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 CONTENTS vii

CHAPTER 11
Special Matrices and Gauss-Seidel 300
11.1 Special Matrices 300
11.2 Gauss-Seidel 304
11.3 Linear Algebraic Equations with Software Packages 311
Problems 316

CHAPTER 12
Case Studies: Linear Algebraic Equations 319
12.1 Steady-State Analysis of a System of Reactors (Chemical/Bio Engineering) 319
12.2 Analysis of a Statically Determinate Truss (Civil/Environmental Engineering) 322
12.3 Currents and Voltages in Resistor Circuits (Electrical Engineering) 326
12.4 Spring-Mass Systems (Mechanical/Aerospace Engineering) 328
Problems 331

EPILOGUE: PART THREE 341

PT3.4 Trade-Offs 341
PT3.5 Important Relationships and Formulas 342
PT3.6 Advanced Methods and Additional References 342

PART FOUR
OPTIMIZATION 345 PT4.1 Motivation 345
PT4.2 Mathematical Background 350
PT4.3 Orientation 351

CHAPTER 13
One-Dimensional Unconstrained Optimization 355
13.1 Golden-Section Search 356
13.2 Parabolic Interpolation 363
13.3 Newton’s Method 365
13.4 Brent’s Method 366
Problems 368

CHAPTER 14
Multidimensional Unconstrained Optimization 370
14.1 Direct Methods 371
14.2 Gradient Methods 375
Problems 388
viii CONTENTS

CHAPTER 15
Constrained Optimization 390
15.1 Linear Programming 390
15.2 Nonlinear Constrained Optimization 401
15.3 Optimization with Software Packages 402
Problems 413

CHAPTER 16
Case Studies: Optimization 416
16.1 Least-Cost Design of a Tank (Chemical/Bio Engineering) 416
16.2 Least-Cost Treatment of Wastewater (Civil/Environmental Engineering) 421
16.3 Maximum Power Transfer for a Circuit (Electrical Engineering) 425
16.4 Equilibrium and Minimum Potential Energy (Mechanical/Aerospace Engineering) 429
Problems 431

EPILOGUE: PART FOUR 438

PT4.4 Trade-Offs 438
PT4.5 Additional References 439

PART FIVE
CURVE FITTING 441 PT5.1 Motivation 441
PT5.2 Mathematical Background 443
PT5.3 Orientation 452

CHAPTER 17
Least-Squares Regression 456
17.1 Linear Regression 456
17.2 Polynomial Regression 472
17.3 Multiple Linear Regression 476
17.4 General Linear Least Squares 479
17.5 Nonlinear Regression 483
Problems 487

CHAPTER 18
Interpolation 490
18.1 Newton’s Divided-Difference Interpolating Polynomials 491
18.2 Lagrange Interpolating Polynomials 502
18.3 Coefficients of an Interpolating Polynomial 507
18.4 Inverse Interpolation 507
18.5 Additional Comments 508
18.6 Spline Interpolation 511
18.7 Multidimensional Interpolation 521
Problems 524
 CONTENTS ix

CHAPTER 19
Fourier Approximation 526
19.1 Curve Fitting with Sinusoidal Functions 527
19.2 Continuous Fourier Series 533
19.3 Frequency and Time Domains 536
19.4 Fourier Integral and Transform 540
19.5 Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) 542
19.6 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 544
19.7 The Power Spectrum 551
19.8 Curve Fitting with Software Packages 552
Problems 561

CHAPTER 20
Case Studies: Curve Fitting 563
20.1 Linear Regression and Population Models (Chemical/Bio Engineering) 563
20.2 Use of Splines to Estimate Heat Transfer (Civil/Environmental Engineering) 567
20.3 Fourier Analysis (Electrical Engineering) 569
20.4 Analysis of Experimental Data (Mechanical/Aerospace Engineering) 570
Problems 572

EPILOGUE: PART FIVE 582

PT5.4 Trade-Offs 582
PT5.5 Important Relationships and Formulas 583
PT5.6 Advanced Methods and Additional References 584

PART SIX
NUMERICAL PT6.1 Motivation 587
DIFFERENTIATION PT6.2 Mathematical Background 597
AND PT6.3 Orientation 599
INTEGRATION 587

CHAPTER 21
Newton-Cotes Integration Formulas 603
21.1 The Trapezoidal Rule 605
21.2 Simpson’s Rules 615
21.3 Integration with Unequal Segments 624
21.4 Open Integration Formulas 627
21.5 Multiple Integrals 627
Problems 629
x CONTENTS

CHAPTER 22
Integration of Equations 633
22.1 Newton-Cotes Algorithms for Equations 633
22.2 Romberg Integration 634
22.3 Adaptive Quadrature 640
22.4 Gauss Quadrature 642
22.5 Improper Integrals 650
Problems 653

CHAPTER 23
Numerical Differentiation 655
23.1 High-Accuracy Differentiation Formulas 655
23.2 Richardson Extrapolation 658
23.3 Derivatives of Unequally Spaced Data 660
23.4 Derivatives and Integrals for Data with Errors 661
23.5 Partial Derivatives 662
23.6 Numerical Integration/Differentiation with Software Packages 663
Problems 670

CHAPTER 24
Case Studies: Numerical Integration and Differentiation 673
24.1 Integration to Determine the Total Quantity of Heat (Chemical/Bio
Engineering) 673
24.2 Effective Force on the Mast of a Racing Sailboat (Civil/Environmental
Engineering) 675
24.3 Root-Mean-Square Current by Numerical Integration (Electrical
Engineering) 677
24.4 Numerical Integration to Compute Work (Mechanical/Aerospace
Engineering) 680
Problems 684

EPILOGUE: PART SIX 694

PT6.4 Trade-Offs 694
PT6.5 Important Relationships and Formulas 695
PT6.6 Advanced Methods and Additional References 695

PART SEVEN
ORDINARY PT7.1 Motivation 699
DIFFERENTIAL PT7.2 Mathematical Background 703
EQUATIONS 699 PT7.3 Orientation 705
 CONTENTS xi

CHAPTER 25
Runge-Kutta Methods 709
25.1 Euler’s Method 710
25.2 Improvements of Euler’s Method 721
25.3 Runge-Kutta Methods 729
25.4 Systems of Equations 739
25.5 Adaptive Runge-Kutta Methods 744
Problems 752

CHAPTER 26
Stiffness and Multistep Methods 755
26.1 Stiffness 755
26.2 Multistep Methods 759
Problems 779

CHAPTER 27
Boundary-Value and Eigenvalue Problems 781
27.1 General Methods for Boundary-Value Problems 782
27.2 Eigenvalue Problems 789
27.3 Odes and Eigenvalues with Software Packages 801
Problems 808

CHAPTER 28
Case Studies: Ordinary Differential Equations 811
28.1 Using ODEs to Analyze the Transient Response of a Reactor (Chemical/Bio
Engineering) 811
28.2 Predator-Prey Models and Chaos (Civil/Environmental Engineering) 818
28.3 Simulating Transient Current for an Electric Circuit (Electrical Engineering) 822
28.4 The Swinging Pendulum (Mechanical/Aerospace Engineering) 827
Problems 831

EPILOGUE: PART SEVEN 841

PT7.4 Trade-Offs 841
PT7.5 Important Relationships and Formulas 842
PT7.6 Advanced Methods and Additional References 842

PART EIGHT
PARTIAL PT8.1 Motivation 845
DIFFERENTIAL PT8.2 Orientation 848
EQUATIONS 845
xii CONTENTS

CHAPTER 29
Finite Difference: Elliptic Equations 852
29.1 The Laplace Equation 852
29.2 Solution Technique 854
29.3 Boundary Conditions 860
29.4 The Control-Volume Approach 866
29.5 Software to Solve Elliptic Equations 869
Problems 870

CHAPTER 30
Finite Difference: Parabolic Equations 873
30.1 The Heat-Conduction Equation 873
30.2 Explicit Methods 874
30.3 A Simple Implicit Method 878
30.4 The Crank-Nicolson Method 882
30.5 Parabolic Equations in Two Spatial Dimensions 885
Problems 888

CHAPTER 31
Finite-Element Method 890
31.1 The General Approach 891
31.2 Finite-Element Application in One Dimension 895
31.3 Two-Dimensional Problems 904
31.4 Solving PDEs with Software Packages 908
Problems 912

CHAPTER 32
Case Studies: Partial Differential Equations 915
32.1 One-Dimensional Mass Balance of a Reactor (Chemical/Bio
Engineering) 915
32.2 Deflections of a Plate (Civil/Environmental Engineering) 919
32.3 Two-Dimensional Electrostatic Field Problems (Electrical
Engineering) 921
32.4 Finite-Element Solution of a Series of Springs
(Mechanical/Aerospace Engineering) 924
Problems 928

EPILOGUE: PART EIGHT 931

PT8.3 Trade-Offs 931
PT8.4 Important Relationships and Formulas 931
PT8.5 Advanced Methods and Additional References 932
CONTENTS xiii

APPENDIX A: THE FOURIER SERIES 933

APPENDIX B: GETTING STARTED WITH MATLAB 935

APPENDIX C: GETTING STARTED WITH MATHCAD 943

BIBLIOGRAPHY 954

INDEX 957
 PREFACE

It has been over twenty years since we published the first edition of this book. Over that
period, our original contention that numerical methods and computers would figure more
prominently in the engineering curriculum—particularly in the early parts—has been dra-
matically borne out. Many universities now offer freshman, sophomore, and junior courses in
both introductory computing and numerical methods. In addition, many of our colleagues are
integrating computer-oriented problems into other courses at all levels of the curriculum. Thus,
this new edition is still founded on the basic premise that student engineers should be provided
with a strong and early introduction to numerical methods. Consequently, although we have
expanded our coverage in the new edition, we have tried to maintain many of the features that
made the first edition accessible to both lower- and upper-level undergraduates. These include:
• Problem Orientation. Engineering students learn best when they are motivated by
problems. This is particularly true for mathematics and computing. Consequently, we
have approached numerical methods from a problem-solving perspective.
• Student-Oriented Pedagogy. We have developed a number of features to make this
book as student-friendly as possible. These include the overall organization, the use
of introductions and epilogues to consolidate major topics and the extensive use of
worked examples and case studies from all areas of engineering. We have also en-
deavored to keep our explanations straightforward and oriented practically.
• Computational Tools. We empower our students by helping them utilize the standard
“point-and-shoot” numerical problem-solving capabilities of packages like Excel,
MATLAB, and Mathcad software. However, students are also shown how to develop
simple, well-structured programs to extend the base capabilities of those environ-
ments. This knowledge carries over to standard programming languages such as Visual
Basic, Fortran 90, and C/C11. We believe that the current flight from computer
programming represents something of a “dumbing down” of the engineering curricu-
lum. The bottom line is that as long as engineers are not content to be tool limited,
they will have to write code. Only now they may be called “macros” or “M-files.”
This book is designed to empower them to do that.
Beyond these five original principles, the seventh edition has new and expanded problem
sets. Most of the problems have been modified so that they yield different numerical solu-
tions from previous editions. In addition, a variety of new problems have been included.
The seventh edition also includes McGraw-Hill’s Connect® Engineering. This online
homework management tool allows assignment of algorithmic problems for homework,
quizzes, and tests. It connects students with the tools and resources they’ll need to achieve
success. To learn more, visit www.mcgrawhillconnect.com.
McGraw-Hill LearnSmart™ is also available as an integrated feature of McGraw-Hill
Connect® Engineering. It is an adaptive learning system designed to help students learn faster,
study more efficiently, and retain more knowledge for greater success. LearnSmart assesses
xiv
PREFACE xv

a student’s knowledge of course content through a series of adaptive questions. It pinpoints

concepts the student does not understand and maps out a personalized study plan for success.
Visit the following site for a demonstration. www.mhlearnsmart.com
As always, our primary intent in writing this book is to provide students with a sound
introduction to numerical methods. We believe that motivated students who enjoy numeri-
cal methods, computers, and mathematics will, in the end, make better engineers. If our
book fosters an enthusiasm for these subjects, we will consider our efforts a success.

Acknowledgments. We would like to thank our friends at McGraw-Hill. In particular,

Lorraine Buczek and Bill Stenquist, who provided a positive and supportive atmosphere for
creating this edition. As usual, Beatrice Sussman did a masterful job of copyediting the man-
uscript and Arpana Kumari of Aptara also did an outstanding job in the book’s final production
phase. As in past editions, David Clough (University of Colorado), Mike Gustafson (Duke),
and Jerry Stedinger (Cornell University) generously shared their insights and suggestions. Use-
ful suggestions were also made by Bill Philpot (Cornell University), Jim Guilkey (University
of Utah), Dong-Il Seo (Chungnam National University, Korea), Niall Broekhuizen (NIWA,
New Zealand), and Raymundo Cordero and Karim Muci (ITESM, Mexico). The present edition
has also benefited from the reviews and suggestions by the following colleagues:
Betty Barr, University of Houston
Jalal Behzadi, Shahid Chamran University
Jordan Berg, Texas Tech University
Jacob Bishop, Utah State University
Estelle M. Eke, California State University, Sacramento
Yazan A. Hussain, Jordan University of Science & Technology
Yogesh Jaluria, Rutgers University
S. Graham Kelly, The University of Akron
Subha Kumpaty, Milwaukee School of Engineering
Eckart Meiburg, University of California-Santa Barbara
Prashant Mhaskar, McMaster University
Luke Olson, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Richard Pates Jr., Old Dominion University
Joseph H. Pierluissi, University of Texas at El Paso
Juan Perán, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED)
Scott A. Socolofsky, Texas A&M University
It should be stressed that although we received useful advice from the aforementioned
individuals, we are responsible for any inaccuracies or mistakes you may detect in this edi-
tion. Please contact Steve Chapra via e-mail if you should detect any errors in this edition.
Finally, we would like to thank our family, friends, and students for their enduring
patience and support. In particular, Cynthia Chapra, Danielle Husley, and Claire Canale
are always there providing understanding, perspective, and love.
Steven C. Chapra
Medford, Massachusetts
[email protected]
Raymond P. Canale
Lake Leelanau, Michigan
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 ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Steve Chapra teaches in the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department at Tufts
University where he holds the Louis Berger Chair in Computing and Engineering. His
other books include Surface Water-Quality Modeling and Applied Numerical Methods
with MATLAB.
Dr. Chapra received engineering degrees from Manhattan College and the University
of Michigan. Before joining the faculty at Tufts, he worked for the Environmental Pro-
tection Agency and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and taught at
Texas A&M University and the University of Colorado. His general research interests
focus on surface water-quality modeling and advanced computer applications in environ-
mental engineering.
He is a Fellow of the ASCE, and has received a number of awards for his scholarly
contributions, including the Rudolph Hering Medal (ASCE), and the Meriam-Wiley
Distinguished Author Award (American Society for Engineering Education). He has also
been recognized as the outstanding teacher among the engineering faculties at Texas
A&M University, the University of Colorado, and Tufts University.
Raymond P. Canale is an emeritus professor at the University of Michigan. During
his over 20-year career at the university, he taught numerous courses in the area of comput-
ers, numerical methods, and environmental engineering. He also directed extensive research
programs in the area of mathematical and computer modeling of aquatic ecosystems. He
has authored or coauthored several books and has published over 100 scientific papers and
reports. He has also designed and developed personal computer software to facilitate en-
gineering education and the solution of engineering problems. He has been given the
Meriam-Wiley Distinguished Author Award by the American Society for Engineering
Education for his books and software and several awards for his technical publications.
Professor Canale is now devoting his energies to applied problems, where he works
with engineering firms and industry and governmental agencies as a consultant and expert
witness.

xvi
Numerical Methods
for Engineers
PART ONE
 MODELING, COMPUTERS,
AND ERROR ANALYSIS

PT1.1 MOTIVATION
Numerical methods are techniques by which mathematical problems are formulated so
that they can be solved with arithmetic operations. Although there are many kinds of
numerical methods, they have one common characteristic: they invariably involve large
numbers of tedious arithmetic calculations. It is little wonder that with the development
of fast, efficient digital computers, the role of numerical methods in engineering problem
solving has increased dramatically in recent years.

PT1.1.1 Noncomputer Methods

Beyond providing increased computational firepower, the widespread availability of com-
puters (especially personal computers) and their partnership with numerical methods has
had a significant influence on the actual engineering problem-solving process. In the
precomputer era there were generally three different ways in which engineers approached
problem solving:
1. Solutions were derived for some problems using analytical, or exact, methods. These
solutions were often useful and provided excellent insight into the behavior of some
systems. However, analytical solutions can be derived for only a limited class of
problems. These include those that can be approximated with linear models and
those that have simple geometry and low dimensionality. Consequently, analytical
solutions are of limited practical value because most real problems are nonlinear and
involve complex shapes and processes.
2. Graphical solutions were used to characterize the behavior of systems. These
graphical solutions usually took the form of plots or nomographs. Although graphical
techniques can often be used to solve complex problems, the results are not very
precise. Furthermore, graphical solutions (without the aid of computers) are extremely
tedious and awkward to implement. Finally, graphical techniques are often limited
to problems that can be described using three or fewer dimensions.
3. Calculators and slide rules were used to implement numerical methods manually.
Although in theory such approaches should be perfectly adequate for solving complex
problems, in actuality several difficulties are encountered. Manual calculations are
slow and tedious. Furthermore, consistent results are elusive because of simple
blunders that arise when numerous manual tasks are performed.
During the precomputer era, significant amounts of energy were expended on the
solution technique itself, rather than on problem definition and interpretation (Fig. PT1.1a).
This unfortunate situation existed because so much time and drudgery were required to
obtain numerical answers using precomputer techniques.
3
4 MODELING, COMPUTERS, AND ERROR ANALYSIS

FORMULATION
FORMULATION
In-depth exposition
Fundamental
of relationship of
laws explained
problem to fundamental
briefly
laws

SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Elaborate and often
Easy-to-use
FIGURE PT1.1 complicated method to
computer
The three phases of engineering make problem tractable
method
problem solving in (a) the
precomputer and (b) the
computer era. The sizes of the
boxes indicate the level of
emphasis directed toward each INTERPRETATION INTERPRETATION
phase. Computers facilitate the
implementation of solution In-depth analysis Ease of calculation
limited by time- allows holistic thoughts
techniques and thus allow more
consuming solution and intuition to develop;
emphasis to be placed on the system sensitivity and behavior
creative aspects of problem can be studied
formulation and interpretation
of results. (a) (b)

Today, computers and numerical methods provide an alternative for such compli-
cated calculations. Using computer power to obtain solutions directly, you can approach
these calculations without recourse to simplifying assumptions or time-intensive tech-
niques. Although analytical solutions are still extremely valuable both for problem
solving and for providing insight, numerical methods represent alternatives that greatly
enlarge your capabilities to confront and solve problems. As a result, more time is
available for the use of your creative skills. Thus, more emphasis can be placed on
problem formulation and solution interpretation and the incorporation of total system,
or “holistic,” awareness (Fig. PT1.1b).

PT1.1.2 Numerical Methods and Engineering Practice

Since the late 1940s the widespread availability of digital computers has led to a veri-
table explosion in the use and development of numerical methods. At first, this growth
was somewhat limited by the cost of access to large mainframe computers, and, conse-
quently, many engineers continued to use simple analytical approaches in a significant
portion of their work. Needless to say, the recent evolution of inexpensive personal
Random documents with unrelated
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boundary between Maine and Nova Scotia had been traced in
conformity with the British claim. Lord Ashburton's expressions of
friendship and esteem for Mr. Webster are wholly inconsistent with
such a transaction:

"London, June 18th, '52.

"My Dear Mr. Webster,
"It was with no small pleasure that I recognised your handwriting,
and accepted the very grateful office of shewing civility to your
friend.
"I fear that our climate at this moment will prove anything but
beneficial to his daughter's health. We are now paying the penalty
for three months of drought; I wish for his sake that he had arrived
at an earlier period.
"We expect very little change in the relative strength of parties from
the coming elections. The popular element must always gain, but
less on this occasion than on any other, as the masses are enjoying
in comfort the blessings of cheap food & abundant employment. The
farmer even is thriving. He sells mutton of the growth of 18 months,
he saves 20 per cent in the cost of labor. He economises in the
purchase of all he consumes. Forgive this burst of Peelite exultation
in consideration of the abuse & odium under which we have been
laboring.
"Let me add however that I do not pretend to be a free trader for
America, and thus oppose myself to your powerful authority. Believe
me my dear Mr. Webster
"Yours very truly
Ashburton."
The following letter, addressed to Mr. Webster's law partner, John P.
Healey, with its enclosure, has never been printed. Allusions are
found to it in other letters of Mr. Webster written from London,
contained in Mr. Webster's published correspondence. It is probable
that Mr. Webster's friends in Boston took the liberty of withholding
his letter refusing to be a candidate. At any rate, his name was
presented to the Whig National Convention held at Harrisburg in
October(?), 1839. That convention was held more than a year before
the election. The delegates from each State were requested to
present to the convention the name of their own choice for the
Presidency, and with it the name of the other person whom they
thought likely to be the strongest candidate in case their own
selection were not adopted by the convention. These reports of the
different delegations were all referred to a grand committee with
instructions to recommend a candidate to the convention. The result
was the nomination of General Harrison by a large majority. Then a
committee was appointed to select a candidate for the Vice-
Presidency. That committee first agreed upon the name of Benjamin
Watkins Leigh, but, on his refusal to be a candidate, reported the
name of John Tyler, with most unfortunate results for the Whig
party:

"London, June 12, '39.

"Dr Sir,—Please cause the enclosed to be published, the same day,
in all the Whig newspapers in Boston, & as soon as you receive it.
Yrs
D. Webster.
"To the People of Massachusetts.
"It is known that my name has been presented to the Public, by a
meeting of Members of the Legislature of the State, as a candidate
for the office of President of the United States at the ensuing
Election. As it has been expected that a Convention would be holden
in the autumn of this year, composed of Delegates from the Several
States, I have hitherto thought proper not to anticipate, in any way,
the results of that Convention. But I am now out of the country, not
to return, probably, much earlier than the period fixed for the
meeting of the convention, and do not know what events may occur,
in the meantime, which, if I were at home, might demand
immediate attention from me. I desire, moreover, to act no part
which may tend to prevent a cordial & effective union among those,
whose object, I trust, is to maintain, unimpaired, the Constitution of
the Country, and to uphold all its great interests, by a wise, prudent,
and patriotic administration of the Government. These
considerations have induced me to withdraw my name as a
Candidate for the office of President at the next Election.
"Dan'l Webster.
"London, June 12, 1839."

Mr. Webster was counsel in the celebrated case of Myra Clark

Gaines, the wife of General Gaines, who laid claim to a large
property in Louisiana as the daughter of Daniel Clark by an alleged
marriage with Zuleima Carriere. This marriage was denied, and it
was also alleged that the mother of Mrs. Gaines had, at the time of
the alleged marriage, another lawful husband living.
Mr. Webster's brief, which is in his own writing, consists of seventeen
pages of manuscript notes. It contains nothing specially striking
except an observation about one of the witnesses, a woman who
seems to have been called to prove a marriage of reputation, and
seems to have been one of three female witnesses called by the
same party. Mr. Webster's memorandum for his arguments is this:
"There is but one witness. And who is she? Who are they all? Not
respectable women at that period. All three alike.
Facies non omnibus una
Nec diversa tamen, qualem decet esse sororum.
One bad element of character taints the rest."

This letter to William Sullivan refers to the famous Dartmouth

College case, the judgment in which, as the result of Webster's
argument, made safe the endowment of every incorporated
institution of learning and charity in the country. It was doubtless
sent by Mr. Sullivan to Mrs. Webster for her inspection, as appears
by the following note written by Sullivan in the margin: "Dear
Madam, In a letter which I have seen, it is said, 'In the College
cause, Webster shone like the sun; and Holmes like a sunfish.'"

"Washington, March 13, Friday,

2 o'clock.
"Dear Sir,—The Court has announced its intention to rise tomorrow,
& will hear no argument except in the cause now before them,
which is No. 79.
"The Pastora will not be reached. I am exceedingly sorry for this, but
could not help it. I insisted to the last & the Chief Justice was
obliged to tell me it was impossible—& then I gave it up.
"The College case is argued—not decided—There is a difference of
opinion on the bench, & some of the Judges have not come to a
conclusion in their own minds. So it is to be continued. I shall
depart, on the rising of the Court, & make the best of my way home.
"Yrs
D. Webster."

The following letter to Mr. Brewer is interesting as showing Mr.

Webster's interest in questions relating to the currency. It is well
known that he himself thought that the department of activity in
which he was most capable to render service to the country was that
of finance, and that he would have liked very well to have taken the
Treasury instead of the Department of State in Harrison's
administration:

"Boston, Aug. 25, 1837.

"My Dear Sir,—I am very much obliged to you for your trouble in
procuring & sending me the plan of Mr. Wood's House. I enclose the
amount of the Architect's charge.
Like yourself, I look forward with much concern to the ensuing
session of Congress. That there has been a considerable change, in
public opinion, is certain; that this may produce a corresponding
effect, in some degree, on the deliberations of Congress, is to be
hoped; but whether the change has proceeded so far, as to justify
the expectation that the Country is now ready to renounce, entirely,
the folly of "Experiments" on the currency, & to return to the former
well approved system of finance & currency, may admit of doubt. To
the friends of the right cause, however, there remains nothing but a
steady, honest, patriotic adherence to sound policy & the true
interests of the Country.
"I am, Dr Sir,
with regard & esteem
Yr ob serv.

Dan'l Webster.
"Mr. Brewer."

Some very zealous persons were impatient of Mr. Webster's

hesitation and irresolution long before the time of the anti-slavery
struggle. My Uncle Jeremiah Evarts, a man whom many people think
quite the intellectual equal of his son, the famous advocate, threw
himself with all his zeal into the defence of the Cherokee Indians
when they were removed from their homes in Georgia by the
Legislature of that State, in spite of the judgment of the Supreme
Court, which was set at defiance. Mr. Evarts said, "There is One who
knows how to execute His judgments." That prophecy had a terrible
fulfilment in the region about Missionary Ridge, named, I suppose,
for the mission to those Indians maintained by the board of which
Mr. Evarts was secretary, which during the Civil War was, as Horace
Maynard told me, drenched with blood and honeycombed with
graves. Mr. Evarts gave his life to the cause of these oppressed
people. His death was caused by over-exertion in their defence. He
always claimed to have Mr. Webster's promise of earnest support;
and whether he were right or not, no such promise was ever kept.
But I have in my possession a considerable number of bound
volumes of pamphlets which belonged to Mr. Webster, including
many presentation copies from their authors who were among his
famous cotemporaries. One of them is a copy of Jeremiah Evarts's
"William Penn," written by him in the cause of the Cherokee Indians,
which was very famous in its day. On the title-page, written in pencil
but still quite legible, in Daniel Webster's handwriting, are the words:
"When Greece uttered her voice and stretched forth her hand for aid
your hearts were moved, your kindling sympathies went out. Will
you be deaf to the no less piteous Indian cry?" This single sentence
shows, I suppose, that Mr. Webster was thinking of a speech to be
made in the Senate in the cause of the Indians, and also what, as
we have said, was his usual method of preparation, that he intended
to compose a few sentences in a complete form, the rest of the
speech being, so far as composition was concerned, extempore.
The following is from Aaron Burr, containing little in itself, other than
the autograph, and the fact that it in all probability relates to the
case of which Mr. Todd tells the story in his delightful paper in the
"Green Bag," as follows:
"The late Judge Tenney, of Maine, told me that Mr. Webster, when at
Portsmouth, heard one of Mr. Mason's students say that the 'old
man' had been much puzzled over a particular law difficulty, but had
settled it. Mr. Webster inquired what it was, and what was Mr.
Mason's solution, and did not forget it. A few years after, in New
York, Aaron Burr, one of the ablest lawyers of his time, applied to Mr.
Webster for his opinion on this very question, and was surprised to
hear his ready answer, that of Mr. Mason."
The tone of hostility in the following letter from Benton is not
explained, so far as I know, by any occurrence which history has
preserved. If it implied a threat of a challenge, undoubtedly Mr.
Webster bore himself on the occasion as became a Senator from
Massachusetts, as he did in dealing with the fiery-hearted John
Randolph, and as Henry Wilson afterward did in dealing with Preston
S. Brooks:

"Senate Chamber, Jan'y 4th 1832.

"Sir,—I take leave to invite your attention to a published letter which
Col. Davis will show you, and to say, that he will receive the answer,
if any, which you may think the occasion calls for.
"Yr. obt. servant
"Thomas H. Benton.
"Hon. Mr. Webster."

Among the books in my possession belonging to Daniel Webster is a

copy of Granger's Biographical Dictionary, in three volumes. It
contains Mr. Webster's book-plate, with the motto, "Vera Pro Gratis."
On the fly-leaf Mr. Webster has written:
"Mr. Granger died, April 15, 1776, while administering the
sacrament, of an apoplectic fit.

More happy end what saint e'er knew!

To whom like mercy shown!
His Saviour's death in rapturous view,
And unperceived his own.

Vide Annual Register for 1776.

D. W."

The poetry is not original, but is taken from the "Register."

Mr. Webster's scrupulous care of his dress is well known. On each of
the occasions I saw him, his dress—which, as is well known, was the
blue coat with the buff or white vest and brass buttons, and, at least
on one occasion in the summer, white trousers—seemed to have
been nearly new. I was told by a lady who heard the eulogy on
Adams and Jefferson in 1826, in Faneuil Hall that on that occasion
he wore a gown.

There are in literature a few biographies in which the hand of a

master has, in a brief compass, given a portraiture of an illustrious
subject, which, like the faces portrayed by the great painters of the
Middle Ages, leaves nothing wanting and which no fulness of detail
could improve. Of these, Tacitus's "Life of Agricola" is probably the
most perfect example. Kirkland's "Fisher Ames" is of the same class.
So, also, unless I am greatly deceived, is the "Life of Daniel
Webster," by Edward Everett, published with Webster's Works in
1852. This admirable biography, partly, perhaps, by reason of its
place in a voluminous publication, has attracted far less attention
than its own excellence and the fame of its author would lead us to
expect. It will be worth all the pains taken in preparing these articles
if it shall lead the youth of the country to study carefully this
masterly portrait by one great statesman and orator of another who
was his teacher, leader, and friend. I extract from it one passage
which gives the key to Webster's great success and to the success of
every great orator who has stirred the feeling or convinced the
understanding of the people by the power of eloquent speech:
"The orator who would do justice to a great theme or a great
occasion must thoroughly study and understand the subject; he
must accurately and, if possible, minutely digest in writing
beforehand the substance, and even the form, of his address;
otherwise, though he may speak ably, he will be apt not to make in
all respects an able speech. He must entirely possess himself
beforehand of the main things which he wishes to say, and then
throw himself upon the excitement of the moment and the sympathy
of the audience. In those portions of his discourse which are didactic
or narrative, he will not be likely to wander, in any direction, far from
his notes; although even in those portions new facts, illustrations,
and suggestions will be apt to spring up before him as he proceeds.
But when the topic rises, when the mind kindles from within, and
the strain becomes loftier, or bolder, or more pathetic, when the
sacred fountain of tears is ready to overflow, and audience and
speaker are moved by one kindred sympathetic passion, then the
thick-coming fancies cannot be kept down, the storehouse of the
memory is unlocked, images start up from the slumber of years, and
all that the orator has seen, read, heard, or felt returns in distinct
shape and vivid colors. The cold and premeditated text will no longer
suffice for the glowing thought. The stately, balanced phrase gives
place to some abrupt, graphic expression, that rushes unbidden to
his lips. The unforeseen incident or locality furnishes an apt and
speaking image; and the discourse instinctively transposes itself into
a higher key."
 BALLAD

By J. Russell Taylor

"Whither away? Shall we sail or stay? Whither away," I said,

"Into the sunset's glory of gold and passion of rose-red?
Over the water changed to wine and into the sky we slip,
But never a fairer shore than this shall find our buoyant ship,
Not though by shadowy Arcady we drop the anchor at last,
And in the dusk our weary sails come rattling down the mast.
Into the dark steals off the bark: let us stay in our bridal June:
Whither away should lovers stray from the Island of Honeymoon?"

"O far away in the dying day, and farther away," she cried,
"Ere the glory of gold has faded yet or the passion of rose-red died,
O far away from the happier present visit the happy past,
Though never shall our ghostly sails die down the shadowy mast:
For we will flit by the twilight land and name the places fair,
But set no foot on the shore," she cried, "nor drop the anchor there:
But under the night with so swift a flight that the keel is singing in
tune,
Back, haste back on the starry track to the Island of Honeymoon!"
 A ROYAL ALLY

By William Maynadier Browne

Illustrations by A. I. Keller

Like many other energetic and successful men, Mr. Cutting had his
enemies. When, as counsel for the East End Land and Traction
Company, he discovered that the policy of a majority of the Board of
Directors was to slowly but surely "freeze out" the smaller
stockholders, he promptly resigned his position, and proceeded to
form a coalition among the to-be-frozen. This coalition had for its
object the overthrow of the existing management and the
subsequent instituting of a new and generous policy.
After a hard, stubborn fight, Mr. Cutting and his followers won; the
management was displaced, and Mr. Cutting again became counsel
for the company. But he had added to his list of enemies some who,
though few in number, were long of memory, relentless, and
powerful.
Under the new régime the company prospered, and the patient
stockholders received their dividends regularly, hitherto withheld or,
rather, made to appear non-existing by means of the well-known
device of undervaluing the company's lands in converse ratio to its
increasing earnings.
The annual meeting was but two days off, and Mr. Cutting's sky
seemed clear and tranquil; but overnight clouds had gathered black
and ominous. The enemy, believing themselves once more superior
in strength, or nearly enough so to
venture upon the step, at the last
moment sounded the note of war.
That evening's paper contained
insinuations, which were followed
in the morning editions by large
headlines and by direct though
guarded accusations.
It was this morning, the morning of
the very day before the annual
meeting, that I was sitting in the
office reading these same
accusations. I was indignant and
tired out.
All the night before I had been
closeted with Mr. Cutting in his
house, working out with him a
defence for use in the battle to
come, writing to this or
telegraphing to that out-of-town
holder of the stock; in one instance Michael O'Connor.
even cabling to London for a proxy
allowing Mr. Cutting to vote a
thousand shares held by a friend of
his who was abroad. Together we had gone through the long list of
stockholders, checking off those for and those against us, and
embodying in a new list the names, not a few, of those either
uncertain or unknown to us. This list comprised the names of almost
all the smaller holders, owning from one to fifty shares. The only
large holding was that of one Andrew J. Ahearn, against whose
name appeared the goodly figure of five hundred shares. But, alas!
he was among the unknown to us.
As I was leaving the house Mr. Cutting had said to me, mournfully:
"I'm afraid they've got us this time. We need four thousand shares
more, counting Emley's as safe; and the cable may not reach him in
time, or he may be out of London. But, never mind," he added,
clapping me warmly on the shoulder; "we will fight 'em till they
knock us out, and go for 'em again next year. See you at the office."
As I walked slowly home to my lodgings through the long, level
shadows of the early morning, the distinct rattling of incoming milk-
carts and the twitter of countless sparrows pulsed through my tired
brain in throb with the names of big and little stockholders. Thus,
after a bath and breakfast, I had reached the office tired and
indignant over the unjust and unwarranted attacks upon Mr. Cutting
contained in the morning papers. Though counsel in name, he was
in fact the managing head of the company's affairs.
As I sat at my desk, the newspapers lying about on the floor where I
had thrown them in my anger, the door opened and old O'Connor
entered.
Unlike his former appearances upon the scene of Mr. Cutting's
domain, he did not wait to be spoken to, but crossed to me briskly,
without hesitation or apology, merely removing his tall hat and
sweepingly smoothing his thin white hair as he sat himself down
firmly in a chair directly facing me. Something was on his mind,
evidently.
"Phwat's dthis the papers do be sayin' about Mr. Cuttin', sor," he
began, but, remembering himself, hastened to add, "Good-morning,
sor. And how is Mr. Cutting this morning, sor?"
I told him that Mr. Cutting was well. Then I explained to him that the
newspaper attacks were instigated by the old Board of Directors of
the East End Company, who were trying to oust Mr. Cutting and his
friends from the directorate. At receiving this piece of information he
merely remarked, tersely, "The divils!" and after a pause added, in a
whisper, "Shure, Mr. Cuttin' can down the whole av thim——" Then,
with a note of anxiety in his voice, "Can't he, now, sor?"
I replied that it looked very doubtful, the time left us being so short
and the other side having prepared themselves so secretly.
"And phwat's dthis," O'Connor went on, an angry look still more
contracting his wizened face and concentrating all his features to a
point at the tip of his short up-turned nose—"phwat's dthis they do
be sayin'—Chimmie, me bar-tender, was afther readin' ut to me—
phwat's dthis about Mr. Cuttin' mismanaging the money?"
"Not the money," I hastened to say; "the affairs of the company."
"Well—annyho-ow, 'tis a dommed lie," said O'Connor, thrusting out
his square chin farther and farther with each word as it escaped
from between the compressed wide lips, which at last opened in a
far from pleasant grin, showing his still sound if ragged teeth, as he
ejaculated, with fine distinctness, "The blay-gyards!" and then
asked, with sudden eagerness, "Do there be anny wan av thim oi
knaw, now?"
"No," I said, laughingly, "unless you happen to have met the former
president, Mr. Walker;" thinking that that gentleman would in all
probability be the least likely to be among the O'Connor's
acquaintances.
"Phwat Walker is this?" he asked, all interest and expectation.
"The former president," I said.
"'Tis not Jarge Double-ye, it is, now, is ut?" He was leaning forward,
looking eagerly into my eyes, his hands tightly clutching his knees.
"It is," I replied. "George W. Walker."
"An' do I know him!" he exclaimed, leaning back and throwing up
both hands, as if exhausted with amazement. "An' it's the loikes av
him is fightin' Mr. Cuttin', is ut?" I nodded. "Well, well, well!" he
murmured, softly. "Phwat do ye dthink av that! Whishper! Sit still,
there, you."
He rose and tiptoed quickly to the door, opened it, and with an
imperative backward jerk of the head summoned somebody from
the hallway without. In a few moments a small elderly woman
squeezed into the room. She was dressed in black and carried her
hands clasped in front of her, seeming to hold in place the corners of
a shawl that, folded over her shoulders, was crossed at her waist.
Her bonnet was diminutive, but somehow uncompromising, almost
defiant, in its plainness. From beneath it peeped a portion, but
enough, of a smooth brown wig. By it I recognized her. She was the
consort of the lineal descendant of the last king of Ireland; she was
O'Connor's wife and Mollie's, now Mrs. Fennessey's, mother.

Ejaculated, with fine distinctness, "The

blay-gyards!"—Page 222.

"Ah! Mrs. O'Connor!" I exclaimed, rising, "how do you do? I am glad

to see you again."
She merely courtesied sharply and sniffed once. She was not nearly
so gracious and so comfortably confiding as she had been in the
state chamber of her own castle, where I last saw her. However, she
remarked at length, pleasantly enough, that "it was a rale plisint
mornin', the day," and seated herself in a chair near the door. For
perhaps a minute O'Connor stood by her side and whispered to her.
She seemed interested. I caught the sound of "Jarge Double-ye"
from him, and a crisp and threatening "Ho, ho!" from her in reply.
Then they crossed to my desk, O'Connor drawing a folded paper
from his pocket as he came. His manner now was grave and
business-like.
"Av you plaze, sor, Mrs. O'Connor and mesilf would thank you if you
would be so kind as to lit us j'intly sign this paper forninst ye."
"Do you want me to witness the signatures? Is that it?" I asked,
taking the paper and mechanically starting to unfold it.
"Yis, sor. But 'tis—excuse me, sor—'tis a private matther. Read it, sor,
if—if——" He paused, much embarrassed. I hastened to assure him
it was not necessary for me to read it, and, smoothing down the
lowest fold of the document, handed O'Connor a well-filled pen. He,
in turn, handed it to his wife, with the words, "Sign you, Bridget
Ann, fur-rst, and I'll sign afther, meself."
"Where do I putt me name, Michael, dear?" she asked, now seated
uneasily at my desk.
"Just undher the worruds 'Wid my consint,'" he answered, pointing
with a short, knotty, curved index-finger to the words "So help me,
God," which appeared on the right side of the sheet, just below the
edge of the folded section that covered the remainder of the writing,
except the words "With my consent," which were on the same line,
but at the left. I corrected his mistake.
Slowly and awkwardly, but with great patience, Mrs. O'Connor's
signature was constructed. If a decided upward slant indicates, as
students of chirography assert, that the writer is of sanguine and
ambitious temperament, the lady was surely a worthy spouse for an
heir to the throne of Ireland. The signature ran up, up, up, until
balked by the folded edge; but pressing against this obstacle, it ran
its remaining course in protest against its confinement. Whether or
not it spelled Bridget Ann O'Connor, it certainly spelled nothing else.
O'Connor, as usual, had left his spectacles at home. I signed his
name and an ×, while he softly touched the tip of my pen-holder. He
sighed with relief when it was over, and remarked: "Shure, cross or
name, 'tis all the same. There's no differ. Thank you kindly, sor, and
phwat do I owe you, now?"
As I waved away his question, Mr. Cutting came in from the
company's offices, which adjoined our own.
Despite his anxieties, Mr. Cutting greeted O'Connor with his usual
cheery, "Well, Michael, how are you?" and then seeing Mrs.
O'Connor, crossed to her and shook hands; after which she resumed
her seat, and sniffed once more—this time with more decision and
with her nose in the air. She knew she knew Henry H. Cutting, Esq.,
whether the rest of the world knew she did or not.
"Well, Michael, what can I do for you to-day?" he asked, pleasantly.
O'Connor was immediately all confusion. As he tried to answer, he
fumbled with his tall hat (which he had hurriedly grasped from its
resting-place on my desk at Mr. Cutting's entrance), he pulled with
gentle uncertainty at the fringe of white beard that encircled his
anxious face, while his eyes followed the line of the washboard as if
searching there for encouragement.
"Anything wrong?" asked Mr. Cutting.
"No, sor; no, Mr. Cuttin'," O'Connor at last stammered. "Not wid me,
nor yit wid anny belongin' to me. But, Mr. Cuttin', sor, I do be hearin'
av—av—phwat the papers——" He paused.
I saw a look of pain and disappointment quickly cross Mr. Cutting's
face, and I read his thoughts on the instant. His old servant and
friend, doubtful of its security, had come to demand his money.
"Av phwat the papers do be sayin' about you," O'Connor at last
gained courage to say, "and av phwat thim blaygyards do be havin'
in moind to do to you, sor. So-o I wud—meanin' no presumshin, sor,
and wid your kind permission—be afther givin' you this, sor. I
dictayted it and me daughter, Mollie, that's now Mrs. Fennessey,
wrote it down for me. Av you plaze, sor."
He handed Mr. Cutting the paper I had witnessed, and was gently
rising and falling on his toes, holding his tall hat behind him in both
hands, while he nervously moistened his lips and gazed at the wall.
Mr. Cutting read the paper quickly, then walked abruptly to the
window and stood looking out. There was silence for several
moments. O'Connor continued his gentle rising and falling. Mrs.
O'Connor sighed softly, smoothed her gown by a touch or two, and
again folded her hands. Then Mr. Cutting turned and resting his left
hand, which still held the paper, on O'Connor's shoulder, with his
right grasped the other's right and shook it warmly. There was the
glitter of moisture in his eyes, but his fine face wore an expression
of mingled affection and mirth.
"Michael," he said, his clear, musical voice firm and kind, "I thank
you with all my heart for your generous offer of assistance. And you,
too, Bridget." Mrs. O'Connor half rose, sat down again and sniffed.
"But I cannot—it would not be right for me to accept it."
Then followed a wholly unwritable scene—O'Connor and his wife, by
turns and at times together, protesting, insisting, assuring, even
coaxing. In the mêlée of warm-hearted Irish explosives, I could
distinguish, "Shure, I've plinty money"—"More than plinty, he
has"—"What wid me rum"—"Yis, an' your junk"—"And me
rints"—"There's a good man, now" "No bodther at all, at all." But at
last O'Connor caught a look in his former employer's eye that he
knew. He saw that further argument or entreaty was useless. At a
gesture from Mr. Cutting, he and his wife desisted.
 Slowly and awkwardly, but with great
patience, Mrs. O'Connor's signature was
constructed.—Page 224.

"No, Michael," Mr. Cutting continued, quietly; "it is impossible. It is

out of the question. Besides, I must tell you, and now seems a good
time, that while my affairs are in no danger, they are, owing to this
new development in the company's prospects, causing me a good
deal of trouble and anxiety. I have, therefore, turned the property of
yours I was holding into cash, and it is now in my bank. I want you
to wait here while I send and draw it out. Then I am going to ask
you to take care of it yourself—at least, for the present. I am happy
to say the amount has increased considerably, and I know you won't
be disappointed."
His tone was firm, and his determination manifest. O'Connor humbly
acquiesced with his familiar "Phwativer you plaze, sor, Mr. Cutting,
sor." Then Mr. Cutting said:
"But there is one thing you can do for me, Michael, and I shall be
very much obliged to you if you will."
"I will, then," said O'Connor, brightening. "Phwat is ut?"
"Give me this paper," said Mr. Cutting, holding up the paper
O'Connor had handed him.
"Shure I will, sor, if you want it. 'Tis no use to me now." His sadness
had returned, and now held him completely.
Mr. Cutting then disappeared into the company's offices; but in
passing my desk on the way he laid the paper before me, whispering
as he did so, "Read that."
O'Connor and his wife were now conversing apart, in mournful
numbers, so I read, unobserved, this:

"I, Michael O'Connor, being of sound and disposing mind, this day do
hereby loan to Mr. Henry H. Cutting, Esq., for any use he please, all
my money he has now in charge, him to repay whenever it suits his
convenience, and if never at all, no matter at all.
"So help me God.
"Michael
"his × mark
"O'Connor.
"With my consent,
"Bridget Ann O'Connor."
You may be sure it found a safe abiding-place among Mr. Cutting's
most cherished possessions. He soon came back into the office, alert
and eager, a new light in his eyes.
"Mike," he exclaimed, so suddenly that O'Connor dropped his hat,
"perhaps you can help me after all."
"Glory be to God!" exclaimed O'Connor, looking at him, though
groping for his hat, which had rolled in a short semi-circle to his
wife's feet and was now safely reposing in her lap. "How, sor?"
"Parker," said Mr. Cutting turning to me, "let me have that copy of
the list of the uncertain and unknown. Ah!" as he took it and with a
flirt opened it. "Michael, see if you can tell me anything of these
people. Perhaps you may know the first one on the list—Andrew J.
Ahearn, five hundred shares."
"Andy Ahearn!" replied O'Connor, in interested surprise. "Yis, sor,
shure I know Andy Ahearn these t'irty years—more shame to me."
"Oh, ho! Thrue for you," came from Mrs. O'Connor's direction.
"What sort of man is he?" Mr. Cutting asked.
"Shure, he do go round pickin' up bur-rnt matches against the day
there's no builder left who'll give him firewood; and him wort' his
t'ousands upon t'ousands. And now I think av it, sor, I can tell ye
how he kem by thim five hunder' shares." Here the old man became
very deliberate and precise. "Now, d'ye moind, he is—no-o—he was
father to Carneelus Ahearn, him that was in the Legislayter five year
ago. 'Twas thin d'ye moind, your company—as it is no-ow—was
petishinin' for a—phwat's this ut is—a franchise. Well, I dunno-o; but
thin it was many av thim in the Legislayter got shares av stock.
Some sez they bought thim, and odthers sez—but that's neidther
here nor there, at all, at all, and av no consequince now. But 'twas
this same Carneelus, d'ye moind, son to Andy, that was afther give a
term av five years in jail, for—for—phwat's this they calls shtealin'
whin it ain't shtealin', now?"
"Embezzlement," I suggested.
"That's ut," said O'Connor. "An' he died two years afther, wid t'ree
year yet comin' to him. So, now, d'ye moind how ould Andy Ahearn
kem by the five hunder' shares? He bought thim arf av his son,
Carneelus."
"Do you think you could get him to give you a proxy?" Mr. Cutting
asked.
"An' phwat's that, sor, av you plaze?"
"Shure, Michael, dear," came in cooing accents from the lady across
the room, "a proxy is a godfather or a godmother whin they are
unabil to be prisint."
I tried not to laugh, and Mr. Cutting turned his head to hide a smile;
but O'Connor saw that something was wrong. Turning toward his
wife, he said, impressively:
"Shure, Bridgit Ann, 'tis not ba-abies we're dishcussin', dear. 'Tis
business, it is."
Mr. Cutting and I finally succeeded in giving him a fairly good idea of
what a proxy was.
"Shure, 'tis a permit fer me to vote fer him as I plaze, thin?" he
asked, at last.
Mr. Cutting said that that was near enough for all practical purposes,
and went on reading from the list of names, selecting those of
evident or probable Celtic origin. It was amazing how many the old
couple knew, either personally or by hearsay. In many instances Mrs.
O'Connor was with difficulty restrained from giving a complete family
history of the person in question. As the reading progressed they
became more and more excited and enthusiastic, until at last
O'Connor broke out with:
"Nivver moind the rist, sor. Gimme the list av the whole av thim, and
a boonch av thim godfa—I mane, thim proxies."
 "There's a good man, now—no bodther at
all, at all."—Page 225.

"And moind you take Chimmie along wid you, Michael," said Mrs.
O'Connor, grasping at once her husband's intention and eagerly
espousing it. "Chim knows manny as well as you, and some betther.
Thin, he is eddicayted, too, Michael, dear. And I'll get Tim to come
over and tind bar, dear."
"Thrue for you, Bridgit Ann," said O'Connor, warmly. "'Tis Chimmie
an' me will do the job this day."
I gave him a handful of printed blanks to use for the proxies, and Mr.
Cutting handed him the list of names. He disposed of these
summarily in the capacious pocket of his coat, caught his wife by the
arm, and together they started to go.
At this moment a clerk entered and handed Mr. Cutting O'Connor's
money.
"Wait, Michael," he called. "Here's your money; and here"—reaching
for a paper in his desk—"is an account of how we stand. It is all
there. Look it over at your leisure."
O'Connor hesitated, a last look of pleading in his eyes; then took the
money and account, thrust them deep into his trousers pocket, and
hurried to the door. This he partly opened, and he and milady
scurried funnily through the narrow space, like a pair of elderly black
puppies. The door closed behind them.
Mr. Cutting leaned back in his chair, and laughed for a full minute.
Then he asked me to bring him the signed dictation. I did so. He
read it through once more, laughed again, and sighed:
"God bless him! Being of sound and disposing mind this day, I will
take the will for the deed." He sat for a moment in thought; then
holding the paper before him, he said, musingly: "Few, very, very
few are those in this world so broadly eddicayted as to have
dictayted this."
"There are few of the blood royal," I ventured to remark.
"And more's the pity," he said, as the lock of his lacquered dispatch-
box clicked. For a time we were silent.
"It just occurs to me," I said at last, "that we forgot to have him sign
a receipt."
"Receipt, man!" he exclaimed. "A receipt from him? Besides, we
have Bridget Ann as a witness." And chuckling, he passed again into
the company's offices.
Not until the very hour of the day of the meeting did we realize that
we had entirely forgotten to instruct O'Connor to have such proxies
as he might get made out in Mr. Cutting's name.
The morrow came, and with it the meeting. The stockholders were
not present in large numbers, but enough were there to crowd
uncomfortably the directors' room where the meeting was held.
O'Connor had not put in an appearance, nor had we heard from him
since his and his wife's hurried departure of the day before. Our side
was not a very hopeful party. True, Emley had cabled his attorney to
give Mr. Cutting a proxy, and it was now safe in Mr. Cutting's
possession, with the others he had obtained. But we were sure of
only twenty-two thousand out of a total of fifty thousand shares, and
to our knowledge (now, alas! at the last moment) the other side had
been working like beavers to obtain proxies. Still, there was a
chance for us. It is as misleading to count your proxies before they
are voted, as to count your chickens before they are hatched. Some
of the enemy's might be revoked at any moment, or be superseded
by others bearing later dates. At any rate, preparation was passed.
The fight was on.
Mr. Cutting was seated at the side of the room, surrounded by a little
group of his fellow-directors and friends. I was beside the president,
the necessary books and papers at my hand, ready to perform my
duties as secretary. It was a position I held through Mr. Cutting's
kindness and influence. At last the president called the meeting to
order.
The reading of the minutes of the previous meeting was dispensed
with, for which I was grateful. Something in the air told me that the
enemy were eager for action. As many formalities as could be were
omitted or summarily disposed of. The instant the treasurer's report
had been read and accepted, Mr. Walker, the ex-president, was on
his feet.
Then followed a very able, if wholly misleading, attack upon the
policy pursued by the board of directors during their term of office.
Mr. Walker was a man of force and a good speaker; and his remarks
had their effect upon not a few uncertain ones, if one could judge by
the look of approval apparent on the faces of many who were
present. But as he neared the end, either his personal enmity toward
Mr. Cutting or the excitement due to the occasion, got the better of
his judgment. He closed by a personal attack upon the counsel,
whom he characterized as "the non-commissioned general who had
cunningly devised this whole campaign of extravagance, wickedly
designed to elate and bamboozle the smaller stockholders, who,
when the inevitable result of such reckless expenditure should come
—namely, a crash—would find themselves obliged to sell their little
hard-earned holdings." "To whom," Mr. Walker ended, "it is hardly
necessary for me to say."
From where I sat I commanded a view of the door that led directly
into the corridor of the building. Just as Mr. Walker's spleen was
beginning to take possession of him, I saw this door open and
O'Connor enter. He was accompanied by a short, stocky, red-haired
young Irishman, whom I recognized as his bartender, "Chimmie."
The old chap looked hot and excited, but not tired, and far from
dejected. There was a new alertness about him, much like that you
will see in an old and experienced bull-terrier, who has every reason
to believe that the rat-trap is about to be opened. I watched him.
 "A proxy is a godfather or a godmother
whin they are unabil to be prisint."—Page
226.

With head bent forward, and with one bunchy hand curled like a
warped oyster-shell about his ear, he listened to every word. I saw
him ask a man next him who was speaking. I could tell that this was
his question by the effect the man's answer produced upon him. His
eyebrows lowered and contracted, and from beneath them he glared
at "Jarge Double-ye," while the far from pleasant grin appeared,
grew, and hardened about his mouth. Meanwhile he was gradually
edging his way forward, his faithful companion at his elbow, nearer
and nearer to the speaker. In the general interest in Mr. Walker's
remarks, few noticed the pair.
At last the descendant of the last King of Ireland was in a position
squarely in front of the speaker, and separated from him by the
width of the directors' long table, upon which now reposed the old
tall hat so familiar to me and to Mr. Cutting.
The instant Mr. Walker was seated, after his speech, he of the royal
blood seized his opportunity.
"Mr. Prisidint," he said, firmly and clearly, depositing his large red
cambric handkerchief in the hat beside him. The president bowed,
saying:
"You have the floor, Mr. ——. Excuse me; you are a stockholder, I
suppose?"
"I am, sor."
I was amazed.
"Your name, please."
"Michael O'Connor, twinty-wan —— Wharf, junk-dealer and licensed
liquor-seller."
There was a slight stir of expectancy among those present. The
president glanced at me, waiting for me to verify O'Connor's
statement. I had run my finger down the O's in the list of names,
well knowing, of course, O'Connor's was not there. I shook my head.
"Your name does not seem to appear on the list, Mr. O'Connor," said
the president.
"Shure, I only bought me shtock this mornin', sor," replied O'Connor
with a reassuring and comforting wave of the hand to the chief
officer of the company. Chimmie, at his elbow still, handed him a
paper from a bunch of many he held ready in his hand. O'Connor
passed it up to the president, with the remark, "Here is me
credintials, sor, av you plaze."
That gentleman merely glanced at it, then returned it to O'Connor,
and said,
"A certificate of stock, I see. Did you expect to vote?"
"Dthat's phwat I kem here fer," said O'Connor, with a quick nod of
the head, which showed that the royal blood was stirring.
Then the president explained to him that the transfer-books were
closed, and that, by the by-laws of the company, nobody was
allowed to vote at its meetings except such persons as were duly
registered holders of its stock, or were holders of a proxy from
somebody who was.

Enter O'Connor and Chimmie.—Page 228.

"Proxy, is ut!" exclaimed O'Connor. "Chimmie, me boy, give me the

odther wan." Jimmie handed him a second paper, which he in turn
handed to the president.

The royal blood was now at boiling-point.

—Page 232.

"This seems to be perfectly regular, dated to-day, from Andrew J.

Ahearn, for five hundred shares," the president said, and handed the
proxy to me.
The stir of expectation had become a ripple of excitement. I
observed that Mr. Walker moved uneasily.
"Yis, sor," said O'Connor, with a touch of ludicrous aplomb. "Andy
Ahearn—shure, the ould divil wouldn't give me the wan widout I
bought the odther. And now, thin, sor, I have the privilege to vote, is
ut?"
The president bowed and looked about the room for some other
person who might have business before the meeting.
"Thin I, Michael O'Connor," the old fellow continued, to everybody's
surprise and amusement, "do hereby vote on these five hunder'
shares"—here he held the certificate aloft in his right hand—"for Mr.
Hinry Haitch Cutting, Esquire, so help me God, and——"
He was interrupted by a roar of laughter. Mr. Walker was now on his
feet. When the laughter ceased, he said:
"Mr. President, are we to take this stockholder as a fair example of
Mr. Cutting's faithful following?"
The question was greeted with silence. Mr. Walker had made a
blunder, and he was instantly made to feel it. O'Connor spoke again,
quietly and slowly, addressing the presiding officer, but looking
angrily at the interrupter through half-closed eyelids, his nose held
high. As he spoke he gently smoothed down his long upper lip at the
corners with thumb and forefinger.
"Mr. Prisidint," he said, "I think—I dunno-o—but may-be-e—I have
the floo-or?"
The president bowed, but added that it was not yet time to take a
vote. Those who are familiar with the Irish well know how rarely you
find one with absolutely no knowledge of parliamentary procedure.
It seems to be imbibed with the mother's milk. O'Connor was not in
the least disconcerted. "Thin, sor," he continued, "wid your kind
permission, I will make a few remarks."
"I shall be glad to hear them, Mr. O'Connor," the president said. A
small wave of approval passed over the meeting. O'Connor placed
his thumbs firmly in the armholes of his waistcoat, planted his feet
well apart, and began. The royal blood was up.
"Mr. Prisidint and gintlemin," with a low, sweeping bow from left to
right, "and Jarge Double-ye Walker." Here he cleared his throat to
allow his sarcasm time to penetrate the understanding of his
hearers. It did. "Whidther or not I am a fair example uv ahl Mr. Hinry
Haitch Cutting Esquire's fait'ful follyers, I am unabil to say, they bein'
so large in noomber, by God's justice. But, Mr. Prisidint and
gintlemin, and Jarge Double-ye Walker, wid ahl modesty, I do claim
to be a fair example av some thirty-foor av Mr. Hinry Haitch Cutting
Esquire's fait'ful follyers, who owns bechune thim two t'ousand wan
hunder' and sivin shares, countin' me own five hunder'. They are
ivery wan av thim Oirish, includin' mesilf, and I have the proxies av
ivery wan av thim, includin' me own. Put that in your poipe, Jarge
Double-ye Walker." The royal blood was getting hot. A round of
applause burst from Mr. Cutting's party, but it quickly subsided at the
sharp rap of the president's gavel upon the table. This, however, had
little effect upon O'Connor. The royal blood was now at boiling-point.
"Moreover, Jarge Double-ye Walker," he continued, too quickly for
interruption, and emphasizing each clause with clenched fists, "they
pays their taxes, they pays their bills. They has paid for their little
hard-earned holdin's in this company, and—some av thim owns
tinimint-houses, but not one wid bad plumbin' and defective
drainage, Jarge Double-ye Walker."
Caution had been royally thrown to the winds. The president rapped
hard and long upon his desk. The listeners moved uneasily in their
seats.
"Mr. O'Connor," the president said, sharply, "you must confine your
remarks to the business in hand and address them to the chair, or I
must ask you to take your seat."
"I ax your pardon, Mr. Prisidint," said O'Connor. He was now his old
self, and went on with homely courtesy, to say: "It is my wish, sor, to
say just a few worruds more regyardin' me idee av phwat
conshtitutes the fitness av a man for the job av managin' the affairs
av odthers than himself—wid your kind permission, Mr. Prisidint, and
I'll not be long, at all, at all." The president bowed. As the old
Irishman continued, his voice grew soft and tender, at times sinking
almost to a whisper.
"I am unabil, bein' mesilf uneddicayted and a plain man, to
deshcribe to yez just phwat I'm wantin' to tell yez. But maybe you'll
know from this. Twinty year ago come the tinth av this prisint
month, I wint to worruk for a certin gintleman, to do chores about
the place and phwat gyardenin' and potherin' round the grounds was
nicissary. He had a purty place in the country—a rale pur-rty place,
and there was a shweet little house there he putt me in—all for
mesilf and me wife and me baby—a little gurrul she was, wan year
old. I had been to worruk in the city, where I lived in a tinimint—
noomber t'ree Gay's Alley, so called it was. Me wife was ailin', and
the baby was takin' afther her modther at the time; so, shure, it was
deloighted we was at the chanst to live in the country and wid our
new place. A lovely home it was. Well, just tin days afther we kem,
me wife was tuk wid fever—typhide fever it was—and two days
afther little Mollie was tuk, too, just the same. Oh! wurra! wurra! but
thim was heart-breakin' days! But niver moind, I'll not bodther you
wid ahl av it. Wan night me wife was terrible bad, little Mollie bein'
ashleep in the nixt room, and not near so bad as her modther, to my
thinkin'. The docthor kem, and wid him the gintleman that emplyed
me. Whin the docthor had looked at the two, he sez to me, 'The
modther is very low,' he sez, 'but she will come t'rough all right; but
the young un,' he sez, 'is in a viry criticil condition. She'll need
conshtant attintion,' he sez, 'and I cannot be here mesilf,' he sez, 'to
save her life!' Me heart died in me that minute.
"But quick, wid no hesitation, the gintleman sez to the docthor,
callin' him by name, he bein' a frind av his, he sez, 'John,' he sez, 'I'll
look afther the little one mesilf durin' the night,' he sez. 'I've done it
before this, as you know,' he sez; 'and come again, you, in the
mornin',' he sez."
Here the old man paused. There was perfect silence in the room.
When he again spoke, it was in a hoarse whisper, but he could be
distinctly heard.
"For t'ree whole nights—long, sad, weary nights—the gintleman
niver lift the side av Mollie's bed, onliss whin he crep' in to putt his
hand on me shoulder and say to me, 'Keep up, me man. We'll pull
'em both t'rough, all right'—and we did that same. Glory be to God
and the Blessed Virgin! they're alive and well this day, the two av
thim.
"Well, Mr. Prisidint and gintlemin, I am not eddicayted and I dunno-o
—I may be wrong, but to my moind that gintleman is the kind av a
man that hav fitness for the job av managin' the affairs av odthers
beside himself. And that gintleman is Mr. Hinry Haitch Cutting,
Esquire."
He paused and looked about him sheepishly; then turning so as to
face Mr. Walker, he said:
"Mr. Jarge Double-ye Walker, I ax your pardon for shpeakin' so rough
to ye, sor. 'Tis ahl past and gone now, sor, and I bear ye no ill-will."
Then to the president he said, quietly, "Thank you kindly, Mr.
Prisidint;" and taking his hat, moved back among those who were
standing near the door.
Mr. Cutting now moved that we proceed to the election of officers for
the ensuing year. The motion was carried.
When the ballots were counted, it was found that the existing
officers had received the votes of twenty-seven thousand and some
odd shares, thus having a clear majority. We could, of course, tell
exactly how many votes were due to O'Connor's proxies; but how
many more were due to his personal presence at the meeting, we
could only estimate.
THE SHIP OF STARS

By A. T. Quiller-Couch
(Q.)
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