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The document provides an overview of the Quantum Mechanical Model, detailing key concepts such as the behavior of electrons, chemical bonding, and the properties of ionic and covalent compounds. It also covers organic compounds, including hydrocarbons and their classifications, along with the properties and uses of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Additionally, it discusses principles like electronegativity, ionization energy, and the octet rule in relation to chemical stability.

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Austin John Cruz
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20 views

Grade 9 Reviewer

The document provides an overview of the Quantum Mechanical Model, detailing key concepts such as the behavior of electrons, chemical bonding, and the properties of ionic and covalent compounds. It also covers organic compounds, including hydrocarbons and their classifications, along with the properties and uses of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Additionally, it discusses principles like electronegativity, ionization energy, and the octet rule in relation to chemical stability.

Uploaded by

Austin John Cruz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Grade 9 Reviewer

Quantum Mechanical Model


Werner Heisenberg - proposed the assumption that one cannot exactly determine the location and movement of electrons
Louis De Broglie - proposed the idea that particles could as well behave like waves
Neils Bohr - scientists devised an equation about the wave-like motion of electrons around the nucleus of the atom
Quantum Mechanical Model - model of the atom describes an atom as having a nucleus surrounded by electrons found in regions of high
probability
Bohr’s Atomic Model - atomic model explained that the electrons of the atom are located in the distinct energy levels which surround the
nucleus

Ground state - electrons located in their natural orbits are said to be in the ground state.
Excited State - when the electron absorbs extra energy from a flame or electric arc, the electron moves to higher energy levels.
The sublevel letters: s, p, d, and f.
The maximum number of electrons that the f sublevel can hold is 14.

Electron configuration - shows the arrangement and distribution of electrons in an atom.


Aufbau Principl - explains the building up of the electron configuration of the atom
Pauli Exclusion Principle - states that an orbital may be occupied by a maximum of two electrons
Hund’s Rule - states that the electron entering orbitals of equal energy (orbitals of p,d, and f sublevels) tend to fill out singly first

Chemical Bonding
Chemical bond - is a force that binds atoms together to form a compound
Valence electron - refers to the electrons in the outermost shell of the atom.
Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS) – symbol use to represent the number of valence electrons of the element
Electronegativity - is the ability to attract electrons. The higher the value of the electronegativity of an element, the greater is
its ability to attract electrons.
Ionization energy - is the energy needed for the removal of one or more electrons from a neutral atom.
relationship between valence electron, electronegativity, and ionization energy.
As the number of valence electron increases, the electronegativity and ionization energy also increases. Metals have a
higher tendency to lose or transfer electrons due to their low electronegativity and low ionization energy. Non-metals, on the other
hand, have a higher tendency to gain electrons due to their high electronegativity and high ionization energy.
Elements chemically bond with each other because they need to be stable.
An atom with 8 valence electrons is stable
Octet rule - states that an atom must achieve eight electrons in its outermost shell with s and p subshells
Types of Chemical Bond
1. Ionic Bond - is formed by transferring electrons from an atom to another atom. It can only occur between metals and
non-metals.
The metal gains electrons while non-metal loses electrons

Cations (positive ions) are formed when the atom of a metallic element loses electrons. Anions (negative ions) are formed when
the atom of a non-metallic element gains electrons
2. Covalent Bond - is formed by sharing electrons between elements. Covalent bonding can only occur between non-

metals

PROPERTIES OF IONIC AND COVALENT COMPOUNDS


Melting point - is the temperature at which solid substances change into a liquid.
Boiling point - is the temperature at which a material change from liquid to gas.
Solubility - is the ability of a solute to be dissolved in a given solvent.
Miscibility - is used to describe the ability of two liquids to mix.
Hardness - refers to resistance to deformation and scratching.
Polarity - in Chemistry refers to the way electrical charges are distributed over the atoms
Electrical conductivity - is the ability to carry electricity.
Thermal conductivity - is the ability to carry heat

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Organic compounds - are a group of compounds that contain the element carbon.
Types of bonds that carbon atoms can form
- Single bond
- Double bond
- Triple bond
Chains of Carbon Atoms
- Short chain
- Long chain
- Ring system

Classification of Organic Compounds


Hydrocarbons - organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only. Hydrocarbons are nonpolar molecules. The boiling point
of hydrocarbons decreases as the number of carbon atoms increases.
Hydrocarbon derivatives - are organic compounds formed from the reaction of hydrocarbons with other elements.
The properties of organic compounds
1. Odor - is the smell of the compound. We can classify the odor of an organic compound into a strong odor and a weak odor.
Organic compounds that have a strong and pleasant odor are used as components of perfumes.
2. Viscosity - is a measure of a liquid’s ability to resist flow. Thick liquids that flow very slowly are said to be viscous while those
that flow quickly are non-viscous. Viscous organic compounds are very much useful as sealants and lubricants.
3. Volatility - is the ability of a compound to evaporate or turn into a gaseous state. The volatility of a compound is measured
based on the time it takes the liquid to turn into a gaseous phase. Volatile substances are used as solvents, aerosol sprays, and
fuel.
4. Flammability - is the ability of the compound to ignite or burn. Most organic compounds are highly flammable thus, are suitable
as a fuel for machines and automobiles.
HYDROCARBONS
Aliphatic hydrocarbons - do not contain a benzene ring
Aromatic hydrocarbons - contain the ring of benzene.

1. Alkanes
A. Properties of Alkanes
Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds. Alkanes are also called saturated hydrocarbons because all the
carbon atoms are “saturated” or “full” of hydrogen atoms due to the single bond they contain.
Their names end with -ane following a prefix that indicates the number of carbon atoms present in that specific alkane.
The general formula for writing alkanes is CnH2n+2.
B. Uses of Common Alkanes
1. Methane – is used as fuel. It is the smoke you see rising in landfills as methane is formed by decaying matter.
2. Ethane – is used in the production of ethylene, plastics, and anti-freeze liquids.
3. Propane – is used as fuel for cooking, heating, and transportation.
4. Butane – is widely used as a portable stove and cigarette lighter fuel and a component of Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG). Butane
is an alkane with 5 carbon atoms.

2. Alkenes
A. Properties of Alkenes
Alkenes are “hydrocarbons having at least one double bond”. Its name ends with the suffix -ene.
B. Uses of Alkenes
1. Ethene – is commonly known as ethylene and is a plant hormone that promotes the ripening of fruits.
2. Propene – is used for the manufacture of polypropylene, a thermoplastic polymer used for car parts manufacture, plastics
packaging, and textiles.
3. Butene – is a constituent of LPG and gasoline. It is also used to make rubber compounds
3. Alkynes
A. Properties of Alkynes
Alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one triple bond. Just like alkenes, alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. The
name of alkynes end with -yne and the general formula for writing its chemical formula is CnH2n-2.
B. Uses of Alkyne
1. Ethyne – is also known as acetylene. It is widely used in the oxyacetylene flame used in welding torches. It is also used to
synthesize plastics, ethanol, and acetic acid. Ethyne is produced when calcium carbide reacts with water. 8.
2. Propyne – is used as a substitute for welding torches. It is also being studied as rocket fuel

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