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spherical lenses notes (2)

The document provides notes on spherical lenses, detailing the characteristics and functions of convex and concave lenses. It explains key terms such as optical center, center of curvature, principal axis, focus, and focal length, along with rules for ray diagrams and image formation. Additionally, it covers sign conventions for spherical lenses and the concept of lens power, including how to calculate the net power of multiple lenses.

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45 views6 pages

spherical lenses notes (2)

The document provides notes on spherical lenses, detailing the characteristics and functions of convex and concave lenses. It explains key terms such as optical center, center of curvature, principal axis, focus, and focal length, along with rules for ray diagrams and image formation. Additionally, it covers sign conventions for spherical lenses and the concept of lens power, including how to calculate the net power of multiple lenses.

Uploaded by

kanishka.sari0307
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHENNAI PUBLIC SCHOOL

Anna Nagar  Chennai -600 101

Spherical lenses Class X Physics Notes

A spherical lens is a transparent material bounded by two surfaces one or both of which

are spherical. Spherical lenses are of two main types. They are convex and concave lenses.

i) Convex lens :- is thicker in the middle and thinner at the edges. Rays of light parallel to

the principal axis after refraction through a convex lens meet at a point (converge) on the

principal axis.

ii) Concave lens :- is thinner in the middle and thicker at the edges. Rays of light parallel to

the principal axis after refraction get diverged and appear o come from a point on the

principal axis on the same side of the lens.

Terms used in the study of spherical lens:-

Optical centre:

The central point of a lens is called its Optical Centre. A ray passes through optical centre

of a lens without any deviation.

Centre of curvature:

The centre of sphere of part of which a lens is formed is called the centre of curvature of

the lens. Since concave and convex lenses are formed by the combination of two parts of
spheres, therefore they have two centres of curvature.

Principal Axis:

Imaginary line that passes through the centres of curvature of a lens is called Principal

axis.

Focus:

Point at which parallel rays of light converge in a convex lens is called focus of the convex

lens. In a concave lens, parallel rays of light appear to diverge from a point called as Focus

or Principal Focus of the lens.

Focal Length:

The distance between optical centre and principal focus is called focal length of a lens.

Rules for ray diagrams -refraction - convex lens

1) In a convex lens a ray of light parallel to the principal axis

after refraction passes through the focus on the other side of

the lens.

2) In a convex lens a ray of light passing through the focus

after refraction goes parallel to the principal axis.

3) In a convex lens a ray of light passing through the

optical centre goes without any deviation.


Images formed by convex lens

(i)Object: At infinity

Image : At the focus

NATURE and SIZE :

Real and inverted

Highly diminished

(ii) Object: AT the focus

Image : infinity

NATURE and SIZE

Real and inverted ,Highly enlarged

(iii)Object: Beyond 2F

Image : Between F and 2F

NATURE and SIZE

Real and inverted diminished

(iv) Object: : Between F and 2F

Image : Beyond 2F

NATURE and SIZE

Real and inverted Enlarged

(v) Object: At 2F

Image : At 2F

NATURE and SIZE :

Real and inverted Same size


(vi) Object: Between F and P

Image : Behind the lens (same side of the

object)

NATURE and SIZE

Virtual and erect - Enlarged

Rules for ray diagram –Concave lens

In a concave lens, a ray of light parallel to the principal axis

after refraction appears to diverge from the focus.

In a concave lens a ray of light directed towards the focus after

refraction goes parallel to the principal axis.

In a concave lens a ray of light passing through the optical

centre goes without any deviation.

Images formed by concave lens

(i)Object: At infinity

Image : At the focus

NATURE and SIZE :

VIRTUAL AND ERECT

Highly diminished
(ii)Object: BETWEEN infinity and optical centre

Image : Same side of the object

NATURE and SIZE :

VIRTUAL AND ERECT

diminished

Sign convention for spherical lenses

(i)All distances are measured from the optical centre (O).

(ii)The focal length of a convex lens is positive ( + ve ) and the focal length of a concave

lens is negative ( - ve ).

(iii)The object is always placed on the left of the lens

iv) All distances measured to the right of the optic centre are taken as + ve.All distances

measured to the left of the optic centre are taken as – ve.

v) The height measured upwards perpendicular to the principal axis is taken as + ve. The

height measured downwards perpendicular to the principal axis is taken as – ve.


The degree of convergence or divergence of light rays achieved by a lens is expressed in

terms of its power.

Power of a lens is defined as the reciprocal of focal length of a lens in metres

SI Unit of power is Dioptre(D)

1 dioptre is the power of a lens whose focal length is 1 metre

power of a convex lens is positive and that of a concave lens is negative.

Many optical instruments consist of a number of lenses. They are combined to increase the

magnification and sharpness of the image. The net power (P ) of the lenses placed in

contact is given by the algebraic sum of the individual powers P1 , P2 , P3 , … as

P = P1 + P2 + P3 + …

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