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Setting the Stage

The play "Death of a Salesman" by Arthur Miller takes place in Willy Loman's house
and yard, as well as various locations in New York and Boston. The setting is
significant, as it reflects the contrast between Willy's dreams and reality.

The Loman House

The Loman house is described as a small, fragile-seeming home surrounded by
towering apartment houses. The kitchen is the central part of the house, with a table
and three chairs, as well as a refrigerator. The bedroom is furnished with a brass
bedstead and a straight chair, and a silver athletic trophy stands on a shelf over the
bed.

Symbolism of the Setting

The setting of the play is symbolic of Willy's inner struggle. The apartment houses
surrounding the Loman house represent the oppressive nature of modern society,
while the Loman house itself represents Willy's fragile and fading American Dream.

Characters
The play features a range of characters, each with their own unique personality and
role in the story.

Willy Loman
Willy Loman is the protagonist of the play, a traveling salesman in his sixties who is
struggling to come to terms with his own mortality. He is a complex character, full of
contradictions and flaws.

"Willy Loman is a salesman who has lost his way in life. He is a dreamer,
but his dreams are no longer attainable. He is a man who is struggling to
hold on to his dignity and self-respect in a world that seems to be passing
him by."

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Linda Loman
Linda Loman is Willy's wife, a kind and caring woman who is deeply devoted to her
husband. She is the voice of reason in the play, trying to keep Willy grounded and
focused on reality.

Biff Loman
Biff Loman is Willy's son, a young man who is struggling to find his place in the
world. He is a complex character, full of contradictions and flaws, and is deeply
conflicted about his relationship with his father.

Themes
The play explores a range of themes, including:

The American Dream: The play critiques the idea of the American Dream,
which is often associated with success, wealth, and happiness. Willy's pursuit
of the American Dream is shown to be ultimately unattainable.
Identity: The play explores the theme of identity, particularly in relation to
Willy's struggles to come to terms with his own mortality and sense of self.
Family: The play highlights the complexities of family relationships, particularly
the relationships between Willy and his sons, Biff and Happy.

Plot Summary
The play begins with Willy Loman returning home from a business trip, exhausted
and defeated. He is met by his wife, Linda, who tries to comfort him and encourage
him to take a rest. However, Willy is determined to continue working, despite his
physical and mental exhaustion.

Character Action

Willy Loman Returns home from business trip, exhausted and defeated
Linda Loman Tries to comfort Willy and encourage him to take a rest
Biff Loman Returns home from a date with his brother, Happy

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The play then flashes back to Willy's past, where we see him as a young man, full of
hope and ambition. We also see his relationships with his sons, Biff and Happy, and
his wife, Linda.

Character Flashback

Willy Loman Young man, full of hope and ambition

Biff Loman Young man, struggling to find his place in the world
Happy Loman Young man, trying to live up to his father's expectations

The play ultimately ends with Willy's death, which is a tragic consequence of his own
flaws and mistakes. The play ends on a note of sadness and regret, highlighting the
devastating consequences of Willy's pursuit of the American Dream.## Character
Analysis

Willy Loman
Delusional: Willy's perception of reality is distorted, as seen in his
conversations with Linda and his sons.
Nostalgic: Willy often reminisces about the past, particularly his days as a
salesman and his relationship with his sons.
Insecure: Willy's self-doubt and lack of confidence are evident in his
interactions with his family.

Linda Loman
Supportive: Linda is Willy's emotional support system, trying to keep him
grounded and focused.
Patient: Linda's infinite patience is evident in her responses to Willy's outbursts
and delusions.
Realistic: Linda's perspective on life is more realistic than Willy's, as seen in her
comments about the neighborhood and the family's financial situation.

Biff Loman

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Lost: Biff is struggling to find his place in the world, feeling unfulfilled and
uncertain about his future.
Resentful: Biff's feelings of resentment towards his father are evident in his
conversations with Happy.
Idealistic: Biff's desire for a more meaningful life is reflected in his comments
about working outdoors and being his own boss.

Happy Loman
Confused: Happy is confused about his own life and his relationship with his
family.
Sexual: Happy's sexuality is a prominent aspect of his character, as seen in his
comments about women and his interactions with Biff.
Content: Happy appears to be more content with his life than Biff, but this may
be a facade.

Themes

The American Dream

"The American Dream is the idea that anyone can achieve success and
prosperity through hard work and determination, regardless of their
background or circumstances."

Willy's pursuit of the American Dream is a central theme in the play.

Biff's rejection of the American Dream is a reflection of his disillusionment with
the idea.

Family Dynamics
The Loman family's relationships with each other are complex and multifaceted.
Willy's relationships with his sons are particularly strained, reflecting his own
insecurities and disappointments.

Identity

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Biff's struggle to find his identity is a major theme in the play.

Happy's identity is also explored, particularly in relation to his sexuality and his
relationships with women.

Symbolism
Symbol Meaning

The Chevvy Willy's past success and nostalgia

The Apartment The Loman family's confinement and lack of freedom
The Elms The loss of innocence and the decline of the American Dream

Quotes
"I'm not lazy, I'm just not interested in the things that interest other people." -
Biff
"The way they boxed us in here. Bricks and windows, windows and bricks." -
Willy
"I don't know what the future is. I don't know what I'm supposed to want." -
Biff## The American Dream

The American Dream is a concept that represents the idea of a better life, where
individuals can achieve success, happiness, and prosperity through hard work and
determination.

"The American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be

better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each
according to ability or achievement." - James Truslow Adams

The Loman Brothers' Struggle

The Loman brothers, Biff and Happy, are struggling to find their place in the world
and achieve their own version of the American Dream.

Biff is feeling unfulfilled and restless, working as a farmhand and feeling like
he's not making progress in his life.
Happy is working in a department store, but feels like he's just going through
the motions and not truly happy.

The Illusion of Success

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The brothers' perception of success is influenced by their father, Willy, who has a
distorted view of what it means to be successful.

Character Perception of Success

Willy Making a lot of money, being well-liked, and having a big house
Biff Finding a sense of purpose and fulfillment, being his own boss
Happy Making a lot of money, being respected, and having a sense of status

The Disillusionment of the American Dream

As the brothers navigate their lives, they begin to realize that the American Dream
may not be all it's cracked up to be.

Biff is disillusioned with the idea of working hard and making a lot of money,
realizing that it's not bringing him the happiness he thought it would.
Happy is struggling with the idea of being successful, but feeling empty and
unfulfilled inside.

The Importance of Authenticity

The play highlights the importance of being true to oneself and finding one's own
path in life.

"The most important thing in life is to stop saying 'I wish' and start saying
'I will'." - David J. Schwartz

The Role of Family and Relationships

The play also explores the role of family and relationships in shaping our perceptions
of success and happiness.

The Loman brothers' relationship with their father, Willy, is complex and
influential in their lives.
The brothers' relationships with women are also significant, with Biff seeking a
sense of connection and Happy seeking validation.

The Search for Meaning

Ultimately, the play is a search for meaning and purpose in life.

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The characters are all searching for something more, something that will bring
them happiness and fulfillment.
The play suggests that true happiness and fulfillment come from within, and
that it's up to each individual to find their own path in life.## The Loman Family
Dynamics

The Loman family is a complex unit, with each member having their own distinct
personality and role within the family.

Willy Loman's Parenting Style

Willy Loman is a father who values physical appearance and charisma over academic
achievement. He believes that being "well-liked" is the key to success in the business
world.

"Be liked and you will never want. You take me, for instance. I never have
to wait in line to see a buyer. Willy Loman is here! That's all they have to
know, and I go right through."

The Importance of Physical Appearance

Willy emphasizes the importance of physical appearance, particularly in the business
world. He believes that being physically attractive and charismatic can open doors
and create opportunities.

Characteristic Description

Willy values physical attractiveness, particularly in his sons. He

Physical
believes that being good-looking will help them succeed in the
Attractiveness
business world.
Willy believes that charisma is essential for success in the
Charisma business world. He thinks that being well-liked and able to make a
good impression is crucial for getting ahead.

Willy's Relationship with His Sons

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Willy has a complex relationship with his sons, Biff and Happy. He is proud of their
physical appearance and athletic abilities, but is often critical of their academic
performance.

Biff: Willy is particularly proud of Biff's athletic abilities and physical

appearance. He believes that Biff has the potential to be a great football player
and is disappointed when Biff doesn't live up to his expectations.
Happy: Willy is also proud of Happy's physical appearance and athletic
abilities. However, he is often critical of Happy's lack of ambition and
motivation.

Willy's Business Philosophy

Willy's business philosophy is centered around the idea of being "well-liked" and
creating a good impression. He believes that this is the key to success in the business
world.

"The man who makes an appearance in the business world, the man who
creates personal interest, is the man who gets ahead."

The Role of Bernard

Bernard is a friend of Biff's who is often at odds with Willy. Bernard is a studious and
responsible young man who is concerned about Biff's lack of academic achievement.

Bernard's Warning: Bernard warns Willy that Biff is in danger of failing his
math class and not graduating. Willy dismisses Bernard's concerns, believing
that Biff's physical appearance and charisma will be enough to get him ahead in
the business world.## Willy's Financial Situation

Willy's financial situation is a major concern in the play. He is struggling to make

ends meet and is worried about not being able to provide for his family.

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Willy's commission: $212

Willy's gross sales: $200
Willy's expenses:
Refrigerator: $16
Washing machine: $9.60
Vacuum cleaner: $3.50
Roof: $21
Carburetor: $3.50
Odds and ends: $120

Willy's Insecurities
Willy is insecure about his appearance and his ability to sell. He feels that people
laugh at him and that he is not taken seriously.

Willy's self-perception: "I'm fat. I'm very foolish to look at, Linda."
Willy's fear of not being liked: "I know it when I walk in. They seem to laugh at
me."

Willy's Infidelity
Willy is having an affair with a woman in Boston. This is revealed through his
conversation with the woman and his subsequent guilt and anxiety.

The Woman's perception of Willy: "You're so sweet. And such a kidder."

Willy's feelings about the affair: "I gotta overcome it. I know I gotta overcome
it."

Willy's Relationship with His Family

Willy's relationship with his family is strained. He is worried about his son Biff's
behavior and his wife Linda's concerns about their financial situation.

Willy's perception of Biff: "He's got spirit, personality."

Linda's concerns about Biff: "He's too rough with the girls, Willy. All the
mothers are afraid of him."

Willy's Regrets
Willy regrets not going to Alaska with his brother Ben and not being more successful
in his career.

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Willy's regret about not going to Alaska: "Why didn't I go to Alaska with my
brother Ben that time! Ben! That man was a genius, that man was success."

Key Terms and Definitions

Commission: a payment made to a salesperson for selling a product or
service. Gross sales: the total amount of sales made by a salesperson
before deductions. Infidelity: the act of being unfaithful to one's partner or
spouse. Insecurity: a feeling of uncertainty or anxiety about one's self or
situation.## The American Dream

The American Dream is a concept that represents the idea of achieving success and
prosperity through hard work and determination. It is often associated with the idea
of upward mobility and the pursuit of happiness.

"The American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be

better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each
according to ability or achievement." - James Truslow Adams

The Character of Willy Loman

Willy Loman is a complex character who is struggling to achieve the American
Dream. He is a salesman who is struggling to make a living and provide for his family.

Delusional: Willy has a tendency to be overly optimistic and delusional about

his abilities and prospects.
Insecure: Willy is insecure about his place in the world and his ability to provide
for his family.
Determined: Despite his struggles, Willy is determined to succeed and achieve
the American Dream.

The Relationship Between Willy and Charley

Charley is Willy's friend and neighbor who is often the voice of reason in Willy's life.

Contrasting personalities: Charley and Willy have contrasting personalities,

with Charley being more practical and down-to-earth, while Willy is more
optimistic and delusional.
Different values: Charley and Willy have different values, with Charley valuing
stability and security, while Willy values success and achievement.

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The Character of Uncle Ben

Uncle Ben is Willy's brother who has achieved success and wealth through his
business ventures.

Successful: Uncle Ben is a successful businessman who has achieved wealth

and prosperity.
Confident: Uncle Ben is confident and self-assured, with a strong sense of self-
worth.
Inspirational: Uncle Ben is an inspirational figure who motivates Willy to
pursue his dreams.

The Theme of Opportunity

The theme of opportunity is a central theme in the play, with characters discussing
the importance of seizing opportunities and making the most of one's circumstances.

Character View on Opportunity

Believes that opportunity is available to anyone who is willing to work

Willy
hard and take risks.
Believes that opportunity is limited and that one must be practical and
Charley
realistic in their pursuits.
Believes that opportunity is available to those who are willing to take
Uncle Ben
risks and seize the moment.

The Symbolism of the Jungle

The jungle is a symbol of the unknown and the untamed, representing the challenges
and opportunities that lie ahead.

Uncertainty: The jungle represents the uncertainty and unpredictability of life.

Opportunity: The jungle also represents the opportunity for growth and
success.
Risk: The jungle represents the risk and danger that comes with pursuing one's
dreams.## The Loman Family Dynamics

The Loman family is a complex and troubled family, with a history of strained
relationships and unfulfilled expectations.

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Willy Loman's Character

Willy Loman is a salesman who is struggling to come to terms with his own failures
and disappointments. He is a complex character with a mix of positive and negative
traits.

Delusional: Willy has a tendency to distort reality and create his own version of
events.
Overly optimistic: Willy is always looking on the bright side, even when faced
with adversity.
Emotionally unstable: Willy's emotions are volatile, and he can quickly become
angry or defensive.

The Relationship Between Willy and Biff

The relationship between Willy and Biff is strained and complicated. Willy is
desperate for Biff's approval and respect, but Biff is struggling to live up to his
father's expectations.

Lack of communication: Willy and Biff have difficulty communicating

effectively, leading to misunderstandings and conflict.
Unrealistic expectations: Willy has unrealistic expectations of Biff, which can
be damaging to their relationship.
Emotional distance: Willy and Biff are emotionally distant, which can make it
difficult for them to connect and understand each other.

The Role of Ben in the Play

Ben is Willy's brother, who appears in the play as a symbol of success and
prosperity. Ben's character serves as a foil to Willy's, highlighting their different
approaches to life.

Successful businessman: Ben is a successful businessman who has made a

fortune in Africa.
Confident and self-assured: Ben is confident and self-assured, which is in
contrast to Willy's insecurity and self-doubt.
Symbol of the American Dream: Ben represents the American Dream, which
Willy feels he has failed to achieve.

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The Theme of the American Dream

The American Dream is a central theme in the play, and is closely tied to the
characters of Willy and Ben.

"The American Dream is the idea that anyone can achieve success and
prosperity through hard work and determination, regardless of their
background or circumstances."

Illusion vs. Reality: The play highlights the tension between the illusion of the
American Dream and the reality of the characters' lives.
Unattainable goals: The characters' goals and aspirations are often
unattainable, leading to disappointment and disillusionment.
Critique of capitalism: The play can be seen as a critique of capitalism and the
idea that success is solely dependent on individual effort.

The Symbolism of the Jungle

The jungle is a symbol that appears throughout the play, and is closely tied to the
character of Ben.

Uncivilized and primal: The jungle represents the uncivilized and primal
aspects of human nature.
Place of transformation: The jungle is a place of transformation, where
characters can change and grow.
Symbol of the unknown: The jungle is a symbol of the unknown, and
represents the characters' fears and anxieties.
Character Symbolism

Willy The American Dream, illusion vs. reality

Ben Success, prosperity, the jungle
Biff Disillusionment, disappointment
Linda Nurturing, care, stability

The Use of Imagery and Metaphor

The play uses imagery and metaphor to create vivid and powerful descriptions of the
characters and their world.

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Imagery: The play uses imagery to describe the characters' surroundings and
emotions.
Metaphor: The play uses metaphor to create powerful and evocative
descriptions of the characters and their experiences.

"The city is a jungle, and we are all just trying to survive."

This metaphor highlights the idea that the city is a challenging and unforgiving
environment, and that the characters are all just trying to make their way in the
world.## The Loman Family Dynamics

The Loman family is a complex unit, with each member struggling with their own
personal issues. At the center of the family is Willy Loman, a traveling salesman who
is struggling to come to terms with his own mortality.

Willy's Mental State

Willy's mental state is a major concern for his family. He is described as being
exhausted, both physically and mentally. He is also struggling with feelings of
inadequacy and low self-esteem.

"A small man can be just as exhausted as a great man." - Linda Loman

Willy's exhaustion is not just physical, but also emotional. He is struggling to cope
with the pressures of his job and the changing times.

The Impact of Willy's Behavior on His Family

Willy's behavior has a significant impact on his family. His sons, Biff and Happy, are
particularly affected by his actions.

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Family
Impact of Willy's Behavior
Member

Biff feels guilty for not living up to his father's expectations. He is also
Biff
struggling to come to terms with his own feelings of inadequacy.
Happy is angry and resentful towards his father. He feels that Willy is
Happy
not a good role model and that he has not provided for the family.
Linda is worried about Willy's mental state and is trying to hold the
Linda family together. She is also struggling to cope with the financial
pressures of the family.

The Theme of Respect

The theme of respect is a major concern in the Loman family. Willy feels that he is
not respected by his sons, and that they do not appreciate all that he has done for
them.

"Attention must be paid to such a person." - Linda Loman

Linda is trying to get her sons to understand the importance of respecting their
father, despite his flaws.

The Symbolism of the Rubber Pipe

The rubber pipe is a symbol of Willy's desperation and feelings of hopelessness. It
represents his desire to escape the pressures of his life and to find a way out of his
struggles.

Symbol Meaning

Rubber Pipe Willy's desperation and feelings of hopelessness

The Importance of Communication

The importance of communication is a major theme in the Loman family. The family
members are struggling to communicate with each other and to express their
feelings.

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"I tell you, I know every thought in his mind." - Linda Loman

Linda is trying to get her sons to understand the importance of communicating with
their father and to express their feelings in a healthy way.## The Loman Family
Dynamics

The Loman family is a complex unit, with each member having their own distinct
personality and struggles. The family dynamics are characterized by a mix of love,
frustration, and disappointment.

Willy Loman's Personality Traits

Overly optimistic: Willy has a tendency to be overly optimistic, often to the
point of being unrealistic.
Sensitive to criticism: Willy is extremely sensitive to criticism, especially from
his sons.
Lacks self-awareness: Willy struggles with self-awareness, often failing to
recognize his own flaws and shortcomings.

"A man's personality always wins the day." - Willy Loman

Biff Loman's Struggles

Lack of direction: Biff struggles with finding direction and purpose in his life.
Disillusioned with his father: Biff is disillusioned with his father's failed
promises and unrealistic expectations.
Desire for independence: Biff wants to break free from his father's influence
and forge his own path.

Happy Loman's Role

Mediator: Happy often acts as a mediator between his parents and brother.
Supportive: Happy is supportive of his family members, often trying to lift their
spirits.
Loyal: Happy is loyal to his family, despite their flaws and shortcomings.

The Loman Line: A Business Idea

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Happy proposes a business idea to Biff, which involves selling sporting goods and
promoting the "Loman Line." The idea is to create a brand that showcases the Loman
brothers as a team.

Aspect Description

Product Sporting goods

Marketing strategy Promote the Loman brothers as a team
Target audience Sports enthusiasts

Willy's Advice to Biff

Willy offers Biff advice on how to approach Bill Oliver, a potential business partner.

Dress professionally: Wear a business suit to make a good impression.

Be serious and quiet: Avoid cracking jokes and be serious during the meeting.
Ask for a significant amount: Ask for $15,000 to show confidence and
ambition.

The Significance of Bill Oliver

Bill Oliver is a potential business partner who may be able to help Biff get back on
his feet. Willy believes that Oliver will remember him and be impressed by Biff's
confidence and ambition.

"If he'd stayed with Oliver, he'd be on top by now!" - Willy Loman##
Character Analysis

Willy Loman
Willy Loman is the protagonist of the play. He is a salesman who has been working
for the Wagner Company for many years. Willy is a complex character with a mix of
positive and negative traits.

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Optimistic: Willy is a dreamer who always looks on the bright side of things.
He believes that his sons, Biff and Happy, will be successful and make him
proud.
Delusional: Willy has a tendency to distort reality and create his own version of
events. He often exaggerates his accomplishments and expects his sons to
follow in his footsteps.
Emotionally unstable: Willy is prone to mood swings and can become easily
agitated. He is also sensitive to criticism and can become defensive when
confronted with the truth.

Linda Loman
Linda Loman is Willy's wife and the voice of reason in the family. She is a nurturer
who tries to keep the family together and support her husband's dreams.

Supportive: Linda is a loyal wife who tries to encourage Willy and boost his
confidence.
Practical: Linda is a realist who tries to bring Willy back down to earth and
make him see things as they really are.
Concerned: Linda is worried about Willy's well-being and the future of their
family.

Themes

The American Dream

The American Dream is a central theme in the play. Willy believes that the key to
success is to be well-liked and to have a good personality.

"The American Dream is the idea that anyone can achieve success and
prosperity through hard work and determination, regardless of their
background or circumstances."

Illusion vs. Reality

The play explores the tension between illusion and reality. Willy's illusions about his
past and his future are contrasted with the harsh realities of his present.

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Illusion: Willy's distorted view of reality, which is based on his own desires and
expectations.
Reality: The actual state of affairs, which is often harsh and unforgiving.

Symbolism

The Rubber Pipe

The rubber pipe is a symbol of Willy's suicidal tendencies. It represents his desire to
escape the pressures of his life and the feeling of being trapped.

Gas heater: The gas heater represents the danger and uncertainty of Willy's
life.
Rubber pipe: The rubber pipe represents Willy's attempt to take control of his
life and to find a way out of his problems.

Plot Summary
Event Description

Willy returns home from a business trip, exhausted and

Willy's return home
defeated.
Willy talks to Linda about his day and his feelings of
Conversation with Linda
inadequacy.
Biff visits his parents and talks about his plans for the
Biff's visit
future.
Willy has a flashback to a time when Biff was a young boy
Willy's flashback
and was playing football.
Willy's conversation with Willy talks to Charley about his business and his feelings
Charley of insecurity.

Character Relationships
Character Relationship with Willy Relationship with Linda

Biff Son, conflicted Son, loving

Happy Son, distant Son, loving
Linda Wife, supportive Mother, nurturing
Charley Friend, rival Acquaintance, polite

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Willy Loman is a salesman who has been working for the Wagner company for many
years. He is a complex character with a mix of positive and negative traits.

Willy's Background
Willy's father lived in Alaska and was an adventurous man.
Willy has a brother who he considered going to Alaska with to search for their
father.
Willy met a salesman named Dave Singleman who inspired him to become a
salesman.

The Story of Dave Singleman

Dave Singleman was a salesman who was 84 years old and still making a living by
drumming up merchandise in 31 states. He would call buyers from his room and was
remembered and loved by many people.

"He died the death of a salesman, in his green velvet slippers in the
smoker of the New York, New Haven and Hartford, going into Boston
when he died, hundreds of salesmen and buyers were at his funeral."

Willy's Perception of Salesmanship

Willy believes that salesmanship is a noble profession that allows a person to make
a living and be remembered and loved by many people.

"What could be more satisfying than to be able to go, at the age of

eighty-four, into twenty or thirty different cities, and pick up a phone, and
be remembered and loved and helped by so many different people?"

The Changes in Salesmanship

Willy feels that salesmanship has changed over the years and is no longer the same
as it was when he started.

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"Today, it's all cut and dried, and there's no chance for bringing friendship
to bear or personality. You see what I mean? They don't know me any
more."

Willy's Request to Howard

Willy asks Howard for a job in the city so that he can stop traveling and have a
steady income.

Willy's Request Howard's Response

Willy asks for a job in the city Howard says there is no spot available
Willy asks for a salary of $65
Howard says it's not possible
per week
Willy asks for a chance to Howard says it's a business and everyone has to pull
prove himself their own weight

The Wire Recorder

Howard shows Willy a wire recorder that he has recently purchased. The recorder
can record and play back sounds, including voices and music.

Features of the Wire Recorder Examples

Records and plays back sounds Howard's daughter whistling "Roll out the Barrel"
Can be used for dictation Howard plans to use it for dictation
Can record and play back voices Howard's son reciting the capitals of states

The American Dream is a concept that represents the idea of achieving success,
prosperity, and happiness through hard work and determination. It is often associated
with the idea of upward mobility and the ability to improve one's socio-economic
status.

"The American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be

better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each
according to ability or achievement." - James Truslow Adams

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Willy Loman's Perception of the American

Dream
Willy Loman, the protagonist of the play, has a distorted view of the American
Dream. He believes that success is solely based on being well-liked and having a
good personality.

He thinks that his son Biff will be successful because he is well-liked and has a
good personality.
He believes that he himself is a success because he is well-liked by his
customers.
He is obsessed with the idea of being a salesman and making a lot of money.

The Reality of Willy's Situation

Despite Willy's perception of himself as a success, the reality is that he is struggling
to make ends meet.

Category Reality

Job Willy is a struggling salesman who is on the verge of being fired.

Finances Willy is having trouble paying his bills and is in debt.
Willy's family is dysfunctional and his relationships with his sons are
Family
strained.

Ben's Advice
Ben, Willy's brother, offers Willy some advice on how to achieve success.

"There's a new continent at your doorstep, William. You could walk out
rich. Rich!"

Ben's advice is to take risks and explore new opportunities, rather than relying on his
current situation.

The Importance of Hard Work and

Determination

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The play highlights the importance of hard work and determination in achieving
success.

Willy's lack of hard work and determination has led to his current situation.
Ben's success is a result of his hard work and determination.

The Illusion of the American Dream

The play suggests that the American Dream is an illusion.

Willy's perception of the American Dream is distorted and unrealistic.

The reality of Willy's situation is that he is struggling to make ends meet.

Conclusion
The play raises important questions about the nature of success and the American
Dream.

Is the American Dream achievable?

What is the true meaning of success?
How can one achieve success and happiness?## The Loman Family Dynamics

The Loman family is a complex and troubled family, with a history of unfulfilled
dreams and disappointment. At the center of the family is Willy Loman, a traveling
salesman who is struggling to come to terms with his own failures.

Willy's Relationship with Biff

Willy's relationship with his son Biff is particularly strained. Biff is a former high
school football star who has failed to live up to his father's expectations. Willy is
desperate to understand why Biff's life has not turned out as he had hoped.

"He never trained himself for anything." - Bernard

Character Description

Willy Loman Traveling salesman and father of Biff and Happy

Biff Loman Willy's son, a former high school football star
Bernard Willy's friend and Biff's childhood friend

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The Incident in Boston

There is a mysterious incident in Boston that is hinted at throughout the conversation
between Willy and Bernard. It is clear that something significant happened in
Boston, but the details are not revealed.

Willy becomes defensive and angry when Bernard mentions the incident
Bernard implies that the incident had a profound impact on Biff's life
Willy denies any responsibility for Biff's failures

The Importance of Education

Education is a recurring theme in the conversation between Willy and Bernard.
Bernard emphasizes the importance of education and hard work in achieving success.

"He flunked the subject, and laid down and died like a hammer hit him!" -
Willy

Character Education

Willy Loman Did not attend college

Biff Loman Flunked math in high school, did not attend summer school
Bernard Attended college, became a successful lawyer

The Symbolism of the Sneakers

The sneakers that Biff burned in the furnace are a symbol of his lost potential and his
decision to give up on his dreams.

The sneakers were a symbol of Biff's pride and ambition

Burning the sneakers represents Biff's rejection of his past and his future
The incident is a turning point in Biff's life, marking the beginning of his
decline## Character Analysis

Willy Loman

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Salesman: Willy's profession, which he takes great pride in, but struggles to
succeed in.
Delusional: Willy's tendency to distort reality, often to the point of absurdity, in
order to cope with his own failures and shortcomings.
Prideful: Willy's excessive pride, which prevents him from accepting help or
acknowledging his own weaknesses.

Charley
Successful Businessman: Charley's profession, which serves as a foil to Willy's
struggles.
Practical: Charley's no-nonsense approach to life, which often puts him at odds
with Willy's more romanticized views.
Loyal: Charley's unwavering support for Willy, despite his own frustrations
with Willy's behavior.

Happy Loman
Womanizer: Happy's tendency to objectify and manipulate women, often using
his charm and good looks to get what he wants.
Insecure: Happy's deep-seated insecurity, which stems from his own feelings of
inadequacy and his desire to prove himself to his father.
Materialistic: Happy's focus on wealth and status, which serves as a coping
mechanism for his own emotional emptiness.

Themes

The American Dream

"The American Dream is the idea that anyone can achieve success and
prosperity through hard work and determination, regardless of their
background or circumstances."

Willy's pursuit of the American Dream serves as a central theme in the play,
highlighting the tension between his idealized vision of success and the harsh
realities of his own life.

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Identity
"Identity refers to the complex and multifaceted nature of an individual's
sense of self, including their values, beliefs, and experiences."

The play explores the theme of identity through the characters of Willy,
Charley, and Happy, each of whom struggles to define themselves and find
their place in the world.

Symbolism
Symbol Meaning

Represent the characters' desire for luxury and status, as well as

The Lobsters their tendency to prioritize material possessions over emotional
connections.
The Symbolizes the characters' attempts to escape their problems and
Champagne find temporary happiness through indulgence and excess.
The Magazine Represents the idealized and unattainable standards of beauty and
Cover success that the characters strive for.

Relationships
Relationship Description

Willy and A complex and often fraught friendship, marked by Charley's

Charley attempts to help Willy and Willy's refusal to accept his assistance.
A strained and emotionally distant relationship, characterized by
Willy and
Willy's disappointment in Happy's lack of success and Happy's
Happy
resentment of Willy's criticism.
A superficial and transactional relationship, highlighting Happy's
Happy and the
tendency to objectify and manipulate women.## The Scene: A
Girl
Restaurant

The scene takes place in a restaurant, where Happy and Biff are sitting with a girl
named Miss Forsythe. Happy is trying to impress her by talking about his brother
Biff's football career.

Biff's Football Career

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Biff is a quarterback with the New York Giants.

Happy claims that Biff is one of the greatest football players in the country.

The Girl's Impression

The girl is impressed by Biff's football career and Happy's name, which is
actually Harold but was nicknamed Happy at West Point.
She is not familiar with football, but Happy explains it to her.

Biff's Meeting with Oliver

Biff had a meeting with Oliver, but it did not go well. Biff waited for six hours to see
Oliver, but when he finally did, Oliver did not remember who Biff was.

Biff's Feelings
Biff felt like an idiot and was very disappointed.
He realized that his whole life had been a lie and that he was not a salesman,
but a shipping clerk.

Biff's Actions
Biff took Oliver's fountain pen and ran out of the office.
He is now feeling guilty and wants to tell his father, Willy, about what
happened.

Willy's Situation
Willy has been fired from his job and is looking for a little good news to tell his wife.

Willy's Expectations
Willy expects Biff to have good news about his meeting with Oliver.
He wants to know if Oliver gave Biff a warm welcome and if he remembered
him.

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Biff's Explanation
Biff tries to explain what happened with Oliver, but Willy keeps interrupting
him.
Biff wants to tell Willy the truth, but Willy is not interested in hearing it.

The Truth
Character Truth

Biff He was a shipping clerk, not a salesman.

Willy He was fired from his job.
Oliver He did not remember Biff and did not give him a warm welcome.

Definitions
Shipping Clerk: A person who is responsible for receiving, organizing, and
shipping out goods or products.

Salesman: A person who sells goods or services to customers.

The Family's Dynamics

Willy is not interested in hearing the truth from Biff and is more concerned with
his own situation.
Happy is trying to help Biff, but is also trying to impress the girl.
Biff is feeling guilty and wants to tell the truth, but is having trouble doing
so.## Character Analysis

Willy Loman
Willy Loman is a complex character in the play. He is a salesman who struggles with
his own identity and sense of self-worth.

"A salesman is got to dream, boy. It comes with the territory." - Willy
Loman

Willy's character is marked by his insecurities and delusions. He often finds himself
lost in his own thoughts and struggles to connect with his family.

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Biff Loman
Biff Loman is Willy's son. He is a disillusioned young man who struggles to find his
place in the world.

"I am not a leader of men, Willy, and neither are you. You were never
anything but a hard-working drummer who landed in the ash can like all
the rest of them!" - Biff Loman

Biff's character is marked by his frustration and anger towards his father. He feels
that Willy has failed him and that he has been living a lie.

Themes

The American Dream

The American Dream is a central theme in the play. It is the idea that anyone can
achieve success and prosperity through hard work and determination.

Character View of the American Dream

Believes that the American Dream is attainable through hard work and
Willy Loman
being "well-liked"
Biff Loman Sees the American Dream as an illusion and a myth
Happy Believes that the American Dream is attainable through material
Loman possessions and wealth

Identity
Identity is another major theme in the play. The characters struggle to find their place
in the world and to define themselves.

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Character Struggle with Identity

Struggles to come to terms with his own failures and to define himself
Willy Loman
as a salesman
Struggles to find his place in the world and to define himself as a
Biff Loman
young man
Happy
Struggles to define himself as a individual and to find his own identity
Loman

Symbolism

The Fountain Pen

The fountain pen is a symbol of Willy's guilt and shame. It represents the mistakes
of the past and the consequences of Willy's actions.

The Hose
The hose is a symbol of Willy's suicidal thoughts and desperation. It represents the
darkness and despair that Willy feels.

Relationships

Willy and Biff

The relationship between Willy and Biff is complex and strained. Willy struggles to
connect with Biff and to understand him.

Willy's expectations of Biff: Willy expects Biff to be a successful businessman

and to follow in his footsteps.
Biff's feelings towards Willy: Biff feels that Willy has failed him and that he has
been living a lie.

Willy and Happy

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The relationship between Willy and Happy is also complex and strained. Happy
struggles to connect with Willy and to understand him.

Willy's expectations of Happy: Willy expects Happy to be a successful

businessman and to follow in his footsteps.
Happy's feelings towards Willy: Happy feels that Willy has failed him and that
he has been living a lie.## Character Analysis

Willy Loman
Willy Loman is a complex character in the play. He is a salesman who struggles with
his own identity and self-worth. Throughout the scene, Willy's insecurities and
flaws are revealed through his interactions with The Woman and his son Biff.

"A salesman is someone who sells goods or services to customers. In the

context of the play, Willy's profession as a salesman is a symbol of his
struggle to find success and validation."

The Woman
The Woman is a buyer who is also Willy's mistress. She is a symbol of Willy's
infidelity and his desire for validation and attention.

"A buyer is someone who purchases goods or services from a seller. In

the context of the play, The Woman's profession as a buyer is a symbol of
Willy's desire for validation and attention."

Biff Loman
Biff Loman is Willy's son who is struggling with his own identity and self-worth. He
is a football player who has failed to live up to his father's expectations.

"A football player is someone who plays the sport of football. In the
context of the play, Biff's profession as a football player is a symbol of his
struggle to find success and validation."

Themes

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The American Dream

The American Dream is a theme that is present throughout the scene. Willy's desire
for success and validation is a symbol of the American Dream.

"The American Dream is the idea that anyone can achieve success and
prosperity through hard work and determination. In the context of the
play, Willy's pursuit of the American Dream is a symbol of his struggle to
find success and validation."

Identity
Identity is a theme that is present throughout the scene. Willy's struggle with his
own identity and self-worth is a symbol of the human struggle to find one's place in
the world.

"Identity is the sense of self that defines who we are. In the context of the
play, Willy's struggle with his own identity is a symbol of the human
struggle to find one's place in the world."

Symbolism

The Stockings
The stockings that Willy gives to The Woman are a symbol of his infidelity and his
desire for validation and attention.

Symbol Meaning

Stockings Infidelity, validation, attention

The Seeds
The seeds that Willy wants to buy are a symbol of his desire for growth and
renewal.

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Symbol Meaning

Seeds Growth, renewal

Character Relationships

Willy and The Woman

Willy and The Woman have a romantic relationship that is marked by infidelity and
deception.

Willy is emotionally dependent on The Woman

The Woman is manipulative and controlling

Willy and Biff

Willy and Biff have a father-son relationship that is marked by tension and conflict.

Willy is disappointed in Biff's failure to live up to his expectations

Biff is angry and resentful towards Willy's infidelity and deception## The
Loman Family Conflict

The Argument Between Linda and Happy

The scene begins with Happy and Biff returning home, where they are met with
Linda's anger and frustration. The argument revolves around Willy's humiliation at
the restaurant, where he was left alone by his sons.

Linda is furious with Happy and Biff for deserting Willy at the restaurant.
Happy tries to defend himself, but Linda is unforgiving.
Biff is filled with self-loathing and regret for his actions.

Willy's Mental State

Willy is shown to be struggling with his own mental health, as he is heard talking to
himself and his brother Ben.

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Willy is obsessed with the idea of being "well-liked" and successful.

He is desperate to prove himself to his family and others.
Willy's mental state is deteriorating, and he is becoming increasingly paranoid
and delusional.

The Proposition
Willy discusses a proposition with Ben, which involves a guaranteed $20,000
payout.

"A man can't go out the way he came in, Ben. A man has got to add up to
something."

The proposition is likely related to Willy's life insurance policy.

Willy is desperate to leave a legacy and prove himself to his family.
Ben is skeptical of the proposition and warns Willy not to make a fool of
himself.

The Consequences of Willy's Actions

Willy's actions have severe consequences for his family and relationships.

Character Consequence

Linda Emotional distress and frustration

Happy Guilt and regret for his actions
Biff Self-loathing and regret for his actions
Willy Deteriorating mental health and relationships

The Theme of Identity

The scene explores the theme of identity and how it is shaped by our relationships
and experiences.

"I am known, Ben, and he'll see it with his eyes once and for all."

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Willy's identity is tied to his success and popularity.

Biff is struggling to find his own identity and sense of purpose.
The scene highlights the tension between individual identity and family
expectations.## The Loman Family Conflict

The Argument Between Willy and Biff

The argument between Willy and Biff is a pivotal moment in the play, revealing the
deep-seated issues and resentments within the Loman family.

Spite: a feeling of ill will or resentment, often accompanied by a desire to harm

or punish someone. In this context, Willy accuses Biff of having spite towards
him.
Identity Crisis: a period of uncertainty and confusion about one's identity,
values, or goals. Biff is struggling with his own identity and sense of purpose.

Biff's Revelation
Biff reveals to Willy that he has been struggling with his own identity and sense of
purpose. He confesses that he has been lying about his success and that he is
actually a failure.

"I stole myself out of every good job since high school! And I never got
anywhere because you blew me so full of hot air I could never stand
taking orders from anybody!"

Willy's Response
Willy responds to Biff's revelation with anger and denial. He refuses to accept Biff's
failure and instead blames him for his own shortcomings.

Deflection: a psychological defense mechanism in which an individual redirects

attention or blame away from themselves and onto someone else. Willy uses
deflection to avoid taking responsibility for his own failures.

The Turning Point

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The argument between Willy and Biff reaches a turning point when Biff breaks down
and cries. This moment marks a shift in their relationship, as Willy begins to see Biff
in a new light.

Catharsis: a process of emotional purging or cleansing, often accompanied by a

sense of relief or renewal. Biff's breakdown can be seen as a form of catharsis,
allowing him to release his pent-up emotions and begin to heal.

The Aftermath
The argument between Willy and Biff has a profound impact on the Loman family.
Willy begins to see Biff in a new light, and Biff starts to come to terms with his own
identity and sense of purpose.

Character Emotional State Outcome

Willy Anger, Denial Begins to see Biff in a new light

Begins to come to terms with his own identity and
Biff Shame, Guilt
sense of purpose
Tries to mediate the conflict and restore peace to the
Linda Fear, Concern
family
Sympathy, Tries to support Biff and help him through his
Happy
Empathy emotional crisis

The Symbolism of the Rubber Hose

The rubber hose that Biff brings out during the argument is a symbol of Willy's
attempted suicide. It represents the deep-seated emotional pain and desperation that
Willy has been struggling with.

Symbolism: the use of objects, colors, or other elements to represent abstract

ideas or concepts. The rubber hose is a symbol of Willy's emotional pain and
desperation.## The American Dream

The American Dream is a concept that represents the idea of a better life, where
individuals can achieve success, prosperity, and happiness through hard work and
determination.

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"The American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be

better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each
according to ability or achievement." - James Truslow Adams

Willy Loman's Perception of the American

Dream
Willy Loman, the protagonist of the play, has a distorted view of the American
Dream. He believes that success is solely based on being well-liked and having a
good personality.

Willy's definition of success:

Being well-liked by others
Having a good personality
Making a lot of money
Willy's perception of the American Dream is influenced by:
His brother Ben's success
His own failures and disappointments

The Reality of the American Dream

The reality of the American Dream is that it is not as attainable as Willy believes. The
play highlights the difficulties and challenges that individuals face in achieving
success.

The harsh realities of the American Dream:

The struggle to make ends meet
The difficulty of achieving success
The disappointment and disillusionment that can come with failure

The Impact of Willy's Perception on His Family

Willy's perception of the American Dream has a significant impact on his family.

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Family
Impact of Willy's Perception
Member

Biff is disillusioned with his father's perception of the American Dream

Biff
and struggles to find his own path in life.
Happy is influenced by his father's perception and tries to emulate his
Happy
success, but ultimately fails.
Linda is caught in the middle, trying to support her husband's dreams
Linda
while also being realistic about their situation.

The Symbolism of the Jungle

The jungle is a symbol of the unknown and the challenges that lie ahead.

The jungle represents:

The uncertainty and unpredictability of life
The struggle to survive and thrive in a competitive world
The idea that success is not guaranteed, but rather something that must
be fought for

The Significance of Ben's Character

Ben is a symbol of success and the American Dream.

Ben's character represents:

The idea that success is possible, but not guaranteed
The importance of hard work and determination
The idea that success is not just about making money, but also about
being true to oneself

The Theme of Illusion vs. Reality

The play explores the theme of illusion vs. reality, highlighting the difference
between Willy's perception of the American Dream and the harsh realities of life.

The theme of illusion vs. reality is evident in:

Willy's perception of his own success and the success of others
The contrast between Willy's dreams and the reality of his situation
The ultimate realization that the American Dream is not as attainable as
Willy believed

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