8! | ‘song’ tn. poheylatie ‘words it is frouently found in word-medil positon; eg 2 mt [prAyora'O*]* wafuiess *, —marattathe pirayooanan [rmAcStkt] © 10 the tee» In ihe Sci Lanka dialect /8 Ie a separate phoneme scaring initially, medially and finally in word; eg, ferveLars [ SevlLSva} “how muck ', nella [AALI8} * good, «Tu [SR] “take” GR), eNNam [8NNAm] * thounht ” oe, 1.88 is a long unrounded mesn-mid central yowel with ‘one sllophone [ 8: ] similar tis short counterpart from which Uecifers in Ieneth. I is found in the Sei Tanke alect in Wword-nitial and word-medial positions ; eg, teomaay [iBeeery] * cocoanut’, keeLyt [KS:Lvl] “aston, er [SR] ‘palmyra lat, eel [8:RT] ‘ladder’, * eval [8081] ‘command’, eeppal [8:ppE]* Wooden la 1E{ ie a short untounded lover-mid to higherlow front vowel with one allophone [E] Its vepazate phoneme in. Collo- Qua! Tamil where it usually replies itersry /e/ in. word final postion, af [cy in aointial syllables. and inital / followed by a inthe succeeding spladles egy ana [ VATE) {to come’, eRe [XEE] ‘open’ (6g), wlai 1 ¥EIE ‘price, te 1-88 | is a long watounded lowered (9 higher-tow front vowel with one allophore (8: ] resembling its short counterpart from which it difes in length, Te ie a separate phoneme, in Colloquia Tamil where it usually replaces literary aay in Yword-tinal position or literary Jee) ia initial sable followed by a or [i] in the sabsoquoat syle: es vantaay [VAnAE:] “you (2) came’, reelal ( vE:IE) "job, eeu [ER] * palma lal’ [5 8m de somo on or i ce atoghne [2 suing tha eS Lanka ect opin geomet any Poe celien fy rot (pent) "oe {Roe nmi oat een wove ioe Aton [ie] rset show soap fami Sits engin he Sanka dest 0 rpc2 Phoneme eccurring in. wordiitial and vord-medial positions ; 8 paar [pice] “look” (se), paay [pa] " mat”, Jong uurounded high to lowercigh central short comterpart in Literary Tamil from which it difers in length. In Collogu Separate phoneme occurring in word-initial and word-mediat Positions; eg., UTe [ER] * substation’, iiT7w [otTT ] ‘playing card” aa") is « tong worounded central open nasaized vowel with one alophone (8:°] resembling it oral counterpart ftom which it dies in nasalization. Ta Colloquia! Taal aa) is 4 Separate phoneme cocuering in wounal position: igs naan [uur] 2°, venta ( vAnda:»} he ame *, raraiaam {Arts™ ] (one) may come" 1B! is a short wnrounded front lover-mid to higherow :musalizd vowel phoneme with one allophone[ F]eserbling te ‘oral counterpart from which it differs in rasalization. Tn Colloquia! Tamil / £°/ is a seperate phoneme occuring i ‘word-inal postion; ex, avan [AVE] “he” JRE | is «long unvounded front loyer-mid to higherow pasalizad vowel phoneme with ore alloobone [E:*] esembling its oral counterpart from which it difere in natalation, Ta Colloquat Tamil (EE) is a separste phones occuring in ‘wordsfinal postion ; eg, ramen [vAndE:*| * | came 10°} is a short rounied lowermid. back nasslizod yowel ‘Phoneme with ene sllophone [0] resembling its orl counterpart ‘from which i differs in nasalization, In Colloquial Tamil | 0] 's a separate phoneme occusting in word-finit position: e@ ‘maran [mAsO"] tree", paTam [pARO"] “piccte Foot} is a long-rounded higher-mid back nasalized vowel Phoneme with one allophone [o:") resembling ils oral Seunterpart from whick it difew im nasslization. In Collogelal ‘Tuail }o0"/ is = separate phoneme occuring it wor! tinal Position; ee vanioom [vAndo:#] “we cathe’, ceyveon Teyvo] “he who will do 2 158/ is a short wnroondes high to lower-high central vowel phoneme with one alopbone [3] resembling its oral count art “ftom which it difers in nasiiztion. In Colloquia Tamil /P/ is a separate phoneme occurring in wortital position 5 ex tbh (nk) St wil be Pumaipin (nav puin'Ey} * dog and’ eat § Vowels common for Literary and Colloguial Tani! have some specific fetuses of posiGonal distribution. in the lattes, “Thus, [1] in Colloquial Tamil forms a separate phoneme occuring () instead of /u/ finally in words Gneteding disyllables Wwith a short open initial syllable and polysyllbic words With “bases ending in a single somant) ; exe, pocu [pA] cow", katara [KAGMAW] * door": (©) instead of /u/ medially in words (ce, in all sllables excep intial); e.g rwvane [ UetvO* ] fori” upon [Usp | “member of body’, azuppt( Axippt| “having sent": (©) instead of // initially and medially preceding eetro- ex ‘consonants : eg. taniTu [tAuIR'T] “ran”, Tula [SIRNAS | freedom" (@) instead of J} im all syllables (ercept the sscond) when followed by a ilable contsining (w/ (1) 5 et frm [onppt = ura mn Colloguial Tats the allophones (wep [U] ae only followed by a in the subsequent syllable; eg, wirw Tuyn} “life”. Otherwise the Phoneme /1) has the allophone [©]; eg. xTempu [ OR’Amb | body”, wyaram [OyArO*] “Beight" pustakant | pOAXO “bok. > 49% Colloquia! Tamil and most of its diaeets lack: the alveolar obstuents [1°], (4° [R] which have been either hanged ino [1], [x ]or assinilsted: eg, Ru [wet] "ver Kea [hats] “wind”. kardtu[kAw''s] ay [ANSI call» CCollaquiet Tamil also lacks the ttrfler guid soaant J 2h which fas been changed into J2L(3 eg, samieh [Asib()} "Tamil". In aorthern dialects retvfix J ok 38 changed into ‘mediorpeatl [3 6. Rooot [Koy hen”, Kashutt {KAYE ] Nonkey’ ia vulgar pronunciation of « few words in the sme disects the sonaat jzh/ i changed into fe/ sl. /sh/ 1815 ‘eae tehutkifane [sikhighs] “Ie poll", savin (ir:Sa: ] * eitious festival ‘Tamil Letters and thir Promuacaton ; A Semmary ee Tit Letter Call, Promunciae Examples Dial. tion @ GPA] Kal (KALI * stone” Col. [ # J paoral [puiR’st ] *song” Gol, [E] ware [vA] ‘to come" Dial, [8] pant [pint] ew" ol, OF} maram [Ar08] tren” Gol B®] van [AVES] “he a lit } aol [kat] “Tee” Call ]vantean [vAnda:e] “he came? Dial J paar (pkr] ‘see Ga) ‘ } nila (ails: moonlight” 3 ity ight] sit’, mis” Iichakku (EiDAKK] east” ‘tu (Th this® TeeNmivaa [ ke:Nmiye: } + Fist” pivanpu (pErhmbi] ‘raten-reed” rp [sseppt] «tam * aw Lie terit [term's] * be Lit. fica! (Vi:tAL] * winged white ant” call, iT [wR] “oase” (Cond, 2s (Contd m7 Lester Cal, Prommeio: Examples sion eit utiaai { pudburey ) ‘novelty tel Li [ U] pubal (pUxey} “stoke” Li (4) exlat Lechuttt) *Tetter? [0] late, [O1AKT] ‘world? [om] tm [kk] +8 wil be su Lik [ur] puna [pumey] “eat ™ Lit [re] awe Geer) village” e be Le] ay tse] *do* G8) Lit [70] om (ven) my? Gol, [BJ tale [1AlB) “bead * Dial, [| efw [9RG] “take” Go) ce Lit [er] teem (tem) “honey” Lit [er] om Gen’) why" Gol, E: J murlee [uses] ‘im the village * Gol. [E]vanteen [vAndEs} ‘1 came” Dial [82 J teemkaay (W8:ntgny J“ cocounut* Lit [Ay] al [RAY] “hand” Lit Ley | pitat [plltey] child * Coll |B Jaana! [ain'F] ‘ckphant” Lit [OT pow TpOn'] sgold” Lit [*O] om [70m] ‘one Coll [U] kotu [KUR) “give” Ge) oo Lit (0: } ool [host] “stick” Lit [-"0:])ooram [ro:rAm} “edge” Coll, [.0:*] vantoom LvAndo:*} * we came (Coma)26 (cou) Ti ‘eter Coll” Pronuncia- Examples Dial tion au Li [An] mana [mAun’Am «ilence” x Li [x] exku [ext] “steel” kL Ee) kas CRAY] “hand” Lit [ @ } kee [inige:] + here? Li, [x] mukam ComoxAmy «face me Li [mt] atta [inectAn’ADs | “thus, 50° © LR [6 1 mmaked CmuvAtet) “effort Lit £51 panheu { pani] “cotton ® Li [8] ent [3Ael] “wel” Li [sh] caNrutan [SRANmuxAR’] *sx-faced ou” fh Lie Enh] haenans En sam } ‘wisdom * Tue TY partu [PATH] «sik? Lit (DJ aaNTe fai] “year Lit CR] moan (na:k't) “gountry* N Lit (.N} may fmAN] “earth? Tit PR*] ay [AR] atom kk [Cy tala PtAley) + head * Lit [8] tna [tA] this" Lit Pah] aw [Adka} it’, “that” mo Lit En naam (maim | + We * P Bit fp 1 pan! (pat) «milk * Lit fb] paampu {pa:mbr] + saake * Lit 1B] tiapam [t0:BAm | incense” (Conia) a ewer Cal Dial 1a Lt Li Lit Lit Lit col Lit, Lit, WES ewe Be ag Bx ” (Contd) Bramples mara (mAeAw “tee yawn Cyan) 1° yaar [yar] “who” lat (er) * 20° val (val) «tll ooshi (Yox2E} on" och [ko:LT] “hen ™ oooh [ko:yl] “hen maak (rail) day paRRu | pA} * affection Inks [Ine] “thi dy", “today” ‘aku [a:Rt] “river eaaRRu[havit}] “wind” ‘eaaRRu [haste] * wind * anu (kAnds!) ell” cooRu {sori} “boiled rice * rage [na:e’] “1 ona [YONNt] ‘one? Janam [JAx’Am } people” sharatty [ShAEAtst] “condition eashTam [RASTAm |) “ify” salam (stAlAm] place’ hanson [xAmsAm) “wan” kshatian {ksbANAm] ‘momentSTRESS 410. The stress in Modern Tamil is weak, movable, fre, ‘quanttativedjzamicstonic. ‘The stescd syllable characterized by greater length of phonation, a well a8 by stronger expitae ton, more energetic articulation, Taller sounding of voice, and a slight ise of tone ‘The place of the stresed sable in word it not fined § eg voit [vey] sunshine’, pear ["peyAt] ‘name, tere ("eora] *stest', avon [VAVAR"] he’ ak ["ln'C} henceforth’, samish [Aton] “Tamil, ral (91PAl | “finget', nich ['nI'20Al) "shade, mayir'[mA’yie] * hair ‘eek! [:O"AI} * oscupaion’, *trado', ama [AnAA ]* that uN) (AUN) “sag", puna (‘paney) “eat”, bicker? TREAA‘Yi} “old woman piRaky '[pIRA's) afterwards", piotinit(peAdMMadhi] "a representative’, Nan [RUBUNAa'] ‘expert’, * ypecilist", AayiRw[KAYIRE rope", kavanam ['gAvAn'Am) ‘attention, aRal (A'Rey | ‘room’, Kara [A‘rey} bank’, “shore, maken [mA‘RAN’] son", maka, [mA'AL] * daughter In words which hive geminated consonants oF consonant clusters the stressed vowel frequeatly precedes the consonant sgt0up eg. 1oTatham [ O"R’ARKAm ] "hosing" ufatan [U'RAKKAR ] “slep", makizicct [mA‘xDzeeT ] "oy" inpan, [’lvbAm] "happiness, vaiuppw [vA'Uppt].* class, ue ['lxn’Um ] ‘all’, ‘more’ kashutne [kATEHURG] “mock xTumpan (KU'R'UmbAM)' family’, puted { pUATEL] * revolution But this isnot always the rule 5, vehuave[vlzhUn'JA } to ['@bUniA] *falen',oxhumieu” [Oxhun’xs] onder’, “repulity', yaNTi[VAN'DI] "cart, ina [In'dA) ‘this canmatam "[sAm’niAdhAm] ‘eonsert’, jemal { jAn"a’Al] “window, pall [ pAIIE] "Uzard ranpl (tAmr'bL} * younger brother, "vantai (tAn'dey] ‘father’, caTTal [sAT*Tey] In words with a long vowel it is generally stressed : em, Tu ("VERT * house", pacTal [‘pa:RVAH] “singing, » song’, must [Toul] * cover’, puRea [ pU"RA:} * pigeon, "santaon [ vAntda:n’ ) * he chime In polyellabic words with several Jong vowels or consonant’ clusters secondary sires may fequeatly be fobeerved besides the primary one, The place of the ‘secondary stress is also determined -by trediion; eg ‘camaataasan [sAmadhacn'Am] —* peace’, peecukait [‘restixy.yll] ‘while speaking, pooPTaan ‘| .po:T"Tan'] he thew (1), bunarabkume (TRUvArUE, kU] fo the both’, emwTaja {rewn'U'ReyA] ‘my’, fanauokal [UAWARO*ney!* popvlation’, musPicata{mtiR"indA’dhi fit emed', mutaliyona( JmUMBALyA".'A] ‘ot cota pena {*petata: | * pon” Jn Colloguiat Tamil tess is a distinctive featare_ within isolated words j e4, 10ra ['WAME] “to come '—raral [VA"E] “tll’, enna (en'vE ) what’ —emal [en"n’E} “me” (acc), Dilfecent speakers (or even the same speaker) may stress diferent syllables in word ; eg, tamih [tA'mlzh] ("tAmizh | Tamil’, Within spoken ehain the distribution ‘of trescs a= mn element of the phrasal intorstion contour may fer fwom how they are distebuted in isolated words In Classical Tamil the stress seoms. to. have been eedominnatly tonic and fixed on the inital syllable in word. LIAISON § 1, Liaion is a common feature of the natura) ftvcat ‘Tamil spesch. It meant that usuilly there are 0 puss berween words within one rhythmical unit and hiatos between words is. prevented by ining the final consodant of| 1a foregoing word. to the intial syllable of a following word- For instance; aian pookiReen enRu araitaan ( AvAn! posxl Resaten-d'esey-ta | “he sad that he was going ston i frequently reflected in wnting : e.g azkoput |kNamki on the invitation. (0f)* leon azhalpubi * to. the invitation" (dat) + iNamki having. complied, varlaan * one) say come * from saral “(one's ) coming" + atm ‘it. will ber» ‘come’, yarwvailal * (one) won't come * from vanmaru,* (one's coming’ + ila" (here i) m0, ete. Within spoken chain conjoining sounds must ibmit to laws of combinabiliy of sounds which operate jn “Tam, Devistions from wdmisible combinations of sounds are avoided by means of assimilation, snbsttution and Processes commonly known as san, het phonetic COMBINABILITY OF SOUNDS § 12 In Clascal Tamil only vowels and she comonants Fale fel Lmhh (h fmt (pie fm}. Uy feand fel are ‘admitted in initial postion in indigenous words, For instance + fan‘, aatkam * wealth, alan * five", ow * mother °, Jingu ‘here, vam * moisuce", wat * world wr * village”, em what ‘eon * why", on “one”, colai * palm Wea", heal sep ‘oR © boiled ice’, haa’ “string, talat* head, naan “1".” pul grass", ma’ cath. yaana* elephant", viral “finger In word-inal postion only vowels (exept je /) and the comonans (NJ, Imle fy ty fel (Ls [vl I thi JL bs Jn! | may occur.” Por instance anna what" uaa pigeon opt * news, Ul fe", pac * Cow", ia * purty", te tea", mo * pain’, poo * go away "(S, aran) Tort’, aRan* viewe", pay sail", maar ‘bre’, pac! “mile” tamich “Tamil”, pu, bind payee’. ‘The folowing five words of Classical Tamil end in | > fev hostility’, “enmity in these", ay, un those er * which? A Tew words Gnd in wav : Kaw * honegran "et ‘The word veri back *ends in the dental nasal somant (2 ]. In word-medial postion the following comtonant sequences are admitted. vi. (2) Geminatod consonants (exept Jr), /2h])s e8y ‘maibhee * nose’, an'aanam "there", “thus”, * 90", uel “splinter, stake’, vinbnlaanam sience paTTu silk", eam *thouzht”, parm "ten, minal © lighting appre an “father’s ammaal *mother’, ayyen * Brain’, olla “blacksmith, orraamal"ualkeness, piLLal * child’, kuRRom “faele, * gal; (Nasal sonants followed by homorganic stops: 6g, mk “bere, Kunhew *youns of birds", miINTum * again", finns ve", paampu * sake", nani * gratitude (©. /T} or | R| followed by tho consonants / |, |), Ip); egy seTham “shame, kaTet *pasty", napa ieil- ship, kaka “to learn’, mnie effort”, kata * chastity"s @ [N/ o¢ Jn} followed by the obstewents /k/, ef, pj or the somants Jmh [mls Ly f¥ls ey weRart white of eae’, teNwTar ‘moon’, naNpan "friend '. veNndaan “white sting’, vena “whitensse', ven rei “entesk", maNyoaku" deauifal river’, naatku * fout'> ancey“Fice” eld", ang affection‘, ponmhaaN + goles tiring, nanmal * goodness", porvichas * gotten silos" (© Flor [ {followod by the obstruents ki, /¢h./ 1 fr the sonants j ¥/, /3/s eg. Role ‘ murder’, valt* bird {alpu ‘mature, elvan’ * wealth, folyaanai*eneaged elephant, oLkat * policy", niLeaTaiyoon * Siva, RoLpavan "he: who wll take’, veLanaippu ‘dawn, veLyaaT “white sheep's © [yf [4h oF |2ht Gllowed by. a single or a ‘peminited consonant admisible in word-iniial positon ; er ‘epka ‘Tet (one) do,” kaaykha “to bear fruit’, eepewal tank", aaraayeei “investigation ', meynhaasare * wisdom", ‘aytam’ the sign x", maayteal "‘iling’, “to. Kil’, ceeynér| “alkaline. preparation", cexparon “he who will do scoypm opportenity', — tauymal "cleanness", purity", aay ‘exploration’, turkaTat “end, paarika’ * > soe", kusciva to. sharpen”, mukareet ‘food, ur * whicle peyartl, ‘replacing, ‘to place, caupu*paetalty", aarp “cise nimmat *siate’, “ condtion’, aarvam * zea", mamztha "10 fink’. vaachkkal “life', wlchee? fall, pooskta* time”, raarhirtal *to congratulate’, vaschoaal. * itime , saaspaver ‘The who will live", pazshmualat *inawcesibe place’, vaachne “les2 @ Jy! [71 oF j2h} folowed by homorganic masa sop chusers; eg, seezmlnchal "bamboo pipe, hurmbal? * piesing ees" paasimiNa * nepected well’ paazhnhoeert * deserted village aay “hot ceerma * joined". aazhota {which tived , yerymparampu tambon «mat, aoeehnpu Rare * deserted region; © ¥ (4) followed by obstments : e.g, eck ‘steel ‘kexeu ‘8 measure of weight", past!“ portion’, pespatty undred pax * boat"; © [/ fellowes vy Jy f; 2 tyaanat «this elephant Besides, the sequences fmhy fj my ff yf fms fa em j. Jim), Leah], yf, | 2he Pak [ate accastonaly| ‘admitted when two bases conjoin in one composite "word, § 13. In wonts bortowed from Indo-Aryan und other languages sucn sequences as fpr /. {kt KT |, 18 kh ley may also ocour 5 cig, pan «friend, cakel * power", ikTam * deste", aati“ wealth", paksht * bind”. § 14 In Colloguial Tamil the phonemes J1/, J r/ may oscar inialy in indigenous words (in addition to phoxemes found in this positon in Liteary Tamil); eg, rompa much”, plenty’, feecaa* a litle’, “slightly”, Tn Colloguial Tamil ll vowels except 1) may ‘eur in. word-inal positon ; eg. aanal (aE ] * elephant", vurukiRaay [ VAP: }* you (6g) come’, puttakam { pOwAXO®] LAvBe] “e', magn "Tans "1", trukbun vonikieen { vACHE:* | * 1 come", Consonant phonemes are rarely found in wostfiaal postion in ‘Colloquia ‘Tam. Here consonantending words of Littary Tamil seneraly take /u / oF {7 after the final consonant or dzop it Altogether se it pal ‘tooth — col. ply Ii mey “butter — col, neyyt li teemagy* cocoanut *— coll. temkaa. ‘Unde the influence of the literary Jengvage some-words of CCollegist Tamil oveasionally end: in coatonants, But they 3 everlly have parallel forms ending in vowols ; eg, tamil YomiLe ‘Tamil’. in the dialect spoken in S1i Lanka word final consonants are admisible ati Literary Tami Consonant slates: with = [x] ate not to be found in CCollogsial Tami, while the proportion of hetezogeacous conser nent clusters i considerably lower Tollowing the widesproed of ‘assimilation and substitution ; eg. vembalam (of Tit, veNkalan) “belle ompans (cf. bit. onpati) “nine okkoane (of. it uTkaar) *sit down’, mnuukan (of lit. murkkan) a fo ', eet (cf pecrity* grand-daughter’, oN (ef lit. onRu) “one toxppaa (ite teashppeat) “Jock, mannaTT! (ef. it maveTT) * spade 1 contraistnction to the literary language, Colloquia! Tail permits masal-stop sequences and some sonant clusters inadmis~ bible in Literary Tamil ; egy, maNkuTam [mANKOR'O"] “earthen vest” keValkorat [ KAR'SIKATE ] seashore’, macniol [man'to:t]*deecskin', kalauran {Alpu:eO%] “camphor” womaakx “vue, puri “blade of pass", cayReen *T'd0", colRea "she speaks’, veya [ eyf ‘heat of the son’, iTTulee [VieTLE] in the hows", ete. In substendandpronuaciation & geminated sonant fr)” ray often be heard eg, ooF Ree [o:e:] “you run’, sree “you five’, yorRaa [vArra:] “she comes’, ‘entirRoa (edira: | ge ap", tea (eee }* wait" In Colloquial Tamil consonant clusters which are inmisibe in Literary Tamil frequently ovexr, vi, (@ obstruent-sonant clusters ; eg, appwRam ( ApsO*] *aferwards’, ataailee [AGnaIE ] “because of that, ainpari. nat [AmbAtnaI] “$8ty-foar'.ainparommn [ AmbAtme Re) “ARy-thee”, taraacu [trast] balance’, sales”, haar, * orinjal, oP ina [0sDNE ]* whch ran”, nuk iRaan +) the lift up", MTanilee [ER’Atle] "a the place palNukiRatiee { pANrAdIE} “while (one is) doing’, ka7TH, TKATLE] ‘cot’, aruppinaan [ Anpn'a:®} “he sent", anciriary ‘sry | teacher;“ () obsiuent-obstruent clusters ; eg AeTaa [RD&:] ‘he buffalo, payappa Teen [DAYSpTE:*] “1 vas. afrtid'. appa [Appr] "thus (©) sonani-obstruen-sonant clusters; eg. umbatukky, LOnigLtkkt} “to you’, enkiRaay (Yen'grB:}\* you (ep) say", ‘geNpiLLoi [ pOmbLE ] gs", vaamkinons [vaznsga’édht } “thay Which was Bought": (@)sonant-obstroent-obstrent casters | e.g oven hiTTee [AvirgTE } “10 him”, kumpi?Taan [kUmbTa")" he worshe Jppea', tampiTi [tAmbDI] * farthing’, ete In foan-words borrowed by Colloguial Tamil from other anguages combinability of consonants has 0 resections, nor Is them the uss of consonants ani consonant clusters in word initial and word-final positions : SANDHE § 15. Initial snd final phonemes of words, shir bases oF “ies can influence each other “and undergo altemnations when they are conjoined within one sentence or word. in Tamil such alternations, termed sandhi, are usualy rendered in writing. AS ‘result of Sandhi the folowing types of phonemic alternations may take place (@) ssimiltion or substitution of one oF the both mesting ‘honemes, or omission of one of the meeting phonemes 3 () gomination of word-iiial comtonants : (6) insertion of « euphonis phomme o sabe. In phrases and composite words the type of stndhi may ‘depend on the presence or absence of semantic. case telations ‘between the meeting words or composite word components (Case or aveess santhi, respectively). Dosides, sand aler- ‘ations occurring within one word (internal sandbi) or between separate words (extemal sindhi) should be ditiogusked, § 16 Im Modem Literary Tamil the folowing cases of nssimiation and substation are observed i sandhi seen saa ss: ' { g s A. In externa sandhi / uw fending words (except disyllables with a short open initial syllable) lose their final vowel when followed by a: word with any vowel in wordnitial poston; eg. kaTTu ‘tie’ + avichal "to become lose’ = kaTFavizhtal ‘tobecome untied, avanuktu to him’ + aaka'for' = avanubhaaka ‘or bis she", paakku “areca nut + al lea’ = peal areca nuts with bet, ammku “there” + uLLa ‘whichis? = amkul.La ‘which is thete! ‘The pronouns tui, tis’, atu it’, tha, ent what” constitute an exception to this fule and may optionally drop their final vowel; e.g, ea ‘what’ + aim ‘even if it becomes! = ‘ezaakium 7 etuvaakilun “whatsoever. Another exception is formed by several words of Sanskrit origin which optionally retain ther final /u J instestl of dropping ite. vaakku'mouth’ “+ imkee “hece’ = yaakuimkee “te mouth is here’ In internal sendhi the intial obstruents JE /, Pe J, 1 p 1 appear in their fzatve allophones when preceded by ‘morphemes ending in a vowel or the sonam's /y /, 7 /, /E/, Pahl Li: eg. ai to know +kaRi (KURI ‘sign’ = arikaki GARIXURI] ‘sign’, “Yoken} cey- ‘to do" + kamu [cUn'a] “hill” = ceykunitu [seyxUn'e] ‘embankment’ ‘ania hl, el fairness" + trata [leUtvAm “correction® = cirirtian (serdhitttAn|) “reform, tl. ‘ok, “ancient + fatal [kAdbey} ‘story’ ~ tokkawl | OleAdhey] “old stor", ‘parana, paazh “ruin” > paTull “io sufler = paazhpaTwsa! fpa:zhBAR'UdhAl] ‘to be ruined’, ol~‘o take’ + Kalam [kAIAm ] “vessel” = koLkalam [kOAIAm] ‘reservoirs, "recepacle’ In internal send the initial obstruente A /, Je, 0,11 appear in their voiced ccslsive allophones when preceded by Imorphemes ending in.a nasal sonant ©, maran “tree” + skal. [EAL] = maramkoL [mArAngAL] “trees, aaN ‘male + uit [AAdteey) “horse” = aaNkutia’ [a:NeUdhirey] ‘stallion’, ‘colt’, KoTun- “bent “distorted” + samich [LAmt2h) fami’ = koTiamich (kOR'UndAmI2h) “Collogual. Tami min ‘iron’, fore-part” + kaTTu [kATT) “building + ‘mankaTTa [tus gATT)] “tront room’, peN ‘woman’ + piLLat [pILLey] “chi! = peNpiLLat (peNbILLes| “etl, perun-% ‘great + paav (pa) “sinner” ~ perumpaavi [perumba:i) ‘reat sinner’ pin hinder part’ ~ puam (pURAra) side’ ~ pinpuftarn [plo'bURAm| “lack, pen ‘woman’ + cua [sad ‘sex = peN- ‘coat [peNjatdhl] wife pun. "small + cpp [snipp laughter = [punjiippl “smile cen “red” + cuTar [SUR’Ad] “lig ‘enheuTar|seabjURCAr) Sun! D, In short closed monosyllbles the final consonant is igeminated when followed by 2 word or mospheme beginning fn a vowel, eg. kal ‘stone’ + uppu “salt” = kelluppu ‘rock salt, thst + ao" llage', = vr ‘this village’ Im Classical Tami} numerous exceptions {rom this ule sanctified by demands of metrics and tradition; eg, ¢2)- ot + a (inl. sult) = ceyya 7 cepa to do', un- shou" + a (Gee. sult) = ural / nat thee E. Initial consonant of any word or moypheme is geminated when preceded by a short open monosyllables eg, 4 this’ + itu house" = tvviTu “this house’, a that” + Kara “bank” ‘Shore’ = aldara! "that bank’, ‘which’ + poshutu'time"= epposhune ‘when’ ve- “Rot” + nie water” = vennir ‘hot water . The final bilabial nasal sonant //m | of any word or rmorpheme is changed into a velar, a medio-paatal or a dental fasal sonant when followed by a word or morpheme beginning {in the consonant /K J, /¢/0F 11 /, respectively: eg, maram ‘tree’ + kal. (pl. sull.) = maremkal. [mArAnw@AL| ees, UNNum which (they) wil ext” + coOR ‘rice’ = uNNunhcooRe rice prepared for eating, AoTun- “bent, “aisorted’ + tamlzh Tamil” = oTumamizh "Colloquia Tani G. tn composite words the final lateral sonants / 1), 1 bf ‘of the preceding morpheme are changed into the nasal sonans Int [W], JN / respectively when followed by # morpheme beginning n/m /: 6.8, kal'tone' + malai"mountain’ = kanal “rosky mountain’, mL. “thorn” + mui ‘crown’ = muNmuTt “erown of thorns 1. In internal sand the final aasal somants / NJ. Jn J of ‘any morpheme are changed into /'T /, / R/ respoctively when 7 followed by a morpheme beginning in the consonant /K f, 6 ors t fj gy maN ‘earth’ + Kalam ‘vesel" — maTkalan “earthen vessel, ma ‘earth’ + cuvar wall = maTsuvar ‘earthen wall, ma ‘earth’ + palatal ‘plate’ = maTpalakat ‘unburat brick, pon ‘gold? + Kalam “vessel = poRkalam ‘gold vesss', pon ‘gold’ + cami ‘chain’ = poRcamiill "gokd chain’, pon ‘gold’ paaLam ingot = poRpaaLam “bar of gol "bulion’. Exceptions to this rule ae (a) composite words with the co-ordinate semantic connection between component; eg. Kealkadhal [kackAyRAL] “hands and less @) the words aol’ ‘man’, peN’ “woman? and f'n Fendi words denoting caste or ilbe; e-g-. aaNkai [a NgAy} ‘man’s hhand’, peNkai [peNpAy] ‘woman's hano’, poaNeeert [pa:Njett] “pars vila 1. In internal sand the final ateral sopants Jf, ( Lf of any morpheme are changed into the obsiruents / RJ. (7 / feapectively when followed by a morpheme begining in / kf Telot! pl;€-p. kal stone” + kari "wood chatcoa ~ kekari “hard coat’, al ‘stone’ + cuNNaampu lime’ ~ kaRewNNoampa ‘sfone lime, hal ‘stone” + paTi ‘step’ = kaRpaTi ‘stone sai dal, “man’ > Ruut wages’ = aaTKuuli “wages of a workmsn’. faaL ‘an’ + cwnai “burden” = aaTewnat “cooly-load', ant. ‘nan’ pall ‘ablation’ = aaTpalt "human sacifie™ J. In internal sandhi the final somants /-1 J, / Lf of 8 preceding morpeme aad the intial obstruent / «ofa subsequent fhorpheme may undergo substiucn of the folowing types (incase sandhi 1 +/1/= PRR PLI4 11 =) TT hee, hal “F taLam ‘Toor’ = kaRRaLam floor of stone” vaal. ‘sword + taanai ‘army’ = ve Faana ‘company (©) in eascess sandhi (with a foregoing short monossllable} LUD 4 Ter = 1 RRA: cg, cik ‘small + taamaraippias Mots’ = eiRReamaraippa ross!% (6) in verbal forms ofthe past tense /1/-4 (t/t, 11/+ [it] IRRI ILI +11) =I NTL IL +0) = 1 TE. kok to hills. = KonR-kal ‘to learn + t= kaRR-, aad” No rule! +} = aaNT:, heed "to hear! +t = keeTT- K. In verbal forms of the past tense the following types of substitution take place when the past tense suffix -r is joined to stems ening in Por 1 Rf (IT) +14) = 1 TEL; eg, vit foR’] "leave + = WITT (ITT; WIRE 4 LE) =IRR fs epee (peRe] to receive’ # += PeRR. (pero) LL, In internal sandhi the final sonants (NJ, fn f of a preceding morpheme and the initial obstruent //f a subsequent forpheme may undespo assimilation or substitution of the following types (a) fn cascles sandhi (including verbal forms of the past tense) /17 is changed into / T /-or / R / respectively; &.8., aN. “eight” + teal “diection’ «= eNTieatkaLtum IyeNDIseyxALtIum) aroune’,in- "Yo eat’ +t mnnk-[thn'()], Ha(a) Ne to soe" 4 t= KaNT- [kAND-] (0) incase sandhi/n/ + /t/=/ RR, IN/+/4/=1NTHe8 ‘pon ‘gold’ + JakaTw "plate" = poRRakaTu [ pOrt'2)AxAR] ‘gold plate, IN “sky" slam place’ = viINTalam “heaven 4.17, In Literary Tamil the initial consonants / fy Jef, (1 Ip i may undergo gemination in external or internal sandhit following words oF morphemes ending ia vowels or the sonants| Py hi rts 1 2h e.g, yaanat elephant’ + kaal leg = yaanaikkaal [yata'eyicka:t] ‘clephantinss, Kid ‘parcor) + eal feather" kiLicciRai[RILIceiRey]“parra's feather ‘There is a tendency in the modem literary language to pronounce rich geminated siops ia external sandhi as single opt (with gemination retained In speling); e.g, at ‘i, “hae (ace) + eey "do" = atac cey [Adhey cey] “60 this w 4518. Geminaton of the initia consonants /k/, e101, Ips obligatory: (#) Following words in the accusative case; e.g ‘maampochataik koTu ‘give [me] a mango’, wLLataie col ell the truth’, ayanait «oTuazee ‘don't touch him’, peeraacinyaraip ‘Paartaayea? “have you seen { your | professor?” ©) Following words in the dative case; e.. avanukhuk saci ‘ne bas no money”, paauukaoppukkue celavu expenditure fon defence’, unakkat' teriumaa? ‘do you know?", ‘aszhvakkup poorasT Tam “strggle for life (© In composite words (in internal caso sindhi) when @ nominal base t qualified by a preceding nominal bate ending ina vowel; eg., cer bull! + kompu ‘horn’ ~ ceekkompu ‘bull’ hor’, yaana ‘elephant’ + kaaleg' = yaanaikaalephantiass iLs ‘parrot’ + ciRai feather = KiLicciRat ‘parrots feathe ‘yaanai ‘elephant’ + tla ‘head’ ~ yaanaitala slephant’s head’, ‘mali ‘mountain’ + pokkam 'sde” ~ malaippakkar “siope of ‘mountain’, Kaa Tu ‘forest + puunai ‘ca’ = haa Tuppuunei ‘wildcat’ foo Tat patden’ + ketavn “door = 100 Tasmkates ‘wicket gate! ymara. tes’ + peTTV ox? = marappeTTi "wooden bor’, vampu ‘uselessness’ + peters “alk” = vampuppesce idle talk, “gossip ‘This rule does not operate following words with inal fu / preceded by a single obsiuent, 2 sequence of non-nasl tonant plus obstruent or @ sequence of = pus obstruct, ep, verohy ‘millet + cooku ‘poridge’ = varokucooRu ‘mille porridge’, feLku ‘lea’ + sala! head’ = weLkuale “bead of a flea’, exh ‘steel + kaTumai “hardness = evlakaT mal ‘hardness of ses! @ Fotowing verbal participles ending in iy, st, -TT, RR, eeu, -a0, uu and after the verbal pertcples ink “being unavailable, “without, anRi "being not so-and-so", eg, colli ‘oTukkifiaar "he teaches’, pooyp paaraan "he went and sew’, “he went to see", paTimi koNTiukkiRean “he is reading’, “he studies’, ReeTTuk koL-kiRoom we request", KaRRuk Kol. La ‘to study’, “to study’, “to learn’, nakluk KoNTaan “he laughes“” LuNNaae cenBoan ‘he ate and went away’, uNiNuuk koNToan he has cate’, toametambaRip poo "go without delay’ (© Followinginfntivesin ase... varacconnaar “he ol hms] to come’, paRavel poolap peRaniaan ‘he flew like 2 bird ( Following negative purcples in -an;e.g., ooTwak Kut “the horse which won't rue, purveap puandal incomprehessible smile’ @) Following the pronouns it “tis, ania ‘hat’ enta "whieh ‘maRRa “another, ellag ‘all’ the adverbs i()mka ‘here’ a) “there's wuimka there emur'where’, yaamku whither’ aaNTu ‘where, “whither inf “henceforl', @Ni “near ama ‘hus’, ‘yo’ the adverbial jppaTi, appaTi “thus'. “So, eppaTE ‘how and some other words; e.g lnk kutral “this hone’, antec col that word’, ental tera which sree’, maRRap pit Laikal. ‘other children”, imikuke KoNTuvaa "ecng | it ] here’, amie cenRaon “he went there's nip paonum ‘now it enough. eppaTit trina? ‘how did [ you ] know [ this |”, appaTippaT Ta such. ) Following verbal forms of the past tense 3rd person Singular nevter in Ru; c.g, kuuiRRuk koozki “he en ‘chuckled peaTIRRup paRavai he bird sang" (i In compsite words formed of nominal bases followed by the ve pT! slr gas des’ + paiTel = acippa Ti to deste’, ru “orm + paTutel = wruppaTul ‘io take form, “tobe formed conten ‘spicion’ + paT wal = caneekappaTud 10 suspect ) Following the nominative case of / u fending neuter nouns. with penultimate geminates or twostop chistes; e.g. Kokkup paRakkun ‘he stork fles neluk kutkiraaL. ‘she is pounding paddy’, noTpuk kaaTTukiRan "he manifests triendly feel (In caseless sand following neuter nouns coasiting of fone long open syllable or of two open syllables (either short fr loog); ey fi fire’ + peru 'a big object’ = slip perita ‘the flame is big, vita ‘wood-apple tee’ ++ Kui ‘a smal 4 ‘object = viLak kuitw the wood-apple tree is smal’, pufaak Kalai niTTubiRan “the pigeon stretches its leg’, taaraa “duck cia ‘e small object"= taarage Ritu the duckissmal ‘This rule does not operate after the words az ‘cow’, mas “deer” and is optional after nouter nouns ending in 4-H ora (28 KIL! "parcot, mul top, nat "miler, © Ia shor: monosyllables preceded in interna casclesssandhi by vowel-ending bares; ep, ati, that + ku (dat suf.) atukku ‘to it (0m) In the plural suffi -kal when itis joined to. fi] ending ‘words wih penultimate geminated stops oF 0 words ending in Tong vowel or (4); eg. karan ‘thought’ — karutkol. pufiaa "pigcon’ - puRaakkaL, tera ‘street’ terukkaL. $19. Gemination of the inal consonants / KA, ff. 1p is optional: (@) In exiemal sandhi following the imperative Singular: 2. naa KaRRaa "Walkon, Kotran’,ey{e) ation Shoot, Satta’ (@) In cavclesssandhi folowing neuter nouns ending in i) cor aise. RLI(A) kuti "the parrot is small’ cinaih) kuru “the grain of millet is smal’ (6 In imernat sand after neuter nominal bases ending in the sonants J, Ff f 2h fs es Gey “bamboo' + Auzhal ‘pipe = veeykktohol (or verymuchal) “bamboo pipe’. aar ‘Daukinia racemosa’ + kooTw ‘branch’ = aarkkooTw (or ‘aarmkoot ) “eranch of bauhinla racemosa’, kizh "bottom = Teilam “descent” = Klshtkulam (08 kiskmkiern) “low ovgin @) In internal sandhi after Sanskrit nominal bases: ew vaacuteevan"Vasudeva's son" “+ kooTTam ‘temple’ ‘acuteevaikooT Tam “the temple of Vasudevs's son (©) In derivative nouns formed by means of the suffixes sHearan (wise), haart fem); eg, vaNTI ‘ca’ ++ -kaaran vaNTikkaran “carer “drayman’, ooTTam Yarden’, ‘ord!a + -kasran = to0TTokkaaran ‘gardener’, but necava ‘weaving’ + -kaaran = necavukaaran “weaver ( In external ssndhi when the pronosns pala ‘many’ cla ‘weveral, fen" are reduplicated; c.g.. pala(pipala ‘many’, Sumerous',“vasious, cila(c)a "several, ‘some’, ‘a few’ $20, Gemination of the initial consonants kJ, ff 1p 1 is forbidden in all cases other than those listed in 68 18419, 10 Wi (@) In external casclss sandhi following masculine or feminine nouns; eg mumpi iRigan "Nami is smi (©) In external sand following nouns in the comitative case; ‘eg, evan coatanooTu cenRagn "He went away with Satan (In ease, or caseless sandhi after /u/-ending. nouns with 4 single cbstruent, 2 gon-nasal sonant plus an obstruent oc x plus an obstruct in penultimate portion; eg feu flea’ + slat Spend” ~ tell head of Ne’, exku tel kaTuma ‘tarde = enlakaTumot “Patines of sel, naaku ‘cow’ “+ ceil “ear = haakcovi ‘cow's ea? varaku ‘ill’ + eooRu ‘porridge’ Im casels sand geinaton ils orien folowing -nd nouns with homorganicnasalstop cutters ia penultimate poston fg kuramku per the monkey is Dp (@) In exteanal sondhi folowing the pronouns aru ‘it ‘chat ine, “his em what, pala "many, cla several’, few’, enne ‘which’, etal “how many, ete; e., tukaaRum "until n09" (1m composite numerals following the bases oru- “one”. irae “ewo', aR ‘Sx’, e(e)zhu- ‘seve’ ©... oral ‘one day’. “once iupantwenty’. aRupery ‘int (8, In compesitive words following verbal stems\-.g.. kuTH ‘to drink’ + taNNir “water” = AuTiaNNiir ‘crinkle water. aT "to hit + paTutel Yo suffer’ = aTipaTueal ‘to be hit 8 (@) In cascless sani within composite words: est. tay: ‘cuothet" 4 tena father ~ taytonta! ‘parents’ Ral Woot + kai “hand” = kaalkai “hands and feet. (8) tn external sandhié folowing finite forms of the verb (except the past tense 3rd person outer singular in -iRR«): fe, ooTukiRats kuti ihe Norse rans, oo TukinRanakutiraikal. ‘tho horses run’, 00 7an Rusiraikal the horses will not run (Im external sandhi following participles; eg varutiRakaalamthe coming time’ ‘he future’, RaaNaata kaa Tei “The only exception here’ made for inital obstruents of ‘words used as posipoitions qualified by participles: ee, (Ranta ‘puned’ + kan’ “place” ~ iRontakkaN “when (ene) passed Kaavas ‘which do(esidiwil not protec!” + kal “time! = Kaavankkaa! when (one) des)ierwill ot protect (In external sandhi following adjectives: e., nalle ‘good + paampu “serpent” = nalla paompu ‘cobra “The adjective cima “small is an exception: canak Kuchma ‘smal cil {) In external sandhi following verbal participles in tu, om CNTu, onRs, eg. erinnkoNTeenT came 10 know’ koNTupoonaan’ “he wok {it | away's ninRupooyiRRu it stopped’. cevtukaeTTa “to show. 10 demonstrate” (a) In external sandhi following nogaive verbal participles fn -aa; e., Mapoonaa! if there is no! (p) In extemal sani following the particles aa, 09, €: © teriyumaa terivaataa “is it known or not. (6) In external sandhi following nouns in the yocative case: eg, Kooshii Koochitvaa vaa (TPM, 61) ‘O hen, [litle | hen. come here’; cia eva! (NNU, 130) "Good gracious! wnt Daa! (T, 14,1) ‘Shuttlecock, By"; taihaa euumkaatee (NTT, 1) Tailian, don’t sleep.“ 8 21. Euphonic incremems in Literary Tamil are used in lection, derivation and composition of words (internal sandhi), 185 well a in phrases (external sandhi). The following phonemes and syllables may be used inthe faction of cuphonic increments, seme, ARR, am ota tt, ety th,“ ‘A. The increment -)- is joined 10 words or moxphemes, ending in ii) oF ei, when they are followed by a word or # ‘morpheme with any vowel in initial postion; e.g, ka catty + uppu “salt = kaRisuppue “table salt} mii "you! (ap,) + ee indeed” = niiyee ‘you yoursel', malal “mountain” “> aruvi ‘steam’ = malian “mountain’ stream Occasionaly the increment -y- also ased after Words, ending in -ee oF -o0; ex. fee ea" + thi “leaf = weve tewleal, oo "king, + if ‘pace’ = hooyil temple’ B. The increment -» is joined 10 words or morphemes ending ala, fu), -0 or sau when they are followed by Word or a morpheme with aay sowel in iaitia position; e- Yara ‘to come’ + ial ‘no! ~ varavilla (one) ‘int come’, Imara- ‘wree" + aTI ‘foot’ = maravaTi ‘wooden sandal palaa Sack tree! + fai leaf’ = paloaila “ack tree Teal, maTe- ‘midate' = ctumpu “bone” = naTuvelumpu ‘backbone’, “spine”, ‘uu “Bower ~ aracu ‘king’ = puatvaracu “tkododendron cessionally the increment -»- is ako used alter words oF morphemes, ending in -ce of “00; ey cee bull” + uahuane it ploughed’ = ceevuchuaa “the bull pulled the plough’. koo ing! + “place! = kaovi “temple ‘The increment -y- is preferable after ee-ending words, the increment = is preferable after onencing words, ‘Aa exception tothisrulei constituted by anumber ot /a-ending Words which occasionally lose their final \owel both in internal and external sandhi;c gama ‘that’ + aNTai ‘side’ antaN Ta ‘there’, uyirulLa ‘living’ + aLavu ‘measure’ = uyireLtatevum 6s ‘as tong as (one) is alive’ kuba- ‘pond’ + aampal water iy” = kuLaumpal: pond water ils’, ceta“dead,piRana born + ‘Tam ‘place’ cet Tamu piRant Tamm “he place where { people ) die and are born again ema ‘which? + puta = enenta “whieh pl). cola to speak’ + oN(NJaate “imspssible’ + colloNaata “unspeakable ©. The incroment ~f is used in the singular of amending, neuter nouns for joining oblique case suffixes t0 the base; e.8-. Imarann (base: mar) “tee” ~ maratat (Ace) “The increment -t may optionally be used also when neuter ronns in “am come asthe {ist component of composite nouns; Ce. maram ‘tee’ + paol juice” = marattuppaa! today" (OU Imarappail“caoutehoue’) For similar purposes the incremedit 8 regularly used afer cuter nominal bases nT sR whieh assimilate it inthe folowing waye/ 7/8 (4/1 TEL TRI #111) 7 BRI, 0 tafe (ae! iT) “hotse = Tn the Rowse lo.) aaa (Gace: antt ver "aeRRooT with the sve (om), kaaTu (Gese:haa) forest + pal at = kaa Tappunna wis D, Tr increment -in- is wsed optionally for joining case saffixes fo nominal bases; e-g., puftaa ‘pigeon’ -puRaavinar (act,), poew ‘cow” ~ pacuvinaal “by the cow’ (inst). mara tee ~ maratiRku ‘to the tee’. The ierement ini also used ln deriving. certain composite numerals; e-g., parm “ten Datinmaunk “hirteen', patinagyivam ‘ten thousand’ , The increment -aRR- js wsed in declension of the pronouns laa ‘all, cla ‘seers’, pala “many, if), wv(a),av(a) “they, ev(ai) “which! (pla); eg, elle ‘several’ ~ clavaRRe (cc) R, The increment -an- is used optionally in declension or ‘ase sandhi of nevter words: ¢.,,mukam ‘face = mukatenat (cs), ate, "that ~ atau (dat.), onRu. “one” onRenat (@cc.) gear that which hasfis done, doing’ ceytatanaal (inte) ‘The increment -an- may optionally be used also in the past tense ofthe verb (following tease suffixes); e.g, vantaan/vantanan “he came’ syanntane P aparntanRu it 08846 G. The increment -am- is sed in internal case sand in ormposte words when cir Seon component has. #7 ‘© f p / in wordnitial position, while thei frst component is represented by: G@) an / 1 ‘ending noun with a two-consonant cluster ia Penultimate position which denotes a tee or some other plant, 2g, leek teak’ + kooTu “branch ~ tekhumkooTw "eak-tes branch’, veempu ‘margosa’ + tool ‘bark’ = veeppantoo! ‘margoss bark’, ter ‘cocon-nut tree” + Koay “frat” temamboay (©) The sous ew orizer, ‘mane’, aa “angio lamar" pul! “pyle rector” eal ‘dae anlulat, wel aoa’ eg pu + kao = punlboot “branch of phyllanthus reticulatus’. i Idiometically the increment -am- is also used with & number of other “nodns; e.g, mullar jasmine’ "+ pultever ores’ = mullaiyamputavarn ‘amine thicket, aTuppu ‘stove ‘oven’ + kara ‘edge’, “rink” = aTuppamkarai ‘site of the , Hitchen’, aafte river" + kara “bank” ~ aa Ramana “verde Some of such nouns with -ai in final postion lose it before joining ver; e.g, oavial ‘casi’ + veer “root” — aaviramocer {RISB ror, pant ‘alm’ + toopu ‘rove! = ponanonp “pan Besides, the increment -am- is optionally wed with the nouns Li "tamarind, pir “spoage-gourd’, kumich ‘coomb teak’, eo, Publ ‘amazin + Aaay “tl = puLlomkaay tit of toe The increment -m- is used in internal sandhi when words or derivational suis with inital /k i, e/,'¢1, 1 PY ate joined to bases, ending in vowels of the sonants / f/f, 1 2h fs ois “ve! + tu (5Q. 2. su) = anny ce ed + Lo ‘ag’ = cemkoT ‘red banner’, kaayae‘bilberry” + pase ‘flower’ = keayaampus ‘ierry Hower, pubi 'soutess’ + fair ‘eurds’ = puLinayir “sour curds, pur ‘lower + coolal “wove’ = puunhcooll ‘lower garden, vey “bamboo' + kucha ” ‘ine’ = veevmkushal “bamboo pipe -kuwe- sherp + aN’ ‘ye = fuurmkaN “keen eye’. paazk “ruin + puRan ‘e" = powchmpuRam “devastned area! ‘In most composite'words the increment -m- 8 optional 1. The increment -oam- is used in a umber of composite ‘words (sanctioned by the idiom) fr joining the second component Which has fF), Pe J, 221 oF 1 p / ia Wordsntial postion: cy maN ‘earth! kaZTi ‘dod’ ~maNNaamkaTh earth ‘lod’, puRRu “anti! + cooRu "boilee Hee’ = puRRaariicooRu “erenites in an anh 5. The increment eis used i internal sandhi in decinable words (except those with id), -f in final sion) when the’ dative case sufi is joined; cg... ava ‘het = wank to hin, ur “illage’ -wurubku to the village ‘uaa "pigeon’ - puRaovubiew “tO the pigeon (b) in words with an obstraent oF @ consonant clster in base ‘inal postion when the plural sufi -kad is joined; e.., vir [R' ‘house’- viTukal. (vi:R'uxAL] “house paoTTu (pa:TT] ‘song’ - pasTTukkal. (pa:TTukkal] ‘songs’, aaNTu [a:NDi) ‘ear’ + aaNTukab. aiNDuxAL} ‘years’ (6) in verbal stems which end in an obstruent or x consonant cluster when a suffix with an inkial consonant is joined: e... eee "to speak + tal = precital “speaking’. waamk Xo buy” = soomkukiRaan “he bays Sonant-ending stems take this increment optionally: col. to speak" ~ colllukiReen speak ; (@) in Modern Tamil optionally in consonanvending words, eg, ol /collu word’, pul / pallu “grass, noal.? naalu “day aN / FaNNu “oye“8 1K. The increment -o- i used in the dative case ofthe pronouns yan, naan", yan, naan "we" ni, {4p} mir (pl) “you, tan ‘oneself, tau ‘themselves’ when the ease sufi is joined 10 the bast; eg, enakky "to me’, namakku, ematka to us", nak (8), umakku (pl) ‘to you, tanakhu ‘to oneselt, tamaklu "0 themselves |L.The increment -e- is wed in internal sandhi in componite words when their components denate number, measure oF ‘quantity; eg, ona ‘one’ + kaal quarter’ = onReckaal “one find a guaner ‘The increment ce is not used ifthe word ar ‘hal’ becomes ‘one of the components of the composite word: ef, ara hal? + kal ‘quarter’ araikeal‘one eighth’ onRu one" + aah = onRarai ‘one and i al M, ‘The increment -ai- is used in internal sandhi in a few words with final / 1) preceded by homorganie nasal-stop dusters; e'g, anRu ‘hat day’ + -ku (dat. suf) = anReikhae ‘then, “on tha day, oR this day” + sinan “dey” = InRainam “this day’, "today" N. The increment -m- [nis sed in internal sandhi of verbal forms when personal or any other suffixes with initial vowel are joined to the past tense sufix =~: €.g,, nookke to look’ -nookkinaal. ‘she looked’, uNTa- to come into existence? UNTaayiRRu “it came into existence”, exhut- "to write” exhutinaal “if (one) waites § 22. There are a number of sandhi rules which operate in classical Tamil in addition to those deseribed in § 21. These are as follows: ” {A Both ia internal and extemal sand the final vowel vowel bul [a]. of any word is changed into 2] when followed by a word with the sonant = ia initial postion; ee, maak ‘yout + yagpu ‘affection "= naakiyappu [sax'a:pi ‘aection (of youth, veNkooTw "white task” + yaanai “clephant” = vedkooTTiyaanai [veNgo:TTya:a'e] ‘whte-asked elephant 1B. In external sandhi the final sonaat / mf of the words fem, nam "our, num “Your, tam “one’s own’ is changed into Ihi,In! [on] when followed by a word with Jah’ or Jo [olin initial position; 2g, nant + nied = nennu [nAnne'l ‘Our bOOk’, tam + haa — tankahaaN ‘one's sring © In external sandhi the final somant J m J of any di oF polysyllabie word is dropped when followed by = word wi {in or Jn) in intial poston; e-g., mualaan “fist + maaiam month’ = mutalaamentam the fst month’ maram “ee! + UN Tatu “it grew long ~ mareniNTatu ‘the tree grew’ . Both in intcsnal and enteral sandhi the final sonant of the words kava ‘ing paraN "watchtower, kuyin “cloud, ‘een “honey” is left unchanged when followed by an abstruent ‘egy kavaNkal ‘stone cast by a sling, kavaNkaaran “singe, paraNkee! "ilar of a watchtower, Jaginkuzhaam ‘Dock of loud’, teenkuzhampu “sweet gruel the final sonant of the word teen “honey” may bbe dropped ‘or partially esimilated in poiat of by the inital obsiruent of the following. word in internal sandhi: eemalar ‘a flower full of honey’, teekkuiTam / teemiTum ‘a pot of honey. In the Word teen Raa! / teeiRaal ‘honeycomb’ the inezement H+ my optionally be usd,50 [E. The final sonant of the words «N ‘sesame’, aa “span! is changed Into / T/ belore obsirvent consonants both in case fand caseless sandbi e.g, caaTool ‘span measure’, eTkaT lu ‘gerame gran i hard . In external sand the final somant 1 of the words en ‘any’, fan “one's own? may optionally be changed into / J when followed by a word with (EJ, /¢/ or /p/ im initial position; CR tin = pakai = sanpakai / Rpakai "one's enemy’, en + petal ~ expakai / eRpakai ‘my enemy Gn exer cle snd the toa 11/1 my Renal te cunped ito TR! of 17 repeainely when ‘Btowed'by a word with k/, 7 oe /p/ ail poston; ceed hue a uf he sone sal mul. 1 pat tain be shor sal ‘This alteratjon ie obligatory in the words cel ‘loud’, col ‘word’, Kol ‘blacksmith’, nel paddy eg. meR Kai ice ar ig hard’, ceR peri “he cloud is big’ 1. To casless sand (both internal and external) the final sonants /11,/ L/of short monosylables and the initil obstruct Til of the following, word ate changed into / RR oF /2R /, VTE! oc | sT/ respectively: 2. pal many’ + tt “drop DpexRuLt ‘the Pahrali river Kal ‘stone’ + lit “something bad! aR ‘he stone is bad’, mul. “thorn’ + tie = ‘ruse Tim Tita “he thorn is bad’ In bases other than short monosyllables /l/ + film 1Rl (LIFT) <1 T heg., oompal proection’ + tla ‘superionty” = compeRalal ‘protection is most important, naal, “day! + tooRum ‘each’ = nasTooRum ‘every day. Several words with the final sonant 11/ preceded by faa / constitute an exception tothisruese.g,paa itilkishacmful Im verbal nouns the final sonant/1/ may optnally be changed into) Ri! when followed by / ly 'e/ ofp / of the following word; eg aeTal dancing’ + lot homogenous ntl snan when flowed by # word With any nasal sonant in initial position: e.g, iv + mhanem = Inhnbaanam “hey are [full of} wisdor L. In internal or external sandhi the final dental nasal sonant of the word veri [erin] “back” is ether assimilated in point fof anculaion by the intial obstruentsk Jf (1 B/ of the following word, or dropped altogether with the following obstruest peminated; e.g, verin + pur ~ verimpuRem/verippuRan feninacd: eg. ul wpuRem/verippRss 1M. In external sandhi the intial consonants FJ, f€1, P15, 1p! may optionally be geminated following the pronoun ut i, “that” oF the adverb yaamku “how's eg, wu(k) kaa ‘ook at it, yoamku(c) cenRaan “how did he go? [On yours ‘whore’ ef. # 18-6. ] NN. The increment tr may optionally be used in declension fof the nouns ashan “dead body", maka ‘cil, ila ‘moonlight ‘czhaninal | azhotta (3c). al sandhi of the pronouns clag “al, cile “several, ew’, pala ‘many’, ial) "they’, hese’, avfa), ua) “they’, how’, evfa) whic’ (ph fn) when they come as the first component af @ composite word: eg, avaiyaRRukkooTu "their orn P. The increment 1. is added 10 the nouns iim “place of cremation’, yrum ‘thunder’, kam ‘blacksmith's work’, tev “howiity’, min ‘Nash, pin “plaiting, ‘interlacing’, pan “coton’, kan ‘work’, maN “earth,."soi, al ‘strength’, “abiliy’, val. ‘abundance’, pul. ‘hied, ec jump’. ete, when they are followed in caeles Senchi by any iil consonant except y- ey kant “tkaTiw — Ranmmuk kau “the Dlacksmita’s work is hard’, trum + valine = uruma valu “the thunder-clap is stron, 4 FmaaNTatu ~ tess maaNTane "the enmity ceated .Q. The increment ~a is wsed (often optionally) in a number cof composite words determined by the idiom; ¢ uri ‘half of ‘2 measure’ + upp salt” wivavuppu “a half measure of sll’, Taath lock’ + Kool ‘Mick’ = taazhabkoo! "key ami2h “Tami” “+ nua “book? = tamizhanul “Tamil book’, pub "amarind’ + iat lea — pulipavla “leat of tamaring RR. The increment at-(followed by the increment -u- before consonants) is used optionally () preceding the postpostion aN ‘in’, ‘on’ in afa)-ending nouns which denote plats; e-g.,viLa ‘wood-apple tee’ +kaN = viLavainbkaN ‘on a woodapple tee’, palaz “jack-ee’ + aN’ = palaavattubhaN ‘on a jck-tee's 3 (@) in the nouns pant ‘rainy season’, vet “i, mazhat ‘rin’ viN ‘sh’, vel ‘sunshine’, iru. “darkness when they are followed bby verbal forms in extemal sandbiy e.g, vINNattak koTium “it will eppeer ia the sky 8. The increment RR. (Followed by the increment -u- before consorants) is sed optional (a) in dectining the pronouns ivai ‘they’, "these, avai, wr, ‘they’, ‘those’, evai ‘which’ (pl. n.); eg, avai - evaiyiRRal ‘them’ (a. (@) in the numeral pate ‘ten’ when it comes as a foregoing component of a composite word or when it i redupliceted, eg. paiRRuppanu “ten tens, “handred TT. The increment -av- is used optionally in. fnite forms of the verb whon suffixes of the 2nd porson are joined (in internal sandhi) to-sulixes Of the past or the future tense; evi “to spread’ ~ virinaval “you (92) spread’ peyor. 0 remove” - ‘peyarppavai “you (sg.) will remove’, kaaN- "to t00"- kaNTavir You sw U. The increment -ik- is used eptionslly i. finite forms of the verb when the Tst person plural sui -tn is joined (in internal sandhi) to suites of the past tense; eg, RaaN: to see fai we sn pee rece’ ~ pen “we V. The inerement-(u)n~ [-(u)n-] is used in nonfnite forms of the verb when personal suffixes or the particpil suffi a is joined (in internal sandhi) toa verbal stem; xg, fok- "Yo ‘takuna ‘which will fH, aRi-“to,know - aRyunam “We who wil know’, aRinai ‘thot! who will know W. Vowel lengthening is a case of internal sandhi in Classic ‘Tamil, The optional lengthening of vowels may occur: (a) in composite nouns when = or polyyllabie bases of anvending neuter nouns are joined to nouns with the inital vowel aa): e.g, maram ‘ree aTi Toot = maraanTi wooden shoe(s)-kulLam pond’ + aampalIiy’~ kusLaagampal watess (0) in composite nouns when the foregoing component consis of one long open sable or two open syllables (one short and fone Tong); eg ww “stength? + kuRa “ack? = nwutkuRai “weakness “lack of strength, frac “night” + pakal “day” — Ireaappekt “ay and nights (oto preservemeasure in poeuye.g., past devil - pashan, $23. Many sandhi mules of Literary Tamil keep operative in CCollogual Tamil 400 (4s those set forth in $8 16 A-F, 18-20, 21 AD, GL, N), but uke formulated in €9 16 GJ, 21 EF, 22 completely got out of use. Other rules got modified and fmpliied following the development of assimilation inthe colloquial language ‘A. In nouns with final -R [tin the base this consonant is completely assimilated by the inerement -1- in oblique cases; Cee aati (base: aa (ait J) iver ~ aate (ec, 1B. In the pst tense of verbs with stemfinalR [-r] or om [a] K+ =n tm mm Og, peR “C0 recelve’ + ete, tine 10 eat" +t. “tne . tn internal sandhi the final nasal sonants /N /, ff [n') ‘of nominal bases and verbal stems are generally assimilated in point of ariculation by. intial obstruents of subsequent fmorphemes, ©, eo 389" = emkiRee (flit. enkiRoay) you (Gp) say’, eN- “eight empane (ch. lik, eNpanu) ‘eighty’, tne ~ fimke (Cf it, sinke) “to ea’, poNNu (base: poN) “woman’ + piLLe ‘child’ ~ pompiLLe ‘gl D. In internal sandhi the final somants fr 0, FL 1 of sominal ‘bases and. verbal stems generally get completely ssimilated by getinated inal obstruents of subsequent tmorphemes; eg. kee. "to ask -ReebkiRaan (Cf. lt. keeTkiRaan ‘he asks. paar to see ~ paappaan (cf. lit. paarppaan) “he wi see'sneait (ase: naa.) Your -neappatu (flit. naaipata) ory’ In internal sai consonant chsters on morpeme boundaris are generally eliminated as a result of complete fssiilation; e.g. taappan (cf. Wt. taachppasL) lock’, vetkam (Gf, lit. veTKam) 3s “bashfalnes’, mua (cf it muuanRu) ‘three™ momma Te. InaNveT Ti) ‘spade’, okkaara (ef It. uTkaar) ‘sit down’ FF. The increment tris used in oblique cases of the pro- noun ella ‘al: e.g. elleataiyum (ace) G. the ingrement -al- in anRaikku “om that day", inRaiks “today” is changed into -e- [Ee] / a: [-] [4]; eg, annekh [Ann Bkki} / amnabki (Ann) 7 anni [Anika . In composite words whose components may also be freely used outside composition no assimilation generally occur in internal sandhi (contrary to what is observed in such cases in Literary Tami); e.g. kaTalkaral [KAR'SKAGE] (cf, it ‘kaTaRharal) ‘seashore’, meelkaNTa [ave: IkANDE] (ef. it ‘meeRkaNTa) ‘above-mentioned; maartoo! [ma:n'to:] (ef. ht ‘maanRoo)deerskin’, ubnaakku (ULna ikki (Cf, hit. wNNaaik) “uvul’, puluané [pUaUnT) (efit, punnum) blade of grass 1. In external sandhi omission of one (commonly the first) fof the meeting vowels in spoken chain is much more frequent in Coloquist Tamil than in the literary language, e.g, omke ‘your’ + anmas ‘mother’ = omkanman ‘your mother, omaka ‘Your" + sw ‘village’ momkuure "your Vilage’, cagppiTo to eat” + lee ‘n0" = cagppiTallee (one) didnt ea, ena “what “+ aaa hey’ + ermaa “if (000) says? = ennaTaonnaa “on the contrary’, lee "no" + eppaa “ther” = dleppas, ete MORPHOLOGY 424. There are ten parts of speecH in Modcen Tamil view. ‘nouns, numerals, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, particles imitative words, echo-words, and interections. There ate no adjectives in Classical Tamil, but there is one ‘more patt of speech there, viz,, personal nouns, CColloguiat Tamil does not differ fom Modern Literary Tami in the number and nature of parts of speechNOUNS 425. Tamil nouns posses categories of gender. numberandcsse aia. Lexialy “The category of nomi] gender islexzak grammatical Le a eoneted ities of sous, hoes ganna ‘hexpressed in coordination for gender between veibl ors St he 3rd peson, pronouns and other gender words, on the See hands and nour onthe thor ‘The categories of number and case are purely grammatical (GENDER 26. Temi yours al nto vo lense. Te spor chemi tous wh ea haan si tvopome De STE ae, nouns ch dente sta enim Se le tales leg ever sie eas een er eee a at sar Pep rena ee ace ae 1 a ae et eee Sosa sera oe jrphic personages Proper names man beings andanthroponortic oftmlicagy and erature oe ther masculie (Ulam “Guodian. raonan ama cor ‘Siva) or feminine (oe “rset ssh a Kal) apse. Names incnimate eects and noon te nee eg. Tedi car ai xc poe in eid nes SEeSpein das ed prope nares of animate bcs otal oul vetivraienr stots famtch era din 'fa9390 4) Soca” (ene Tar rs lng pubs In Apa “The nouns kuchania, piL-Lal, makavu ‘child a 2 rule belong may ako to the neuter gender: In eatin cases, however, they toe ether masculine of fermine, depending. on the sex of the a child spoken of; e.g, aahwarkuchantai (ISK, 182) ‘The chik wept’; kushontai vicaalam tan tokappanaariTan varukiReal. (NNW. 14) “The wich Visalam comes near her father On the contrary. some masculine oF feminine nouns may become neuter if itis stressed that they are used to denote small childrens e.g, lakshmicku murnaal piRanta ‘aliccan iRants pata naa TkaL.ukkuLLeeyee pooytiTTataam (IAS, 121) ‘The first child born before Lakshmi seems to have diod within ten days aftrhis birth, Koovimaraain peN temp koNTirunate (44S, 119) “Govinéa Rao's daughter sobbed ‘The nouns cuuriyan ‘sun’, cantran ‘moon’ and names of other cclestal bodies are sirwltanecusly names of gods and belong to the masculine gender, e.g, uNmnic canton sayemaavean (RA, 26) "The sun (lt. the moon) of truth will aie" Polysemantie nouns denoting human beings in one meaning and objects oF notions in ather Belang fo the common gender. In such nouns coordination in gender with finite verbs oF Pronouns depend on the meaning in which they are used in cach case, For example, the word eechai has the meanings ‘supidiy’, ‘a poor man’ and “a poor woman’ and may be wed ‘as soun df the neuer, masculine or feminine gender respectively: ©. avan Ranmai yeezhait ermaiyoo vil? (KT, 55} ‘Stapdity is his essence, isn't 07 cemuR Rovarinum cezhai emivanaeyy pllaar pekaikoL. pavar (K, 873) ‘He who, being alone, incu, the hated of many is more infatuated than even mad men lunnaal piNamaakkoppaT Taal. ora eezhai (AR, 207)"A weched woman hs died because of you! Semantic change or metaphorization may lead to corresponding motifications in the gendgr quality of @ nou; eg maarbkse ‘malaithaayceal vannwviT Tam. fl aval. tappippickatiael. aa. ‘maT Tum elumpum ioolumaaka aakiviT Taal (RPP. 7) { When | ‘Mary fll ll with mountain fever, she managed to survive, but she (lit, the man) turned into bag of bones, paavi ime eiaRhaakb vantaaL? (RT, 18) "Why di this wretch (it, sinne) ‘come here?" avan or muraTu (KON, 82) ‘He it rude fellow (it. roughness); cuntaratin tant vira eaivam USK, 36) "Sundaram's father is a Lngayat (lit, tingayat sea)In the plural the masculine and feminine genders are not istingushed and ave seplaced by the opicene gender. The neuter gender retains ix dtineion from the epicene. Exceptions mney be found in some substandard dialects which have separate Inasculine and feminine forms in the plural (cf. § 28), NUMBER 2% In Tamil nouns distinguish two aumbers, che singu and the plural. The singular number for the most part has a0 Special sulfites and is characterized by the absence of any Shifies of the plurals e.g. aaZ ‘man’, peN ‘woman’, naay ‘dog, kal ‘sone’. arte "thought. "Tae only exception is Consttuted by masculine nouns in -an, their final -m being @ Suffix of the singular number; e.g. maNpan ‘friend’, maniton ‘man’ ‘person ‘The plutel of nouns fs formed by adding plural suffixes 10 the singular dominative of to the base of 4 noun. These are our plural suffixes in Modern Tamil to wit, kal ---ear, -maar “The sulfic kal is joined to the singular nominstve of all nouns except masculine nouns ending in -an; e.g. aa ‘man rigeTbal: peN womar? -peNkab, nany “dog” ~naaykaL, kaaTu “rest = haeTulad, hall ‘stove” -aRkaL, maram ‘ree’ ~ ‘arama, uNmat ieuth? - uNrmaikal, maaan “great man’ = makaankel. “The ini consonant -of the suffix kal i geminated when it is joined to words with final i] preceded by a geminated Sostruent, to ending dsllabic words witha short open initial Syllable, ov to words with a long vowel in final position: Daa Ta ‘song’ = paal TukkaL, tere “sleet - eruthal, puRaa ‘pigeon’ - puRsakkat, paw ‘flower’ ~ puukkal. Exceptions are constiuied by bertowed words; e.g. stil ‘woman =sikal.,jante “animal” -jantukka. In the modern literature and press the'rule of geminating the intial consonant of the suffix -kad. is not always observed, ‘eg. cnppukel. (ISP. 218) “bursts of laughter’ viLakkukal 59 (aur, 87) amps, pact Tukal (AR, 72) ‘songs: iooppukal. (AR, 32) “orchards kaNakkukal. (NPM, 84) ‘accounts’, Such practice is substandard “The plural suffix -rreptoes the singular suffix sn in masculine nouns fa an: e-p» maNpan “rend” = naNpar, manitan ‘nian’ “The masculine noun peijan “boy” has no plural form in

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