Mechanical Testing
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rizaltph77Mechanical Testing
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rizaltph77MECHANICAL TESTING
1
Mechanical testing includes:
1. Tensile test
2. Hardness test
3. Impact test
4. Creep test
5. Fatigue test
6. Other mechanical tests
Tensile Testing
The following MATERIAL PROPERTIES can be evaluated /
determined by TENSILE TESTING:
• STRENGTH
• DUCTILITY
• ELASTICITY
• STIFFNESS
Material Properties
STRENGTH - the greatest stress that the material can
withstand prior to failure.
DUCTILITY - a material property that allows it to undergo
considerable plastic deformation under a load before
failure.
ELASTICITY - a material property that allows it to retain its
original dimensions after removal of a deforming load.
STIFFNESS - a material property that allows a material to
withstand high stress without great strain.
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The Tensile Tester
A machine which applies a tensile force (a
force applied in opposite directions) to the
specimen, and then measures that force
and also the elongation:
This machine usually uses a hydraulic
cylinder to create the force. The applied
force is determined by system pressure,
which can be accurately measured.
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Stress - Strain Curve
THE SAMPLE
Area of measured test
Before After
A Stainless Steel sample is loaded in the
tester.
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Terms
Necking: The localized decrease in diameter in a specimen near
the rupture point.
Elastic Deformation Region: The area of a stress - strain curve
where the specimen will deform under load, yet return to its
original shape when the load is removed.
Plastic Deformation: Deformation that occurs once the object
has been stressed past its elastic limit. The deformation is no
longer reversible.
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Necking
“Necking” occurs as
the sample leaves the
elastic deformation
region and begins to
deform plastically.
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The classic cup &
cone shape of a fairly
ductile tensile
fracture is visible
here.
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Upon completion of the test, the sample is
reassembled and final measurements for total
elongation and minimum diameter are made using
a vernier caliper.
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Compare the material properties of
these three metal samples.
All three failed under tension
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PLASTIC DEFORMATION REGION
ELASTIC DEFORMATION REGION
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The point of departure from the elastic
deformation region is known as the “yield
point.”
In the elastic region, the slope of this
line is the material’s Modulus of
Elasticity.
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Stress - Strain Plot
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Tensile Test
• The tensile test of a material involves a test-piece of known cross sectional area
being gripped in the jaws of a testing-machine and then subject to a tensile force
which is increased in increments.
Force-extension diagrams
Typical force-extension diagrams for both carbon steels and non-ferrous
materials.
The determination of 0.1 % proof stress.
The percentage elongation
The determination of the percentage elongation
Hardness tests
• Definition of surface hardness: the capacity of the surface to resist
abrasion
Moh 's scale of Hardness
The Brinell hardness test
• A hardened steel ball is forced into the surface of a test-piece by means of
a suitable standard load.
The Vickers Hardness Test
• This test uses a square-based diamond pyramid as the indentor.
The Vickers pyramid hardness test, (i) The diamond indentor. (ii) The
angle between opposite faces of the diamond is 136°. (iii) The
appearance of the impression, when viewed, in the microscope
eyepiece.
The Rockwell Hardness Test
Rockwell hardness = E - h
Where E is a constant
determined by the form
of the indentor; for a
diamond cone indentor E
is 100, for a steel ball
130 (BS 891: Rockwell
Hardness Test; BS 4175:
Rockwell Superficial
Hardness Test).
Scale in Rockwell Hardness Test
1. Scale B, which is used in conjunction with a 1/16 inch
diameter steel ball and a 100 kgf load. This is used mainly
for softer metals, such as copper alloys, aluminium alloys,
normalised steel and mild steel
2. Scale C, which is used in conjunction with a diamond cone
of 120° angle and a 150 kgf load. This is used mainly for
hardened steels and other very hard materials such as
hard cast irons.
3. Scale A, which is used in conjunction with the diamond
cone and a 60 kgf load. This is used for extremely hard
materials, such as tool steels.
Rockwell Hardness test
Impact tests
• These tests are used to indicate the toughness of a material, and
particularly its capacity for resisting mechanical shock.
The Avery-Denison universal impact-
testing machine. This machine can be
used for either Charpy or Izod impact
tests. For Izod tests, the pendulum is
released from the lower position, to give a
striking energy of 170 J and for the Charpy
test it is released from the upper position
to give a striking energy of 300 J.
Details of standard test-pieces used in both the Izod
and Charpy tests.
The nature of the fractured surface in the Izod test.
Creep test
1. When stressed over a long period of time, some metals
extend very gradually and may fail at a stress well below
the tensile strength of the material.
2. This phenomenon of slow but continuous extension under
a steady force.
3. Such slow extension is more prevalent at high
temperatures, and for this reason the effects of creep
must be taken into account in the design of steam and
chemical plant, gas and steam turbines and furnace
equipment
The variation of creep rate with stress and temperature.
Fatigue test
(i) The principle of a simple fatigue-testing machine, (ii) A typical S/N curve
obtained from a series of tests, (iii) The appearance of the fractured surface of
a shaft which has failed due to fatigue.
Other mechanical tests
• The Erichsen cupping test
Bend tests
Simple bend tests, (i) The material is bent back upon itself, (ii) Here it is
doubled over its own thickness, the second bend being the test bend. (iii) Here
a specific radius R is used.
Compression tests
• These tests are used mainly in connection with cast iron and
concrete.
The behaviour of brittle and ductile materials during a compression test.
Torsion tests
• The test consists of twisting a piece of wire in the same
direction round its own axis until it breaks, or until a
specified number of twists has been endured.
