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Analysis of Wireless Networks: Successful and Failure Existing Technique

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DOI: 10.56155/978-81-955020-2-8-75

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Analysis of Wireless Networks:
Successful and Failure Existing
Technique
Pundalik Chavan1 , Anooja Ali1 , Ramaprasad H C1 , Ramachan-
dra H V1 , Hari Krishna H2 , E G Satish3
School of CSE, REVA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India1
Dept of CSE, Ballari Institute of Technology Management, Ballari, India2
Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India3
Corresponding author: Pundalik Chavan, Email: [email protected]

One special feature of wireless networks is their capacity to keep people in contact
even when they switch locations. The adaptability and agility needed for wireless
communications are provided. The fields of business, education, defense, home-
based and industrial applications, and the military environment have all found use
for wireless and mobile communications. The world has changed significantly as
a result of wireless networks since they have made it easier, more reliable, and
more efficient to send information abroad or behind enemy lines. An essential pro-
ductivity tool for today’s mobile workforce is wireless networking. With wireless
networking, we may practically access corporate and other information resources
at any time and from any location. In recent times, wireless networks have become
more commonplace in several fields, such as satellite broadcasting, mobile analog,
and digital cellular telephones. Supporting a good quality of service (QoS) in this
environment for the delivery of voice, video, and data has therefore become one
of the major challenges of the twenty-first century. In this research article, we pro-
vide an overview of wireless networks, their classification, and quality of service
(QOS) parameters such as bandwidth, delay, delay variation (jitter), throughput,
and energy. Lastly, we provide security information regarding various parameters
for end-to-end communication over wireless networks.
Keywords: Wireless network, Survey, QoS, Data Transmission, Video Transmis-
sion, performance, security, bandwidth.

2023. In Satyasai Jagannath Nanda & Rajendra Prasad Yadav (eds.), Data Sci-
ence and Intelligent Computing Techniques, 877–891. Computing & Intelligent
Systems, SCRS, India. https://doi.org/10.56155/978-81-955020-2-8-75
 Pundalik Chavan1 , Anooja Ali1 , Ramaprasad H C1 , Ramachandra H V1 , Hari
Krishna H2 , E G Satish3

1. Introduction
By sending and receiving data over the air via wireless media, such as radio frequency technology, a
wireless network is a flexible data communications system that lowers the need for physical
connections. Thanks to the wireless communication revolution, data networking is going through a
significant transition. Thanks to recent developments in wireless networks and technology, the great
majority of wireless devices in use today are able to connect with ease. For the millions of wireless
devices to have wireless connectivity, the greatest possible utilization of spectrum resources is also
necessary [1]. Without requiring any physical connections, wireless networks transfer information
between locations using electromagnetic waves. Radio waves are frequently called radio carriers since
they only send energy to a distant receiver. The data being transferred is superimposed over the radio
wave to guarantee accurate extraction at the receiving end. After data is overlaid (modulated) over the
radio carrier, the radio signal occupies many frequencies due to the modulating information's
frequency or bit rate adding to the carrier. Numerous radio carriers can coexist in the same space
without interfering with one another if the radio waves are sent at different radio frequencies. The three
elements that comprise a wireless network are radio signals, data formats, and network architecture.
All three of these elements need to be described when building a new network since they are unrelated
to each other. The data format affects several of the higher levels of the OSI reference model, whereas
the radio signal operates at the physical layer. The network structure includes base stations and
wireless network interface adapters that send and receive radio signals. The network interface adapters
in every computer and base station in a wireless network transform digital data into radio signals,
which are then sent to other connected devices. Additionally, they transform incoming radio signals
from other network components back to digital data after receiving them and converting them back to
radio signals. Different data formats, network architectures, and radio signals are used by each
broadband wireless data service [2].

Wireless networks are more productive, convenient, and cost-effective than traditional wired networks
for the reasons listed below:

• Mobility: Provide real-time data access and seamless network mobility for mobile
consumers. These alternatives for service and productivity are not possible with wired
networks.
• Installation simplicity: Setting up a wireless system is rapid and simple, and it does away
with the need to run wires through ceilings and walls.
• Network reach: it is possible to add sites that are not now part of the network.
• Greater Flexibility: Wireless networks are easier to reconfigure and more flexible.
• cheaper lifespan costs and overall installation costs: Although wireless network gear initially
may cost more than wired network hardware, in dynamic contexts, these costs may be
significantly lower.
• Scalability: Different topologies for wireless systems may be customized to meet the
requirements of different installations and applications. Network configurations may be
readily altered for networks ranging from small-scale peer-to-peer networks ideal for a
limited number of users to extensive infrastructure networks that facilitate roaming over a
vast region.
Wireless networking allows you to connect several computers in your home without the need for a
physical cable. Providing internet and email connectivity to every computer is a great benefit.
Requirements include a cable or DSL modem to receive and send data to the internet, wireless cards for
each computer, an internet service provider such as your phone or cable company, and a single wireless
router. Wireless wide-area networks are wireless networks that often span large outside regions. These
networks can serve as a means of connecting business branch offices or as a public internet access
system. They usually run on a 2.4 GHz frequency. Another architecture in which every access point
doubles as a relay is the mesh system. When combined with renewable energy sources like wind
turbines or photovoltaic solar panels, they may operate on their own. Various frequencies are utilized
for information transmission over the air using wireless protocols (802.11 standards). The most

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commonly utilized frequency for wireless data consumption is 2.4 GHz [2]. Wireless networks are
expected to enable multimedia services. Wireless communication technology offers a multitude mul of
services, such as the transmission of audio, video, text, graphics, animation, and images. The capacity
of wireless networks is greatly demanded by these services. The customer wants to send and receive a
variety of data formats, such as audio anand
d video. Thus, the bandwidth requirements of different users
differ significantly from one another. Furthermore, a minimum level of guaranteed performance is
required for the quality of service (QoS) components of bit error rate, latency, jitter, and bandwidth.
bandw
When the percentage of total bandwidth in a cell that is used by user bandwidth demand rises, there is
a greater chance of blocking in cellular networks. Making sure that all users receive the QoS they expect
given the constrained quantity of RF spec
spectrum
trum that is available is an intriguing and difficult resource
management subject.Modern wireless applications heavily rely on real real-time
time communication since data
is isochronous. They also require high quality, fast transmission rates, and high interaction levels [3].
1.1 Classification of Wireless Networks
1.1.1 Introduction
The most common classification scheme for wireless networks is comprised of five unique or separate
groups. The main criteria used in this classification are the application region and signal range
ran (Figure
1). The first group, referred to as WBAN, includes wireless networks used to link different devices on
the surface of the body to one another. These networks have a maximum signal range of two meters.
The second group, referred to as WPAN, inclu
includes
des wireless networks with a minimum signal range of 10
meters that are used to connect different devices to one another. The third group complies with the
wireless network standard, which is intended to cover a maximum of one building or room. This group,
called WLAN, usually has a signal range of 30 meters indoors and 100 100–200
200 meters outside. Wireless
fidelity (Wi-Fi
Fi or IEEE 802.11) is a common term used to describe wireless technology. With a signal
range of around 5 to 20 kilometers, the WMAN, the fourth class of wireless network, allows users to
connect to the Internet. Many times, this protocol is referred to as IEEE 802.16
802.16-2001,
2001, or worldwide
interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX). The last group is the WWAN.WWAN (GSM and
CDMA-based networks) provide vide wireless connections over a much larger region than the group stated
above by using the network infrastructure of mobile operators [4].

Figure 1: Classification of wireless networks with their signal range.

1.1.2 Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN)

WBAN may be thought of as a specific type of sensor network with certain requirements. A wristband
bandana alarm (WBAN) is a collection of tiny, wearable, networked sensors that may be inserted into
the body or worn on it to monitor vital signs. These devices u
use
se wireless communication to send data
from the human body to a home base station, from which it may be promptly sent to a clinic or
hospital.Among the WBAN's technology criteria are:

1) Employing a wideband signaling system.

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 Pundalik Chavan1 , Anooja Ali1 , Ramaprasad H C1 , Ramachandra H V1 , Hari
Krishna H2 , E G Satish3

2) lower than the 6 GHz frequency range.

3) In order to address significant route loss throughout the human anatomy, allow for diverse
multi-hop connections.
Learn how WBAN may be utilized when long-term patient data tracking is necessary to monitor
patients with chronic conditions including diabetes, asthma, and heart attacks. A patient with diabetes
could be made "doctor-free" and essentially healthy by having a WBAN placed on him or her that would
automatically inject insulin through a pump as soon as the patient's insulin level drops, or it could be
used to notify the hospital of changes in the patient's signs, perhaps even before he has a heart attack
[4].

1.1.3 Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN)

WPAN is enabled by a number of network technologies, including Bluetooth, UWB, ZigBee, and
infrared data association (Irda). The IrDA outlines the technical criteria for a standard short-range
infrared light communication protocol for widespread usage in wireless personal area networks. IEEE
802.15.1, which is another name for Bluetooth, is an industrial WPAN specification. Devices such as
PDAs, mobile phones, laptops, PCs, printers, digital cameras, and gaming consoles may connect and
exchange data via Bluetooth, which provides a secure, unlicensed short-range radio frequency.
Bluetooth is a radio standard and communication protocol designed primarily for low power
consumption, with a limited range (depending on power class: 1, 10, and 100 m). Each gadget has low-
cost transceiver microchips that support it. UWB is a radio technique that can be used for very low-
energy short-range high-bandwidth communications by using a large portion of the radio spectrum.
Based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for WPANs, ZigBee is the brand name for a collection of high-
level communication protocols that employ small, low-power digital radios. Headphones that connect
to cell phones via short-range radio are one example of these protocols [4].

1.1.4 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN)

A WLAN, or wireless local area network, is the connection of two or more computers in a structure or
small campus without the need for cables. WLAN uses radio wave-based spread spectrum or
orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation technology to enable communication
between devices in a limited area. Now, users may roam freely across a wide service area and stay
connected to the network. Wi-Fi is the WLAN technology that is most often utilized. Working group 11
of the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee (IEEEE 802) produced a set of WLAN standards known
as the IEEE 802.11, or WiFi standard [4].
Wireless LANs provide high-speed data delivery inside a restricted region, such as a campus or small
building, while users move about. Often, stationary or slowly moving wireless devices connect to these
LANs. All wireless LAN technologies in the US operate on unlicensed frequency bands. The primary
unlicensed bands include the Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) band at 5 GHz
and the ISM bands at 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5.8 GHz. As secondary users operating in the ISM bands,
unlicensed users have to deal with interference from prime users (5).

1.1.5 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN)

The name "WMAN" refers to the wireless metropolitan area network standard (often known as WiMAX
in the commercial sense) of the IEEE 802.16 Working Group on Broadband Wireless Access Standards,
which defines broadband Internet access via fixed or mobile devices. This is a great alternative to fixed-
line networks since it is affordable and simple to set up. The WiMAX Forum established WiMAX, a
global microwave access interoperability standard, to support WMAN, the official name for the IEEE
802.16 standard, both interoperability-wise and in terms of compliance. The Forum states that WiMAX
is a "standards-based technology that enables the delivery of last-mile wireless broadband connectivity
as a substitute for cable and digital subscriber line (DSL)." For a variety of reasons, most WiMAX
networks will likely claim an average cell range of 4-5 miles despite obstacles like buildings and trees.
Applications utilizing line-of-sight (LOS) technology are projected to have service ranges up to 10 miles
(16 km). Even though it is frequently used by several individuals and organizations, a WMAN can be
owned and operated by a single entity [4].

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 Data Science and Intelligent Computing Techniques

1.1.6 Wireless Wide Area Networks (WPANs)

A wide-area network (WWAN) is a computer network that has a large geographic reach. The largest
and most well-known example of a WWAN is the Internet. In order to facilitate communication
between users and computers in different places, WLANs are connected via WWANs. For a single
corporation, several private WWANs were established. Others that were developed by ISPs give
companies LAN access to the Internet. WWANs allow mobile users to connect, particularly
businesspeople who are always on the go. WWANs allow users to maintain access to work-related data
and programs even while they are not in the office. WWAN connectivity requires wireless modems and
a wireless network infrastructure, both of which are provided as free services by a wireless service
provider. Radio waves are used in interactions between wireless networks and related wireless modems
and portable devices. The modem sends out a signal via radio towers to a mobile switching center,
which forwards it to the relevant public or private network link. Cellular network technologies like
WiMAX, UMTS, GPRS, HSDPA, or 3G are used by a WWAN to transport data. In return for a monthly
use fee, a wireless service provider makes these technologies available locally, nationally, or even
worldwide [4]. Wide-area wireless data services provide high-mobility consumers with wireless data
over a significant coverage area. In these systems, a particular geographic region is covered by base
stations situated atop towers, rooftops, or mountains. The base stations have the option to connect to a
backbone wired network or a multi-hop wireless ad hoc network. Early wide-area wireless data services
had data rates as low as 10 kbps, but they later reached 20 kbps [5].

1.1.7 Satellite Networks

An object that orbits another object is called a satellite. The moon, for instance, is a satellite of both the
Sun and the Earth. Rockets are used to drive man-made satellites, which are very specialized wireless
receivers and transmitters, into Earth's orbit. At the moment, hundreds of satellites are in service. A
satellite-based component called the transponder, which "reflects" the signal toward the receivers, and
a ground-based component called the uplink comprise the transmitter in satellite communication
systems, which is located in the sky rather than on the ground [4]. Commercial satellite systems
constitute yet another crucial component of the infrastructure for wireless communications. The
former is mainly suited for sending analog voice messages across long distances. For example, it's often
used by journalists to provide breaking news from combat zones in real time. The technology is mostly
utilized for alphanumeric messaging and fleet location tracking in transportation. There are several
major obstacles to overcome in the delivery of voice and data services via geosynchronous satellites.
Since communicating with these satellites demands a lot of power, handheld devices are frequently
large and heavy. Additionally, there is a noticeable audible round-trip propagation delay in two-way
speech communication. The highest data rate for geosynchronous satellites is less than 10 kbps. Voice
and data communications were thought to function better with lower-orbit LEO satellites as a result of
these considerations [5].

1.1.8 Broadband Wireless Access

Broadband wireless access enables high-speed wireless communication between several endpoints and
a stationary access point. The original purpose of these systems was to provide interactive video
services for home users. However, their primary use has shifted to high-speed data access (tens of
megabits per second) to the Internet, the World Wide Web, and high-speed data networks for home
and business usage. Two frequency bands were reserved in the US for these systems: one in the 28 GHz
band for local distribution systems (also called local multipoint distribution systems, or LMDS) and
one in the 2 GHz band for metropolitan distribution systems (multichannel multipoint distribution
services, or MMDS).
Via LMDS service providers, new service providers can easily join the existing competitive market
between wireless and wired internet access. Transmission ranges for the MMDS television and telecom
delivery systems are 30 to 50 kilometers. MMDS may offer access to over 100 digital video TV
channels, phone service, and new interactive services like the Internet. The present cable and satellite
providers will be MMDS's primary rivals. Hiperaccess is a European standard that is similar to MMDS.
WiMAX is a future wireless broadband technology based on IEEE 802.16. The fundamental 802.16

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 Pundalik Chavan1 , Anooja Ali1 , Ramaprasad H C1 , Ramachandra H V1 , Hari
Krishna H2 , E G Satish3

specification is a standard for broadband wireless access networks that use radio frequencies between
10 GHz and 66 GHz. Data speeds of around 40 Mbps will be available to fixed clients, while mobile
users will be able to access 15 Mbps speeds across several kilometers. When WiMAX is available, a lot
of laptop and PDA makers want to use it to meet the need for continuous Internet connection and
remote email exchange [5].
1.2 Quality of Service (QOS) Parameters
1.2.1 Introduction Quality of Service (QOS)
Quality of service (QoS) is a need for expanding high-speed data networks. This is especially true when
it comes to meeting real-time data consumers' constraints on data rate and packet latency. The network
must follow certain quality of service (QoS) requirements when transferring a packet stream from
source to destination. Special challenges arise in networks that use wireless communication because of
this requirement. In actuality, a wireless channel's quality fluctuates greatly across users and wildly
changes over time on both slow and fast time scales. Moreover, wireless bandwidth is usually a finite
resource that needs to be utilized carefully. Providing the right quality of service (QoS) to as many
people as possible requires finding efficient ways to provide QoS for real-time data (such as live audio
and video streams) across wireless channels [6]. Reliable network performance has always been an
essential component for a lot of network applications. However, with the increase in the amount of
audio and video data carried via open, packet-switched networks, the capacity to guarantee quality of
service (QoS) may be more important than ever in today's networks. Consequently, a great deal of work
has gone into figuring out how to provide consistent network performance while simultaneously
utilizing all of the resources that are available. Probably the most crucial prerequisite for audio and
video transmission success is service guarantees. Many service providers have started to use packet-
switched networks to provide video and phone services in recent years. The IP network offers extra
capacity that may be utilized for a fraction of the cost of a dedicated, circuit-switched network, which is
one reason these services were created. Another argument is that the form-free nature of a packet-
switched network increases its adaptability and allows for the creation of new services like video on
demand. A special issue for audio/video transmission (VBR) arises from the fact that different
compression methods encode the streams at varying bit rates for maximum efficiency. For such
streams, it is possible to guarantee throughput at the highest bit rates, but this is ineffective.
Alternatively, a more advantageous Quality of Service (QoS) system would ensure throughput at the
average bit rate and allow bursty traffic with the least amount of additional loss and delay [6].

1.2.2 Quality of Service (QOS) Parameters

1.2.2.1 Bandwidth
The ability of a wired or wireless network communications link to send the most data possible via a
computer network or internet connection in a specific length of time, typically one second, is known as
bandwidth. Data transfer rate is referred to as bandwidth, which is synonymous with capacity.Modern
network lines offer higher capacity, which is often measured in millions of bits per second (megabits
per second, or Mbps), or billions of bits per second, whereas bandwidth is conventionally stated in bits
per second (bps), or gigabits per second, or Gbps).

How bandwidth works: The more bandwidth a data link has, the more data it can send and receive
at the same time. The amount of water that can flow via a water pipe can be likened to bandwidth. More
water can flow through a pipe at once, the larger the pipe is. The same idea governs how bandwidth
functions.Therefore, the more data may travel through a communication link or pipe per second, the
higher it's capacity. End users are responsible for paying for the bandwidth of their network
connections. Therefore, the more bandwidth a link has, the more expensive it is. The performance of a
network is influenced by a number of factors, including the connection's maximum capacity. Multiple
network lines with various bandwidth capacities often make up an end-to-end network route. As a
result, the connection with the lowest bandwidth is sometimes referred to as the bottleneck since it can
reduce the total amount of data that can be sent through all of the connections in the path. Bandwidth
on demand, also known as dynamic bandwidth allocation or burstable bandwidth, is an option that

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enables subscribers to increase the amount of available bandwidth at specific times or for specific
purposes, in addition to dedicated communication links with the maximum amounts of bandwidth,
which are typically sold at a set price by the month. A technology called bandwidth-on-demand can
supply extra capacity to a communications network to handle spikes of data traffic that momentarily
need more bandwidth. Wide area networks commonly employ dynamic bandwidth allocation supplied
by service providers instead of over-provisioning the network with pricey dedicated lines to enhance
capacity as needed for a certain event or at a specific time of day. A shared telecommunications
network's capacity may be extended using this method, and customers only pay for the extra bandwidth
they use. Many service providers provide burstable bandwidth because the network lines they give their
clients have access to more bandwidth, yet clients only pay for what they really use. Because of the
capability of the service provider's connection, a 100 Mbps link, for instance, could be able to burst up
to a gigabit. It would be necessary to establish a second physical connection if a user desired more
bandwidth than what was physically possible on that link [7].

1.2.2.2 Delay (Latency)

The duration from the moment the first bit is sent out from the source until the full message has
arrived at the destination is known as latency or delay. Propagation time, transmission time, queue
time, and processing delay are all parts of latency.
Propagation time, transmission time, queueing time, and processing delay all makeup latency.

The amount of time it takes for a bit to propagate from its source to its destination is measured as
propagation time.
One may get the propagation time by dividing the distance by the propagation speed.

Distance/Propagation Speed = Propagation TimeTransmission Time: In data communications, a

message is sent instead of simply a single bit. The propagation time may be used to determine how long
it will take the first bit and the last bit to reach their destinations. The period between the first bit
leaving the sender and the last bit reaching the recipient does exist, though. The first portion departs
and arrives sooner, while the latter portion departs and arrives later. The amount of time needed to
transmit a message depends on its size and the channel's bandwidth.

Bandwidth/Message Size = Transmission Time

Queuing Time: The third factor in delay is queuing time, which is the amount of time each
intermediate or final device must hold the message before processing it. The network load affects the
queuing time, which is not a constant factor. The queue time lengthens as network traffic volume
grows. The communications that have arrived are queued and processed one at a time by an
intermediary device, such as a router. Each communication will have to wait if there are several
messages [4].

1.2.2.3 Jitter:
Jitter is another performance problem connected to delay. If distinct data packets experience various
delays and the application utilizing the data at the receiver site is time-sensitive, we can essentially
state that jitter is an issue (audio and video data, for example). The real-time programme that uses the
packets experiences a jitter if the first packet is delayed by 20 ms, the second by 45 ms, and the third by
40 ms [5].

1.2.2.4 Throughput
The throughput measures the real speed at which data may be sent via a network. Although throughput
and bandwidth in bits per second appear to be the same at first glance, they are not. Even if a link may
have B bps bandwidth, we can only transfer T bps via it, where T is always less than B. In other words,
throughput is a real assessment of how quickly we can deliver data, whereas bandwidth is a prospective
measurement of a network. The devices linked to the link's end, for instance, could only be able to

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Krishna H2 , E G Satish3

handle 200 kbps even though the link has a bandwidth of 1 Mbps. This signifies that the maximum bit
rate we can transfer over this link is 200 kbps. Think of a freeway that can move 1000 automobiles per
minute from one location to another. This number might be as low as 100 automobiles per minute if
there is traffic congestion. 100 automobiles per minute pass through at a throughput of 1000 autos per
minute [8].

1.2.2.5 Energy Efficiency

Due to environmental concerns as well as the practical considerations of the parties involved in the
end-to-end route of wireless networks, energy efficiency has emerged as a new critical design
requirement for wireless networks. The density of access points affects how much energy a network
uses. Therefore, it is crucial for a network operator to lower the energy consumption of a
communication system in order to decrease operational expenses. Although batteries for wireless
terminals continue to grow in capacity, the rate of growth is not quick enough to meet customer
expectations. So, in order to extend the lifespan of portable gadgets, an energy-efficient plan is
required. As IoT services become more vitalized, a significant number of sensor nodes are installed.
Once they are deployed, IoT nodes often need to operate for many months to several years without
recharging. Given the significance of energy-efficient wireless networks, gathering current
developments in this area is necessary to determine the direction of future research. We invite
submissions from the academic community and business community for this special issue on current
initiatives to address the problems [9].

1.2.2.6 Security
The significance of security in data transmission and networking cannot be disputed. Cryptography, the
science and art of changing messages to make them safe and impervious to assault, is the foundation
for networking security. Several features of network-based message exchange security can be provided
through cryptography. These features include non-repudiation, secrecy, integrity, and authentication
[4]. Similar to this, we must ensure security when sending communications in the form of texts,
photographs, audio files, movies, etc. from one end to the other.
1.3 Different Parameters to be Send for End-to-End Communications
Over Wireless Networks
Information today comes in different forms such as text, images, audio, and video.

1.3.1 Texts
Text in information technology is a sequence of characters that can be read by humans and then
encoded into computer-readable forms like ASCII. Text is often separated from data that has not been
character-encoded, such as programme code that is frequently referred to as being in "binary" and
visual pictures in the form of bitmaps (but is actually in its own computer-readable format). Text is
represented as a bit pattern, or a series of bits, in data transmissions (0s or 1s). To represent text
symbols, many bit pattern sets have been developed. Coding is the process of representing symbols,
and each set is referred to as a code. Unicode, the current standard coding system, employs 32 bits to
represent every symbol or letter used in any language in the world. The first 127 characters of Unicode,
generally known as Basic Latin, are made up of the American Standard Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII), which was created in the United States many years ago [3].

1.3.2 Images
Bit patterns can also be used to represent images. An image is made up of a matrix of pixels, or "picture
components," where each pixel is a tiny dot. The resolution affects how big a pixel is. A picture can be
split, for instance, into 1000 or 10,000 pixels. Better resolution and a better representation of the
image are present in the second scenario, but more memory is required to retain the image. Each pixel
is given a bit pattern after being separated into individual pixels in a picture. The picture determines
the pattern's size and value. Use 2-bit patterns, for instance, to display grayscale on four different
levels. A black pixel can be represented by the numbers 00, 01, 10, and 11, whereas a light grey pixel can
be represented by the number 10. Color picture representation may be done in a number of ways. A

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technique is known as RGB since it combines the three main hues of red, green, and blue to create each
color. Each color's intensity is quantified, and a bit pattern is then allocated to it. Another technique,
known as YCM, creates colour by mixing yellow, cyan, and magenta, three more main colours [8].

1.3.3 Audio
The recording or transmission of sound or music is referred to as audio. Audio differs from text,
numbers, and visuals by its very nature. It is not distinct; it is continuous. We still produce a
continuous signal even when we utilize a microphone to convert music or voice to an electric signal. We
learn how to convert sound or music to a digital or analog signal in Chapters 4 and 5 [8].

1.3.4 Video
An image or movie that has been recorded or aired is referred to as a video. Video can be created as a
single continuous entity (for example, by a TV camera) or as a collection of discrete pictures combined
to create the illusion of motion. Once more, video can be converted to a digital or analog signal [7].

2. Related Works
Recent network analysis includes [30] [31] [32] [33] that deals with the matter of streaming medical
video from mobile devices utilizing 4G wireless networks and introduces a framework for transmission
and reception of medical multimedia systems over psychological feature radio networks. According to
the most up-to-date LAN raincoat (Medium-Access-Control) analysis, the transmission and reception
of mixed voice and knowledge traffic has been the most stressful. Recently, there has been a lot of
interest in causing and receiving data-and-speech-containing video traffic. The authors propose a new
approach to representing TXOP size. The TXOP limit is determined in [35], depending on the total
number of MSDUs in each station's current queue. To improve their TXOP prediction, the researchers
employed a window whose true queue length data had previously been revealed in [36]. In any event,
neither of these technologies is adequate for large-scale video transmission. The goals are to ensure
that the present queue size does not differ from the queue size for the next video frame, resulting in
erroneous forecasts, and ii) historical information does not give a good prediction based on future
behaviours from video sources (mainly for small video sequences). The researchers presented a cross-
layer design strategy in [37] for providing and receiving telemedical services via wireless local area
networks (WLANs). Their method eliminates telemedicine data transmission and assumes that
telemedicine video is the sole video traffic sent over the networks. A three-layer strategy for ensuring
network capacity for telemedicine applications is also included in their implementation. This method
can cause the system's capacity to be drained and take too long if new types of telemedicine apps and
ordinary traffic is added. The researchers described [38] uses two channels, one for data transmission
and the other for telemedicine. device to convey brief alarm signals to the Access-Point (AP). The AP
then sets a beacon to be broadcast to all apps on the network, indicating that resources for the backup
device have been reserved. Through HCCA, the AP can gain access to the first channel. The presented
technique, on the other hand, predicts that telemedicine data would be extremely scarce. That strategy
may not be when there is a lot of telemedicine traffic; it's a good idea to have a backup plan sent from a
group of users, as another route may not be available.

The research work in [39] [40] aims only at the scenario of WLAN providing patients, particularly in
medical facilities. They won't take into account the possibility that a patient may utilize WLAN to send
information about telemedicine outside of the hospital, to put it another way. Additionally, [41]
discusses the use of medical data transmission while a video is not in the sending state or the use of
additional, particular subcarriers for medical data transmission while a video is in the sending state.
This research makes the assumption that WLANs are not devoted and do not need additional
subcarriers for traffic splitting. According to research in [42], AVC (Advanced-Video-Coding) is mostly
employed for dynamic signals, but SVC (Scalable-Video-Coding) is used for improved scheduling in
medical applications, per a study in [43]. The study claims that AVC always offers great image quality.
The main subject of the study is cellular networks that employ SVC. The idea of a token-dependent

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Krishna H2 , E G Satish3

scheduling method that virtually totally eliminates collisions and hence increases channel efficiency
was previously suggested in [43] to deliver speech and data traffic in a fully linked WLAN where every
node can hear each other. By including video traffic, [44] extended their thorough investigation. To
increase channel utilization, we changed EDCA to utilize tokens for all types of nodes and video node
self-policing. The concepts presented in that study are insufficient to guarantee telemedicine QoS, as
we have demonstrated; one feature of that method that was ignored was the capacity to regulate
programmes that create urgent data. Furthermore, [46] was completely unaware of the problem of
ensuring QoS for all types of traffic. The fundamental advantage of wireless networks over the
advantage of wireless networks over wired users can roam around freely within the network utilizing
their wireless devices. devices while still being able to access the internet and obtain whatever
information they want. Users may move files from one device to another without having to link them
physically. Wireless network installation takes less time and costs less money than wired network
installation. In addition to these advantages, wireless networks are subject to the liabilities discussed in
the sub-sessions. Demand for security is critical in every network. Network administrators are
particularly concerned with preventing snooping attacks and ensuring that authentication
requirements are met. To keep unauthorized users out of wireless networks, several businesses have
implemented a range of security measures. The author introduced encrypting frames in [47], which
substantially rely on earlier frames. Because the prior dependent frames are not encrypted, the
approach lowers the encryption overhead. Select syntax components for encryption with regard to
picture statistical material in inter and intra frames were introduced by the author in [48]. Within the
frames, just a small number of syntaxes are ciphered with a low number of statistics, resulting in little
encryption overhead. Non-equal encryption was also introduced in [49] by evaluating the foreground
and background in video frames. The approach is only utilized in regions of interest that require strong
security, despite the fact that the computing cost is lower. The author of [50] proposed encrypting
syntactic components based on inter-frame interdependence among neighbouring frames. The method
in this technique seeks to reduce error transmission due to encryption. The author of [51] developed a
base layer encryption scheme that split the data and conducted an XOR operation on it. This method
achieves a realistic overhead. In any case, unencrypted upper levels are vulnerable to video data
leakage. The author of [48 proposed a strategy that compresses the maximum frequency level 1 and 2
sub-bands while encrypting the minimum frequency sub-band 3 by not compressing it. Despite the fact
that this approach promises to have a low computing cost, it is used for wavelet-dependent video
coding. In [23], the author proposed using view change recognition in P and B frames to choose syntax
components for encryption. Previously, in [50], the author used motion syntax in the HEVC stream to
encrypt object-related data that changes as the view changes. In any case, while the author's approach
secures the security of the motion data as well as the frame-I data are not displayed. In addition,
several selective encryption approaches have been used in all of the above-mentioned studies to reduce
the encryption time expense while maintaining an acceptable trade-off in terms of security and other
important conditions, such as format compliance and statistical significance, were met. In order to
guarantee WLAN quality in 802.11ac for H.264 video, the author created MPCA (Multi-Polling-
Controlled-Access) in [34]. MPCA is a highly efficient channel access device that benefits from both
enhanced channel access and HCF-controlled access while also addressing their drawbacks. In the
H.264 video stream, two levels—video coding and header data coding are distinguished. Video is
encoded such that it may pass through the lowest layers with ease. A QAS transmission technique is
also being developed in order to enhance the visual experience. In any case, this is ineffective in terms
of managing network damage and necessitates an upgrade in security-based programmes. In [29], the
author introduced the streaming of video in the surveillance-based applications depending on 3-
Dimensional-HEVC in Internet-of-Things for data and audio transmitting channels. HEVC gives
superior coding in online streaming compared to H.264 coding by 50% extra compression. Packet
clustering and quantization techniques help to keep the picture's quality. NAMRTP (Network-
Adaptive-Multisensory-Real-time-Transmission-Protocol) is a real-time surveillance system that sends
multisensory data to a database under changing network circumstances. Anyways, HEVC does not offer
an accessible bit stream. Thus, it cannot be improved for different users.

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The H.264 encoder was introduced in [27], along with additional parameters such as for wireless multi-
media transmission, RFN (Quantization-Parameter) and QP (Quantization-Parameter) are two
different types of quantization parameters (Reference-Frame-Number) have been improved. By
retaining the lowest processing latency and energy use with a regulated bit rate at sensor nodes, video
packets may be sent via a network with the enhanced video quality. The frame-I frames are delivered
without compression, whereas as part of the encoding procedure, frames B and P have been coded.
According to [19], SVC (Scalable-Video-Coding) movies are streamed to a collection of in-vehicle
networks to start LTE (Long-Term Evolution) communication from one car to another. A concealing
strategy is used to cover up the missing video frames by repeatedly producing the previous frame until
frame-I is created. When two vehicles are conversing, the cluster head fluctuates at random depending
on the channel condition. This strategy offers better results for improving QoS but fails in the hiding
strategy at the establishment end. In order to enhance network performance in traffic-dependent LTE
systems that are both real-time and non-real-time, the author of [39] suggested a cross-layer
scheduling approach. Motion correction and the H.264 encoder are both used in the reference frame.
The QoE statistic is used to assess video quality, and it shows that it fails to maximize network
throughput. Furthermore, the H.264 encoder compresses just a tiny quantity of data, reducing packet
loss while increasing the number of nodes in the network. In [40], a CV-based video streaming strategy
for reducing video bandwidth by minimizing excessive chunk requests and content overloads is
proposed. As a consequence, CV will be able to manage the average length of content download
requests for large amounts of data. The streaming source checks to verify if CP is aware of the typical
view time for the material before providing massive volumes of content. As a consequence, CP provides
the value of playing time based on the introduced approach, and the user's terminal provides the
average view. When this process is finished, the CP and the user's terminal start sending video data to
the user. In each instance, internet traffic is boosted automatically; the procedure must be tweaked to
operate with diverse programmes. According to distortion and delay circumstances, the author of [21]
proposed a retry limit adaption strategy in video streaming with the resending of video packets. The
sensor node sends the message again with the correct quality parameters as a result. Thus, the feedback
of the receiver is not considered with respect to the distortion and delay in video packet transmission.
And the distortion is linked to the delay and drop ratio at the time of expiry, which seeks to reduce
video transmission costs.

Anyway, the number of retry attempts causes the maximization of process time and huge traffic of data.
An EQBA was provided by the author of [22]. (Energy-Quality-aware-Bandwidth-Aggregation) method
for multiple video transmission channels in wireless networks that incorporates both delay and energy
restrictions. There are three different categories of sensor nodes: A bandwidth aggregation strategy that
takes quality-aware transmission into account, several sources that deliver data to mobile devices in a
single video flow, energy conservation, and delays into account, and finally. In any event, EQBA is
unable to maintain the rate of encoding as well as the connection between QoS indicators and mobile
energy. Energy consumption, which has received a lot of attention, is one of the problems that has
emerged as a critical issue in wireless networks. Furthermore, because wireless networks have a high
need for energy consumption, energy consumption is a compromise between performance and
cost. Multiple transmissions are not the topic of this study, although the researcher did build a model
for the energy consumption of the video in [43] based on the video features and the channel status. In
[46], the application layer is where energy usage is optimized; in this case, the video encoder settings
were chosen based on the specific channel condition. It decreases packet loss and prevents network
congestion. [39] suggests a method for distributing various FEC (forward error correction) rates across
the frames in a given collection of images, and this method aids in the packet with the lowest priority
being deleted uses quasi quadrature modulation to decrease interference. Based on a thorough
investigation into the tradeoff between energy usage and visual quality, they developed a system that
distributes the Adaptive Modulation Coding (AMC) has been used for multiple levels of video encoding
[31]. [22] optimizes the FEC coding rate and bit rate between the specified nodes on the given pathways
to help maximize video quality in a device-to-device network with an energy restriction. In link
adaption algorithms and optimal power allocation are purposed with the subject QoS (Quality- of-

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Krishna H2 , E G Satish3

Service), however, this methodology fails miserably since the video sequence may require the various
QoS and it might reflect the unequal frame are not taken into the account.

The table (Table 1) below, which is separated into four columns, compares the methodologies described
above. The article is in the first column; the technique and its defects are in the second column; the
primary benefit of a specific approach is in the third column, and the method's weaknesses are in the
fourth column.

Table 1. Compares the Methodologies

Paper Implementation Methodologies Advantage Disadvantage

No.
7 This research work considers small The use of femtocells shows Moreover, this isn’t robust in
cells; it studies the impact of 4g and significant improvisation in the case of critical m-health
small cells. This research work the m-health field when applications.
considers the heterogeneous network compared to the typical
that includes the macrocell along with microcellular network.
the femtocells. This paper aims to
improve the QoS using the femtocell.
11 In this paper, a novel video encoding The main advantage was that Optimal streaming is not
system is proposed for replacing the it was capable of providing possible for real-time
video codes currently used. It uses the enough bandwidth. scenarios.
H.265 codec.
13 An optimization method is proposed The main advantage of this It does not perform ideally
that can identify the available video method is that it when it comes to source
sources and select them automatically automatically chooses the best to attain end-to
for transmission. It uses a ranking source to attain end-to- end video quality.
algorithm that can work with the end video quality.
cross-layer adaption strategy for
multiple screams. The main intention
here was to adjust the overall
throughput dynamically so that they
can meet the absolute bandwidth and
high-quality video can be provided.
15 The video and audio traffic are The key benefit is that real- Bandwidth mechanism and
separated in this study. In this time traffic patterns are easier efficient management are the
scenario, a scheduler is built that can to forecast and follow. method's greatest drawbacks.
access the schedule for the chosen
media, allowing for both non-real-
time and real-time performance
through distributed contention and
centralized pooling.
16 An FHCF-referenced scheduling For a wide variety of network For error-prone wireless
technique is provided in this study. It loads, FHCF delivers high channels, it must incorporate
aspires to be equitable for both VBR fairness while fulfilling a robust and adaptable
and CBR flows. The mobile stations bandwidth and latency needs. algorithm.
are tuned using queue length By addressing the latency and
estimation. bandwidth requirements for
the massive network loads,
this strategy delivers a
considerable measure of
fairness.

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18 An expert station connected to a The cross-layer design While the low-priority users
specific WLAN access point was used strategy supplies the create a large demand on the
to showcase the EDCA cross-layer telemedicine application's system, this strategy fails to
design process. It's excellent for use traffic flows with distinct provide priority access for
with wireless networks to view priorities in order to allocate higher priority traffic.
patients. video and QoS.

19 This technique enables QoS variations This study also outlines the Implementation is the process
for multiple packets and flows from integration of the new of managing policies in real-
the same service category through a resolution into the OMNeT++ time to fulfill the needs of
wireless connection that isn't simulator via WLAN. each application in a user-
supported by the present method. The friendly way. Furthermore,
variance includes the relevance of the current policies, including
each packet and flow to the outbound intra-frame versions, must be
QoE, and this study gives data developed with a high level of
prioritization strategies for medical fine-grained priority.
videos in wireless networks.

3. Conclusion
In this research, we reviewed the various QoS-oriented data transmission methodologies currently in
use in wireless networks. Additionally, this research study examines the various wireless networks' QoS
deficiencies. Here, we go over the numerous QoS-improving methods put out for wireless networks.

The previously mentioned QOS approach improves data transmission by making it more flexible and
effective, but there are still a number of research concerns that need to be covered, such as how to best
balance the trade-off between fairness, priority, and channel efficiency. Additionally, these techniques
need to be assessed in various scenarios.

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