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Ch-20 Height and distance

The document consists of a practice sheet focused on height and distance problems, featuring various mathematical scenarios involving angles of elevation and depression related to towers, poles, and other structures. It includes multiple-choice questions with specific height calculations and trigonometric relationships. Additionally, an answer key is provided for self-assessment.

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ysarthak661
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
28 views9 pages

Ch-20 Height and distance

The document consists of a practice sheet focused on height and distance problems, featuring various mathematical scenarios involving angles of elevation and depression related to towers, poles, and other structures. It includes multiple-choice questions with specific height calculations and trigonometric relationships. Additionally, an answer key is provided for self-assessment.

Uploaded by

ysarthak661
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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20 HEIGHT & DISTANCE

PRACTICE SHEET
1. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower
form the top and foot of a pole are (a) 36.3 m (b) 37.3 m
respectively 300 and 450 is hT is the height of (c) 38.3 m (d) 39.3 m
the tower and hp is the height of the pole,
then which of the following are correct? 6. A vertical tower standing on a leveled field
2hp hT is mounted with a vertical flag staff of
1.  hP2 length 3 m. From a point on the field, the
3 3 angles of elevation of the bottom and tip of
hT  hp hP the flag staff are 300 and 450, respectively.
2. 
3 1 2 Which one of the following gives the best
approximation to the height of the tower?
2  hp  hT 
3.  4 3 (a) 3.90 m (b) 4.00 m
hp (c) 4.10 m (d) 4.25 m
Select the correct answer using the code
given below: 7. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower
(a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 and 3 only from a point 20 m away from its base is
(c) 1 and 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 450. What is the height of the tower?
(a) 10 m (b) 20 m
2. From the top of a lighthouse, 100 m high, (c) 30 m (d) 40 m
the angle of depression of a boat is
5 8. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower
tan 1   . What is the distance between the standing on a horizontal plane from two
 12  points on a line passing through the foot of
boat and the lighthouse? the tower at distances 49 m and 36 m are
(a) 120 m (b) 180 m 430 and 470 respectively. What is the height
(c) 240 m (d) 360 m of the tower?
(a) 40 m (b) 42 m
3. The top of a hill when observed from the top (c) 45 m (d) 47 m
and bottom of a building of height h is at
angles of elevation p and q respectively. 9. A lamp post stands on a horizontal plane.
What is the height of the hill? From a point situated at a distance 150 m
(a) h cot q (b)
h cot p from its foot, the angle of elevation of the
cot q  cot p cot p  cot q top is 300. What is the height of the lamp
post?

(c) 2 h tan p (d)


2 h tan q (a) 50 m (b) 50 3 m
tan p  tan q tan q  tan p . 50
(c) m (d) 100 m
3
4. A moving boat is observed from the top of a
cliff of 150 m height. The angle of
depression of the boat changes from 600 to 10. From an aeroplane above a straight road
450 in 2 minutes. What is the speed to the the angles of depression of two positions at
boat in metres per hour? a distance 20 m apart on the road are
observed to be 300 and 450. The height of
(a) 4500 (b) 4500  3  1 the aeroplane above the ground is
3 3
(a) 10 3 m (b) 10  
3 1 m

(c) 4500 3 (d)


4500  
3 1 (c) 10  
3 1 m (d) 20 m
3
11. If the angles of elevation of the top of a
5. Two poles are 10 m and 20 m high. The line tower from two places situated at distances
joining their tops makes an angle of 150 21 m and x m from the base of the tower
with the horizontal. The distance between are 450 and 600 respectively, then what is
the poles is approximately equal to the value of x?

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(a) 7 3 m (b) 7  3 m 18. Two poles are 10 m and 20 m high. The line
joining their tips makes an angle of 150 with
(c) 7  3 m (d) 14 the horizontal. What is the distance
between the poles?
12. A person standing on the bank of a river
observes that the angle subtended by a tree

(a) 10 3  1 m  
(b) 5 4  2 3 m 
on the opposite of bank is 600. When he (c) 20  3  1 (d) 10  
3 1 m
returns 40 m from the bank, he finds the
angle to be 300. What is the breadth of the
19. The angle of elevation of a tower at a level
river?
ground is 300. The angle of elevation
(a) 60 m (b) 40 m
becomes θ when moved 10 m towards the
(c) 30 m (d) 20 m
tower. If the height of tower is 5 3 m, then
13. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower what is the value of θ ?
of height H from the foot of another tower in (a) 450 (b) 600
the same plane is 600 and the angle of (c) 750 (d) None
elevation of the top of the second tower
from the foot of the first tower is 300. If is 20. From the top of a building of height h m,
the height of the other tower, then which the angle of depression of an object on the
one of the following is correct? ground is θ. What is the distance (in m) of
(a) H=2h (b) H  3 h the object from the foot of the building?
(c) H = 3h (d) None of these (a) h cot  (b) h tan 
(c) h cos  (d) h sin 
14. A man walks 10 m towards a lamp post and
notices that the angle of elevation of the top 21. The angle of elevation of the tip of a flag
of the post increases from 300 to 450. the staff from a point 10 m due South of its
height of the lamp post is base is 60°. What is the height of the flag
(a) 10 m 
(b) 5 3  5 m staff correct to nearest meter?
(a) 15 m (b) 16 m
 
(c) 5 3  5 m (d) 10 3  10 m (c) 17 m (d) 18 m

22. What is the angle subtended by 1 m pole at


15. The shadow of a tower standing on a level distance 1 km on the ground in
plane is found to be 50 m longer when the sexagesimal measure?
Sun’s elevation is 300 than when it is 600. 9 9
The height of the tower is (a) deg ree (b) deg ree
(a) 25 m (b) 25 3 m 50 5
(c) 3.4 min (d) 3.5 min
(c) 50 m (d) none of these

16. The top of a hill observed from the top and 23. A tower of height 15 m stands vertically on
bottom of a building of height h is at angles the ground. From a point on the ground the
of elevation α and β respectively. The height angle of elevation of the top of the tower is
of the hill is found to be 300. What is the distance of the
point from the foot of the tower?
(a) h cot  (b) h cot 
cot   cot  cot   cot  (a) 15 3 m (b) 10 3

(c) h cot  (d) None of these (c) 5 3 m (d) 30


tan   tan 
24. At a point 15 m away from the base of a 15
17. From the top of a lighthouse 70 high with m high house, the angle of elevation of the
its base at sea level, the angle of depression top is
of a boat is 150. The distance of the boat (a) 900 (b) 600
from the foot of the lighthouse is (c) 45 0 (d) 300

(a) 70 2  3 m   
(b) 70 2  3 m
25. A vertical tower stands on a horizontal

(c) 70 3  3 m  (d) 70  3  3  m plane and is surmounted by a vertical flag
staff of elevation of the bottom of the flag

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staff is β and that of the top α . What is the (a) y m (b) 2y m
height of the tower? 3y y
h tan  (c) m (d) m
(a) (b) h tan  2 2
tan  tan   tan 

(c) h cos  (d) h 28. Two poles are 10 m and 20 m high. The line
tan   tan  cos     joining their tops makes an angle of 150
with the horizontal. What is the
approximate distance between the poles?
26. An aero plane flying at a height of 300 m (a) 35.3m (b) 37.3 m
above the ground passes vertically above (c) 41 m (d) 44 m
another plane at an instant when the
angles of elevation of two planes from the 29. From the top of a lighthouse 120 m above
same point on the ground are 600 and 450 , the sea, the of depression of a boat is 150.
respectively. What is the height of the lower What is the distance of the boat from the
plane from the ground? lighthouse?
(a) 50 m (b) 100 m (a) 400 m (b) 421 m
3 (c) 444 m (d) 460 m
(c) 100 3 m (d) 150  
3 1 m
30. The angle of elevation of the top of a flag
post from a point 5 m away from its base is
27. A man standing on the bank of a river 750. What is the approximate height of the
observes that the angle of elevation of the flag post?
top of a tree just on the opposite bank is (a) 15 m (b) 17 m
600. The angle of elevation is 300 from a (c) 19 m (d) 21 m
point at a distance y m from the bank.
What is the height of the tree?

ANSWER KEY
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (c)

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CDS PYQ
DIRECTIONS (for next four): Read the 7. The shadow of a tower standing on a level
following information carefully to answer plane is found to be 50 m longer when the
the questions that follow As seen from the Sun's elevation is 30°, then when it is 60°.
top and bottom of a building of height h m, What is the height of the tower?
the angles of elevation of the top of a tower [CDS 2014 (I)]
3 3 (a) 25m (b) 25√3m
of height h are α and β, respectively. (c) 25/√3 m (d) 30 m
2
[CDS 2013 (I)] 8. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower
1. If β = 30°, then what is the value of tan α? 30 m high from the foot of another tower in
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/3 the same plane is 60° and the angle of
(c) 1/4 (d) none of these elevation of the top of the second tower
from the foot of the first tower is 30°. The
2. If α = 30°, then what is the value of tan β? distance between the two towers in m times
(a) 1 (b) 1/2 the height of the shorter tower. What is m
(c) 1/3 (d) none of these equal to0?
[CDS 2014 (I)]
3. If α = 30° and h =30 m, then what is the (a) √2 m (b) √3 m
distance between the base of the building (c) 1/2 (d) 1/3
and the base of the tower?
(a) 15+15√3m (b) 30+15√3m 9. From a certain point on a straight road, a
(c) 45+15√3m (d) None of these person observe a tower in the West
direction at a distance of 200 m. He walks
4. If β = 30° and if θ is the angle of depression some distance along the road and finds that
of the foot of the tower as seen from the top the same tower is 300 m South of him.
of the building, then what is the value of What is the shortest distance of the tower
tan θ? from the road?
(a)
3  3  (b)
3  3  [CDS 2014 (II)]
300 500
3 3 3 3 (a) m (b) m
(c)
2  3 (d) none of these
13
600
13
900
3 3 (c) m (d) m
13 13
5. A spherical balloon of radius r subtends
angle 60° at the eye of an observer. If the 10. If from the top of a post a string twice the
angle of elevation of its centre is 60 and h is length of the post is stretched tight to a
the height of the centre of the balloon, then point on the ground, then what angle will
which one of the following is correct? the string make with the post?
[CDS 2013 (II)] [CDS 2014 (II)]
(a) h=r (b) h=√2r (a) /6 (b) /4
(c) h=3r (d) h=2r (c) 5/12 (d) /3

6. What is the angle of elevation of the Sun, 11. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower
when the shadow of a pole of height x m is from two points P and Q at distances m2
x m? and n2 respectively, from the base and in
the same straight line with it are
3 complementary. The height of the tower is
[CDS 2013 (II)] [CDS 2015 (I)]
(a) 30° (b) 45° (a) (mn)1/2 (b) mn1/2
(c) 60° (d) 75° (c) m1/2n (d) mn

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12. The angle of elevation of a cloud from a is the distance travelled by the car during
point 200 m above a lake is 30° and the this time?
angle of depression of its reflection in the [CDS 2016 (II)]
lake is 60°. The height of the cloud is 200 3
[CDS 2015 (I)] (a) 100√3 m (b) m
(a) 200 m (b) 300 m 3
(c) 400 m (d) 600 m 100 3
(c) m (d) 200 3m
3
13. From the top of a tower, the angles of
depression of two objects P and Q (situated 18. Two men on either side of a tower 75 m
on the ground on the same side of the high observe the angle of elevation of the
tower) separated at a distance of top of the tower to be 30° and 60°. What is
100(3−√3)m are 45° and 60° respectively. the distance between the two men?
The height of the tower is [CDS 2016 (II)]
[CDS 2015 (I)] (a) 100√3 m (b) 75√3 m
(a) 200 m (b) 250m
(c) 300 m (d) none of these 100 3
(c) m (d) 60√3 m
3
14. An aeroplane flying at a height of 3000 m
passes vertically above another aeroplane 19. If the length of the shadow of a tower is
at an instant when the angles of elevation equal to its height, then what is the Sun's
of the two planes from some point on the altitude at that time?
ground are 60° and 45° respectively. Then [CDS 2016 (II)]
the vertical distance between the two (a) 15° (b) 30°
planes is (c) 45° (d) 60°
[CDS 2015 (II)]
(a) 1000(√3−1)m (b) 1000√3 m 20. A pole stands vertically inside a triangular
(c) (1000(3−√3)m (d) 3000√3m park ABC. If the angle of elevation of the
top of the pole from each corner of the park
15. A pole is standing erect on the ground is same, then in the triangle ABC, the foot
which is horizontal. The tip of the pole is of the pole is at the
tied tight with a rope of length √12 m to a [CDS 2016 (II)]
point on the ground. If the rope is making (a) Centroid (b) Circumference
30 with the horizontal, then the height of (c) Incentre (d) Orthocentre
the pole is
[CDS 2015 (II)] 21. An aeroplane flying at a height of 300 m
(a) 2√3 m (b) 3√2 m above the ground passes vertically above
(c) 3 m (d) √3 m another plane at an instant when the
angles of elevation of the two planes from
16. Two observers are stationed due north of a the same point on the ground are 60° and
tower (of height x metre) at a distance y 45° respectively. What is the height of the
metre from each other. The angles of lower plane from the ground?
elevation of the tower observed by them are [CDS 2017 (I)]
30° and 45° respectively. Then x/y is equal 100
(a) 100√3 m (b) m
to 3
[CDS 2016 (I)]
(c) 50√3 m (d) 150(√3 + 1)m
2 1 2 1
(a) (b)
2 2 22. From the top of a building 90 m high, the
angles of depression of the top and the
3 1
(c) (d) 1 bottom of a tree are 30° and 45°
2 respectively. What is the height of the tree?
[CDS 2017 (I)]
17. A man from the top of a 100 m high tower (a) 30√3m (b) 90 − 30√3m
sees a car moving towards the tower at an (c) 90 + 30√3m (d) 60 + 30√3m
angle of depression 30°. After some time,
the angle of depression becomes 60°. What

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23. From an aeroplane vertically over a straight 2
(a) 2l 2 (b) l
horizontal road, the angles of depression of 2
two consecutive kilometre- stones on the 2
2l 2
opposite sides of the aeroplane are observed (c) 3l (d)
to be a and B. The height of the aeroplane 2 3
above the road is
[CDS 2017 (I)] 27. From a height of h units, a man observes
tan  tan  the angle of elevation as  and angle of
(a)
tan   tan  (b) depression as β of the top and the bottom
tan  tan  tan   tan  respectively of a tower of height H(>4h). To
(c)
cot  cot  (d)
cot   cot  what further height should he climb so that
cot   cot  cot  cot  the values of angle of elevation and angle of
depression get interchanged for the top and
bottom of the tower?
24. Let AB represent a building of height h
[CDS 2018 (I)]
metre with A being its top, B being its
(a) H − h units (b) H − 2h units
bottom. Let A'B' represent a tower of height
(c) H − 3h units (d) H − 4h units
(h + x) metre (x>0) with A' being its top and
B' being its bottom. Let BB'=d metre. Let
28. On the top of a hemispherical dome of
the angle of elevation of A' as seen from A
radius r, there stands a flag of height h.
be 45.
From a point on the ground, the elevation
Consider the following statements:
of the top of the flag is 30°. After moving a
Statement I: h + x > d
distance d towards the dome, when the flag
Statement II: The angle of depression of B
is just visible, the elevation is 45°. The ratio
as seen from A' is less than 45° Which one
of h to r is equal to:
of the following is correct in respect of the
[CDS 2018 (II)]
above statements?
[CDS 2017 (II)] 3 1
(a) 2  1 (b)
(a)Both Statement I and Statement II are 2 2
true and Statement Il is the correct
explanation of Statement I (c)
3 1
d (d)
 
3 1 d
2 1

(b)Both Statement I and Statement II are 2 2 2 2


true but Statement II is not the correct
explanation of Statement I 29. Consider a regular hexagon ABCDEF. Two
(c)Statement I is true but Statement II is towers are situated at B and C. The angle of
false elevation from A to the top of the tower at B
(d)Statement I is false but Statement II is is 30°, and the angle of elevation to the top
true 58. of the tower at C is 45°. What is the height
of towers at B and C?
25. A man, standing at a point X on the bank [CDS-2019-1]
XY of a river that cannot be crossed, (a) 1: 3 (b) 1:3
observes a tower to be N α° E on the (c) 1:2 (d) 1:2 3
opposite parallel bank. He then walks 200
m along the bank to the point Y towards
30. The angles of elevation of the tops of two
East, and finds the tower to be N β° W.
pillars of heights h and 2h from a point P
From these observations, the breadth of the
on the line joining the feet of the two pillars
river will be (Given that tan α° = 2 and tan
are complementary. If the distances of the
β °=0.5)
foot of the pillars from the point P are x and
[CDS 2017 (II)]
y respectively, then which one of the
(a) 60 m (b) 70 m
following is correct?
(c) 80 m (d) 90 m
[CDS-2019-2]
(a) 2h2 = x2 y (b) 2h2 – xy2
26. Each side of a square subtends an angle of
(c) 2h2 = xy (d) 2h2 = x2y2
60° at the tip of a tower of height h metres
standing at the centre of the square. If l is
the length of each side of the square, then 31. A tree of height 15 m is broken by wind is
what is h2 equal to? such a way that its top touches the ground
[CDS 2018 (I)] and makes an angle 30° with the ground.

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What is the height from the ground to the flagstaff is 60°. What is the height of
point where tree is broken? flagstaff?
[CDS-2020-1] [CDS-2021-2]
(a) 10m (b) 7m (a) 12m (b) 15m
(c) 5m (d) 3m (c) 16m (d) 20m

32. On a plane area there are two vertical 37. From an aero-plane flying above a river at
towers separated by 100 feet apart. The an altitude of 1200m, it is observed that the
shorter tower is 40 feet tall. A pole of length angles of depression of opposite points on
6 feet stands on the line joining the base of the two banks of a river are 30° and . If the
two towers so that the tip of the towers and width of the river is 3000m, then which one
tip of the pole are also on the same line. If of the following is correct?
the distance of the pole form the shorter [CDS-2021-2
tower is 75feet, then what is the height of (a) <30° (b) 30° <  < 45°
the taller tower (approximately)? (c) 45° <  < 60° (d) 60° <  < 90°
[CDS-2020-1]
(a) 85feet (b) 110feet 38. An aeroplane is observed to the
(c) 125feet (d) 140fet approaching the airport. It is at a distance
of 10km from the point of observation on
33. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower the ground and makes an angle of
from two points at distances p and q from elevation. If the aeroplane is at a height of
the base and on the same straight line are 8km above the ground, then which one of
27° and 63° respectively. What is the height the following is correct?
of the tower? [CDS-2022-1]
[CDS-2020-1]
(a) pq (b) pq (a) 0 <  < 30° (b) 30° <  < 45°
(c) 45° <  < 60° (d) 60° <  < 90°
pq pq
(c) (d)
2 2 39. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower
of height x meter from a point on the
34. A pole on the ground leans at 60° with the ground is found to be 60°. By going y meter
vertical. At a point x metre away from the away from that point, it becomes 30°.
base of the pole on the ground, two halves Which one of the following relations is
of the pole subtened the same angle. If the correct?
pole and point are in the same vertical [CDS-2022-1]
plane, then what is the length of the pole? (a) x = y (b) 2x = 3y
[CDS-2021-1] (c) 2x = √3𝑦 (d) 2y = √3𝑥
(a) 2x metre (b) 3x metre
(c) 2x metre (d) 2 2x metre Consider the following for the next two
(02) items that follow:
35. A vertical tower standing at the corner of a The angle of elevation of a cloud at C from
rectangular field subtends angles of 60° a point (P), H metres above the surface of a
lake is 30°. The height of the cloud from
and 45° at the two nearer corners. If  is
the angle that the tower subtends at the the surface of the lake is 2H metres. Let 
be the angle of depression of the reflection
farthest corner, then what is cot equal to?
of the cloud in the lake from the point P.
[CDS-2021-1]
1
(a) (b) 2 40. What is the value of ?
2 [CDS 2022 (II)]
2 4 (a) 30°
(c) (d)
3 3 (b) 45°
(c) 60°
(d)cannot be determined due to insufficient
36. A ladder 10m long reaches a point 10m data
below the top of a vertical flagstaff. From
foot of the ladder, the elevation of top of the

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41. What is PC equal to? AB is a straight road leading to the foot P of
[CDS 2022 (II)] a tower of height h. Q is at distance x from
(a) H metres (b) √2𝐻 metres P and R is at a distance y from Q. (R is
(c) √3𝐻 metres (d) 2H metres farther from P and Q. R, Q are on the same
side). The angle of elevation of the top of the
42. A person on the top of a vertical tower tower at Q is twice of that at R. (use the
observes a car moving at a uniform speed 2 tan 
formula tan 2 = )
coming directly towards it. If it takes 6 1  tan2 
minutes for the angle of depression to
change from 30° to 45°, and further t 46. Which one of the following is correct?
minutes to reach the tower, which one of [CDS-2023 (2)]
the following is correct? (a) x = y
[CDS – 2023 (1)] (b) x < y
(a) 7.7 < t < 8 (b) 8 < t < 8.3 (c) x > y
(c) 8.3 < t < 8.6 (d) 8.6 < t < 8.9 (d)cannot be concluded due to insufficient
data
43. A woman is standing on the deck of a ship,
which is h (in metres) above water level. 47. Which one of the following is correct?
She observes the angle of elevation of the [CDS-2023 (2)]
top of a tower as 60° and the angle of (a) h2 = x2 – y2 (b) h2 = x2 + y2
depression of the base of the tower as 30°. (c) h2 = 2(y2–x2) (d) h2 = y2 – x2
What is the height of the tower?
[CDS – 2023 (1)] 48. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower
(a) 2h (b) 3h from two points A and B at a distance of x
(c) 4h (d) 5h m and (x + 5) m from the base of the tower
of height 6 m and in the same straight line
Consider the following for the next two with it are complementary. What is the
(02) items that follow: value of x?
A flagstaff stands on the top of a vertical [CDS-2024 (1)]
tower. The angle of elevation of the top of (a) 4 m (b) 5 m
the flagstaff from a certain place on the (c) 6 m (d) 9 m
same horizontal level with the base of the
tower is found to be . Advancing a 49. From a point X on a bridge across a river
distance d towards the tower in the same the angles of depression of two points p and
horizontal plane, the angle of elevation of q on the banks on opposite side of the river
the top of the flagstaff is observed to be  are  and  respectively. if the point X is at
and that of the top of the tower is observed a height h above the surface of the river.
to be . Let H be the height of the top of the what is the width of the river if  and  are
flagstaff from the base of the tower and h be complementary?
the height of the tower. [CDS-2024 (2)]
(a) 2h(tan + cot) (b) Htan.tan
44. Which one of the following is correct? (c) hcot.cot (d) hsec.cosec
[CDS-2023 (2)]
(a) Htan - htan = 0 (b) htan - Htan = 0 50. A vertical pole of length 80 m is situated on
(c) Htan - htan = 0 (d) htan - Htan=0 the horizontal plane the base of the pole is
at P. there are two points A and B such that
45. Which one of the following is correct? P, A, B are on the same straight line. Let
[CDS-2023 (2)] the angles of elevation of top of the pole
(a) d = H cot   cot   (b) d= H tan   tan   from A and B be  and  ( >  )
2 2 respectively. If PA = 64 m and AB = 36 m
(c) d = H(cot – cot) (d) d = H(tan - tan) then what is  +  equal to?
[CDS-2024 (2)]
Consider the following for the next two (a) 60 ̊ (b) 90 ̊
(02) items that follow: (c) 120 ̊ (d) 135 ̊

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ANSWER KEY
1. b 2. a 3. c 4. a 5. c 6. c 7. b 8. b 9. c 10. d
11. d 12. c 13. c 14. c 15. d 16. c 17. b 18. a 19. c 20. a
21. a 22. b 23. b 24. c 25. c 26. b 27. b 28. a 29. b 30. c
31. c 32. a 33. b 34. b 35. c 36. b 37. c 38. b 39. c 40. c
41. d 42. b 43. c 44. a 45. c 46. b 47. d 48. a 49. d 50. b

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