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Power Systems

Naser Mahdavi Tabatabaei

Ersan Kabalci
Nicu Bizon Editors

Microgrid
Architectures,
Control and
Protection
Methods
Power Systems
Electrical power has been the technological foundation of industrial societies for
many years. Although the systems designed to provide and apply electrical energy
have reached a high degree of maturity, unforeseen problems are constantly
encountered, necessitating the design of more efficient and reliable systems based
on novel technologies. The book series Power Systems is aimed at providing
detailed, accurate and sound technical information about these new developments in
electrical power engineering. It includes topics on power generation, storage and
transmission as well as electrical machines. The monographs and advanced
textbooks in this series address researchers, lecturers, industrial engineers and
senior students in electrical engineering. ** Power Systems is indexed in Scopus**

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/4622

Naser Mahdavi Tabatabaei •

Ersan Kabalci Nicu Bizon

•

Editors

Microgrid Architectures,
Control and Protection
Methods

123
Editors
Naser Mahdavi Tabatabaei Ersan Kabalci
Department of Electrical Engineering Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Seraj Higher Education Institute Department, Faculty of Engineering
Tabriz, Iran and Architecture
Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University
Nicu Bizon Nevsehir, Turkey
Faculty of Electronics, Communications
and Computers
University of Pitesti
Pitesti, Arges, Romania

ISSN 1612-1287 ISSN 1860-4676 (electronic)

Power Systems
ISBN 978-3-030-23722-6 ISBN 978-3-030-23723-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23723-3
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard
to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Dedicated to
all our teachers and colleagues
who enabled us to write this book,
and our family and friends
for supporting us all along
Foreword

There are specific interests for the integration of distributed generation systems and
reliable consuming networks in the microgrid architectures. The microgrid topolo-
gies are designed as the innovative electrical systems, power distribution networks
and also independent small power grids. The nature of microgrid operations includes
ownership, reliability and locality. The microgrid development is mostly dependent
on microprocessors and communication technologies to provide more complicated
inverters and load controllers and also offer adequate bandwidth.
Microgrid control and protection based on different interfaces are also important
concepts in combining power balancing, optimization and smart activating as
grid-connected or islanded modes. The microgrid control and protection include the
regulation of voltage and frequency and managing of real and reactive power for the
generation units and energy storages.
The book generally explains the fundamentals and contemporary materials in
microgrid architectures, control and protection. It will be very efficient for electrical
engineers and researchers to have the book which contains important subjects in
considering modeling, analysis and practice related to microgrids. The book
comprises knowledge, theoretical and practical issues as well as up-to-date contents
in these issues and methods for designing, controlling and protecting of AC–DC
microgrid networks.
Some textbooks and monographs are previously presented for people who want
to learn more on the microgrids. The worth of the present book is that it tries to put
forward some practical ways for microgrid planning and modeling, control, pro-
tection, infrastructure, converters, energy storage systems, efficiencies, assessments
and quality issues which are now more organized. The editors wisely designated the
topics to be preserved, and the chapters written by well-recognized experts in the
field are placed in three parts.
The book introduces the reader to the modeling, analysis, operation, control and
protection of the microgrids. Then, the main subjects related to planning, con-
verters, hybrid energy resources, energy management, adaptive and modified
control and protection are presented and explained. The book also includes infor-
mative case studies and many instances.

vii
viii Foreword

The book can be used in the classroom, to teach microgrid courses to graduate
students, and be suggested as further reading to undergraduate students in engi-
neering sciences. It will also be a valuable information resource for the researchers
and engineers concerned with microgrid issues or involved in the development of
distributed generation applications.

May 2019 Academician Arif M. Hashimov

Institute of Physics
Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences
Baku, Azerbaijan
Preface

The microgrid researches have been extensively increased and widespread since the
last decade. The enhanced use of distributed generation, distributed energy
resources, renewable energy sources, energy storage technologies and increased
power requirements has promoted microgrid researches. The improvements and
outcomes of microgrid researches facilitate to overcome power system problems
related to resiliency, flexibility, stability, efficiency and capacity limitations.
A crucial component of this new grid type is apparently power electronics devices
interfacing sources and utility grid. This interface is required to provide control and
protection features depending on device topologies and control software.
Moreover, the generated and converted power should meet the grid codes and
should comply with international standards in terms of power quality, efficiency and
sustainability. The purpose of this book is to present a broader view of emerging
microgrid architectures, control and protection methods and communication sys-
tems, approaching the following subjects: (1) presenting detailed surveys for a wide
variety of microgrid architectures and emerging microgrid approaches; (2) concepts
and visualization of microgrid concepts and related power electronics applications
for improved microgrids; (3) providing detailed knowledge on wireless and
emerging communication methods used for control and protection issues in
microgrids; (4) presenting the virtual inertia and energy storage systems that are key
components of microgrid integration to utility grid; (5) contents on relation of smart
grid and microgrid applications along IoT and wireless communication systems;
and (6) discussions on the issues related to deployment and development of control,
protection and communication technologies at future microgrid scope.
Microgrid Architectures, Control and Protection Methods is a book aimed to
highlight the microgrid operation and planning issues using different methods
which include planning and modeling, AC and DC hybrid microgrid, microgrid
infrastructure, power electronic converters in microgrid, energy storage systems in
microgrid, energy management in microgrids, PV microgrids, microgrid control
strategies, intelligent and adaptive control in microgrid, optimal microgrid

ix
x Preface

operational planning, microgrid protection and automations, adaptive protection

systems in microgrid, IEC 61850-based protection systems and also control and
protection of smart microgrids.
A large number of specialists are joined as the authors of the chapters to provide
their potentially innovative solutions and research related to microgrid operation, in
order to be useful in developing updated approaches in electric power analysis,
design and operational strategies. Several theoretical researches, case analysis and
practical implementation processes are put together in this book that aims to act as
research and design guides to help the graduates, postgraduates and researchers in
electric power engineering and energy systems. The book presents significant
results obtained by leading professionals from the industry, research and academic
fields that can be useful to the variety of groups in specific areas analyzed in this
book.
This book comprises 31 chapters structured in three parts as follows: Part I
introduces in 12 chapters the microgrid architectures and the used power converters;
Part II makes in 12 chapters a deep presentation of microgrid control systems;
Part III highlights in 7 chapters the current issues of the microgrid protection
systems. A brief introduction for readers on the contents of all chapters will be
made below.
AC and DC microgrids and converters consisting of their modeling and oper-
ation are discussed in the chapters of Part I.
Chapter 1 presents an overview of microgrid concept, modeling, architectures
and operation by presenting the main type of distributed energy resources (DERs)
and networks based on renewable energy sources (RESs). The chapter also com-
prises a brief review of microgrid modeling studies based on the microgrid archi-
tectures and operation types in AC, DC and hybrid microgrid models.
Chapter 2 details the microgrid concepts by introducing the fundamentals of
microgrids, with focus on microgrid planning and energy management considering
the variability of the RES power due to environmental and weather conditions.
The RES power is modeled using several different probability distributions, and the
optimization strategies for microgrid planning have been proposed based on
stochastic programming and deterministic mathematical models.
Chapter 3 explains the advantages and disadvantages of the microgrid archi-
tectures based on DC bus, AC bus, or hybrid DC and AC bus using modeling and
case studies. The chapter consists of two parallel operated AC and DC microsys-
tems including renewable AC sources of power, and AC–DC loads and power
sources.
Chapter 4 details the DER concept and potential issues due to high penetration of
DER-based microgrids with their technical characteristics in electrical power sys-
tems (EPSs) by presenting and discussing the main models for DER-based
microgrids proposed in the literature.
Chapter 5 studies how the DERs dispersed throughout the network can be
brought together based on the concept of virtual power plant (VPP), which turns
them into active resources that function as a single centralized generating power
plant, with the capacity to respond intelligently to variable load demand. The VPP
Preface xi

is a technical, operational and economic concept that is located in the digital part
of the microgrids and provides facilities that allow greater flexibility of the EPS.
The power electronic converters have been detailed in Chaps. 6 and 7 in terms of
AC–DC rectifiers, inverters (DC–AC converters) and DC–DC converters used in
DC and AC microgrids. So, Chap. 6 analyzes the main types, circuit structures and
functions of power electronic converters used in DC microgrid and highlights the
major advantage of DC microgrids compared to AC microgrids. Then, Chap. 7
analyzes the main power electronic converters used in AC microgrid and highlights
the major advantage of AC microgrids compared to DC microgrids. The chapters
review the main performance indicators and standards for DC and AC microgrids,
respectively, and the conclusions are supported by simulation performed for some
topologies.
Chapter 8 explains the important role of the energy storage system (ESS) in
enhancing the stability of grid-connected and islanded microgrid by modeling the
power flow balance on DC or AC buses and including appropriate case studies. The
standards IEC/ISO 62264 and IEEE 2000 related to interconnection of the wind
turbine farms and photovoltaic systems into microgrids have been presented as
well.
Chapter 9 shows the design and experimental investigations of a fuel cell (FC)–
electrolyzer-based energy storage system integrated into a microgrid. The
hydrogen-based ESS based on proton-exchange membrane (PEM) FC system and
solid polymer electrolyzer seem to be the best alternative to store energy due to
their simple structure, high power density, quick start, no moving parts and superior
reliability and durability, low operating temperature and environmental aspects.
Chapter 10 analyzes the requirements for the energy management system
(EMS), which are identified as follows: (1) determining the amount of
produced/consumed energy by the generation units/consumers; (2) ensuring the
generation and consumption balance; (3) ensuring compliance and implementation
of the rules for connecting the microgrid to the upper distribution system; (4) op-
timal utilization of its existing resources; (5) minimizing the overall operational
costs; (6) separating the microgrid from the upper grid in case of emergencies; and
(7) providing convenient control strategy for re-connecting to the upper network
after the islanded operation. The role of subsystems of the energy management
system (such as communication systems and smart meters) is also discussed in the
frame of the main EMSs proposed in the literature, highlighting the pro and cons
of the centralized and decentralized EMSs. The supervisory control and data
acquisition (SCADA) system can be a solution for decentralized EMSs.
Chapter 11 proposes a technical solution to improve the efficiency of a photo-
voltaic (PV) power plant within an area of seventy hectares through control,
surveillance, metering and monitoring of the system from distance. The SCADA
system offers information in real time for the control system about total and daily
energy delivered (kWh), weather info, alarms, etc. The received information can be
compared with the data stored in the same period of the past years, in order to
establish the productive efficiency of the PV power plant.
xii Preface

Chapter 12 analyzes the extremum seeking control (ESC)-based global maxi-

mum power point tracking (GMPPT) control for PV microgrids under partially
shaded conditions. The influence of photovoltaic array topologies to multimodal PV
characteristic and new materials like ferrite nano-core–shell (NCS) multilayer used
to construct efficient PV cells based on thin-film transistors are also highlighted.
Part II includes the control of AC and DC microgrids and related strategies,
requirements and challenges.
Chapter 13 emphasizes on the current controlling strategies of power converters
operating in different modes with AC microgrids, which has the main advantage of
compatibility with the existing AC EPS. So, from control point of view, converters
are classified as grid forming, grid supporting and grid feeding converter. Anyway,
the complexity of reactive power control and frequency issues as stability and
synchronization make the DC to be very attractive.
Chapter 14 introduces the centralized, decentralized and distributed DC micro-
grid architectures and their control. Also, the most used standards related to DC
microgrids and cyber-physical system (CPS) related to the power system field are
presented. The advanced control of the utility converter has been developed and
simulated.
Chapter 15 deals with the basic principles of microgrid control analyzing the
local control, central control and emergency control. Also, being the most used
control into the microgrids, the hierarchical control is presented. Since centralized
control to split the reactive and active power is costly and difficult to be imple-
mented, the decentralized and distributed control techniques will be analyzed in the
next chapters.
Chapter 16 discusses the advantages of the hierarchical control in the frame of
distributed control systems used in microgrids. The droop-based control algorithms
are analyzed, being considered to be the most effective in terms of the stability of
network voltage and reactive power sharing.
Chapter 17 analyzes different intelligent and adaptive control techniques pro-
posed in the literature as a response to the difficulty of controlling highly complex
and indeterminate nonlinear systems. The chapter provides new designs, at the
cutting edge of true intelligent control, and shows directions for future research to
improve the real-world applications of the intelligent and adaptive control.
Chapter 18 deals with the basic principles of operating the microgrid in emer-
gency conditions, by analyzing the load shedding, emergency and local control
considering uncertainties. The chapter focuses on developing a coordination control
algorithm using emergency demand response (EDR) resources and under-frequency
load shedding (UFLS) methods considering various probabilistic scenarios. It is
worth to mention that the emergence of smart metering system (SMS) has been
implemented at the level of majority of distribution grid operators (DGOs) as
real-time information about the consumed and produced electricity to take technical
measures for efficiently operating the microgrid.
Preface xiii

Chapter 19 analyzes the aforementioned solutions to be implemented in smart

metering-based strategies for improving energy efficiency in microgrids. The new
methods proposed for load modeling, phase load balancing and voltage control are
tested using real microgrids.
Chapter 20 proposes the optimal microgrid operational planning (OMOP)
approach for DERs, considering wind and photovoltaic power generations, com-
bined heat and power generation units, electrical energy storages and interruptible
loads. The OMOP based on a two-level optimization under system uncertainties has
been detailed in this chapter.
Chapter 21 analyzes the outage problem that occurs due to weaknesses of the
power system infrastructure or the occurrence of human or natural faults in the EPS.
The self-healing is presented in this chapter as one of the main abilities of the smart
grids to automatically retrieve system after fault occurrence or keep away system
from critical conditions. So, the definition, requirements and challenges of
self-healing are introduced, and some tools and methods like demand response, load
shedding, distributed energy resources and autonomous microgrids which can
facilitate self-healing process are assessed.
Chapter 22 further analyzes various droop-based control strategies and shows
simulation of some prevalent ones to assess the strength and weakness of each
approach. The droop control does not require communication infrastructure and
reduces the complexity for implementation, less cost for system maintenance,
which improves the reliability indices. Besides the droop controllers, the fuzzy
logic (FL)-based controllers have been markedly developed in order to be used in
various microgrid applications due to their simple structure, easy implementation
and adaptive behavior.
Chapter 23 analyzes in detail the adaptive controlling mechanisms and dynamic
efficiencies based on FL-based PID controller. Different control strategies based on
fuzzy PID-type controller for controlling microgrids are also described and dis-
cussed in this chapter.
Chapter 24 proposes an innovative control structure of the reinforcement
learning (RL) based on PID controller to enhance the frequency fluctuations of a
hybrid microgrid with a high RESs penetration. The RL algorithms can be used to
learn the optimal control policy from interaction with the environment of the sys-
tem. It is worth mentioning the new applications of RL algorithms in EPS control.
As it was mentioned before, the chapters in Part III focus on microgrid pro-
tection techniques.
Chapter 25 introduces the microgrid protection techniques highlighting the close
connection between the Internet of things (IoT) and the development of the smart
grids. The methods for increasing the microgrid resilience to extreme disruptions
and shocks posed by natural, man-made or random events are presented. The
chapter presents protection solutions closely with international standards for both
DC and AC networks, considering the technical requirements of the microgrids and
by using different topology. Therefore, the conventional protection and control
systems need to be improved to overcome current difficulties, offering reliable
xiv Preface

protection and control for grid-connected and islanded microgrids, as will be shown
in the next chapters.
Chapter 26 deals with the protection and automation requirements of the
microgrids in the frame of smart grid, including the protection schemes and
developments in the related fields. The chapter concentrates on devolution of power
generation and the conversion of the radial distribution network into a microgrid. It
also discusses on the protection and control requirements of a microgrid, islanding
detection and management scheme.
Chapter 27 presents the fault detection methods and protection devices in
low-voltage DC (LVDC), medium-voltage DC (MVDC) and high-voltage DC
(HVDC) grids. The main protection schemes are presented regarding DC micro-
grids. The fault detection methods are surveyed considering voltage prediction,
disturbance detection, and fault classification and locating methods.
Chapter 28 analyzes the solutions for protecting smart grids using the protocol
IEC 61850 based on intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). Based on case studies,
the chapter presents the remote-controlled reclosed scheme, the adaptive protection
of a distributed system based on the loop automation scheme and the main
advantages for the consumers by implementing the restoration scheme.
Chapter 29 presents the protection techniques based on the IEC 61850 protocol
using case studies for data communication systems between substations. The IEC
61850 is implemented for real-time communication between IEDs based on Generic
Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) messages.
Chapter 30 highlights the main power quality issues in the microgrid, and
solutions to handle these issues and their operating principle are explained. Load
pulses are frequently encountered in microgrid and need to be mitigated using
appropriate control of hybrid energy storage system (ESS) based on different power
storage devices such as the ultracapacitors (UCs) stacks, superconducting magnetic
energy storage (SMES) devices and high-speed flywheel energy systems (FESs).
Chapter 31 approaches the control and protection of the smart microgrids using
the concepts from IoT and highlights the IoT role in creating and developing smart
microgrids, including benefits, challenges and risks, in order to reveal a variety of
mechanisms, methods and procedures built to control and protect smart microgrids.
Thus, microgrids must benefit by large opportunity to implement the IoT mecha-
nisms, because they are composed of equipment that demands sensing, connectivity
and analytics technologies to operate at the highest level.
Therefore, the proposed book tries to clear the aforementioned approaches, by
presenting intuition explanations about principles and application of microgrid
structure and operation. Moreover, the book tries to put forward some practical
ways for microgrid analysis.
Moreover, the book will be helpful for the future research to be done in the field
of electrical engineering and communication engineering. It also explores the recent
progress on several microgrid control and protection technologies and their per-
formance evaluation. The book has the wider coverage ranging the topics from
essentials of microgrids to enhanced communication systems such as wireless and
Internet of things (IoT). It can also help in understanding the role of emerging
Preface xv

communication systems such as the Internet of things (IoT), wireless communi-

cation and IEC 61850-based networks in microgrids.
We hope that this book will be helpful for young researchers and practitioners in
the area of electrical engineering. The editors and authors made all efforts to have a
good book and hope interested readers to enjoy by reading this book and to be
satisfied by its content.

Tabriz, Iran Naser Mahdavi Tabatabaei

Nevsehir, Turkey Ersan Kabalci
Pitesti, Romania Nicu Bizon
Contents

Part I Microgrid Architectures and Power Electronics

1 Overview of Microgrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Naser Mahdavi Tabatabaei, Ersan Kabalci and Nicu Bizon
2 Microgrid Planning and Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Ali Jafari Aghbolaghi, Naser Mahdavi Tabatabaei,
Morteza Kalantari Azad, Mozhgan Tarantash
and Narges Sadat Boushehri
3 AC and DC Combined Microgrid, Modeling and Operation . . . . . 47
Nariman Rahmanovich Rahmanov and Ogtay Zaur oglu Karimov
4 Distributed Energy Resources and Microgrid Infrastructure . . . . . 69
Farid Hamzeh Aghdam and Navid Taghizadegan Kalantari
5 Virtual Power Plants and Virtual Inertia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Javier Bilbao, Eugenio Bravo, Carolina Rebollar, Concepcion Varela
and Olatz Garcia
6 Power Electronic Converters in DC Microgrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Ires Iskender and Naci Genc
7 Power Electronic Converters in AC Microgrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Marian Gaiceanu, Iulian Nicusor Arama and Iulian Ghenea
8 Energy Storage Systems in Microgrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Horia Andrei, Marian Gaiceanu, Marilena Stanculescu,
Paul Cristian Andrei, Razvan Buhosu and Cristian Andrei Badea
9 Design and Experimental Investigations of an Energy Storage
System in Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Mircea Raceanu, Nicu Bizon, Adriana Marinoiu and Mihai Varlam

xvii
xviii Contents

10 Energy Management Requirements for Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Farid Hamzeh Aghdam and Navid Taghizadegan Kalantari
11 Energy Management of the Grid-Connected PV Array . . . . . . . . . 255
Florentina Magda Enescu, Nicu Bizon and Ioan Cristian Hoarca
12 PV Microgrids Efficiency: From Nanomaterials
and Semiconductor Polymer Technologies for PV Cells
to Global MPPT Control for PV Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Cristian Ravariu, Nicu Bizon, Elena Manea, Florin Babarada,
Catalin Parvulescu, Dan Eduard Mihaiescu and Maria Stanca

Part II Microgrid Control Systems

13 Control of Power Electronic Converters in AC Microgrid . . . . . . . 329
Rajendrasinh Jadeja, Amit Ved, Tapankumar Trivedi
and Gagandipsinh Khanduja
14 DC Microgrid Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Marian Gaiceanu, Iulian Nicusor Arama and Iulian Ghenea
15 Hierarchical Control in Microgrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Ersan Kabalci
16 Distributed Control of Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Ahmet Karaarslan and M. Emrah Seker
17 Intelligent and Adaptive Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Mehmet Zile
18 Load Shedding, Emergency and Local Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Amin Mokari Bolhasan, Navid Taghizadegan Kalantari
and Sajad Najafi Ravadanegh
19 Smart Metering Based Strategies for Improving Energy
Efficiency in Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Gheorghe Grigoras, Ovidiu Ivanov, Bogdan Constantin Neagu
and Pragma Kar
20 Optimal Microgrid Operational Planning Considering
Distributed Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Mehrdad Setayesh Nazar, Ainollah Rahimi Sadegh
and Alireza Heidari
21 Self-healing: Definition, Requirements, Challenges
and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Ali Zangeneh and Mohammad Moradzadeh
Contents xix

22 Various Droop Control Strategies in Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527

Pegah Zafari, Ali Zangeneh, Mohammad Moradzadeh,
Alireza Ghafouri and Moein Aldin Parazdeh
23 Fuzzy PID Control of Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Hossein Shayeghi and Abdollah Younesi
24 Adaptive and Online Control of Microgrids Using Multi-agent
Reinforcement Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
Hossein Shayeghi and Abdollah Younesi

Part III Microgrid Protection Systems

25 Microgrid Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
Horia Andrei, Marian Gaiceanu, Marilena Stanculescu,
Ioan Marinescu and Paul Cristian Andrei
26 Microgrid Protection and Automations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
Omer Usta
27 Protective Systems in DC Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
Ersan Kabalci
28 Adaptive Protection Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
Marian Gaiceanu and Iulian Nicusor Arama
29 IEC 61850 Based Protection Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
Marian Gaiceanu and Iulian Nicusor Arama
30 Power Quality Issues and Mitigation Techniques in Microgrid . . . . 719
Rajendrasinh Jadeja, Nicu Bizon, Tapankumar Trivedi, Amit Ved
and Mrudurajsinh Chudasama
31 Control and Protection of the Smart Microgrids Using Internet
of Things: Technologies, Architecture and Applications . . . . . . . . . 749
Fernando Georgel Birleanu and Nicu Bizon
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
Contributors

Ali Jafari Aghbolaghi Zanjan Electric Energy Distribution Company, Zanjan,

Iran;
Sanat Modern AfRaTech Sobhan Company, Zanjan, Iran;
Andishmand Shomal-Gharb Engineering Consultancy, Zanjan, Iran;
Electrical Engineering Department, Seraj Higher Education Institute, Tabriz, Iran
Farid Hamzeh Aghdam Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
Horia Andrei Doctoral School of Engineering Sciences, University Valahia of
Targoviste, Targoviste, Romania
Paul Cristian Andrei Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnic
University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Iulian Nicusor Arama Department of Automation and Electrical Engineering,
Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Galati, Romania
Morteza Kalantari Azad Sanat Modern AfRaTech Sobhan Company, Zanjan,
Iran;
Andishmand Shomal-Gharb Engineering Consultancy, Zanjan, Iran
Florin Babarada Department of Electronic Devices, Circuits and Architectures,
Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology,
Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Cristian Andrei Badea Interface Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
Javier Bilbao Applied Mathematics Department, University of the Basque
Country, Bilbao, Spain
Fernando Georgel Birleanu Faculty of Electronics, Communications and
Computers, Doctoral School, University of Pitesti, Pitesti, Romania

xxi
xxii Contributors

Nicu Bizon Department of Electronics, Computers and Electrical Engineering,

Faculty of Electronics, Communications and Computers, University of Pitesti,
Pitesti, Romania;
Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Amin Mokari Bolhasan Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
Narges Sadat Boushehri Department of Management, Taba Elm International
Institute, Tabriz, Iran
Eugenio Bravo Applied Mathematics Department, University of the Basque
Country, Bilbao, Spain
Razvan Buhosu Department of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Dunarea
de Jos University of Galati, Galati, Romania
Mrudurajsinh Chudasama Marwadi University, Rajkot, India
Florentina Magda Enescu Department of Electronics, Computers and Electrical
Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, Communications and Computers, University
of Pitesti, Pitesti, Romania
Marian Gaiceanu Department of Automation and Electrical Engineering,
Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Galati, Romania
Olatz Garcia Applied Mathematics Department, University of the Basque
Country, Bilbao, Spain
Naci Genc Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Van Yuzuncu
Yil University, Van, Turkey
Alireza Ghafouri Electrical Engineering Department, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad
University (IAU), Sari, Iran
Iulian Ghenea Doctoral School of Fundamental and Engineering Sciences,
Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Galati, Romania
Gheorghe Grigoras Power System Department, Electrical Engineering Faculty,
“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
Alireza Heidari School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunication,
University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Ioan Cristian Hoarca National Research and Development Institute for
Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies, Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania
Ires Iskender Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Cankaya
University, Ankara, Turkey
Ovidiu Ivanov Power System Department, Electrical Engineering Faculty,
“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
Contributors xxiii

Rajendrasinh Jadeja Marwadi University, Rajkot, India

Ersan Kabalci Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering and Architecture, Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University, Nevsehir,
Turkey
Navid Taghizadegan Kalantari Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
Pragma Kar Department of Information Technology, Jadavpur University,
Kolkata, India
Ahmet Karaarslan Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
Ogtay Zaur oglu Karimov Cleaner Production and Energy Efficiency Center,
Baku, Azerbaijan
Gagandipsinh Khanduja Marwadi University, Rajkot, India
Naser Mahdavi Tabatabaei Electrical Engineering Department, Seraj Higher
Education Institute, Tabriz, Iran;
Department of Management, Taba Elm International Institute, Tabriz, Iran
Elena Manea National Institute for Research and Development in
Microtechnologies—IMT Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Ioan Marinescu Doctoral School of Engineering Sciences, University Valahia of
Targoviste, Targoviste, Romania
Adriana Marinoiu National Center for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell, National
Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies,
Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania
Dan Eduard Mihaiescu Department of Organic Chemistry “Costin Nenitescu”,
Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, Polytechnic University of
Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Mohammad Moradzadeh Electrical Engineering Department, Shahid Rajaee
Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
Bogdan Constantin Neagu Power System Department, Electrical Engineering
Faculty, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
Moein Aldin Parazdeh Electrical Engineering Department, Shahid Rajaee
Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
Catalin Parvulescu National Institute for Research and Development in
Microtechnologies—IMT Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Mircea Raceanu National Center for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell, National Research
and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic, Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania;
Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
xxiv Contributors

Ainollah Rahimi Sadegh Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Beheshti

University, A.C., Tehran, Iran
Nariman Rahmanovich Rahmanov Cleaner Production and Energy Efficiency
Center, Baku, Azerbaijan
Sajad Najafi Ravadanegh Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
Cristian Ravariu Department of Electronic Devices, Circuits and Architectures,
Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology,
Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Carolina Rebollar Applied Mathematics Department, University of the Basque
Country, Bilbao, Spain
M. Emrah Seker Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Yildirim
Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
Mehrdad Setayesh Nazar Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Beheshti
University, A.C., Tehran, Iran
Hossein Shayeghi Department of Electrical Engineering, University of
Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
Maria Stanca Department of Organic Chemistry “Costin Nenitescu”, Faculty of
Applied Chemistry and Material Science, Polytechnic University of Bucharest,
Bucharest, Romania
Marilena Stanculescu Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnic
University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Mozhgan Tarantash Sanat Modern AfRaTech Sobhan Company, Zanjan, Iran
Tapankumar Trivedi Marwadi University, Rajkot, India
Omer Usta Istanbul Technical University and Entes Electronics, Istanbul, Turkey
Concepcion Varela Applied Mathematics Department, University of the Basque
Country, Bilbao, Spain
Mihai Varlam National Center for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell, National Research
and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies, Râmnicu
Vâlcea, Romania
Amit Ved Marwadi University, Rajkot, India
Abdollah Younesi Department of Electrical Engineering, University of
Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
Contributors xxv

Pegah Zafari Electrical Engineering Department, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training

University, Tehran, Iran
Ali Zangeneh Electrical Engineering Department, Shahid Rajaee Teacher
Training University, Tehran, Iran
Mehmet Zile Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
Abbreviations and Acronyms

5G 5th Generation
AAFC Aqueous Alkaline Fuel Cell
AC Alternative Current
ACE Area Correction Error
ACMG Alternating Current Microgrid
ACS Ant Colony System
ADC Analog-to-Digital Converter
ADM Alternating Direction Method
ADN Active Distribution Network
AE Aqua Electrolyzer
AES All-Electric Ship
AFC Alkaline Fuel Cell
AGC Automatic Generation Control
AHC Adaptive Heuristic Critic
AI Artificial Intelligence
AMI Advanced Metering Infrastructure
ANN Artificial Neural Network
ANSI American National Standards Institute
aPESC Asymptotic PESC
aPESCH1 Asymptotic PESC based on FFT
APP Auxiliary Problem Principle
AR Average Reward
ARR Automatic Release of Reserve
AS Ancillary Services
ATS Automatic Transfer Switch
AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator
BCBG Bottom-Contact Bottom Gate
BESS Battery Energy Storage Systems
BOS Balance of System
BPDC Bipolar DC

xxvii
xxviii Abbreviations and Acronyms

BPF Band-Pass Filter

BTC Bay Template Configurator
CAA Central Agent Architecture
CAES Compressed Air Energy Storage
CAULSC Centralized Adaptive UFLS Controller
CB Circuit Breaker
CC Central Controller
CCM Continuous Transmission Mode
CDF Cumulative Distribution Function
CEI Italian Electrotechnical Committee
CEMS Central Energy Management System
CHP Combined Heat and Power
CIU Communication Interface Unit
CNT Carbon Nanotube
CPP Critical Peak Pricing
CPS Cyber-Physical System
CPU Central Processing Unit
CRM Critical Transmission Mode
CS Centralized System
CSI Current Source Inverter
CT Current Transformer
CU Control Unit
CUF Current Unbalance Factor
DA Day Ahead
DA Distribution Automation
DAA Decentralized Agent Architecture
DAB Dual Active Bridge
DC Direct Current
DCM Discontinuous Conduction Mode
DCMG Direct Current Microgrid
DCS Distributed Control System
DDoS Distributed Denial of Service
DE Differential Evolution
DEG Diesel Engine Generator
DER Distributed Energy Resource
DES Distributed Energy Storage
DFIG Double-Fed Induction Generator
DG Distributed Generation
DGR Distributed Generation Resource
DLC Direct Load Control
DLS Dynamic Light Scattering
DLSC Determined Load Shedding Calculator
DMMA Data Model Manager Application
DMS Distribution Management System
DN Distribution Network
Abbreviations and Acronyms xxix

DNO Distribution Network Operator

DNP Distributed Network Protocol
DO Distribution Operator
DOD Depth of Discharge
DOE Department of Energy
DOR Directional Overload Relay
DoS Denial of Service
DOS Density of States at a Semiconductor Surface
DP Disconnection Priority
DPC Direct Power Control
DR Demand Response
DRPs Demand Response Programs
DS Decentralized System
DS Distribution System
DSE Distribution State Estimator
DSG Dispersed Storage and Generation
DSI Distributed Signaling Interface
DSM Demand-Side Management
DSO Distribution System Operator
DSS Decision Support System
DSTATCOM Distribution STATCOM
DVR Dynamic Voltage Restorer
E/P Energy-to-Power Ratio
EA Energy Arbitrage
EA Evolutionary Algorithms
EDG Electric Distribution Grid
EDP Economic Dispatch Problem
EDR Emergency Demand Response
EDS Electrical Distribution System
ELZ Electrolyzer
EMI Electromagnetic Interference
EMS Energy Management System
EN European Standard
ENS Energy Not Supplied
ENSC Energy Not-Supplied Cost
EPRI Electric Power System Research Institute
ES Expert System
ESC Extremum Seeking Control
ESD Energy Storage Device
ESM Energy Surety Microgrid™ Technology
ESS Electrical Storage System
ESS Energy Storage System
EU European Union
EUE Maximum Permissible Level of Unmet Power
EV Electrical Vehicle
xxx Abbreviations and Acronyms

FAR Frequency Ancillary Reserves

FB Full Bridge
FC Fuel Cell
FCAS Frequency Control Ancillary Services
FCTS Fuel Cell Test Stand
FEH Fire Emblem Heroes
FESS Flywheel Energy Storage System
FET Field-Effect Transistor
FFT Fast Fourier Transform
FL Fuzzy Logic
FLC Fuzzy Logic Controller
FLES Flywheel Energy System
FLISR Fault Location Isolation Service Restoration
FLL Frequency-Locked Loop
FPID Fuzzy PID
FTD Frequency’s First Time Derivative
GA Genetic Algorithm
GAAS Gallium Arsenide
GAPC Grid Active Power Converter
GaPESC Global aPESC scheme based on one BPF
GaPESCbpf Global aPESC scheme based on two BPFs
GaPESCd Global aPESC scheme based on derivative operator
GaPESCH1 Global aPESC scheme based on FFT
GCI Grid-connected Inverter
Gd Signal which modulates the dither
GDB Governor Dead Band
GIO Generic Inputs/Outputs
GMPP Global Maximum Power Point
GMPPT Global Maximum Power Point Tracking
GOOSE Generic Object Oriented Substation Event
GPS Global Positioning System
GRC Generation Rate Constraint
GTG Gas Turbine Generator
GTO Gate Turn-Off Thyristor
GUI Graphical User Interface
H1 First Harmonic of a Signal
HAA Hierarchical Agent Architecture
HAN Home Area Network
HC Hill Climbing
HEM Home Energy Management
HERIC High-Efficiency Reliable Inverter Concept
HESS Hybrid Energy Storage System
HFAC High-Frequency AC
HHVCB Hybrid HV Circuit Breaker
HMG Hybrid Microgrid
Abbreviations and Acronyms xxxi

HMI Human–Machine Interface

HOMO Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital
HPF High-Pass Filter
H-PLB Heuristic Phase Load Balancing
HPS Hybrid Power System
HRE High Reliable and Efficient Power Inverter
HR-ZVR Hybrid Zero-Voltage Rectifier
HSFES High-Speed Flywheel Energy Storage
HSS Hybrid Storage System
HV High Voltage
HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
HVDC High-Voltage DC
IBP Incentive-Based Program
IC Incremental Conductance
ICC Incremental Cost Consensus
ICCB Isolated Case CB
ICP Internet Communication Protocol
ICT Information and Communication Technology
IEA International Energy Agency
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IED Intelligent Electronic Device
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IGBT Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor
ILs Interruptible Loads
IO Inputs/Outputs
IoT Internet of Things
IP Internet Protocol
IT Information Technology
ITAE Integral of Time Multiplied by Absolute Error
ITOC Inverse Time Overcurrent
LC Local Control
LCA Life Cycle Assessment
LD Logic Device
LED Light-Emitting Diode
LF Load Flow
LFAC Low-Frequency AC
LFC Load Frequency Controller
LMPP Local Maximum Power Point
LN Logical Node
LP Linear Programming
LQR Linear–Quadratic Regulator
LS Load Shedding
LSFES Low-Speed Flywheel Energy Storage
LUMO Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital
LV Low Voltage
xxxii Abbreviations and Acronyms

LVDC Low-Voltage DC
LVG Low-Voltage Grid
LVRT Low Voltage Ride Through
M2M Machine to Machine
MAC Media Access Control
MACCB Mechanical AC Circuit Breaker
MAPE Mean Absolute Percentage Error
MAS Multi-Agent System
MC Microgeneration Control
MCB Mechanical Circuit Breaker
MCCB Molded Case CB
MCCS Microgrid Central Control System
MCFC Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
MCL MiCOM Configuration Language
MCS Microsource Control System
MCT MOS-Controlled Thyristor
MDMS Meter Data Management System
MEC Microgrid Emergency Control
MEMS Microgrid Energy Management System
MF Membership Function
MG Microgrid
MGCC Microgrid Central Controller
MGMS Microgrid Management System
MGO Microgrid Operator
MGOS Microgrid Operation State
MILP Mixed Integer Linear Programming
MINLP Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming
MLI Multilevel Inverter
MMC Multi-Modular Converter
MMS Manufacturing Messaging Specification
MN Micro-Network
MOSFET Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor
MP Multilayer Perception
MPC Model Prediction Control
MPI Message Passing Interface
MPP Maximum Power Point
MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracking
MU Merging Unit
MUT Master User Terminal
MV Mean Value
MV Medium Voltage
MVA Mega-Volt-Ampere
MVDC Medium-Voltage DC
NCS Nano-Core–Shell
NCS-TFT Thin Film Transistors with Nano-Core-Shell materials
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
'Fairacre, 1st March.

'I have just returned from Mrs. Stein's, laden with roses and early
white China asters and double balsams of the most celestial pink.
You know of old what a delightful event a visit to Rosenthal is. But
you do not know what it is to listen for hours to Professor Kellwitz,
the Primitive Dwelling man, talking for hours on the præ-
Deuteronomic Pentateuch and "Die assyrisch-babylonisch
Keilinschriften," and the early twilight of man's history on the earth.
Nay, he one day went back still further, even to the time when our
world was without form and void—when what is above was not
called heaven, and that which is the earth beneath had not a name
—ere a sprout had yet sprung forth and "the generative processes at
work were all hidden in chaotic vapour." The two old friends spoke,
of course, to each other in German, and sometimes I lost the thread
of what they were saying, and I would not ask a question for the
world. I love too well to listen to men talking when they are
oblivious of a woman's presence. The second day I was there is
especially memorable to me. Mrs. Stein was busy preserving Duke
cherries in brandy. The sparrows are so bad this year that the
cherries have been gathered off some trees before ripening. Don't
you think the sparrow in Australia is an awful example of a bird with
a conscience seared as with a hot iron? In his native countries he is,
it seems, undainty to a discreditable degree, seldom tasting fruit and
never red nectar. But with us he not only becomes an epicure
beyond the wildest dreams of the pagan world, but a reckless
destroyer—a small Attila with a pair of brown wings. Not merely
does he disdain to eat the skin of a freestone peach and the
transparent rind of sweetwater grapes, but for each one he eats he
spoils twenty by pecking at them. Here at Rosenthal, where he lives
meal-free and at ease, the ungrateful little varlet nibbles two score
of cherries to each one he eats.
'Ah, true! I have not told you about the second day of my visit.
There was rather a horrid gully wind blowing. So early in the
afternoon the Doctor and the Professor established themselves in
the western veranda with the curtains drawn, with their pipes lit,
and between them a table that groaned under its array of Lager-bier
bottles. I was sitting, with a book and a small Rupert garment half
made, by the French window of the drawing-room, when the two
took up their quarters close beside me, with only the window-
curtains between us. There were peals of Homeric laughter as they
recalled incidents of their student days; and there was talk of a
Lischen, who seems to have been celebrated for the length of her
golden hair, "long since turned to dust." Then they talked of their
work. The Doctor told tales of the early days of the colony, and how,
twenty-four years ago, he and Courtland became intimate friends.
When he spoke of father's learning and rare goodness of nature, it
was all I could do to keep myself from stepping out and kissing him
on the mouth. Then the Professor spoke of his early struggles. For
many years he held a subordinate post in a small university, where
he had three-quarters of the day to himself. He seems from the first
to have been devoted to that kind of literature which no reference
library should be without. One of the incidents he told was of a far
journey he made during one vacation to a little town, to which some
Grand-Duke had bequeathed a singular collection of books. It was a
long journey, and cost more than he anticipated; so that before he
returned he was forced to leave his watch in pawn, though he
trudged the greater part of the way. And the object of all this was to
authenticate one date. On hearing this, I shifted my chair, so that I
could see the Professor's face better. A spare keen face it is, with
many lines and furrows, and yet distinctly human, as though in all
his researches and wanderings he had never lost sight of the fact
that man himself is a more insoluble interesting problem than any
facts to be gleaned regarding him.
'There was a sound of cork-drawing, and discovering that I was
thirsty, I went into the dining-room for a glass of seltzer. When I
returned the talk had veered to Australia—its inhabitants and
resources, and future prospects. The Professor found a grave
drawback in the thought that as most colonists originally came to
the country for material reasons, true patriotism must be of tardy
growth: "Your young people do not love it as their native land in the
same way that ours do."
'"Yes, Herr Professor, they do!" I cried, obeying an irresistible
impulse to bear witness to the love I have for my own country. And
then a long animated talk followed, during which I was obliged to
turn to my own tongue—for the Professor talks English much better
than I talk German. I drew up the veranda curtain, and bade the
good Pundit mark the loveliness of my birthplace—the city with its
white buildings and scores of spires encircled by shady parks, the
sea beyond stretching to the western horizon, the fertile plain to the
north sprinkled with wide fields that yield bountiful harvests from
year to year; the hills close at hand, with their tree-crowned heights,
and graceful curves, and shadowy gullies—all thickly studded with
prosperous homes, with orchards, and vineyards, and flowery
gardens, and olivets—and over all the overflowing sunshine, which
encompasses the land year in, year out. Who could be born in such
a place and not love it for its beauty and fertility? If our fathers were
crowded out of the old world—or left it because they feared their
children might sink into poverty—was not that an added reason to
love the new one, which had offered them comfort and prosperity,
and a fair field for the energies of their sons? We have great wastes
and atrocious hot winds—but shall we receive good and not evil
also?
'"Yes, after all, each one must remain in his own skin," said Dr.
Stein, taking up the parable. "If I were in bitter poverty in the
Fatherland, as many men are who are more gifted than I am, I
might be a dangerous Socialist hatching plots against the safety of
the State. There is a point beyond which history and the traditions of
the past touch the heart but little. The great kings and nobles who
figure so largely in our history were mostly men who commanded
the lives and wages of others, while they themselves were hedged
round with privileges and wanton luxury. I want my own share of the
pleasant things of life, and the country which gives me this, and in
which my children were born, has as strong a claim on their love and
gratitude as the oldest country of them all. Practically you owe your
life to the country in which you were born. Stella, here, who is the
granddaughter of a man that fell fighting for Old England, do you
think she would not make as much sacrifice for her native land as
any German maiden of old times?" "Hear, hear," said I, clapping my
hands in honour of myself in true democratic fashion.
'Enter Mrs. Stein, followed by Hetty with a trayful of slender pink
glasses, and a flagon of Rosenthal cup. The pure juice of the
Australian grape mellowed by ten years' repose in the Doctor's cellar.
It was a lovely amber colour, with an excellent bouquet, and though
I always like wine best when I do not drink it, I felt bound to honour
the Professor's toast, which was "The Old Fatherland and the New."
We became great friends, and, in fact, I have promised that when
you and I go on our travels we shall pay him a visit in Berlin.'

CHAPTER X.

'Fairacre, 14th March.

'MY DEAR CUTHBERT,

'A very disconcerting thought hopped into my head after reading

over your last letter. You seem to go to see the Rev. S. Carter very
often. Tell me true—is it the quality of the good man's theology, or
his daughters, that attract you? Perhaps you have not yet arrived at
the conscious stage. Oh yes, I am quite an authority on the tender
passion. I have read and re-read Mr. Harrison's play, and made
endless suggestions. There are two young people who are madly in
love with each other, but do not know it till a certain crisis. I object
to this rather, but A. says that it is for the stage, and not for
posterity. You would have laughed if you had heard us deciding such
knotty points as to whether a certain young man would have the
presence of mind to improvise a story when he was interrupted in
making a declaration of love; whether the heroine was not disloyal in
believing her lover guilty of a crime because appearances were
strongly against him, etc., etc. There is an unusual and interesting
plot, and the dialogue is crisp. A. calls it "Macaroni" for the present,
because he says I have been sticking feathers in it. I found him out
using up some things I said, and he declares it is because Evelina
resembles me, and would naturally speak a little like me.
'I have now a very nice riding-horse, from Zembra's, named
Ivan. Our favourite ride is to the seaside, which we reach in half an
hour when we make for the Grange or Henley Beach. The latter is
my favourite ride. We pass such old-looking gardens, and hedges
still full of Macartney roses—altogether a flat, shadowy tract in which
there are always sea-birds wheeling slowly above the trees—sea-
gulls, white terns, and occasionally those lovely little gulls, snow-
white and pale gray, with blood-red feet and bills. When disturbed by
the trampling of our horses they utter mournful cries, and fly before
us seaward. They remind me of something in an old author
somewhere on the shelves: "About thee gathered the daughters of
old ocean, uttering cries of grief. They spread over thee vestments
perfumed with ambrosia."
'But I have been strangely neglectful in not introducing you
before this to Major Foster and Mr. Paul Ferrier. Though we have
known them only since you left, they are now habitual visitors—in
fact, they may be called our amis de la maison in the antique line.
'The cause of the Major's visit to Adelaide is a great joke. He
came to administer consolation to an old friend who had lost his
wife, and was inconsolable—for nine months. Do you not find this
very funny? But when I tell you that this friend is Mr. Inglis Taylor!
During the first six months of his widowhood Mr. I. T. wrote
repeatedly to his old friend, urging him to come on a long-promised
visit; he was so broken-hearted, but could not leave his clients to go
for a change. But the Major being long a widower, with his only
daughter settled, and having retired from the army, why should he
not come? So, moved by the sacred ties of old friendship, and the
duty of administering consolation, the Major came, and found his
friend enjoying the sober ecstasies of his third honeymoon. You
know already something of Mrs. I. Taylor and her many matrimonial
adventures. I have not the slightest doubt that on the voyage the
Major read standard works of philosophy and religion, so that he
might be better able to bind up a prostrate and bleeding spirit. I
have tried to glean information on this point, but the Major is
reticent. In fact, I think he mistrusts my motives. He does not know
that my curiosity arises from my wish to be a beautiful soul, Don't
you remember that Montaigne says the beautiful souls are they that
are universal, open, and ready for all things; if not instructed, at
least capable of being so? Now, I do want to be instructed how a
man feels when he has come fifteen thousand miles to weep on the
neck of a widower, and finds him married for the third time to a
woman who has been thrice married before. Well, perhaps this is
only her third husband, but I cannot make any other reduction in the
number. I never see her without recalling the woman of Samaria.
But I suppose it makes a difference if there is only one of them living
at a time—I mean of the husbands.
Mr. Ferrier is an ex-missionary. He lived among the blacks for
twenty years; but he has been so much concerned for their souls
that he does not know any myths, and their customs, I suppose, are
not to be spoken of. He called shortly after you left, to ask if mother
would subscribe to the mission in which he was so long engaged till
severe and repeated ophthalmia threatened him with blindness.
Indeed, he had almost lost his sight when he came to be treated in
the hospital here six months ago. Even now, when he is outside, he
always wears a green shade over his eyes. He has about sixty
pounds a year to live on, and out of this he subscribes ten pounds a
year to the Mandura Mission. He is nearly seventy, but looks older,
being very weather-beaten and brown, and his eyes so dim. There is
something heroic and ardent about the old man; and imagine being
so enthusiastic about the conversion of the aborigines! You know
mother's angelic kindness to poor and lonely people. He is quite
alone in the world, and no doubt his leisure engrosses most of his
time. It is an understood thing that he comes to Fairacre twice or
thrice a week, and we all subscribe to his beloved mission. I think he
has more of Don Quixote in him than any other I have ever known.
'You say that you never think of me now as doing anything but
making snares for the stubble-loving grasshoppers or watching birds
on the wing. Well, we do pass a great deal of our time outside. The
worst ardours of the summer are over; the woods are so shady, and
the children and the dogs tempt me out constantly, when I have
serious thoughts of confusedly tumbling over divers authors. After
breakfast we go out to feed the pigeons and the chickens. There are
so many pigeons now, they darken the air, flying down to be fed.
They alight on our shoulders and make such pretty cooing sounds. It
is not to be credited though, how long-legged and everyday Hector
grows in common with his family. Time, who is the most impertinent
busybody in the world, so soon spoils chickens—and alas! I suppose
I ought to say, young women. Ivan begins to distinguish my voice,
and makes me very happy sometimes by whinnying when I speak to
him.... Often we follow a string of ants to their home, and watch
them descend with the booty they have gathered. We drop crystals
of sugar and grains of wheat and rice so as to watch them carrying
off their loads in triumph. This afternoon we discovered a hive of
bees in Hercules. Is it necessary to explain that this is the gigantic
gum-tree opposite us in the Park Lands? Their hum is never absent
there; but near that great old tree it is as though one were inside a
hive. We watched numbers passing in and out of the hollow stump
of a broken limb, high up, and, looking closely, we saw the ends of
their waxen cells. How many jars of honey are hived away there is
now an all-absorbing thought—second in interest only to the
chrysanthemums, which are swelling visibly and promise to open
early this season. After discovering the wild hive, we wandered
homeward; and when we got back, we ate grapes in the vine
arcade. It is quite a show, literally bending beneath its loads of
grapes; so are all the fruit-trees, each after its kind. The jargonelle
pears are as yellow and soft as cream, and the large purple Turkish
figs melt on the trees. The peaches and apricots blush at each other,
like lovers in a play. (Mem.: Offer this comparison to Mr. Harrison for
"Macaroni") There are some pomegranate-trees, whose fruit looks
like fiery blossoms. They are not quite ripe yet, but we got one each,
and sat down picking seeds from the crimson rinds, like sparrows.
'"Now, Dustiefoot, it is extremely wrong of you to thrust your
cold black nose in my face——" My dear, don't you think it is time I
stopped? That is the way with us in our dear, quiet Adelaide! We
have so little to distract us, that when we begin to do anything the
difficulty is to leave off.'
 CHAPTER XI.

'Blumenthal, Easter Sunday.

'I must write to you while I am at Pastor Fielder's. I came on

Saturday, so as to be at the Dankfest to-day.
'You know what an old-world charming little German-looking
township Blumenthal is, with the Coolie Hills in the distance, to the
south-east, and the quiet, shadowy woods all round, broken up by
farms and vineyards and numberless homesteads, nestling among
fruit-trees. St. Stephan's, the new little Lutheran church, is nearly a
mile from the pastor's house, with a delicious untilled valley full of
tan wattles lying between. There is a good-sized garden and a glebe
attached to the pastorage—a glebe with two milch-cows, likewise
two calves, that come up and let you kiss them on the forehead, and
rub their charming little chestnut noses against your hand. There is
also a fat gray cob, lazier even than Leo. You may doubt this; but
that is because you do not know Hans as intimately as I do. But I
want you to come to the little church. The pastor went at ten; Mrs.
Fiedler and I half an hour later, and we brought immense posies of
chrysanthemums. They are out in wide bushes; at this moment
there is a great bowl of them close beside me. They are in the little
hall in the sitting-room, on the tiny lawn, in the garden—
everywhere. We also brought some of our best roses and crocuses.
How I love the yellow crocuses that come up in wide golden
bubbles, so close to the ground! Sunday was an entirely perfect day.
I believe it was really the first day of autumn. The sun was at times
half veiled with fleecy gray clouds. The sky was not so staringly
blue; a tender tint of gray had stolen into it. And there were such
gentle pastoral sounds: the distant tinkling of bullock-bells; the
bleating of sheep not far away; the lowing of a cow whose calf had
been weaned; the high, sweet carol of a white-shafted fantail.
Autumn leaves fluttered in the wind down from the willows and fruit-
trees; but they did not speak of decay, only of rest. Everything
rested—from the great foliage masses that bounded the horizon on
every side, to the bees whose buzzing was faint, as if they were half
drugged with the ambrosia of deep flower-bells. No rumble of dray
or waggon, laden with wool or wheat or grapes or hay, invaded the
Sabbath quiet.
'My old friends the Schulzes, Grossvater and Grossmutter,
greeted me with all their old cordiality. Their seat was crammed with
sturdy young Schulzes of the third generation. I should be afraid to
say how many of the sept there were in all. It was good I was in the
church before the service began, for I could not have kept my eyes
from wandering. Such lavish heaps of flowers, fruit, and vegetables!
No wonder the good Germans of Blumenthal hold a harvest festival.
There are ten windows in St. Stephan's, with wide, deep sills to
them. On each side of these an overflowing horn of plenty had been
emptied.
'It was a triumphant exhibition of what Nature can do in our
land when her lap is shaken out. The apples alone were a feast to
the eyes—so large and smooth and beautifully tinted. As for the
pears, they were so ripely yellow one dared not look at them too
fixedly lest they should melt at a glance. There were mounds of
great purple figs gaping with mellowness. Citrons large as pumpkins,
quinces not much smaller, plums of all kinds, from the little piquant
damson to the generous Orleans; blood-red mulberries, fragrant
peaches with their crimsoned cheeks, nectarines, and oranges of a
lordly size, though still, of course, unripe. On the altar—a plain table
with a white cloth and crucifix—were grapes, heaped up in splendid
profusion. The robust Black Prince, the small berries of the Cabernet
Sauvignon—no, I must not put you out of patience by naming all;
besides, if I did, half would still be forgotten, if you will pardon the
bull. I noticed one bunch of Doradillas which must have weighed five
pounds. You are in deadly terror of hearing about the spies and
Eshcol—but I spare you. I also let you off in the matter of
vegetables. They were all there, from the asparagus to the virtuous
potato. The ends of the seats were wreathed with hop and vine
leaves, and round the chandeliers were hung sheaves of fine wheat,
of oats, of barley, and maize. The pastor preached a divine little
sermon—sincere, simple, and to the point. It was the discourse of a
man who knows that there are two sorts of ignorance, and two sorts
of lying, in the world. The ignorance that knows and cares for little
beyond the daily round; the ignorance that cares for so much, yet
apprehends that so little can be really known. The lying—that of
statements known to be untrue; the other, which takes the form of
treating as certainties matters that can never be subjectively proved
true. And yet, because he knew all this, it seemed to me that he was
all the better fitted to speak with authority on what we do know to
be true. We know that if we put aside the baser temptations of life
we can bear our share of fruit to nourish man's spiritual nature, even
as the fields around us, year in, year out, bear harvests that sustain
material life.
 'As we came home the wattlewood valley rang with the peculiar
mournful pipe of some birds. "They are quite new here," said the
pastor and pastorin as we stood to listen. I felt I ought to know
whose notes they were, yet could not tell without seeing the birds
that uttered them. I left Dustiefoot in the pastor's charge and stole
away as noiselessly as an aboriginal in Kooditcha shoes. Dear, how
you will begin to hate this comparison—to me it still has something
of the freshness of primeval woods. They were white-winged
choughs. I saw three of them perched in the very top of a tree. One
knows them from afar by their scarlet irides and the glossy green
reflections of their plumage.
'In the afternoon we drove to the Schulzes. Grossmutter, as
usual, kissed me repeatedly, as if I were a little child—and very
good. But it is true, if ever I am good at all, it is among these kindly,
sincere German people. Not even the sort of impertinent pen you
wot of would tempt me to cast reflections now on a world that
produces such fine grapes and wholesome-natured people.
'Grossvater was in one of his blithest and serenest hours. Their
golden wedding-day is next month—on his eighty-first birthday. After
that he will give up all active part in the management of his
vineyards. His son Karl is a good and skilful vigneron. "I counsel him
to be true to his Australian Fatherland—to make nothing but good
wine from good grapes," said the old man, with the genial smile that
makes his face so young. "Wine fit to drink at the table of the Lord's
Supper, at the marriage feast, at the christening of the eldest son,
on the death-bed, when the dear God calls us to another world."
'One sees how much better it is for the pastor to be in the
country with a congregation that grows grapes and tills the soil. Life
passes with such leisurely tranquillity, and the baser denominations
of our kind seem more unreal. I feel sure, too, that no one here
tempts him to read the "Kritik of Pure Reason."'

'Fairacre.

'I left Blumenthal yesterday, vowing to make a longer visit in the

spring. I carried away with me from the pastor an old ballad in early
German, called "Two King's Children," which I am translating into
English for your special benefit. This is the anniversary of Esther's
wedding-day. No one had the courage to say a word about it. After
what you said so admirably as to the necessity of sometimes
showing a little of the sympathy that one feels, I made an effort.
But, heavens, how I blundered! It was after sunset. I sat in the
drawing-room bow-window sewing, when Esther came and sat in a
far corner already dusky with the gathering twilight. She sat with
folded hands, her face pale and set. At last I crept up to her and
touched her cheek with my hand; and presently we were both
crying. To make one weep bitterly who had before been calm, is that
shedding any of the balm of consolation? Don't you think you had
better dissuade rather than encourage me in such painful bungling?
It is better to recognise one's limitations. If people are badly hurt, I
can make them cry worse, but can never tell them it is all for the
best. I could tell them that no one understands the refinements of
hangmanship like Nature, and that life is a finished artist in defeating
the heart's insatiable yearning for happiness; but on the whole I
think I had better hold my tongue—likewise my pen. But not till I tell
you a little conte à rire related to me by the pastor when he drove
me into Gawler for the two o'clock train. Two Sundays ago he visited
the little Lutheran Sunday-school at Detmold, and found the teacher
—a very stout, placid-natured man, who likes to arrange things in a
tranquil, unexciting way—with a class around him repeating the
Creed. The plan was that each child should say a clause, thus: "I
believe in ... the Holy Catholic Church;" next child, "the communion
of saints;" next, "the forgiveness of sins." Then there was a long
pause, till a small boy at the tail-end of the class piped out: "Please,
teacher, the girl who believes in the resurrection of the body has got
the mumps!"'

CHAPTER XII.

'Fairacre, 10th April.

'Alas! the young gentle autumn was a treacherous make-believe. For

the last week we have had an inordinate fit of hot weather—
frequently the sky overcast and lowering: it promises to rain, but the
clouds turn to vapour; the wind changes, but it is not cool. To-night,
again, the barometer has fallen; the moon and the stars are all
hidden, the air is intolerably sultry, and there is that further sign of
change—unending swarms of insect life. I write by my open window,
and they come floating in, hovering round the lamp, creeping on the
table, getting in the way of my pen—creatures on foot and on wing
—thinglets that fly one moment and fall down helplessly the next—
morsels that crawl with half-spread wings, and things that fly as if
with legs. They terrify me—these purposeless hordes that struggle
into existence one moment and the next are crushed by a footfall,
the accidental turning of a leaf, the scratch of an idle pen. Do they
not throw some light on the cataclysms of human history? Are they
not linked closely to our race and lot—part of an incomprehensible
world in which, stronger than righteousness or justice, or any
figment of morality, reigns the impulse of every single organic being
to increase in numbers? Is it true that some form of thought
underlies the lowliest manifestations of life? What instinct or purpose
is subserved by those pretty little pearl-gray moths, with silver dust
on their wings, who dash into the flame of lamp or candle, as if it
were the source of life? Here is one of them which I have twice
saved from consuming itself. One wing is scorched and it is very
limp, as if rescuing it from burning were defeating its only purpose,
snatching it from the one possible joy of existence. The thought
possesses me that some higher intelligences than we know may thus
regard our lives. But have we more power to fashion and to mould
them than this helpless thinglet that was called into being by forces
over which it wields no control, and seeks nothingness by an impulse
equally beyond its influence?

'Last night the rain came down in torrents; towards morning there
was a thunderstorm, of which I heard nothing. But to-day the air
and the sky are clear and fresh, the Torrens is babbling, and the
birds are singing the blithest legends imaginable all over the Park
Lands. The Major and Mr. Ferrier are spending the day with us. Poor
Mr. Ferrier is forever telling us about the conversion of some
aborigine. I often wish we could keep an old black fellow on hand at
Fairacre for him to convert from time to time, and then perhaps he
would spare us these endless recitals. But my heart smites me for
speaking like this of the zealous ex-missionary, and I am sure
mother likes to listen to him. Then he is so entirely in earnest.
Perhaps you would like to know his story of to-day? It was about a
half-caste boy who, after being at the Mandurang Mission Station for
a year, began to show signs of repentance and grace. One day he
stole some sugar. "Was that after he showed these signs?" asked the
Major. From some people the inquiry would sound ironical, but not
from the dear guileless Major, who is evidently quite unused to
theological phrases, and was merely trying hard to comprehend all
he heard.
'"Yes, sir," answered Mr. Ferrier; "it was some weeks after we
had great hopes of him. The old Adam is strong in all of us, but
perhaps especially so in our poor half-caste natives. Do you know,
my dear sir, that there was a canon law of the Church in the early
ages which rendered converts from heathenism ineligible for the
priesthood to the second and third generation? Well, I knew Thomas
—we always gave our people Christian names at their baptism—had
taken the sugar; but I said nothing to him. I felt the time had come
when he must be allowed to stand or fall. The boy was dear to my
wife, and she wished me to take him aside and remonstrate with
him. But I said, 'He knows good from evil now; we must see
whether the root of the matter is in him.' We read the Word of God,
and had prayers in the evening as usual. My dear wife offered the
prayer; she wrestled with God mightily for the soul of the half-caste
boy. Ah, my dear friends, I wish you had known her—not a thought
for self. Her only thought was to win souls for the Saviour, and many
of these poor people were verily brought through her means to the
foot of the Cross. It was only nine months after this it pleased God
to take her from me."
'There was such pathos in the old man's voice, it gave one a
lump in the throat. The Major hastily drew out his handkerchief and
pretended to cough. But Dorothy at four and a half can make-
believe much better than the Major at fifty-seven.
'Mr. Ferrier went on to tell how, after the natives retired for the
night, he sat in the sitting-room writing out his monthly report,
leaving a blank where he was to write of Thomas, till he found
whether he would repent him of his theft. His wife sat with a book in
her hand, but he knew that she was crying, not reading. At last a
tap came at the open window, and a timid voice saying: "Missie,
missie, me want to gabber!" It was Thomas. The wife at once went
out, and the boy talked to her for some time. Presently she came in
with "a light on her face," as Mr. Ferrier expressed it, and she said:
"Paul, you need not leave a blank for Thomas now. The Lord has
given him to us as a prey snatched from the snarer." "And though he
had a passionate temper, and sometimes gave way to it, yet from
that day till the hour of his death I never had reason to doubt that
he was a chosen vessel of grace," said Mr. Ferrier solemnly.
'No one could doubt the good man's sincerity. But I confess I
never hear him talk in this fashion without a great longing to know
what conception an Australian aborigine could really form of the
profoundly metaphysical dogmas of Christianity. They are so
kneaded into our literature, so imbedded in the marrow of our minds
by inheritance and instruction, we could not if we would really cast
them from us at least as phases of thought. But a savage who
cannot count beyond three, and goes out to murder some tribal foe
because a kinsman has been killed by the fall of a tree—what idea
looms up in the twilight of his mind when he is kept at a mission and
taught the Creed and the Ten Commandments? Here is an anecdote
I fished from Mr. Ferrier, when I was trying to glean aboriginal myths
from him. An old man, badly wounded, came to the mission one day.
They nursed him and fed him, and he seemed so docile and to
accept all he was taught so readily, that they thought he was in a
short time ready for baptism. One thing puzzled them, however.
Though he bathed often, and had clean clothing on, a peculiar odour
always hung about him. A few days before he was to be baptized, it
suddenly struck Mr. Ferrier that this was caused by something with
which he smeared his hair. But this was not the case. It was the
kidney-fat of an enemy rolled up, and secured among his locks. He
would allow no one to touch or remove it, for it was a point of
honour with him to keep this ghastly memento until he had also
murdered the brother of his victim. In the meantime he was very
anxious to be baptized.
'The rain has rather battered some of our chrysanthemum
bushes. But then there are such angelic multitudes—in all shades—
white and pale-cream, pink and rose; red are our special favourites
among the Japanese. This last shade has for me as irresistible a
charm as the pink ear of the maiden which in Tom's Turkish song
robbed her lover of his reason.'

CHAPTER XIII.
'Fairacre, 20th April.

'After listening to innumerable tales of conversion, after hearing of

aborigines who talked on their deathbeds like leaflet tracts, ever
since we first knew Mr. Ferrier, he has at last told me a charming
little myth. It bears no traces at all of being the production of natives
that, to use Dr. Stein's expression, had been "tampered with by the
missionaries." You might put everyone of them that ever laboured in
Australia in rows, and bribe them with the promise of a whole
continent of blacks, all ready to talk broken English and wear
second-hand store clothes on Sunday—and yet between them the
worthy missionaries would never produce anything with the peculiar
cachet of an aboriginal myth. But if I say much more you will vow
that I am enamoured of the subject—it is as a master passion on
which people must notoriously be mistrusted. It is such a short
myth, dear, after all, that I am obliged to add to it with a preface. Do
you notice how Tom is training me to dabble in bulls?
'The sun is a woman who courses over the sky all day, keeping
up enormous fires. But at last she uses up all the wood she has for
that day, and she goes down at night among the dead. They stand
up in double lines to let her pass, and do her reverence. She has a
lover among them, who gave her a great red kangaroo skin. Each
morning, when she rises, she throws this over her shoulders.
'Another thing I learned yesterday is that the good little man's
special blacks noticed the stars, and had names for some. The
evening star they called Kyirrie; the Milky Way Kockadooroo; and
there is a cluster of stars visible in the western sky, during the winter
months, that they knew by the name of Amathooroocooroo, which
signifies "claw of eagle-hawk." Please to reckon it henceforth among
the classic constellations.
'Then, floating in the Milky Way, is still to be seen the bottom of
the ark of Neppelle, who transported himself in it to heaven to
escape the waters with which another god flooded the earth to
drown his unfaithful wives. And did you ever hear that three of the
stars in the Southern Cross are two aboriginal Helens and their lover,
who escaped with them to that far retreat from the fury of the
deserted husband? The astronomical lore of our natives may not
have been very scientific—but at any rate they knew which sex was
always causing mischief. But there, dear—it is a sore subject—and I
know many of you are now sincerely repentant.

'Fairacre, 30th April.

'You would be very much shocked to hear of Mr. Stanhope's sudden

death. It took us all dreadfully by surprise. It is only seven days ago
that Allie and I met him and his mother at Sir Edward Ritchie's; and
then, as always, he looked the picture of health and strength, and
overflowing with merriment. We had great fun about Leo, who really
is getting quite past any whipping I can give him. In his wildest days
he would sit at the kitchen-table and eat sugar, but now he almost
gets into the pony-carriage instead of drawing it. Mr. Stanhope was
particularly diverted at the trick I told him Leo has acquired of
stopping short when he sees any very poor or disreputable-looking
persons, making sure mother is in the trap and wants to speak to
them.
 '"When you drive those glossy thoroughbreds that are being
trained for you, you will wonder how you could ever bear to sit
behind Leo," he said, and laughed when I pretended not to
understand. Then he took out a little pocket-calendar and said: "My
mother and I are going to Cape Town in November. Mind, the event
must come off before then, for it is a pact between Ritchie and
myself that we should see each other go off the hooks." The next
day he was attacked with violent congestion of the lungs. He was ill
barely five days. He was buried this morning. I write the words, but
they seem to convey no meaning. I see him strong and young, his
eyes full of laughter, turning over the calendar filled with
engagements and appointments; but not a word of this one
inevitable assignation. Nothing left of all that eager, vivid personality
save a poor clod of earth hurriedly hidden out of sight! Good God! is
not this the bitterest insult that could be devised for the last scene of
the last act?
'There is a wonderful fund of unbelief in the heart regarding
death. Yes, we must all die; but individually it is as though
immortality were a birthright we are to inherit without tasting the
bitterness of dissolution. Is it very bitter? and in the hereafter, does
it indeed matter very much if we pass away with empty lamps? In
that supreme moment when the soul is sundered from the body, do
we perceive that the life which was all in all to us was but a dream
grafted upon a dream—a passing vision crowded with phantoms? ...
And now the curtain is drawn. We see no more. All beyond is so
shadowy and faltering.
'How is it the thought of death does not haunt us more? The
event is so tremendous. I have often had the feeling after the death
of one I knew, that never again could I be lulled into such entire
forgetfulness of this one absolute certainty. But gradually the
impression vanishes. We are planted so deeply in the life that now is
—we may be shaken and horrified and apprehensive—but the world
is like one of those hydra-animals which may be turned inside out,
and the exterior surface will then digest and the stomach respire.'

'Fairacre, 7th May.

'Fanny Harrison has returned from her Melbourne visit, and has been
telling us tales about your overworking yourself—visiting sick people
day and night—reading to incurables and blind people by the hour—
making superhuman efforts to save larrikins from themselves. Don't,
dear darling; at any rate not so much. It gave me a shiver all down
the vertebræ when I thought, "What if Cuthbert should turn out one
of those clergymen who take life so seriously that they die of it like a
dose of arsenic?" Do not forget that it was a neglected cold when he
was so much engrossed with the sick and poor one hard winter that
brought on the lung complaint of which father died.
'I cannot get over a certain awkwardness of not knowing exactly
what to say when I first visit people who are very poor, and
hopelessly ill. So I mostly listen to them, and read a little only if they
wish it. Poor Thomson seems to like this, for the last time I visited
him he aired his grievances. People are very kind, he said, and lots
of ladies always visit him; but they do read so much to him. "No
doubt 'tis very good of them, but when a chap lies in bed month
after month, never expectin' to get up again in health, and often
cussing himself for having been a fool and partly to blame for his
misfortune—why, then, a lump out o' the Bible don't seem to
hearten him up much. Now, there's Mrs. Cannister and Mrs.
Meadows, and her dorters—'tis my belief as they uses Bibles not
properly divided into chapters. In course there's a good deal of it
taken up with Jew names, and stories not meant for gineral use. But
I don't see why them ladies should pick out the melanchorliest
psalmses for me. Well, I mean them as is all about the horrors of
death bein' on me, and the waters goin' over me, and my eyes bein'
consumed from weeping, and bein' a worm and no man, and the
arrers sticking fast in me, and bein' in a pit, and in a dry thirsty land,
and arskin' the Lord why He cast me off for iver, and that I forgit to
eat my bread, bein' like a howl in the desert and a perlican in the
wilderness, and a sparrer atop o' the house without a mate, which is
what niver happens, as far as I know the varmin; and coals of
juniper, and scattered at the grave's mouth and lying in wait for my
soul. Yes, Miss Stella, ye may laugh, but it's true—the creepingest
things. Yes, I remember what's read to me pretty well, but then I've
heerd it all over and over agin—some days twicet over.
'"And then Mrs. Cannister—she sits there as you may be now,
only more frontin' me, so that she can fix her eyes onto me—and
she reg'lar ivery week says to me: 'Now, my good man'—if there's
anything I hates it's them words; if she said 'my wastin' away toad,'
I'd like it better—'now, my good man, do you not begin to feel that
it's all well, and all for the best in the hands of the Lord?' And if I'm
tired I just mostly gives a nod, so as she may stop jawing. But other
times I says: 'I donno as to things being so very well. If my family
was pervided for, an' I didn't lie awake half the night coughin' and
spittin', I might be more sartin on the point. As to things bein' in the
hands of the Lord, I know well, if I'd have been stiddier and
different-like in many ways, I wouldn't be in the fix I'm in now.'
'"When I says anythin' like that, the old dame looks for a more
dismaller psalm the next time. It licks me, though, how people can
go on saying it's all in the hands of the Almighty, and He does
everything for the best. Now, Miss Stella, if you take it that me—and
a good many of the chaps I've knowed—was the handiwork of the
Lord, I'd like to know who has spiled more horns nor He before
making a good spoon!"
'You may not think very highly of this man's theology, but I like
him for his honesty in admitting that he is to blame for what he calls
the "fix" he is in, and a straighter way of looking at things than
people generally allow themselves.'

Fairacre, 10th May.

'The Fortuniana and tea-roses, and the heliotrope and various other
sweet-smelling flowers, still flourish in our garden in golden
abundance. I brought a great posy to Frau Kettig this afternoon,
with various other things of a more material kind, but the flowers
delighted her most.
'Yes; I have just returned from seeing her. How angelically good
and uncomplaining she is all through her illness! She is more grateful
for being destitute than I am for all I possess. I assure you, dear, I
threw stones at myself nearly all the way home. I talked with the
dear old woman for a long time, and read her favourite hymn to her,
"Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott." Then she chanted the two first verses
—her thin, old, toil-marked hands devoutly clasped, her eyes half
closed.... Through the little window at the foot of her bed I could
see the sky, clear blue and serene like a great heavenly web woven
throughout of hope and love.
'"Surely it must be so," I thought, looking at the frail old woman
with her load of eighty winters—with all her cruel bereavements and
losses, and now in her diseased old age, after moiling like a slave for
sixty-eight years, dependent on charity for her bread, yet lifting up
her trembling aged voice and hands in tearful love and gratitude to
God—the great Father in whose hands are a thousand worlds full of
treasures—who yet has bereft this sincere loving soul of all. If there
were not some tremendous force of love behind the "mocks of this
world," could spirit achieve so signal a triumph over matter?
'"It is a fair summer day of the Lord, full of His sunshine, and
yet cool; and the flowers thou hast brought me, beloved child, take
me back to the sweet Thuringian woods," she said, with the simple
directness which makes the grand old German sound like one's
mother-tongue. I could not trust myself to speak. After a little she
said, as if suspecting that I was too sorry for her: "When one no
longer hopes to rise again, how good and dear it is to think on the
day when all waiting and weariness are forgotten in beholding the
face of the beloved Redeemer!"
'Here is Fatima at my elbow, rubbing herself against me and
purring benevolently, looking a little askance at Dustiefoot, who has
indeed too often tried to make a plaything of her tail. But he is fast
asleep just now, with his nose against my shoe. Fatima likes those
lucid intervals in which Dustiefoot slumbers and she can purr of
"auld langsyne" without interruption. Dear old tabby! tell me quick
and tell me true, is your ardent liking for fish a proof that in another
world you will sail a boat and cast a net into the sea? Certainly,
though you love fish even to felony, you cannot go a-fishing in the
life that now is—which things are a parable. I begin to see that this
infatuated pen of mine will get me into trouble if I do not stop.'

CHAPTER XIV.

'Fairacre, 17th May.

'We do not think mother is as strong as usual. But as neither the

seaside nor the hills suit her as well as Fairacre, we do not like to
venture on a change to either. She will, however, most probably
accompany Esther to Coonjooree for some months. Allie has gone
for a couple of weeks to the Emberlys; and I do most of mother's
sick-visiting for her. She consents to this more readily because I
think she believes it is good for me. But personally I cannot help
feeling how much better it would be to send Kirsty instead of me.
She thoroughly believes that under all circumstances people are
better off than they deserve. If a man has broken his leg, she is
ready to say, "What a blessing it is not his neck!" If a poor woman is
confined of her tenth baby, Kirsty reflects, "How much better than to
have typhoid fever!" And when people have typhoid fever, she says,
"What a mercy it is from the Lord to have medical attendance!" I
confided to mother the other day how, in average sick-visiting, I am
haunted by the feeling that I can do no good, and sit with a long
face thinking how horrid it is to be in bed, and wondering awkwardly
what I am to say next. Then the flies put me out of countenance.
With the poorer people among us they are a veritable plague—in
their bedchambers, and upon their beds, and in their ovens, and in
their kneading-troughs. Mother answered very gently: "Charity, my
dear, is a kind of Bezer in the wilderness, a city of refuge, which we
must always keep open, because of the many accidents and
misfortunes of life. Our visitings and readings and half-hours spent
by lonely sick-beds, they may perhaps be compared to the 'Refuge,
refuge,' written in every double way on the parting of the ways, to
aid those who, without help or sympathy, might be in danger of
perishing in the great desert. Think, my dear, what it is to lie, for
month after month, in a poor little room, without ever hoping to be
well again. Even to make hours a little pleasanter, that would
otherwise be dark and lonely, is something. In such matters we must
be content to live from hand to mouth, without looking for great
results."
'You know how mother's words, "delicate as honey born in air,"
at once soothe and convince the heart.
'Yesterday the Major told us about one of his funny episodes
with Adolphe. That is his man—an Austrian by birth, but with a
cosmopolitan command of tongues. The Major and he bid each other
an eternal farewell every three months, if not oftener. Adolphe went
yesterday morning to send a telegram for his master, and did not
return till late in the afternoon, very much the worse for liquor,
which he often takes beyond the bounds of moderation, as he
candidly explains, "pour la guérison de doleur." He always knows
when he has taken too much, and his custom is to come to the
Major with a virtuously determined air and say, "Sir, it is wrong that I
should longer anguish the heart of a true and loving woman. I must
return to my Julie—and yet to leave you——" then he breaks down.
Often as this little farce has been acted, with variations, it always
seems to rouse the Major's ire, and then make him relent all in one
scene.
'"If only his conscience could be touched!" murmured Mr.
Ferrier. Would the Major allow him to give Adolphe some little books
on the evils of alcohol? Certainly; but the Major thought it was only
fair to tell Mr. Ferrier that Adolphe was always ready to sign a pledge
against intoxicants. But when he is tipsy, next day he explains with
great fluency how the necessity for nervine aliment is
insurmountable in a climate like this.
'No; I am not going to Laurette at as early a date as was fixed,
because it is now quite evident that mother is out of health. I cannot
go until she is better. Dr. Stein is in attendance, and I am head
nurse, Allie bottle-washer, Kirsty major-domo. Dr. Stein tells me that
our friend Professor Kellwitz contemplates matrimony—at sixty-three,
and for the first time!—and to a lady who has been his intimate
friend for over twenty years. Is it not dreadful to spoil so tried a
friendship in this ruthless way?'

CHAPTER XV.

'Fairacre, 1st June.

'Poor, dear Mr. Ferrier has had a severe disappointment with

Adolphe, who, under the ex-missionary's unwearied efforts, became
not only a total abstainer, but to some extent a lecturer. He devoutly
read Mr. Ferrier's good little temperance booklets—nay, learnt much
of them by heart; so that when it occurred to some zealous
teetotalers to put him on the platform, Adolphe became at once very
popular, and was always greeted with cheers. No doubt, like M.
Jourdain's dancing-master, who hungered after un peu de gloire,
Adolphe found that applaudissements me touchent. Last Tuesday he
went with Mr. Ferrier to address an evening temperance assemblage
at a little township four miles away. It seems that on these occasions
it is customary sometimes to make certain experiments with alcohol
to show its evil effects. When it came to Adolphe's turn to address
the meeting, he gave what Mr. Ferrier called "an able and earnest
address." At a certain point he broke an egg into a glass and then
poured some brandy on it to show what a deleterious effect it had
on the albumen. The audience cheered lustily, and were much
impressed. But when the next speaker rose, Adolphe was seen to
slip behind him and swallow the experiment in a few gulps. Loud
expressions of disapproval arose, and Adolphe instantly came
forward to defend himself from the "calumny." It was then apparent
that he must have been previously imbibing, and, in fact, he had
taken a quarter of a bottle of the Major's best brandy to make
experiments which should revolt the popular mind against "nervine
aliment." When he returned home that night he went weeping into
the Major's room, imploring him not to take any more stimulant of
any kind, and holding himself up as an example of its evil effects—
and all through swallowing a small experiment by an unaccountable
error!
'Two days ago I was on a visit at Mrs. Marwood's, and went
from there to what the profane called a "disorganized charity
meeting," along with Mabel Towers. We, too, went as Mrs.
Marwood's deputies. But what singular instructions we received:
"Here, you see, girls, is my list," said Mrs. Marwood, producing two
octavo sheets with various names and figures, etc.; "you see, there's
a large committee of us, and we have to be very business-like. Here
are the numbers of things to be given opposite each applicant's
name. We decided that at a meeting some days ago. Sometimes we
run short, and are obliged to give a pair of trousers instead of a
dress; but if any complaints are made, give them a form to fill up
and send in, for we have to be very strict and accurate. And if you
happen to give too many things to one person, mind you give
nothing to the next. Mrs. Benjamin Ezra is to be there to-day; and
you must keep an eye on her that she does not give away my share.
Her plan is to give heaps away till everything is gone. She either
loses her list, or else never looks at it. This is very awkward in a
society on such strict business principles as the organized relief."
'Yes; so determined are we to imitate all the charities of the
mother-country, that before this "great fertile young Hercules" is yet
fifty years old, we not only provide relief works and soup-kitchens
and free breakfasts, as we did last winter, but this season we have
also an organized relief society, which, among other nefarious tricks,
distributes cast-off clothing. But, my dear, I warn you, do not send
any money to the philanthropic novelties of our Metropolis. They are
frightfully mischievous, and the really deserving poor do not go near
them. There is quite enough discriminating benevolence everywhere
in the country to cope with all honest poverty. It is when we begin to
tease charity-mongers with salaries that impostors and the cunningly
vicious have their innings, and that the unabashed professional
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