Life 2e Advanced – Student’s Book

Answer Key

UNIT 1 1 Example answer

1 Example answers We are often told to learn from our mistakes.
Students’ own ideas Roosevelt cleverly and amusingly turns the
Better to walk … commonplace quote around. It’s good advice
This proverb tells us that the Tuareg have a because if we consider what mistakes other
nomadic lifestyle (see Background information people make, we are less likely to make them
below). They think that being on the move is ourselves. However, it isn’t easy to follow
positive and that not moving is a waste of because we don’t necessarily see or understand
time. that people have made mistakes and we often
In life, it is always possible to … want to go our own way in life.
This proverb suggests that the Tuareg are a
peaceful people – they seek to reach 2
agreement with others; it suggests they are a 1c
trading people – this is the sort of belief 2a
system that merchants have, for example, that
it’s always possible to negotiate a deal. 3
Acquiring things … 1 T (we deliberately choose to ignore them.)
This proverb may be interpreted as meaning 2 T (Many Chinese have been saying … that
that possessions are of no importance to the the traditional values in society … have been
Tuareg – they are not materialistic. It may also lost.)
reflect their nomadic lifestyle – if you wander 3 F (a country which is currently developing at
in the desert, taking too many things with a dizzying speed)
you can slow you down, which could be a 4 F (Mandela had always been committed to
problem. peace)
5 F (he decided that the only way to unite his
2 divided country was if the two sides could talk
1 Speaker 1: not to try to change other people about what had happened in the past)
or you can’t change other people 6 T (few are able to follow the example set by
Speaker 2: not getting too attached to things or Mandela … such a high degree of
you shouldn’t get too attached to things unselfishness. It seems … not to be selfish – is
2 Speaker 1: The speaker got frustrated with perhaps the hardest lesson of all for people to
his business partner (Giles), who always took learn.)
ages to make a first design for the customer,
and this was driving him (the speaker) crazy. 4
Speaker 2: The speaker’s house was flooded. 1 point the way
3 A Tuareg person would probably agree with 2 economic boom
the lesson from Speaker 2 because the Tuareg 3 act on
don’t like to get attached to unnecessary 4 strive (for)
material objects (third quote in Exercise 1). 5 follow the example (of)

3 5
1 valuable a
2 guiding 1 has become worried = present perfect simple
3 thumb 2 have been saying = present perfect
4 said continuous
5 point 3 focused = past simple
4 had not been = past perfect simple
1a Learning from the past 5 is developing = present continuous
6 (often) talk = present simple
7 was living = past continuous
8 will have to = will future
b F ’ve been doing
1 in recent years = present perfect simple (or E saw
continuous)
2 for some time = present perfect continuous 8 Example answers
(or simple) 1 Currently, I’m looking for a new job.
3 a few years ago = past simple (or 2 A few years ago, I went to Thailand for the
continuous) first time.
4 prior to the 1990s = past perfect simple (or 3 I usually watch TV or do sport.
continuous) 4 I have never been windsurfing … / stayed in
5 currently = present continuous a five star
6 nowadays = present simple hotel …
7 while = past continuous (present continuous) 5 I didn’t revise last weekend, because I had
8 in the long term = will future already
learned all the vocabulary on the list.
Answers to Grammar Summary exercises 6 I met my best friend when I was at
university. I was
1 living in a small flat at the time.
1 often/sometimes 7 I have had my present job for several years.
2 since 8 I don’t have the time or money at the
3 next month / soon moment, but
4 up to then sooner or later I’ll travel round the world.
5 next week
6 currently 9
2 1 while
1 have you been studying 2 for
2 ’s/is buying or ’s/is going to buy 3 in
3 has become 4 ever
4 had … started 5 now
5 ’m driving 6 never
6 was walking
3 1b What makes us who we are?
1 currently
2 Up till then 1 Example answers
3 Nowadays 1 because he doesn’t want us to see his face;
4 Recently because he wants to show his face through his
5 In the long term portrait; because he doesn’t want the viewer to
6 From now on compare his real face with his portrait
2 He looks thoughtful, wise, serious,
6 intelligent, calm.
1 Fifty years ago
2 nowadays 2
3 in the coming years 1 a control freak: someone who wants to
4 Over the last 25 years control every situation and will not allow other
5 for years people to share in making decisions
6 at the moment a dreamer: someone who has a lot of ideas but
7 often those things are often not very practical or
8 At the time likely to happen
9 ever a driven person: someone who is ambitious
10 Before that and motivated
a family person: someone who thinks their
7 family is important, and likes to spend time
1 A have you been learning with their family (husband or wife and
B started; had learned/learnt or learned/learnt children)
2 C Have you tried; went a free spirit: someone who does things their
D tell; seem; ’ll get own way and doesn’t always follow the rules
3 E are you working
a joker: someone who likes to tell jokes or to b won’t be moving
do things to make people laugh c has been saying
the life and soul of the party: someone who is d was working
very lively and sociable, particularly in social e had been intending
situations such as parties f are always judging
an outgoing type: someone who is friendly and
enjoys meeting and talking to people Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
2 Possible answers:
Positive: a family person, the life and soul of 4
the party 1b
Negative: a control freak, a dreamer 2a
Neutral: a driven person, a free spirit, a joker, 3a
an outgoing type 4a
Note that these will depend on students’ own 5b
perspectives and/or the context, so make it 5
clear these are possible answers only, and 1 ’ll be doing
encourage discussion in class. 2 is always
3 Students’ own answers 3 are
4 hasn’t been
4 5 had been
Students should tick: b, d, e, f, g, h 6 was having
your interests/hobbies 7 is still 8 been cleaning
your work 6
your background 1 ’re building
your character 2 have … been doing
your beliefs and values 3 ’ll … be working
your life experiences 4 ’ve been living
Most important factor according to the speaker 5 ’ve known
=e 6 are moving
7 was walking
5
1 judgmental 2 the city 3 are ill 4 security 10
5 25 6 better 1 The verb form ‘do you do’ is asking about
your current situation (i.e. what do you do as a
6 job). In contrast, ‘are you doing’ is asking
a bits and pieces; as and when about now, or around now, (i.e. your current
b first and foremost activity).
2 The verb form ‘is always phoning’ implies
7 an irritating habit; ‘always phones’ describes a
1 quiet habit but as a neutral statement of fact (note
2 sound; pains that present simple can be used to describe
3 large; sweet irritating habit as well, depending on tone of
4 wide; fro voice).
5 games; then 3 The verb form ‘I’ve been reading’ implies
you may still be reading it (i.e. it’s an action
8 which is still in progress – you haven’t
a The consonant sound at the end of the first finished reading the book); ‘I’ve read’ is for
word ‘links’ a completed activity (i.e. you’ve finished the
with the vowel sound at the start of and. book – but recently – we don’t know when
b and is pronounced ‘n’ (/n/) – the /d/ sound is exactly).
only 4 The verb form ‘was working’ emphasizes it
pronounced if the second word begins with a was happening around the same time as when
vowel. you left school (concurrent action); ‘worked’
means they were subsequent activities – you
9 left school, then you got a job at the restaurant.
a is (now) becoming
5 The verb form ‘I’ll be sitting’ means an beings. (These lifelike characters and the
activity which will be in progress in the future; observations that Shakespeare made about the
‘will sit’ is unlikely because it suggests a human condition are really what Jonson was
single action, i.e. I will sit down. referring to when he talked about
6 There is very little difference in meaning: Shakespeare’s universal appeal; there is no
‘had been working’ emphasizes the duration of doubt that Shakespeare’s characters resonate
the action, and perhaps that working as a nurse with people very strongly; ‘The enduring
continued up to the time he became a humanity of Shakespeare’, on the other hand,
paramedic; ‘had worked’ focuses more would not be an exaggeration.)
on the fact that this action was sometime in the
past. 3
7 There is very little difference in meaning. 1 vibrant
You could say ‘was living’ emphasizes the 2 characters with personalities and weaknesses
action or the duration of the action; ‘had been that we could relate to
living’ emphasizes that this was an action in 3 He is torn between what his heart and his
progress before the main past action (‘she head tell him.
moved to this country’); ‘lived’ would be used 4 She puts practical considerations before
when you are talking about a series of romance.
completed actions in the past. 5 succinctly
8 There is not much difference in meaning: 6 coined
‘will be going’ means that you expect Anne-
Marie to be doing this now; ‘usually goes’ is 4
used to talk about a routine or habit. 1 has seen better days
2 the world is my oyster
11 3 a wild goose chase
1 was watching; ‘ll be playing; are already 4 neither here nor there
watching 5 a foregone conclusion
2 was feeling; ’d been saving (could also 6 love is blind
accept: was saving) 7 break the ice
3 ’s getting; ’ve been flying; was sitting 8 come full circle

12 5
One habit that irritates me is people who are b
always looking at their phones during meal Sentences from the article that support the
times. It’s just rude! answer:
I imagine my dad will be watching the TV and Some say he was a great storyteller, others that
my brother will be texting his girlfriend. the magic lies in the beauty of his poetry.
We’re having the kitchen decorated – I hope Some say it is simply because
they won’t still be painting at Christmas! he left us a huge volume of work, which was
I have been meaning to clean the car all week. written during a vibrant time in English history
I had been intending to join an art class, but I …
decided I didn’t have enough free time. Shakespeare gave us something that the world
had not seen in literature before – characters
1c Immortal words with personalities, and particularly
weaknesses, that we could relate to.
1 English speakers have Shakespeare to thank
1 Students’ own answers for much of their current language, cultural
2 See the Background information notes references and their understanding of human
below. psychology.
Shakespeare’s characters resonate with people
2 very strongly. The observations about people
He gave us characters with personalities, and and life are made more memorable by the way
particularly in which they are phrased, both succinctly and
weaknesses, that we could relate to as fellow poetically.
human … certain words and sayings of his still exist
in the English language today.
6 1
The author doesn’t directly state her purpose. Students’ own ideas
The sentence, ‘But if you ask people the
reason for Shakespeare’s continued popularity, 2 Example answers
you get different answers’ suggests perhaps be positive; always smile; show interest; ask
that finding the real answer will be the reason questions; maintain eye contact; use positive
for writing. body language – lean in, tilt your head towards
It’s important for an author to begin by stating someone; be patient – don’t bombard people
the reason for writing in formal writing, for with messages or invitations; find out about
example, in a job application or a business interests; find out what you have in common;
report. listen carefully

7 3
Students’ own views 1 Hi. Is it your first day at college too?
2 So, what do you do?
8 3 Hi, I don’t think we’ve met. I’m David.
1 lifelike 2 lifelong 3 larger-than-life 4 Hey, I like your jacket.
5 I’m supposed to have given up sweet things,
9 but I can’t stop eating this cake.
1 it always happens to me 6 Whereabouts are you from?
2 a reality or something we must accept
3 every kind of social background 4
4 having a great time 1 How’s it going? Is it as you expected?
5 something that got me out of a difficult 2 How did you get into that?
situation or that I couldn’t have managed 3 What school was that then?
without or something that helped me greatly in 4 Do you like bargain-hunting, then?
that situation 5 I don’t think I’ve ever kept a New Year’s
Resolution.
10 Have you?
Not performing well in exams has been the 6 So what’s it like? Is it a good place to live?
story of my life!
High prices are a fact of life. 1e Your first day
At the international college there are people
from all walks of life. 1
I went on a round-the-world trip last year – I ituations in which you may write notes: in
had the time of my life! class, in a presentation, in a work meeting,
My dad lent me £100 so I could get home – studying or revising, when taking ideas from a
that was a life-saver. book about a specialist subject (e.g. gardening,
decorating), taking a telephone message,
11 noting down something from a radio
Group A: programme
1 misgiving (n) /m s g v / = doubt or What notes consist of: shorthand symbols,
apprehension about something abbreviated words, phrases that miss out
2 spurn (v) /sp n/ = reject articles and other unimportant words, drawn
3 zany (adj) /’ze ni/ = eccentric and lines and annotations
unconventional, even a little crazy What you do with notes: write them up as a
Group B: report, use them to write an essay or
1 howl (v) /ha l/ = let out a long, pained cry dissertation, use them to pass on information,
like a dog or wolf store them to keep information
2 jaded (adj) / d e d d/ = bored with
something, lacking enthusiasm 2
3 reprieve (n) /r pri v/ = a temporary delay in 2 p.m. (not 3 p.m.)
a punishment EU (European Union)

1d How did you get into that? 3 Example answers

Sarah Curtain = principal – King’s College
60 nationalities, 33 different langs 1 Example answers
Coffee at Student’s Union: 11 – 12.30, today Population: It probably has a small population
that may be old (i.e. young people probably
4 want to live somewhere bigger and with more
Only ‘relevant points’ are included in the varied opportunities).
notes. In other words, only facts, times, dates, Weather: The weather is probably cold all year
places, useful information, etc., but not round. And days are either very long or very
opinions, welcoming remarks or perhaps short.
things the student may only need to remember Communications: Cars, reindeer, dogs. People
for a short period of time, e.g. the fact that probably have limited internet access and
there is coffee after the talk. speak to each other more than write.
Way of life: The way of life is probably still
5a fairly traditional. It might be changing if
reg = registration younger people are moving away for studies or
a.m. = in the morning to find jobs. It’s probably hard
p.m. = in the afternoon work living here.
uni = university
i.e. = that is 2b
UK = United Kingdom 1d2c3e4a5b
docs = documents
incl. = including 3
OS = overseas The population is growing; there are more
sts = students younger people and fewer elders.
approx. = approximately/ The weather is cold.
roughly Communications: people use cars,
hrs = hours communication between people is oral
p.w. = per/each week (nothing is written down) and difficult
e.g. = for example (language barrier).
IT = Information Technology It looks like a hard way of life. The way of life
sthg = something is changing (from living on the land to a more
NB = please note (that) community-based way of life).
1st = first
etc. = and so on 4
1 They have seen a lot of change.
5b 2 their words, their advice and their knowledge
a incl. b approx. c NB d etc. e e.g. f i.e. of the past; they are involved in planning at
every level (local, government, etc.)
5c 3 ‘Respect your elders.’
2 and 4 4 as nomadic hunters
5 orally (nothing was written down)
5d Example answers
Example note form: 5
NB Mtg with Ellis & Co. tomorrow, Tue 12 1 advisors 2 expert 3 survive 4 animals 5
May 3 p.m. Pls let me know approx. no. basics
people attending from your dept & if you need 6 changes 7 forget
further info. Tks.
6
6 1 The population has grown. There are more
Reading list – 30 bks younger people and fewer elders because of
3/4 key bks – other bks for ref lower infant mortality rates and better
Don’t buy – use library or buy 2nd hand healthcare.
Read more read faster 2 respect yourself and those around you; high
selfesteem; be positive
1f Arctic wisdom 3 because the younger generation don’t
understand the Inuktitut language
4 It represents the average age in Iqaluit.
5 It was passed on verbally, through
storytelling. 3
6 tradition, culture and history, knowing the Some years ago (past)
past once upon a time (past)
For a while (present perfect continuous)
7a for generations (present perfect continuous)
1 implement 2 seek 3 down 4 key countless times before (past perfect)
5 communication 6 lies at the end (past)
in future years (will future)
7b Example answers
1 I always seek advice when I have a big 4
decision to make – like changing my job or 1 lifelike 2 walks 3 time 4 lifelong 5 story 6
buying something expensive. fact
2 The last time I experienced a communication
barrier was when I went travelling in China – 5
nobody knew what I was asking for. Students’ own answers
3 The key to living a happy life is to have lots
of friends. 6
1 said 2 thumb 3 as 4 guiding; large
8 Example answers
1 Students’ own ideas 7
2 Reasons why elders should be respected: 1 have met before; [name]
they have knowledge and experience; they are 2 day here / at college
able to take a detached view; they deserve a 3 your coat/jacket
strong voice because of their age 4 are you from
Reasons why their advice and wisdom 5 what do
shouldn’t be listened to: they tend to be 6 of the talk/party
conservative; they are out-of-touch with the 7 isn’t it
modern world and with issues that affect 8 is talking about
young people; their experience is no longer
relevant; they are just one group in society and 8
their voice should be equal to others not Students’ own answers
greater
UNIT 2
9
Students’ own ideas 1 Example answers
The man is holding a large bird of prey. He is
Unit 1 Review probably training the bird to hunt.
(The recording describes how some Kazakh
1 people still hunt traditionally with eagles while
A ‘griot’ is a traditional storyteller. on small ponies, an art practised since the time
Time and friends are all you need in life (and a of Genghis Khan. They track foxes and other
brazier to small animals.)
make tea).
2
2 1 the horses, goats and cattle that travel with
1 visited them
2 think 2 by seeking new jobs or trades in the city
3 was 3 living in tents in summer and small houses in
4 was sitting winter
5 had been gathering 4 training eagles for eagle hunting
6 have been singing 5 the meat of the animals that the eagle kills
7 have learned 6 a sport
8 listened
9 had told
10 will stay
3
1 An occupation is the job that you do (e.g. 2
I’m a sales assistant, an office worker, a pilot, 1 fewer
etc.). 2 They eat fish and molluscs and they trade the
A vocation is a job you do because you feel shells and oysters that they take from the sea
naturally drawn to it and/or which is fulfilling with Malay and Chinese merchants.
on an emotional level (e.g. teaching, nursing, 3 They can dive underwater for longer than
acting). most people (up to six minutes) and they can
2 A trade is a job that requires skilled manual also see well underwater.
labour (e.g. a carpenter, builder, plumber, 4 Their unique way of life and their
etc.). extraordinary skills will probably disappear.
A profession is a job that involves long
training and special qualifications and often 3
has high social status (e.g. dentist, lawyer, Manage or survive
etc.).
3 A living is the money that you earn from 4
your job that enables you to live (e.g. I work as 1 get round to = to do something you have
an accountant – it’s a living – it pays the intended to do for a long time (also: get around
bills.). to)
A livelihood is the thing(s)/work you do or 2 get over = to feel happy or well again after
depend on to provide money or other things to something bad has happened (get over an
live (e.g. This shop is my livelihood – without illness / a relationship break-up / a
it, I wouldn’t have money to pay bills.). disappointment)
4 A job is any type of work you do regularly to 3 get out of = to avoid doing something you
earn money. It’s a more informal word than arranged or promised to do
occupation or profession. 4 get away with = to manage to do something
A task is a specific job you need to do (e.g. without being punished or criticized for it
painting a room, writing a report, etc.) – but it 5 get back (to) = to phone, write or speak to
is not usually directly related to being paid. If someone at a later time because you are busy
you were going to be or can’t speak now
paid for this, you would call it ‘a job’.
5 Work is an uncountable noun and job is a 5
countable noun (e.g. I have a lot of work to 1 sentence 3 (present perfect continuous)
do.; I have a good job.). 2 sentence 5 (future perfect simple)
3 sentences 1 and 2 (present perfect simple)
4 sentence 4 (past perfect simple)
4
a farmer, fisherman, jockey, butcher, vet, dog Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
walker, pet shop owner
b blacksmith, watch repairer, tailor, thatcher, 1
weaver, stonemason, chimney sweep, cobbler, 1 was – ’ve been
potter 2 hasn’t been – didn’t go
c teaching, training animals, surgery, nursing, 3 won’t be arrived – won’t have arrived
any job where you have to deal with difficult 4 ’ve been having – ’ve had
people/behaviour or meticulous work 5 she’d leave – she’d left
6 ’m wearing – ’ve worn glasses or ’ve been
2a Living off the sea wearing
glasses
1 7 saw – ’ve seen
1 Over 70% 2
2 50% 1 haven’t eaten
3 90% 2 ’d … seen
4 90% 3 have you been working
5 20 kg 4 will have become
6 1 billion 5 ’ve known
7 30–40 seconds 6 hadn’t started
3 5 occupied
1 ’ve been living or ’ve lived 6 spent
2 hadn’t lived 7 ‘ve often thought
3 told 8 ‘ll follow
4 couldn’t
5 ’ve been 9 Example answers
6 haven’t been able to Factors that make jobs a way of life: a job that
7 ’ll have saved many people in a community do (e.g.
traditionally, coal miners and fishermen all
6 lived in the same village and worked in the
1 a This is a recently completed action in the same mine or from the same harbour); a job
past – you’d say this near the end of the trip, that is passed on from father to son (e.g.
probably while you were still in Laos. farming, fisherman/woman); a job in which
b This is a completed action in the past – you live where you work (e.g. farming) or own
you’d say this after the trip had finished, what you work with (e.g. a fishing boat); a job
probably once you were back at home. which takes up all your time (e.g. farmer,
2 a This took place in a period of time up to fisherman/woman, possibly lorry driver); a job
now – and I could meet John again in the which is also your social and family life (e.g.
future. lorry drivers are always on the road and in
b This is a finished action in the past – there’s hotels); a job that is also your dream or your
little or no chance I’ll meet him again (e.g. hobby (e.g. a firefighter – perhaps always
John may have moved away or died). wanted to be one; a graphic designer – loves
3 a We arrived and then the meeting started. art); a job that fulfils your desire to help
b The meeting started and then we arrived. people or change the words (e.g. a teacher, a
4 a The votes will be counted on the Thursday. physiotherapist); a job that has customs
b The votes will be counted before that and traditions and a way of life attached to it
Thursday, i.e. the actions will be finished (e.g. the bonding between miners, firefighters,
before Thursday. fishermen/women; the way bankers dress and
5 a This is looking back from the present, the see the world).
action of teaching hasn’t happened (i.e. he
can’t do it – and no one has taught him to do it 10 Example answers
– but it could happen in the future). blacksmith, thatcher, cheese maker, sports star,
b This is looking back from a certain point in politician, doctor, aid worker, campaigning
the past – he wasn’t taught before that point, journalist
and we don’t know if he then went on to hold
his breath or not. 2b Smokejumpers

7 1 Example answers
1 had heard be on fire – The barn’s on fire – we need to put
2 has attracted it out.
3 learn catch fire – The grass was so dry that it caught
4 have become fire during the heat wave.
5 acquired contain a fire – The fire services used a water
6 passed cannon on a helicopter in an attempt to contain
7 are forced the fire. (contain = limit)
8 have tried fight a fire – You need specialized equipment
9 won’t be to fight a fire in a burning building.
10 just want light a fire – We lit a fire at the campsite and
11 were sang songs round it.
12 will have changed put out a fire – Put out that fire immediately.
You mustn’t have campfires in this part of the
8 forest.
1 was set fire to – The police want to know who set
2 ‘d intended (= had intended) fire to the disused building.
3 got set on fire – The youths stole a car and set it on
4 ‘s retired (= has retired) fire.
start a fire – It’s hard to start a fire in the rain. 2 The passive infinitive is formed with the
verb to be + past participle.
2 The passive gerund is formed with being +
1 a forest fire; they start when it’s very hot and past participle.
dry, or when someone drops a match or 3 get
cigarette, or has a barbecue or
bonfire/campfire; it’s difficult to stop forest Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
fires once they start – they can sometimes be
stopped by dropping water on them from 4
planes 1 was announced
2 brave/courageous, physically strong, able to 2 is being built
make quick decisions, well trained; Students’ 3 must be finished
own answers 4 has been cancelled
5 will be given
3 6 had been eaten
1 T (smokejumpers … are dropped into 7 needs to be passed
inaccessible areas) 5
2 F (They have to do both – But first the fire 1 knew
needs to be assessed to see how bad it is and 2 get killed
how it’s going to develop … if it’s a bad fire, 3 get told
we’ve got to look for a way to try and contain 4 like
it.) 5 get paid
3 F (That’s not an issue; Those who come 6 be caught
through it [the training] have a natural 7 get hit
respect for each other; A smokejumper’s a 8 earn
smokejumper, regardless of gender.) 6
1 Our car was broken into by a teenager from
4 our street.
1 a If a smokejumper is too heavy, they can 2 You can’t be seen by Dr Taylor
descend too fast and therefore get injured 3 A new planet has been discovered by
when they hit the ground. astronomers.
b If a smokejumper is too light, they might be 4 The old cinema is going to be bought by a
carried fast food company.
a long way from their intended landing point. 5 he wasn’t given the right directions by the
2 It’s not the first thing she thinks of. app on his phone
3 They go in first, before other crews. 6 The environment is being destroyed by our
4 by finding a natural fire break actions.
5 You have to be trained to a certain standard
and complete the course successfully. 8
1 Fire always needs to be treated
5 2 His hands were/got badly burned
The idiom that Kerry used means that you 3 I was accepted or being accepted
can’t protect 4 to be given the opportunity by the fire
people or keep them away from all the dangers service or for being given the opportunity by
or the fire service (also acceptable: for having
unpleasant things in the (outside) world. been given …)
1 do 5 Forest fires can be started by people or by
2 cut natural causes
3 follow 6 Smokejumper suits are sometimes made by
4 become (the) smokejumpers themselves.
5 err 7 Forest fires haven’t been seen
6 be 8 to be overwhelmed by the situation or to get
overwhelmed by the situation
7
1 1 present passive, 2 past simple passive, 3 9
present perfect passive 1 to be explained (also acceptable: explaining)
2 was forced
3 get paid or ’m paid 13 Example answers
4 ‘re caught or get caught; being arrested or Possible ideas for safety features:
getting 1 an augmented reality display on a car
arrested windscreen – e.g. you can see your speed,
5 is done / ‘s done or has been done approaching hazard information, up on the
windscreen in front of you
10 2 voice control – you can tell your car what to
1 a – the agent is unimportant do, e.g. ‘slow down’
2c 3 smart technology so that cars can ‘speak’ to
3 a – the agent is unimportant each other (e.g. a car can tell another car’s
4 a – the agent is unimportant computer that they are approaching)
5 a – the agent (the wind) is obvious 4 night vision so that you see things at night as
if it were day
11
Note that all answers are grammatically 2c Daring, defiant and free
possible here, although some, notably those
beginning someone or anyone, and the clumsy 1 Example answers
clauses beginning with that, are unlikely. Students’ own answers. Note the actual
1 it is ranked (Here, we choose the passive so answers are in the recording.
we can continue with it as the subject, as in the 1 He climbed / walked / was dropped by rope
previous clause, and because the ‘people’ who or helicopter.
do the ranking are not important.) 2 He’s going to walk along the ridge / wait to
2 Firefighters need to be compensated (Here, be picked up by helicopter / use equipment to
the ‘we’ is unimportant – we want to focus parachute or abseil down / jump.
attention on the person or thing affected by the 3 by a photographer in a helicopter; perhaps
action – the firefighters.) it’s an example of photoshopping
3 they take (Here, they refers to firefighters –
the subject of the previous clause; also the 2
passive form is long and clumsy.) 1 He’s climbed up there (without any
4 to be called (someone is unknown or specialist
unimportant) equipment).
5 they attend (Here, they refers to firefighters – 2 He climbs up to the top (but we don’t know
the subject of the previous sentence; also the what
passive form is long and clumsy.) happens after that).
6 freeing someone (someone is unknown or 3 Another mountaineer took the photo.
unimportant)
7 both answers are possible here (but fire 3
regulations are being followed sounds more 1 chalk, rock shoes, belief in your own ability
formal) 2 mentally tired/fatigued/exhausted
8 being given (anyone is unknown or 3 There was nothing else he could do.
unimportant) 4 Word of his achievement spread around the
world and he very quickly became a climbing
12 Example answers legend (also acceptable: ‘internet sensation’ or
My mobile phone is protected by a password. ‘mountaineering hero’).
Some phones use fingerprint recognition so the 5 rock climbing
phone can only be unlocked by the owner. I 6 to be a reliable member of the climbing team
guess that’s probably safer.
My car is protected by an alarm system. If it’s 4
broken into in any way, the alarm goes off. 1 sheer
The steering wheel is locked if you use the key 2 summit
incorrectly. All the car doors can be locked 3 greasy
from inside by the driver. 4 flawlessly
At home, my front door is locked 5 stunned
automatically when it’s closed. All the 6 accomplished
windows are protected by individual locks 7 blew his mind
and a burglar alarm has also been installed.
8 looked back 7
foothold: a secure place where you can put
5 your foot when climbing; this could be a small
a He’s alone, far off the ground and without hole or crack in the surface of the rock
aids. get your foot in the door: to get a first job or
Not Honnold. opportunity with a company, which then
He loses the smallest amount of confidence. allows you to move into another (or better) job
‘My foot will never stay on that.’ in the same company or business in the future
In free-soloing, confidence is everything.
All you have is belief in your own ability. 8
Then suddenly, he’s in motion again. 1 become confident and understand what I’m
It sticks. supposed to be doing
Climbers were stunned, and the blog writers 2 said something (without thinking it through
were buzzing. properly) which will damage her own
That is the magic of Yosemite: it creates opportunities or wishes in the future
heroes. 3 said something embarrassing or
He hasn’t looked back. inappropriate, or which could upset someone –
For Chin that is always the priority. usually accidentally
b It’s a bright Saturday morning in September 4 did a similar job or type of work as her
and a young man is standing on a small ledge mother (or someone else before you)
high up on the northwest face of Half Dome, a 5 I’m not very coordinated or graceful (usually
sheer 650-metre wall of granite in the heart of talking about dancing or similar).
Yosemite Valley in California. He’s alone, far 6 began the relationship badly
off the ground and without aids … something
potentially dangerous happens. He loses the 9 Example answers
smallest amount of confidence. ‘What am I 1 a top university, a very popular organization,
doing here?’ he says to himself, staring at a any job or profession where a lot of people are
greasy bump on the rock face. For a few competing for a few places
minutes, he stands there, staring out at the 2 Students’ own answers (e.g. Well, I really
sky, unable to look up or down for fear of put my foot in it last week when I asked my
falling. Then suddenly, he’s in motion again. sister and her boyfriend over for dinner – I
He steps up, planting his shoe on the smooth didn’t know he had finished with her the night
stone. It sticks. He moves his hand to another before!)
hold, repeats the move, and within minutes, 3 Students’ own answers (e.g. I definitely got
he’s at the top … off on the wrong foot with my boss when I
c disastrous, staring, paralysed, raced, stunned, started my new job I think it was because I was
buzzing, so nervous – we get along fine now, though.)
blew his mind
d ‘What am I doing here?’ he says to himself, 2d Tell me a bit about yourself
staring at a greasy bump on the rock face. ‘My
foot will never stay on that.’ 1 Example answers
‘I rallied because there was nothing else I a resourceful (also possible: flexible)
could do,’ Honnold says later, with a boyish b conscientious (also possible: flexible,
laugh. ‘I stepped up and trusted that foothold focused, reliable)
and was freed of the prison where I’d stood c reliable (also possible: conscientious)
silently for five minutes.’ d flexible (also possible: well-organized)

6 Example answers 3 Example answers

Chin watches. The climber above him any ‘life problems’, going out to nightclubs
holds/grasps/hangs onto the rock by one hand. with your friends, what your favourite shop or
He hesitates at first to take the picture. ‘I café is, what pets you have, where you like to
wonder if it is right to take the picture?’ he go on holiday, your favourite food, etc.
says to himself. ‘What if the man
falls/slips/tumbles and hurts himself?’ Then he 4 Example answers
decides that he has to. It’s his job. 1 What are your career goals?
2 Why are you interested in this job? or Why want them to be able to remember your
do you think you are a good candidate for this application. It’s a good idea to include some
job? details that are specific to you (e.g. mention
3 Where do you see yourself in five years’ personal achievements and experience).
time? or What would you like to be doing in
five years’ time? 3
4 What are your weaknesses? or Do you have a I am seeking
any weaknesses? b Please find attached
5 Do you work well as part of a team? c a suitable candidate
d I am available
5 e the requirements you mention
Questions: f I am writing in response to
So can you tell me a bit about yourself? g do not hesitate to
What kind of organization would you like to h The (job) attracted me
work for, ideally? i I look forward to hearing from you.
Have you done any blogging or written j You will see from my CV that
anything that’s been published? k Thank you for taking time to consider this
And what do you see as your strengths, Katy?
And what would you say are your 2f Climbing Yosemite
weaknesses?
Kind of work: She’s looking for a job in 1 Example answers
journalism (working for a news company). Adjectives: crazy, difficult, scary, reckless,
Why she is suited: She thinks she’s suited to terrifying, worrying, adventurous, amazing,
this type of work because she writes well, incredible, thrilling, brave, courageous,
she’s good at spotting a story, she’s focused fearless, exciting
and conscientious. Verbs: grip, hang, grasp, cling, step, pull,
think, plan, focus
6 Expressions: adrenaline-rush, hold your nerve,
1 from 2 for 3 in 4 into 5 towards 6 at 7 up keep going, try your best/hardest
8 at 9 through 10 to 11 of 12 to
2b
2e A letter of application 1c2a3e4d5b

1 3
1 a Trainee Marketing assistant rewarding, difficult (physically), cerebral,
2 in last Tuesday’s Guardian newspaper slow, methodical,
3 a recent graduate from university; currently scared, real (consequences)
doing some freelance travel writing (Note that in Part 2 of the video, he uses other
4 (the contents of the three bullet points) adjectives: fortunate, influential, passionate,
5 Thank you for taking time to consider this awesome, special, insane, amazing.)
application …
6 at any time by phone or in writing 4
1 T (Hey, Mom, Dad, I’m going to take a year
2 off. I’m just going to get it out of my system.
1 F The letter should outline why you are I’m going to climb and ski full time. Don’t
suitable for the job. If there are certain freak out – it’s really temporary; essentially
specifications, you should ensure that, along their worst nightmare was realized when … I
with your CV, the letter explains how you was still living in the back of my car … just
meet these specifications. doing odds and ends for jobs.)
2T 2 F (I’m going to take a year off … I’m going
3 F The letter should respond to specific to climb and ski full time … it’s really
requirements the company has listed. temporary.)
4 T The person reading the letter will want to 3 T (I would wake up in … Yosemite … and I
get an impression of the kind of person you are would just think … there’s no other place that
and you I would rather be. Yosemite was a very …
influential home for me; Made a lot of friends. jobs: building up experience of working,
I felt like I found my community there.) earning some money, meeting lots of different
4 F (I didn’t really have a sense of, like, people, learning new skills, becoming more
wanting to be an artist or photographer in any flexible, getting a character reference
other way than to continue what I was doing.) Building up a range of practical skills: being
5 T (I travelled the world and really got to able to put these skills on your CV, learning
shoot on some really insane assignments … specific skills for a job you would like, makes
and some amazing locations.) you more versatile
Voluntary work: gain work experience, giving
5 something back to your community, giving
1 ski you an idea of the job
2 professional or course you might like to apply for, feeling
3 year good about helping others, meeting new
4 car; tables people, making new friends
5 community
6 greater Unit 2 Review
7 500
8 launch 1
1 has found
6 Example answers 2 was employed
Students’ own ideas 3 has been travelling / has travelled
Students are likely to think Jimmy Chin made 4 was given / has been given
a good choice: exciting job, lots of travel, 5 has tested
seeing the world’s most exciting places, 6 created / had created
having adventures, his job is his hobby, 7 (to be) checked
probably getting good money for the 8 is / has been
photographs, developing a great skill as a 9 was put
photographer 10 ’m having / have been having
His career could develop in that he could 11 are added / are being added
become a photographer for other kinds of 12 is / has been / will be / will have been
exploration or adventure. He could also
become involved in making videos using a 2
drone. was employed – a The agent (person doing the
action) is obvious, unknown or unimportant.
7a was given / has been given – c We want to
1c2a3a4b5b6a give emphasis to the agent by putting it at the
end of the sentence.
7b Example answers to be checked – a The agent (person doing the
1 Before I go, I’ll need to sort out a few odds action) is obvious, unknown or unimportant.
and ends, like where to leave the key, and who was chosen … and put – b We are following a
to ask to come and feed the cat. series of actions that happen to the same
2 We left the house and headed out into the subject.
street/desert/rain. are added / are being added – a The agent
3 My parents freaked out when I said I wanted (person doing the action) is obvious, unknown
to get a tattoo. or unimportant.

8 Example answers 3
Students’ own ideas 1 Holiday operator, First Choice, in order to
Travelling: seeing lots of different countries, offer the best by having a full-time tester.
meeting different people, learning languages, 2 Testing water slides at holiday resorts to
gaining more independence, becoming ensure the quality of the water park experience
resilient and flexible for customers.
Doing military service: meeting people,
working in a team, learning new skills, 4
getting/keeping fit, being very disciplined, 1 by
gaining more independence Doing various odd 2 footsteps
3 profession 1 the cost of renting is high; it’s hot and
4 find humid; there’s a mixture of new, smart
5 on building and old, shabby buildings; it’s a busy,
6 side crowded, competitive place to live; it can be
addictive
5 Example answers 2 at least twenty or thirty storeys high; tiny
1 Advising someone to stop worrying about a apartments, one on top of another; a mixture of
past event which was negative (e.g. a old and new, smart and shabby; air-
relationship breakdown or losing a job) and to conditioning units sticking out from windows
forget about it and start living life positively
again. 3
2 Apologizing for not doing something (e.g. 1 tiny
not printing a document); apologizing for not 2 hot, humid
fixing something (in the house, car, etc.) or not 3 new, old, smart, shabby
doing a job in the house (e.g. the washing up / 4 busy, crowded, competitive, addictive
cleaning); apologizing for not making a phone
call to arrange an appointment. 4 Example answers
3 Saying that you wish you didn’t have to do apartment: first-floor, run-down, spacious,
something (e.g. attend a wedding or party of studio, two-bedroom
someone you don’t get on with; a work building: brick, four-storey, high-rise,
meeting). imposing, residential, run-down
street: main, narrow, one-way, tree-lined,
6 pedestrianized, residential, run-down
1 b, g 2 a, e 3 d, f 4 c, d area: built-up, deprived, pedestrianized,
residential, run-down
7 The adjective run-down can collocate with all
Students’ own answers four nouns.
conscientious – surgeon, lawyer, doctor, pilot,
air traffic controller 5 Example answer
enthusiastic – teacher, coach, actor, Tribeca was once a deprived, run-down area,
professional athlete but today it’s one of the most popular and
flexible – any job involving shift work, upmarket areas of Manhattan, New York. It’s
teacher, police officer, social worker a built-up area of high-rise buildings, many of
motivated – lawyer, doctor, author, investment which are residential. However, as it’s
banker, business person popular with artists, it has spacious studios and
reliable – accountant, solicitor, cleaner, doctor, upmarket shops and bars.
taxi driver
resourceful – teacher, social worker, project 3a Towns with character
manager, firefighter
1 Example answers
8 1 boom town = a town that has grown up
Students’ own answers suddenly, usually for a reason such as the
discovery of oil or the building of a large, local
UNIT 3 factory: characteristics may include being
vibrant, possibly half-built, full of new,
1 Example answers young people
1 It’s probably hot, crowded, cramped, tiring ghost town = a town with no people, often a
(lots of stairs or crowded lifts), and the flats boom town that went bust, or because a
are likely to be small. disaster or change in the economy caused
2 They are high-rise, urban buildings that are people to leave: characteristics may
probably densely populated. We can see include being empty, derelict, run-down
cladding, air conditioning units, windows, historic town = an old town with buildings and
balconies and washing lines. monuments from the past: characteristics may
include pretty, touristy, lively, expensive
2 holiday town/resort = a place full of shops and
attractions for tourists, often on the coast: a bit come after the verb.
characteristics include touristy, expensive,
quaint, relaxing Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
industrial town = a town with factories:
characteristics may include unattractive, 1
polluted, noisy, commercially successful 1 wasn’t very good
market town = a small town, often old with a 2 quite a
historic square in the centre: characteristics 3 is quite
may include attractive, picturesque, sleepy, 4 a fairly
friendly, local 5 rather a / a rather
port (town) = a town on the coast with boats or 6 a pretty
ships and working industry: characteristics 2
may include busy, vibrant, commercially 1a2b3b4a5a
successful 3
regional capital = the capital or main city of a 1 quite/rather
region: characteristics may include vibrant, 2 fairly/rather
industrial, interesting, cosmopolitan 3 not particularly
shanty town = a town of temporary shelters on 4 quite/rather
the edge of a big city built by and for poor 5 pretty
people: characteristics may include run-down, 6 slightly/pretty
unhealthy, deprived, dangerous, lawless 7 not very
spa town = a place where people go to
improve their health, often by exercising or 5
having baths in special waters: characteristics 1 I always feel pretty excited … (qualifier
may include pretty, historic, sleepy, touristy, directly before an adjective)
interesting, relaxing 2 Liverpool used to be a fairly busy port …
university town = characteristics may include (qualifier directly before an adjective)
lively, lots of bars and restaurants, historic 3 We quite wanted to visit … or … there
buildings, young population wasn’t quite time. (quite comes before the
2 Students’ own answers – it depends on main verb and before a noun)
where they are from. 4 Industry in the town has declined slightly …
(slightly comes after the verb)
2 5 … we regretted our decision a bit. (a bit
lively – sleepy comes after the verb)
modern and characterless – quaint 6 The museum isn’t particularly interesting
scruffy – well-kept … or … if you don’t particularly like …
self-contained – sprawling (qualifier directly before an adjective;
particularly comes before the main verb)
3
1 Granada 6
2 Granada 1 quite (quite comes before the main verb)
3 Billund 2 particularly (qualifier directly before an
4 Billund adjective)
5 Granada 3 pretty or particularly (qualifier directly
6 Billund before an adjective)
4 a little (a little comes after the verb)
4 5 a bit (qualifier directly before an adjective)
1a 6 fairly (qualifier directly before an adjective)
2 7 slightly (slightly comes after the verb)
a They come directly before the adjective.
b Quite must come before a/an in a noun 7a
phrase; rather can be before or after a/an in a 1 It’s quite a long way. (qualifier)
noun phrase. 2 Pretty confident. (adjective)
c Quite, rather and not particularly come 3 It’s pretty cold. (adjective)
before the main verb (with like, enjoy, want); 4 Yes, it’s fairly important. (qualifier)
slightly, rather, a little and
5 Yes, she’s quite a well-known actor. Description: the first home looks traditional,
(adjective) small, portable, made of canvas, and clearly
6 I quite enjoyed it. (qualifier) typical of a northern climate, whereas the
second home looks modern, small, compact,
7b well designed.
1, 4 and 6 (when the qualifier is stressed) have 1 Photo A is in Russia (a Dolgan home); B is
stress patterns which mean ‘but not very’. in Hong Kong.
In 2, 3 and 5, the meaning of the verb or 2 The architect is inspired by the Dolgan home
adjective doesn’t change very much (see because it’s a small living space which is very
Grammar and pronunciation notes practical, simple, and very functional.
below). The architect is inspired by the Hong Kong
living space because it’s unique and very
8 Example answers flexible: you can make 24 different rooms
1 It’s quite a big town. / It’s a fairly small from just one space.
village. / It’s not a particularly lively town.
On the town’s website, it’s described as a very 3
historic place. 1 small homes in general
2 It’s quite well known for its 2 cheaper
castle/beer/cheese/landscape. 3 one room
3 It used to be a slightly dull place, but it’s 4 their animals
changed quitea bit. Now it’s rather a fun 5 belongings
place to go out. or No, it isn’t very different 6 move
now from five/ten years ago.
4 You could visit the museum – it’s very 4
interesting and not very expensive; I wouldn’t 1e2f3g4a5h6c7d8b
bother going to the leisure centre because it’s
rather a long way from the centre. 5
5 I’d recommend Bill’s Restaurant – the food Students’ own ideas
is fairly basic, but it has a great atmosphere
and the staff are pretty friendly. 6
6 I’d definitely ban cars from the centre of Words that mean ‘very’: really, very
town – it often feels quite noisy and polluted. Words that mean ‘completely’: absolutely,
Also the shops are a bit boring. It needs some totally, quite,
better clothes shops. Completely
7 Yes, definitely. It’s a fairly convenient place
to live and accommodation is quite cheap. or 8
No, definitely not. The job opportunities are a extremely small, (very pleased,) incredibly
pretty poor, and you’re more likely to get a short, really big, very practical, very
good job in a bigger city. functional, (extremely basic)
b (really stunning,) (absolutely freezing,)
9 absolutely essential, quite amazing
Students’ own ideas (see article for a model) c (completely different,) completely wrong,
totally unique
3b Compact living
Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
1
Students’ own ideas 4
Rooms with typically more than one function: 1 It’s very freezing – It’s freezing
a kitchen that’s also a dining room and/or 2
laundry room, a living room that’s also a 3
dining room, a bedroom that’s a study or 4
office, a bathroom that’s a laundry room, a
5 It’s absolutely important – It’s very/really
living room that’s a bedroom at night
important
6 an extremely amazing – an (utterly/totally)
2
amazing
7 utterly right – absolutely right
5 3 asking motorists to drive more sensibly to
1 freezing reduce pollution
2 tired 4 a race when someone fell over, a team which
3 stylish reached a final but didn’t win (on penalties or
4 tiny after a last-minute mistake)
5 cold 5 Students’ own answers
6 stunning
7 exhausted 14 Example answers
8 small I’d absolutely love to have a home cinema,
6 because there are so many films now with
1 very really amazing special effects that you can’t
2 really appreciate on a small screen.
3 incredibly An ensuite bathroom would be absolutely
4 very brilliant. They’re incredibly luxurious and I
5 absolutely think it’s perfectly reasonable to have one.
6 incredibly
7 extremely 3c The paper architect

9 1
1 very; incredibly Students’ own answers
2 completely; really
3 absolutely; extremely 2
4 incredibly; very C
5 quite; utterly
6 absolutely; completely 3
1 Because (at first) her designs weren’t
10 Example answers actually built – they just remained drawings.
1 I would only eat worms/bugs/grass if I was 2 It means people wanted to employ her as an
absolutely desperate. architect to design buildings.
2 I get really/extremely irritated by people who 3 She was in a profession that was dominated
moan all the time. by men and it was conservative (it didn’t like
3 The last time I was really/incredibly tired new ideas).
was when I completed the London Marathon. 4 She sketched her ideas in the form of an
4 It’s totally/completely wrong to let children artist’s drawing.
run around on trains. 5 They didn’t think the buildings could
5 I think babies/diamonds are absolutely actually be built.
gorgeous. 6 She thought that a new building should be
6 I’m absolutely certain that good health is practical as well as innovative.
what’s most important in life. 7 The building has lots of natural light and
dramatic angles, so that pupils can view the
11 activity of other students from different
It means ‘very’. perspectives.
8 She will be remembered as someone who
12 made an enormous impact on architecture.
The two cases where it is not the case are:
mildly amusing 4
(= quite amusing), vaguely familiar (= a little Zaha Hadid’s designs: bold and daring,
bit familiar). innovative, imaginative, original(ity)
Her character: determined, innovative,
13 something of an outsider
1 learning the piano, learning a foreign Her buildings: new and different, complex
language, learning code curved forms, innovative, practical, with
2 wanting to be an astronaut, or to be a natural light, dramatic angles and multiple
millionaire by the time they are thirty, wanting viewpoints
to be a famous singer or actor Her position in the world of architecture:
groundbreaking, an outsider, enormous impact
The effect of her buildings on the user: you don’t mind lifts or small spaces
surprised and charmed 3 bored, uncomfortable, tired – they are large,
empty, airless, crowded places; tired – often
5 Example answers you have to walk everywhere with big bags;
Zaha Hadid’s designs were bold and daring, nervous, anxious – many people fear flying,
and were often praised for being imaginative others are nervous about missing flights;
and original. She was a determined architect in excited, impatient – if you are comfortable
a profession where it was difficult for women with flying and are going on holiday
architects to be successful. Her buildings were 4 uncomfortable – the chairs may be hard or
new and different, and whilst she wanted you may not have much space; irritated,
to work with complex, curved forms, one of annoyed – poor sightlines or acoustics;
her main considerations was that they were interested, engaged – if you enjoy learning
practical for the user. Hadid was praised as and the content of the lecture is good
being a ground-breaking architect, who made 5 isolated, uncomfortable, bored – you can feel
an enormous impact on the profession, though alienated by being in an empty place or in a
she was also perhaps an outsider. Her use of place where people can look over your
innovative designs and ideas meant that her shoulder; supported, motivated – if
buildings surprised and charmed people. you are someone who works well with other
team members around you
6
To break new ground means ‘do something 9 Example answers
new and different (or innovative) in your Students may have many ideas, for example,
particular area or using relaxing music to relieve anxiety, using
profession’. different colours that are associated with
1 start and be successful positivity, using plants and other décor to
2 on the basis that; for the reasons that; make places feel less empty or forbidding,
because dividing large spaces up so they feel more
3 talked about many things/topics cosy, subduing lighting so places are more
4 remains realistic about life relaxing, having comfortable armchairs
5 held onto what he believed in, in spite of and sofas, having lecture halls on a slope or in
opposition curves in order to make them feel friendlier
and improve acoustics.
7 Example answers
1 The manager of our local football team 3d A lot to recommend it
always keeps his feet on the ground – even
when we win, he doesn’t get too excited – he 1
just tells us to work even harder next time. Students’ own ideas
2 My parents wanted me to go to university,
but I stood my ground – I went to drama 2 Example answers
college instead. I’m now an actor – a dream 1 Students’ own ideas
come true! 2 a popular, well-known or even a
3 Companies like Apple and Sony are always controversial work of art can attract visitors to
breaking new ground by bringing out totally a city centre, thus bringing customers to shops;
new and innovative products. can bring a sense of civic pride to locals; can
work as a centre point to a town or city – a
8 Example answers place to meet; can inspire other artists,
1 nervous, anxious, uneasy – because you are especially local ones
not looking forward to the possible discomfort
of dental surgery; irritated, annoyed, 3
uncomfortable – because the room may be hot 1 a sculpture which features quotes and jokes
or crowded or you may be made to wait by famous local people
beyond your appointment time 2 The first speaker is in favour, the second
2 anxious, afraid – because you fear closed speaker is against.
spaces; hot, uncomfortable, sick – because lifts
are often hot and make some people feel sick; 4
relaxed, absent minded – if
The directness of your answer depends on
your relationship to the person, but it’s also 1 Example answers
true that different cultures vary too (see Yes: a dramatic contrast; symbolizing the old
Background information below). and the new; new buildings are functional and
old buildings tend to be attractive so together
5 they make a business area of a city
1 rather clever interesting
2 a bit more artistic No: the contrast is too great; the modern
3 stand the test of time building dwarfs the old one; it takes away
4 tells you something about the city from the old building – we can’t admire it
5 a bit ugly (to me) because it’s surrounded by something too
6 something interactive (not just static) different and there is no space around it

6 2
Agree: 1 The writer thinks that we should allow
I agree completely. / Absolutely. modern buildings to be built next to older
Disagree politely: buildings (as long as the new building is
It seems a bit … to me. pleasing and does not dominate too much).
I don’t think you should underestimate … 2 He says modern architecture can fit with
I can see that, but … buildings from another period, and that they
I’m not (entirely) convinced that … can actually enhance the area. He says there
Disagree: are many successful examples in existence.
I’m against … 3 There are examples of modern buildings that
I disagree. / I don’t agree. have spoiled an area.
Give an opinion:
I think … / I reckon … 3
I have to say, … The correct order is: d, b, a, c
Personally, I …
For me, … / If you ask me, … 4a
It’s pretty obvious that … / It’s fairly clear that 1 In my view,; I suspect that; I believe that
… 2 Having said that,; Admittedly,
I’m (all) in favour of 3 Indeed,; After all,
4 in other words,
7a 5 In conclusion,
1 /j/
2 /w/ 4b
3 /w/ 1 In my view
4 /j/ 2 Indeed / After all
5 /j/ 3 Having said that / Admittedly
6 /w/ 4 I believe that / In my view
5 In other words
7b
I reckon we should choose the carousel – it’s 3f A story of solutions
representative
of the city’s history and could be funded by 1 Example answers
business. The fire station acts as a central point for
It seems a bit childish to me. Personally, I storing the vehicles and equipment needed to
think we should fight fires and help at other emergencies.
go for the LED screen – the community will Firefighters work there and spend a lot of their
be able to time there training and preparing to go out to
interact with it. emergencies and fight fires.
I’m not entirely convinced by that. It seems a Their job is probably challenging, dangerous,
bit unpredictable and very varied. They are
complicated to me. probably required to work shifts. When they
are not involved in incidents, their working
3e Old and new days may be boring.
2 Example answers 7
Other buildings: local shop or minimarket, Students’ own ideas
doctor’s surgery, vet’s surgery, nursery school,
primary school, garage or petrol station, pub, 8
church, mosque, cinema Students’ own ideas
1 Villages or small communities are likely to
only have a post office and perhaps a Unit 3 Review
community centre.
2 Many people think that having a local shop 1
or post office is vital. People in small It is an aquatics centre and is used for
communities also value a community centre as swimming.
a way of meeting people. In the UK, small
communities often have a pub and a church, 2
which many see as important. A local primary 1 really
school is important to young families. People 2 quite
don’t expect to have a fire station or hospital 3 extremely
but often aim not to live too far from one. 4 rather
5 particularly
3 6 completely
Things seen in the video: straight road, barns / 7 pretty
long buildings, trees/ants, a small store/shop, a 8 quite
pick-up truck, cows, fields, houses on bricks 9 really
1 very small, one street town, only 184 10 incredibly
inhabitants, rural, quiet, not rich
2 wooden or temporary-looking, nothing very 3
new, the houses were elevated on bricks a rare, practical, pleasing, dramatic
b remarkable, spectacular
4 c organic, still
1 old
2 architecture plans or design 4
3 functional, simple 1 bedroom
4 a grass fire 2 bitterly
5 various activities: cutting, sawing, 3 brick
assembling, drilling, sanding, welding 4 built
6 children 5 sprawling
6 storey
5 7 suite
1 burn down; insurance; homeless 8 wildly
2 organization; the building 9 walk
3 thirty-two House: 1, 7, 9
4 library Town: 4, 5, 6,
5 chose; glad Adverb + adjective: 2, 8
6 same goal
7 solution; people 5 Example answers
Students’ own answers
6a Picture 1: characterless, compact (apartments),
1b2a3c4c5c imposing, modern
Picture 2: quaint, sleepy
6b Picture 3: compact, quaint
1 The sole reason that I learn English is to
improve my job prospects. 6
2 Winning the singing contest was a catalyst Students’ own answers
for my career in show business.
3 The book, Catcher In the Rye, had a 7 Example answers
profound effect on me when I was younger. 1e2f3c4a5g6d7b
UNIT 3 bend: a knife, a fork, a spoon, a book, a piece
of card, an electrical cable
1 fold: umbrella, wallet, bank note, lightweight
Students’ own ideas raincoat, folding chair, penknife, clothes,
sheets, towels
2 2 Students’ own answers, but anything bulky
1 She was (virtually) blind. that needs storing or carrying (a car, a laptop
2 Immediately after the operation she could computer, cooking pots and pans, a mattress,
see light and colour and later she could etc.)
identify nearby objects.
3 They are for anyone and they help people 2
hear better by allowing the wearer to choose a folding bike, raincoat, sunglasses
which sounds to ignore and which to focus on. b phones, computers, TV screens, satellites,
4 whether bionic body parts will actually be electronic
more efficient than our own biological body implants, stents, pills
parts
3
3 1 smaller, thinner
1 inserted 2 within windows
2 train 3 Bendable screens will become widespread in
3 distinguish (= to see and recognize the the next few years, e.g. being used in phones
difference that wrap around your wrist and computers
between things) that fit into your pocket.
4 filter out 4 anyone with $3,000 to spare
5 amplify 5 You only need to take the pill once; the pill
could be inserted exactly into the place where
4 Example answers it is needed.
Students’ own answers
bionic legs: could help you run faster, jump 4
higher, swim faster, etc., legs won’t get tired 1 Those cups aren’t reusable; they’re
or suffer muscle strain or pulled muscles, legs disposable.
won’t get conditions such as arthritis 2 They said this camera was unbreakable. I
in the joints, you could choose what length hope the money is refundable.
your legs are and therefore your height, you 3 Is this jacket washable …?
could have interchangeable different kinds of 4 The car is repairable. It’s just a question of
legs for different activities a bionic hand: whether the repair is affordable.
could help you grip things more tightly, 5 His behaviour is inexcusable. All I asked
you could hit things without it hurting you, was that he was reliable.
you won’t get arthritis in old age, your hand 6 The pain was unimaginable.
muscles wouldn’t get tired a bionic eye: could
help you see further or more clearly, 5
you won’t need to wear glasses, you might be 1 It means the thing is more likely to happen.
able to add special filters, e.g. to be able to see 2 before the main verb; occasionally at the
in the dark bionic skin: you won’t get sunburn; beginning of the sentence (with perhaps,
could be more resistant to cuts and bruises, it maybe)
won’t age like ordinary skin, it could 3 It’s likely that + subject + future
look smoother and more uniform than human subject + is likely to + infinitive
skin Such ‘super-pills’ are likely to be inserted
directly. It’s likely that progress in bionics will
4a Shrink it, bend it, fold it continue at a fast
pace.
1 Example answers
1 shrink: many kinds of clothes, often made of Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
wool, e.g. a jumper, a scarf, a dress, socks;
potatoes if you leave them in the oven too long 1
1 might
2 probably won’t pollution which is being emitted, new cleaner
3 may not fuels, electric vehicles
4 likely The growing shortage of water: technology to
5 should capture and store water, better desalination
6 a good chance techniques, more water recycling, home water
treatment units
2 Curing illnesses and disease: gene editing to
1 There’s a good chance that our train will be prevent genetic diseases, better drugs, laser
late surgery, etc.
2 He probably won’t come to our party
3 Perhaps we’ll all be driving electric cars 4b The mother of invention
4 It’s likely that space travel will be a lot
cheaper or Space 1
travel is likely to be a lot cheaper It means that new things are invented when a
5 It’s possible that the government might raise particular need arises.
interest rates
2 Example answers
3 Students’ own answers
1 almost certainly Possibilities include: crazy, innovative,
2 should/could interesting, funny, impractical, ridiculous,
3 could dangerous, etc.
4 possible It appears that the inventor is trying to involve
5 unlikely members of the family and give a form of
6 chances transport that allows the men/boys to do the
pedalling, the young girl to steer, and the
6 ‘mother’ to do some sewing at the same time.
1 may, could, might, perhaps, maybe, possible
2 may/could/might well, probably, probable, 3
likely, should, The likelihood is (that), The b
chances are (that), There’s a good chance
(that) 4
3 unlikely 1 doing research
4 almost certainly 2 an academic
3 of little use
7 4 didn’t exist before
1 (the) chances are (that) we will see 5 easier
2 may well have 6 going out to shop
3 are likely to be wearing 7 very expensive at first
4 This could mean 8 remain a luxury
5 probably won’t produce
6 it should be 5
1b2a3a4b5a6b
8
1 may/could/might/will 7
2 may/could/might a3b1c4d2
3 likely
4 certainly Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
5 well
6 certainly/probably/possibly/perhaps 4
1 had to
9 2 didn’t have to
Students’ own views 3 didn’t have to buy / needn’t have bought
Traffic congestion and pollution: self-driving 4 needn’t have worn
cars, technology to make journey routes more 5 weren’t allowed to
efficient, more technology to measure 6 didn’t need to go
pollution, technology in cars to reduce
5 / They had to rely on their body clocks. /
1 shouldn’t have Someone had to stay awake at all times.
2 should have They must have put their money in some kind
3 couldn’t have of safe box.
4 must have / They might/may have hidden it somewhere at
5 could have home. They must have read a lot of books /
6 might not have played a lot of games
/ told a lot of stories. / They could have visited
6 friends more.
1 can’t/couldn’t have driven They might have had natural remedies. / They
2 shouldn’t have eaten might have used herbal medicines. / They
3 should have left might have just put up with the discomfort.
4 must have seen They can’t have contacted people quickly. /
5 might have bought They must have needed help from neighbours.
6 must have opened (also acceptable: must be / They might have sent telegrams.
open) Either they can’t have bothered or they must
have chewed something that made their breath
8 fresher.
1 a needn’t have b didn’t need to They must have just guessed from how much
2 a must have b can’t have c might/may/could pain the person was in. / They might have
have touched and moved the bone.

9 13 Example answers
1 must I couldn’t live without an electric iron. In the
2 needn’t have bothered old days, it can’t have been easy to do the
3 could ironing without one.
4 should have woken People had to heat up the iron on a hot stove. It
5 had to be must have taken ages.
I don’t see the point of electric toothbrushes.
10 In the past, people had to use normal
1 can’t/couldn’t have been toothbrushes and they were perfectly good.
2 didn’t need to own The person who invented the electric one
3 had to depend needn’t have bothered – they are just a waste
4 shouldn’t have bought or needn’t have of energy and money.
bought or didn’t need to buy
5 must have been 4c The shoe giver
6 could/may/might have been (Note that you
would probably only use must have been if 1 Example answers
you are fairly sure you are right.) Students’ own answers
7 should have received 1 make a profit, provide jobs for people, look
8 must have realized or should have realized after employees, improve society
or can’t have realized 2 by doing good work, e.g. helping the
environment, employing people with
11a disabilities; by making a product
1 It should have worked, but it didn’t. that is beneficial, e.g. a health food; by
2 I had to wait half an hour. creating wealth and jobs for a town
3 He must have forgotten.
4 You needn’t have worried. 2
5 She may have left already. It sells shoes for a profit and also gives shoes
6 I didn’t need to be there. away to poor children, so helping to solve a
social problem at the same time.
12 Example answers
They must/could have woken up when it got 3
light. / They can’t have slept very well. / They 1 T (He set up his first business … he sold his
had to go to bed early. share to his business partner and moved on …
This again he sold on … Three more a while = some time (sentence 5)
businesses later …) a try = a go (sentence 6)
2 F (Mycoskie’s first instinct was to set up a Possible sentences:
charity to donate shoes to the children. But I’ve just moved house – it feels odd – I need to
after giving it some thought …) give it some time.
3 T (if he asked people to donate repeatedly My boss gave me the chance to come here to
every time more shoes were needed, their study.
sympathy for the cause might also wear out I’ve been offered a new job – I’m giving it
pretty quickly.) some thought.

4 4d An elevator pitch
a It’s quite an expensive product. (… sell it as
a high-end fashion item at around US$50 a 1
pair. Quite a lot for a canvas shoe you might See answers to Exercise 2
say … – paragraph 4)
b The business model is perhaps not very 2
successful as it didn’t make money for a long Three points:
time. (TOMS is a for-profit business, 1 Say in a few words what your product or
but for a long time it didn’t show a profit. – service does.
paragraph 7) 2 Make clear what problem it solves and why
c Mycoskie thinks giving alone isn’t enough. your solution is different.
(He is conscious that ‘giving’ alone is not the 3 Convince the other person that you are a
answer and that educating people to improve good person to implement this idea.
their own lives is the real key. – paragraph 7)
3
5 Example answers 1 Volunteer Planner
Students’ own answers 2 charities (who are
a Why should I buy these shoes? Are they looking for help)
really worth the money? Couldn’t you make 3 regular time
and sell them more cheaply? 4 TimePal
Wouldn’t it be better to just give the money 5 qualifications
directly to charity? 6 skills
b Is this a good model if it doesn’t make a 7 IT experts
good amount of money? Is there any point to 8 working with charities
the business if it doesn’t make money? 9 Funding
c Isn’t there a danger that you are discouraging
people from charitable giving if you say what 4
people really need is education? Rhetorical questions:
How does it work? (Basically, it’s an
6 interactive diary that links people who
a stop doing something for a while volunteer to charities …)
b think about an idea Why is that necessary? (Well, essentially the
problem is that voluntary organizations always
7 want people to commit to a regular time …)
1 time So, what are we asking for? (Well, we’ve
2 best made a prototype and now we need some
3 go ahead funding to bring it to market.)
4 break Sentence adverbs:
5 thought Basically, …
6 go Essentially, …
Of course, …
8 Honestly …
a chance = a break (sentence 4)
consideration = thought (sentence 1) 4e Problem or solution?
your all = your best (sentence 2)
the green light = the go ahead (sentence 3)
1 Time-saving and cost-saving for teachers –
1 no (we suggest that teachers actively allows teachers to provide texts, images and
encourage students to use the internet in class) activities easily without having to use books or
2 because reading books is known to help our photocopies.
ability to do many things: focus and Motivating for students – they like working
remember, expand vocabulary, improve with laptops.
communications skills, develop analytical Allows students to learn how to use a laptop
thinking and how to surf the internet safely.
3 Students’ own ideas Why this is an opportunity not to be missed:
Reflects the real world – young people need to
2 be computer savvy.
1 It’s divided into paragraphs with headings: Saves time and money for teachers and
Introduction, Current situation, Possible schools (in the long run) because everything is
solutions, Recommendations. online.
The proposal uses bullet points to list different Access to a greater variety of interesting
points. materials than when using tradition classroom
2 materials.
a This proposal suggests ways teachers can use Interactive – students and teachers can interact
technology to get children reading. more easily online.
b So how can we use students’ enthusiasm for
digital devices to encourage them to read 4f This man risked it all
more?
c Unless we begin to see technology as part of 1 Example answers
the solution, rather than part of the problem, Students’ own answers
we are unlikely to reverse the trend. a Children have to work instead of play/study;
it could be bad for them physically, e.g. it may
3a cause bad backs, etc.; on the plus side, they are
1 … we suggest that teachers actively contributing to their family’s welfare and are
encourage students to use … being active.
2 … we recommend using student blogs or b Wood burning produces pollutants that affect
learning diaries … the ozone layer; trees get cut down; the natural
3 We strongly recommend teachers to explore habitat is changed and reduced.
similar ideas.
2b
3b 1c2d3a4e5b
1 people (should) follow
2 people (should) save 3
3 wait / to wait How it affects children’s lives: they miss
4 teachers (should) always teach school and are unhappy about this, they lose
5 the company looks that opportunity to improve their lives
How it affects the environment: deforestation,
4 Example answers air pollution
Students should provide their own ideas under The benefits of Sanga Moses’ business:
the three ‘points’. However, here are some producing clean fuel that burns longer and is
suggestions you can use to prompt them: 65 per cent cheaper, stopping deforestation,
Different uses for these tablet computers: stopping indoor air pollution, enabling
Students can go online to find out information. farmers and women to earn a living, more
Students can interact with other students and children are in school (getting an education)
the teacher.
Students can access a wide range of texts and 4 Example answers
images. The tool used to cut wood: a large knife with a
Students can play educational games. long, wide, sharp metal blade (called a
Students can write and send their homework machete)
online. The buildings in the villages: simple, single-
The benefits they could bring: storey buildings made of mud, bricks, wood
and corrugated metal
The ‘clean’ cooking fuel he produced: Unit 4 Review
cheaper, popular;
when it’s being made, it is formed into dark, 1
wet-looking cylinders; sacks of dry cylindrical 1 might
fuel bricks 2 needn’t
The transport farmers were using: a three- 3 chances
wheeled motorbike fitted with a pickup back 4 likely
for carrying goods 5 possible
6 had
5 7 must (also acceptable: might)
1 the fact that she was missing school / 8 certainly
missing out on her education / on the verge of
the opportunity to improve her life 2
2 His boss thought he was crazy. 1 likely (so, 8 or 9)
3 all of them 2 thinks must or might (so, 7 or 6)
4 He sold his things (his bed, TV and sofa set). 3 almost certainly (so, 9 or 10)
5 She was angry and thought it was a waste of
energy. / She didn’t want to stay with him. 3
1 extendable
6 2 non-washable
1 waste 3 forgivable
2 longer 4 unreliable
3 65 per cent / 65% 5 removable
4 460 6 non-refundable
5 10,000 7 reusable
6 ten 8 unavoidable
7 deforestation
8 indoor 4 Example answers
9 women 1 Think about it carefully for a time – so,
10 education perhaps advising someone to consider a job
offer carefully (or think about whether to join
7 a club or volunteer for something
1a2b3a4a5b6a or accept an offer of help).
2 Used to say that somebody should be
8 Example answers allowed to do something or shouldn’t be
1 The news that there had been another criticized – so a situation could be that
terrorist attack hit people hard. somebody has worked hard all night but not
2 It’s important to have a good network of completed a task – you are saying that she
friends because you need people around you shouldn’t be criticized because she has put in a
when things go wrong. lot of effort.
3 I have an idea to extend the living room, but 3 I’ll attempt to do this even though it’s
I don’t know if should act on it. difficult or I might fail – somebody being
asked to try skiing for the first time or drive a
9 Example answers new car.
Eco Fuel Africa’s service is ecological in the 4 We met strong opposition or disagreement –
sense that it uses farm waste to create fuel, perhaps they had building plans that local
thus reducing deforestation and indoor air people were angry about.
pollution. It’s also beneficial because it
enables farmers and women to earn a living. 5 Example answers
However, the fuel used is still a carbon-based 1 is it / exactly is this machine
fuel and therefore is still polluting. Energy also 2 is it necessary; buy/choose it
needs to be used to collect the waste, process it 3 does it work
and distribute it. 4 it/that be expensive / cost a lot
5 are we going to do/achieve that
10
Students’ own ideas