CHAPTER 19: CONSTRUCT WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE

19.1 Introduction of the Unit of Learning

This unit covers the competencies required to construct wastewater infrastructure. It
involves analysis of soil properties, construction of the wastewater infrastructure units,
organization of the construction site, and preparation of construction schedule
This standard applies in the water industry.

19.2 Performance Standard

Analyse soil properties, prepare construction schedule, organized the construction site,
construct the wastewater infrastructure based on available resources and the tests to be
conducted, standard procedures, soil classification, and results.

19.3 Learning Outcomes

19.3.1 List of Learning Outcomes
a) Analyse soil properties
b) Prepare construction schedule
c) Organize the construction site om
d) construct the wastewater infrastructure
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19.3.2 Learning Outcome No 1: Analyse Soil Properties
19.3.2.1 Learning Activities
Learning Outcome No 1: Analyse Soil Properties
Learning Activities Special Instructions

1.1 Identify and gather soil analysis tools, supplies and • Use of Online
materials videos
1.2 Identify engineering properties of soils • Power point
1.3 Analyse properties of soils presentation
1.4 Prepare soil analysis report • Exercises by
trainee

19.3.2.2 Information Sheet No 19/LO1: Analyse Soil Properties

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Introduction to learning outcome
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This learning outcome covers analysis of soil properties based on standard procedures as
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well as how to prepare a soil analysis report.

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Definition of key terms

Moisture Content - Moisture content is the amount of water present in a given soil mass.

PI index - Plasticity index is a measure of the range of water in which the given soil
remains in plastic state

Sieve Analysis – Sieve analysis is a procedure for classifying soils using standard sieves
to determine the particle size distribution.

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Content/Procedures/Methods/Illustrations
1.1 Identify and gather soil analysis tools, supplies and materials (Sieve analysis, PI
index, Moisture content, CBR, Proctor, Triaxial test, Oedometer tests,
Casagrande, Cone penetrometer, Sand Replacement, California Bearing Ratio)
based on available resources and the tests to be conducted
The following explains the gathered soil analysis tools, supplies and materials based on
tests to be conducted:
• CBR Test- This refers to California Bearing Ratio which is a penetration test used
for classification of soil sub grade and base coarse materials especially for
design of flexible pavements and was developed by California State Highway
Department in U.S.A.
It shows the ratio of force per unit area needed to penetrate a given mass of soil at
a rate of 1.25mm/min, to the corresponding penetration of a standard material.
• Proctor Test- This is a compaction test that is carried out to determine the
optimum moisture content at which a given soil in question achieves maximum
dry density through air removal.
• Triaxial Test- This test is done to measure the mechanical properties such as shear
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strength of soil hence it is often known as triaxial shear strength. It is performed
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by subjecting stress on a given soil sample in a way that the resultant stress in one
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direction is different in perpendicular direction.

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• Oedometer Test- This test is done to determine consolidation which is an

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engineering property of soil. This is determined by measuring the vertical

displacement of the soil being tested when it is subjected to vertical loading
• Casagrande Test- This is an atterberg limit test used to measure the liquid limit
of a given soil sample. The term casagrande is used because the test apparatus was
designed by Arthur Casagrande.
• Cone penetrometer- This is used in testing soil properties at the site because one
is able to map out the soil profiles and determine properties such as relative density
of soil.
• Sand Replacement Test- This test is used to determine the dry density of soil at
the site. One needs to dig a hole first then proceeds to fill it with sand of a known
density hence the term sand replacement. From this, one can determine the volume
of the hole.

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1.2 Identify engineering properties of soils based on the soil classification
Engineering properties of soils are the characteristics that soils possess that make them
suitable for use in the engineering field. They range from one soil to another and in that
way soil has to be classified into different categories as shown below
a) AASHTO classification system
This system is based on the plastic characteristics and particle size of soil. The soil is
divided into seven categories and even further when considering the group index as shown
in the classification chart below:

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Figure 184: AASHTO classification

Source: Bello, Afeez. (2013). Introductory Soil Mechanics I.

b) Unified soil classification system

This system classifies soil into three categories: Organic soils, Coarse grained and fine
grained soils. This is determined depending on how much soil passes standard sieve sizes.

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 c) Grain size classification system
This system classifies soils based on the grain size only hence it is not very significant. The
soil can be classifies as either silt, sand or clay depending on the particle size.

d) Textural classification
This is an improved system from the grain size system because it considers the grain size
distribution as a percentage.
From the above classification systems, the following engineering properties can be
identified as shown:
• Shear Strength- This refers to soil resistance to deformation when subjected
to shear stress. It is important in geotechnical engineering because it helps in
determining the bearing capacity of foundation.
• Consolidation- This according to (Terzaghi & Peck, 2013), consolidation is
"any process which involves a decrease in water content of
saturated soil without replacement of water by air".
• Liquid Limit- This shows the amount of moisture present when a given soil
sample transitions from plastic state to liquid state such that the soil can flow.
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This helps classify the soil in terms of how fine it is and it is important to an
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engineer as they can calculate the allowable bearing capacity of foundation as
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well as its settlement.

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• Dry Density – This in simple terms is the density of soil when dry and is
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calculated by subtracting the moisture content from the wet density. It is used
to give an idea of extent of compaction of soils whereby a high dry density
indicates an increased compaction.
• Relative Density- This property is dimensionless and shows how dense a
cohesionless soil is, that is the difference between void ratios when loose and
in natural state, compared to its maximum density i.e. the difference in void
ratio when loose and dense state.

1.3 Analyse properties of soils based on the standard procedures

The following standard procedures are used in analyzing engineering properties of soils:
They are divided into two main categories:
i. In-situ Testing Procedures: This involves field tests carried out at site of proposed
location and may include but not limited to:
a) Standard Penetration Test
This test is done in accordance to IS -2131:1963. A bore hole is drilled to a
desired depth after which a standard split spoon sampler is driven into the soil
using a dropping hammer weighing 63.5kg it is dropped at a rate of 30 blows
per minute over a height of 0.75m. The aim of this test is to determine the
relative density of soil.

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 b) Sand Replacement Test.
This test aims at determining the dry density of the soil in question and it is
based on IS 2720 part 28. The in situ compacted soil is removed and replaced
with sand of known density to determine the volume of the hole after the weight
of sand needed to fill the hole is determined.

ii. Labouratory Tests: This cannot be done at site hence the soil sample is taken to the
labouratory for analysis. They include but not limited to:
a) Sieve Analysis
This test is used to determine the particle size distribution of soil using the
standard procedure outlined in ASTM C136 (AASHTO T-27). The sample soil
is passed through a number of standard sieves and the retained soil in each sieve
measured for analysis in determining the soil gradation.
b) Atterberg’s Limits Tests
This involves a number of tests that are carried out to determine the critical
water content in fine graded soils. The tests are carried out as outlined in
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ASTM D4318 and include: liquid limit test, plastic limit test and shrinkage limit
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test.
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1.4 Prepare soil analysis report based on the results.

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A soil analysis report is a report prepared by an engineer that shows the soil properties
of the area where an infrastructure is likely to be constructed showing whether the soil
conditions are suitable on not. It is important because it tells the viability of proposed
project before it is started.
The following is the procedure for preparing a soil analysis report:
i. One is first required to know the client’s expectations on the proposed
project for instance the location where they want the project to be among
others.
ii. The next step is carrying out both field and labouratory tests of the soil on
the chosen location to determine its engineering properties. The tests and
soil properties have been highlighted in 1.3 and 1.2 respectively.
iii. The results from the tests are the analysed to determine if the soil has
suitable engineering properties thus a decision can be made whether the site
is safe for engineering works.
iv. The Geotechnical engineer will then provide a detailed report of existing
conditions to the client as well as give recommendations where necessary
which helps in knowing if the proposed are safe and viable and what can be
done incase otherwise.

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Conclusion
This learning outcome covered analysis of engineering soil properties in terms of what they
are, how they can be tested together with relevance in engineering field and how a soil
analysis report can be prepared.

Further Reading

Research more on how soil tests are done to determine whether they possess required
engineering properties by watching tutorials on You Tube.
https://www.aboutcivil.org/soil-geotechnical-investigation-report.html use this link to
learn more on how to prepare a soil analysis report.

19.3.2.3 Self-Assessment

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Written Assessment
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1. The following are labouratory tests in soil analysis except one:

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a) Standard Proctor Test

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b) Penetration test
c) Triaxial Test
d) Odometer Test
2. Soil analysis is important in engineering works. Which if the following is not an
engineering property of soil:Shear Strength
a) Plastic Limit
b) Consolidation
c) Water quality
3. What is an in-situ testing procedure? Give three examples of in-situ tests in soil
analysis
4. Elabourate 4 Atterbergs Limits
5. Discuss 4 engineering properties of soil
6. Compare and contrast between density of soil and relative density of soil?
7. Proctor test is used to determine the optimum moisture content of soil. Briefly explain
how the proctor test is done and its significance in the engineering field.

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Case Study Assessment
Your sister was watching construction videos on you tube and came across the term Soil
Analysis Report. She approached you to explain what a soil analysis report is and why it
is crucial in the construction industry. What would you tell them?

Project Assessment
A client has approached you with the intention of consulting you on whether their preferred
location for their project is suitable or they need to switch to another area. Prepare a soil
analysis report that you will give them including your recommendations based on your
findings. Use soil samples from the school field.

Oral Assessment
What contents are you going to include in your Soil Analysis Report?

19.3.2.4 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials

• Computers
• Software
• Cameras
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• Construction manuals
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• Projectors
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• Flip charts
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• Calculators
• Rulers, pencils, erasers
• Charts with presentations of data
• Drawing sheets
• Internet

19.3.2.5 References

Terzaghi, K., & Peck, R. (2013). Soil mechanics in engineering practice. [England]: Read
Books Ltd.
Jamal, H. (2020). How to Write a Soil Investigation Report | Contents of a Geotechnical
Investigation. Retrieved 24 June 2020, from https://www.aboutcivil.org/soil-geotechnical-
investigation-report.html
Carter, M., & Bentley, S. (2016). Soil Properties and their Correlations. Newark: Wiley.
Different Classification of Soils for Engineering Purpose. (2020). Retrieved 25 June 2020,
from https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/soil-classification/3358/

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19.3.3 Learning Outcome No 2: Prepare Construction Schedule
19.3.3.1 Learning Activities
Learning Outcome No 2: Prepare Construction Schedule
Learning Activities Special Instructions

2.1 Interpret engineering drawings • Demonstration by

2.2 Identify construction activities trainer
2.3 Prepare project management timelines • Power point
presentation
• Exercises by trainee

19.3.3.2 Information Sheet No 19/ Lo 2: Prepare Construction Schedule

Introduction to learning outcome om

This learning outcome applies to the Interpretation of work drawings, Construction
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activities (Concrete works, Steel works, Earth work, Form works, site clearance, Trenching
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and excavation, Backfilling) based on scope of work and Preparation of Project

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management timelines based on project specifications.

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Definition of key terms

Earthworks: Earthworks are operations that involves digging, transporting and
compacting the surface of the earth at a particular site.

Backfilling: Backfilling is the process of placing the soil back into a trench or base after
the excavation has been completed.

Trenching and excavations: according to Occupational Safety & Health Administration

(OSHA), excavation is defined as any human-made hole, cavity, or depression in the earth's
surface created by the removal of the soil, while the trench is defined as a narrow
underground excavation that is narrower than the wide one and is no longer than 15 feet
(4.5 meters) wide.

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Content/Procedures/Methods/Illustrations
2.1 Interpret engineering drawings based on the engineering codes
Engineering drawings are a rich and detailed outline that demonstrates all the details and
specifications required for the manufacture of an object or product. It's more than just
drawing, it's a graphical language that communicates ideas and details. Engineering
drawing provides far more detailed details and specifications, including: dimensions,
geometry, tolerances, material type, finish and hardware according to www.makeuk.org.

An illustration of an engineering drawing

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Figure 185: Illustration of an engineering drawing

Source: www.makeuk.org.

2.2 Identify construction activities (Concrete works, Steel works, Earth work, Form
works, site clearance, Trenching and excavation, Backfilling) based on scope of
work.
Construction activities shall mean any clearing, grading, excavation, grubbing, filling or
other operation which results in the disturbnace of land.
Concrete works: Concrete works involves the following processes: preparation of the
concrete mixture; delivery of the mixture to the construction site; feeding, distribution and
compaction of the mixture in the formwork (molds); curing of the concrete while it is
hardening; and quality control of the concrete work.
Steel works: Steel works is the assembly of steel components into a frame on site. This is
achieved by lifting and placing components into position then connecting them together
through bolting or site welding.
Earth work: Earthwork includes the loosening, removal and handling of earth amounts in
the course of construction refer to a Guide to the Training of Supervisors-Trainees’
Manual/Part1 (ILO, 1981,269 p.)
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Form works: Formworks are temporary molds used to shape the concrete structure. Refer
to the Building Construction Handbook by Roy Chudley & Roger Greeno.
Site clearance- According to Building Construction Handbook by Roy Chudley, site
clearance involves removal of vegetation, surface soil, and levelling and land preparation
for planned construction work.
Trenching and excavations: according to Occupational Safety & Health Administration
(OSHA), excavation is defined as any human-made hole, cavity, or depression in the earth's
surface created by the removal of the soil, while the trench is defined as a narrow
underground excavation that is narrower than the wide one and is no longer than 15 feet
(4.5 meters) wide
Backfilling: According to theconstructor.org/geotechnical, backfilling is the process of
replacing or reusing the soil that is removed during construction to strengthen and support
the foundation of a structure or any other structural component.

2.3 Prepare project management timelines based on project specifications

Project management timetable is where you take all the details you have about your project,
including the start date, the deliverables, the end date, and how you're going to set a plan
for when everything is going to be finished.
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5 key steps in developing a project schedule
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i. Define activities
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ii. Sequence activities

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iii. Estimate activity resources

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iv. Estimate activity durations

v. Develop schedule

An illustration of a construction work schedule

Table 58: Illustration of a construction work schedule
Activity 2019 2019 2019 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020

No. Name Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
1 Visitor center
2 Submitted
3 Site grading/ utilities
4 Foundations
5 Concrete walls
6 Steel
7 Envelop
8 Interior finish
9 Mech/Elec
10 Commissioning/final

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Conclusion
This learning outcome has prepared the student to be able to Interpret work drawings,
Construction activities. Project planning and how to prepare a project management
timeline.

Further Reading

Read more on:

1. Steel works as illustrated by BS EN 1090-2:2018, Execution of steel structures and
aluminum structures. Technical requirements for steel structures, BSI.
2. Watch a video on excavation and backfilling in construction

19.3.3.3 Self-Assessment

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Written Assessment
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1. Which of the following is not a construction material?

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a) Tape measure
b) Steel
c) Cement
d) Blocks
2. The following are construction activities. Which one is not?
a) Concrete works
b) Earth works
c) CBR
d) Form works
3. Which of the following is not a pre-tender work?
a) Pre-tender program
b) Cost implication
c) Plant schedule
d) Security
4. Which of the following is not a construction tool?
a) Pipe wrenches
b) Hammer
c) Tape measure
d) Timber

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5. The following are site infrastructures. Which one is not?
a) Site office
b) Site store
c) Ablution block
d) Proctor
6. The following are considerations that should be taken by the builder when tendering.
Which one is false?
a) Access to site
b) Labour
c) Services
d) Filling
7. Differentiate between trench and excavations.
8. Describe the process of backfilling.
9. Before any building work can commence, the area covered by the building must be
leveled. Discuss using illustrations, the methods used.

Oral Assessment
1. Project management important? Justify
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2. Are you able to differentiate the various construction activities? Differentiate
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Practical Assessment
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Conduct a site visit and prepare a project schedule upon commencement of the
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construction.

Oral Assessment
Why is it important to prepare a project schedule?

19.3.3.4 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials

• Computers
• Software
• Cameras
• Construction manuals
• Projectors
• Flip charts
• Calculators
• Rulers, pencils, erasers
• Charts with presentations of data
• Drawing sheets
• Internet
• Relevant videos

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19.3.3.5 References

Chudley, R. (2015). Advanced Construction Technology, 5th edition. Trans-Atlantic

Publications. ISBN-13:978-0435046835.
A, M. (2010). Project Schedule. Project Smart.
1090-2:, B. E. (2018). Execution of Steel Structures and aluminum structures. Technical
requirements for steel structures.

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19.3.4 Learning Outcome No 3: Organize the Construction Site
19.3.4.1 Learning Activities
Learning Outcome No 3: Organize the Construction Site
Learning Activities Special
Instructions

3.1 Clear and secure site • Group

3.2 Identify and mobilize human resources construction plant and discussions
equipment • Demonstration
3.3 Put in place site infrastructures by trainer
• Power point
presentation

19.3.4.2 Information Sheet No 19/ Lo 3: Organize the construction site

Introduction to learning outcome

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This learning outcome covers clearance of site based on the contract document, site layout
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and organization, resource mobilization, contract documents site infrastructures (site

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office, site store, ablution block, fence, signage/safety signs, hoarding) based on contract
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document and legal requirements and legal requirements.

Definition of key terms

Ablution block: Ablution Block is a washroom built on site location.

Site Office: The site office is a temporary administrative center where the building project
operations are carried out.

Hoarding: Hoarding are closed boarded fences or barriers erected adjacent to a highway
or public footpath.

Content/Procedures/Methods/Illustrations
3.1 Clear and secure site based on the contract document.
It is advisable, during clearing and grubbing, to involve the removal of any dead branches
or the trimming of low hanging branches on the trees, so as to interfere with the growth.
All pruning should be carried out in compliance with appropriate nursery practices. In the
case of any harm to private property, the contractor shall be responsible for the costs
involved in restoring the site to its previous state. A professional arborist should be
consulted to make recommendations for the restoration or replacement of vegetation.

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Figure 186: Preparation of the construction site
Source: Preparation of the construction site fao.org

3.2 Identify and mobilize human resources construction plant and equipment based
on the contract document
The main contractor sets out certain requirements for the selection of its subcontractors.
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Such requirements may include previous experience of the subcontractor, technological
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ability to conduct work, mobilization ability in terms of human resources and plant
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equipment, financial capacity, quality of work carried out in the previous, records in terms
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of working relationships with the main contractor, record of work safety and workers’
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welfare.

3.3 Put in place site infrastructures (site office, site store, ablution block, fence,
signage/safety signs, hoarding) based on contract document and legal
requirements.
• The arrangements for office accommodation should be provided on site as it a
matter of choice for each individual contractor according to the Act 1963.
• There should be site store for provision of adequate space, protection and
control for building materials.
• There should be sanitary facilities such as an ablution block separate male and
female if possible.
• There should be a fence with a minimum height of 1.8 m with minimum access
points and lockable gate or barrier.
• The safety signs/ signage should there and positioned well
• Hoarding should be provided to prevent unauthorized persons obtaining access
to the site.

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Conclusion
This learning outcome has prepared the student to be able to understand clearing of the site,
site infrastructures, site layout and organization, resource mobilization, contract documents
and legal requirements.

Further Reading

Read more on:

Contract documents, resource mobilization and legal requirements as illustrated on the
Construction Project Management Theory and Practice by Kumar Neeraj page 137.

19.3.4.3 Self-Assessment

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Written Assessment
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1. The following falls under clearing of the site. Which one is does not?
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a) Demolition of existing buildings

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b) Grubbing out of bushes and trees

c) Removal of soil with vegetable matter
d) Builder’s square
2. The following are methods used to reduce the levels in the slopping sites. Which one
is not?
a) Cut and fill
b) Cut
c) Fill
d) Clear site
3. Which of the following does not fall under site work and setting out?
a) Clearing the site
b) Establishing a datum
c) Setting out the building
d) Hoarding
4. Which one of the following is not a site layout consideration?
a) Storage
b) Access
c) Datum
d) Plant

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5. Which of the following is not a safety sign?
a) Red
b) Yellow
c) Black
d) green
6. Discuss three types of contract documents
7. Differentiate between fencing and hoarding.
8. Discuss the aspect to be considered when carrying out site layout considerations.
9. Describe site organization structure
10. Why do you think when a builder is tendering for a given job, he must first visit the
site before filling in his unit rates in the bill of quantities?

Oral Assessment
1. Briefly explain factors to be considered when tendering?
2. Discuss the activities should be carried out in pre-tender work?

Practical Assessment
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Conduct a construction site visit and prepare the site organization structure.
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Oral Assessment
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Site organization structure important?Justify

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19.3.4.4 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials

• Computers
• Software
• Cameras
• Construction manuals
• Projectors
• Flip charts
• Calculators
• Rulers, pencils, erasers
• Charts with presentations of data
• Drawing sheets
• Internet
• Relevant videos
• Wooden pegs
• Nails
• Hammer

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19.3.4.5References

Site Clearance. (2010). In L. J. Hooper, Graphic Standards Field Guide to Hardscape (p.
71). Graphic Standards Field Guide to Hardscape.
Chudley, R. (2015). Advanced Construction Technology, 5th edition. Trans-Atlantic
Publications. ISBN-13:978-0435046835.
Edward Allen, E. a. (2013). Fundamentals of Building Construction . Materials and
Methods 6th Edition.

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19.3.5 Learning Outcome No 4: Construct the Wastewater Infrastructure
19.3.5.1 Learning Activities
Learning Outcome No 4: Construct the Wastewater Infrastructure
Learning Activities Special Instructions

4.1 Source and mobilize construction materials and tools • Group discussions
4.2 Set out infrastructure • Demonstration by
4.3 Construct wastewater infrastructure units trainer
4.4 Do labour payments • Power point
4.5 Prepare and submit as built drawings presentation
4.6 Prepare payment certificate • Exercises by trainee
4.7 Prepare completion certificate
4.8 Observe site personal health and safety

19.3.5.2 Information Sheet No19/Lo 4: Construct the Wastewater Infrastructure

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Introduction to learning outcome

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This learning outcome covers Constructional details of onsite sanitation facilities and
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Construction plant and equipment. It also equips the learner with labour payment
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knowledge.

Definition of key terms

Trickling filters - These are a wastewater treatment system made up of crushed rocks in a
tank of a depth of about 2 metres and a diameter of about 60 metres that is used to remove
organic pollutants .

Sedimentation tanks – These are part of a waste water treatment system where waste
water is filled and allowed to settle for a while so as to remove suspended particles that are
in the wastewater.

Grit chambers – These are tanks that are long and narrow and are used to remove
inorganic solids from waste water by reducing the speed of the flowing wastewater.

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Content/Procedures/Methods/Illustrations
4.1 Source and mobilize construction materials and tools (Cement, Aggregates (course
and fine), Steel, Stones /blocks, Timber, Tape measure, Hack saws, Pipe
wrenches, Levelling tools e.g. Hammer, Set of protective) gear based on the bill
of quantities
A bill of quantities entails the construction materials, tools, labour and their costs. It also
includes the quantities required.it is usually prepared after specifications have been set and
the design of the infrastructure has been done.
It will be used as a guide to obtain the specific quantities of construction materials needed.
Sourcing of construction materials involves balancing between the cost of materials and
their quality.

Material sourcing for construction involves the following activities:

1. Deciding on possible suppliers.
Based on the materials that are required, you can choose a supplier for example a
hardware store or a wholesaler with the required materials.

2. Checking the availability of materials.

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You could call the viable suppliers to check whether the required materials are in stock.
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Also in this step you could confirm the quality of the materials in stock.
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3. Requesting quotes from the suppliers.

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This is done so as to find a supplier with the most economical price. The quote can be
obtained via email or by going to the supplier.
After obtaining the quotes a price comparison is done to decide the final supplier.

4.2 Set out infrastructure based on the engineering drawings.

Setting out infrastructure is a process of transferring an engineering drawing onto the
site/actual ground so as to establish the necessary structural parts. It enables construction
to be carried out as it has been planned.
Setting out is done by using the following methods:
a. Using the peg and rope method
b. By using a dumpy level.

The procedure for setting out is as follows:

i. The building line for the waste water infrastructure is first set out.
ii. The baseline for the infrastructure is then set out.
iii. The first right angle to the base line is set out next.
iv. The second right angle to the base line is set out.
v. The final back line is set out.

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 vi. The set out for the infrastructure is then checked to confirm the measurements.
vii. Profiles are then set up on corners and ranging lines attached.

4.3 Construct wastewater infrastructure units (Screen, Grit chamber-horizontal,

aerated/spiral, Sedimentation tanks, Activated sludge chamber, Trickling filters,
Ponds, Oxidation ditch, Aerated lagoons, Storm water drains, Equalization tank,
Sequential Batch Reactor, Rotating biological contactors, Oil and grease trap)
based on the design drawings
Waste water infrastructure units are the units that are systematically used to purify water
so that it can be recycled back.
Construction of these units is done in with reference to the engineering drawings and bill
of quantities on the site where they have been set out.

4.4 Do labour payments based on the progress report and attendance.

A progress report is a report that details the activities that have been carried out, those that
have been completed, those that are in progress, any problems that may have been faced
and how the construction project is proceeding.
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The progress report facilitates labour payments, called progress payments. These are partial
payments made to cover the amount of work that has been done at a particular stage or by
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what percentage of work that has been done.

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4.5 Prepare and submit as built drawings based on the actual construction.
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As-built drawings are revised drawings that are prepared and submitted by the contractor
after the project has been completed.
They usually indicate all the adjustments made while building the project.
The method of preparing is built drawings is as follows:
1. Preparation of the as built drawings by the contractor.
The contractor incorporates all changes made to the original design in accordance
with official notes regarding such changes. The contactor is also supposed to visit
the site to ensure all the changes are reflected in the drawing.
After preparing the drawings, they are submitted to the Engineer overseeing the
construction.

2. Approval of the as built drawing by the engineer.

The engineer verifies the drawings with the official notes time to time according to
how much construction has been done.
They will also go to the site and check the drawings against the constructed
facilities.
If satisfied, the engineer will accept the drawings and keep a record of them in their
office.

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4.6 Prepare payment certificate based on progress report.
A payment certificate in construction is a document that gives an account of the work that
has been completed. It is approved by the contractor.
They are issued either on a regular basis or when a project reaches a particular milestone.
Some types of payment certificates include: certificate of non-completion, interim
certificate, practical completion certificate and final certificate.

4.7 Prepare completion certificate based on the legal requirements.

A completion certificate is also called a final certificate. It is usually submitted when the
project has been completed successfully at the end of the contract. The construction has to
have met required specifications outlined by Building regulations stipulated by the Kenyan
Government.

4.8 Observe site personal health and safety as per the OSH Act and site regulations.
OSH Act is a set of rules meant to ensure the safety and wellbeing of employees by
employers by protecting them from hazards.
These regulations help in the identification, reduction and elimination of hazards that are
related to construction work.
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The employers and employees must adhere to the set standards of safety to avoid getting
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injured due to the top four construction hazards which include:

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1. Falls
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2. Struck-By
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3. Caught-In/Between
4. Electrocutions

Conclusion
This learning outcome covered Constructional details of onsite sanitation facilities and
Construction plant and equipment.

Further Reading

Read more on the various types of payment certificates, how to come up with as-built
drawings and go through the OSH Act.

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19.3.5.3 Self-Assessment

Written Assessment
1. Which of the following is not a waste water infrastructure unit?
a) Activated sludge chamber
b) Trickling filter
c) Pit latrine
d) Grease trap
2. Which one is not a type of payment certificate?
a) Final certificate
b) Certificate of non-completion
c) Independent certificate
d) Interim certificate.
3. One of the following better defines an as built drawing. Which one is it?
a) The drawing of the building before construction.
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b) The revised drawing of the building after construction.
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c) A sketch drawing
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d) None of the above.

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4. A completion certificate is also called?

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a) Interim certificate
b) b) Project certificate
c) c) Final certificate
d) d) None of the above
5. What does OSH Act stand for and what does it entail?
6. Define a progress report.
7. Discuss 4 wastewater infrastructure units?
8. Write a short essay outlining the basic steps that are followed in material sourcing and
their significance.
9. Discuss what a payment certificate is and expound on the various types of payment
certificates.

Oral Assessment
Demonstrate various waste water infrastructure units.
Examine the steps followed while sourcing materials for construction?

Practical Assessment
Design an engineering drawing of a trickling filter and practice setting out its
infrastructure.

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Oral Assessment
Mention the challenges faced in the process of designing the trickling filter.
What are the major steps followed while setting out infrastructure?

19.3.5.4 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials

• Computers
• Software
• Cameras
• Construction manuals
• Projectors
• Flip charts
• Calculators
• Rulers, pencils, erasers
• Charts with presentations of data
• Drawing sheets
• Internet
• Relevant videos om
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19.3.5.5 References
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https://www.intechopen.com/books/waste-water-evaluation-and-
management/wastewater-management
Mueller, F.W. (2012). Integrated Cost and Schedule Control for Construction Projects.
New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
Reese, C.D. & Eidson, J.V. (2006). Handbook of OSHA Construction Safety And Health.
Boca Raton: Taylor and Francis Group.
Stuetz R. & Stephenson T. (2009). Principles of Water and Waste Water Treatment
Processes. London: IWA Publishing.
Teixeira E. & Rauen W. (2019). Hydrodynamic Design and Assessment of Water and
Waste Treatment Units. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

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