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Assignment 1 Surveying

Surveying is the art of measuring relative positions on the earth's surface to create maps or plans, with two main types being geodetic and plane surveying. Geodetic surveying accounts for the earth's curvature, while plane surveying treats the surface as flat, suitable for small areas. Additionally, surveying can be classified based on purpose, area, and instruments used, including methods like triangulation and traverse surveying.

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2 views

Assignment 1 Surveying

Surveying is the art of measuring relative positions on the earth's surface to create maps or plans, with two main types being geodetic and plane surveying. Geodetic surveying accounts for the earth's curvature, while plane surveying treats the surface as flat, suitable for small areas. Additionally, surveying can be classified based on purpose, area, and instruments used, including methods like triangulation and traverse surveying.

Uploaded by

f24601024
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Surveying

Surveying is the art of making such measurement as will determine the


relative positions of points on the surface of the earth in order that the shape
and extent of any portion of the earth’s surface may be ascertained on a
map or a plan

Types of Surveying
1) Geodetic surveying
2) Plane surveying

Geodetic Surveying

Geodetic surveying is a particular type of surveying where the


curvature of the earth is considered. Since the earth has a spherical shape,
the line connecting any two points on the earth’s surface is curved or is an
arc

Plane Surveying

Plane surveying is a specific type of surveying where the surface of the


earth is considered as plane and the curvature of the earth is not considered.
The line connecting any two points is a straight line and the angles of
polygons are plane angles.

This type of surveying is suitable for small and flat areas, and its degree of
accuracy is comparatively low. In America, the limit for treating a surface as
a plane is about 25km2

Note: The difference in length between the arc and the subtended chord
on the surface of the earth is only about o.1m in 18.2 km, 0.3 m in 54.3 km
and 0.5 m in 91 km respectively

Classification Of Surveying
a) Based on Purpose
1) Archaeological Survey
Archaeological survey is the systematic examination and documentation
of archaeological sites and landscapes to gather information about past human
activities and cultural remains.

Geological Survey
It involves the mapping of Earth’s geology including rocks, minerals, etc.

Mine survey
It involves the mapping of underground mines so as to ensure the safe extraction of
minerals.

Military Survey:

It involves the mapping of underground mines so as to ensure the safe extraction of


minerals.

Based on the Nature of the Surveyed Area


Land Surveying: This type focuses on measuring and mapping land surfaces for
various purposes. It includes Cadastral surveying, Engineering surveying and
Astronomical surveying.

Cadastral Surveying: This type of land survey establishes and defines land
boundaries for legal and administrative purposes.

Engineering Surveying: This type of land survey is conducted for construction and
engineering projects. It ensures accurate positioning and measurements.

Astronomical Surveying: This surveying involves the observation and mapping of


celestial objects of the universe.

Marine Surveying: It involves surveys conducted in bodies of water, such as rivers,


lakes, and oceans.

Hydrographic Surveying: This survey is done in rivers, lakes, and oceans. It


measures the levels of the water, the tides, the currents, and the features under water .
It is used for navigation, building ports, etc.

Based on Instruments Used


Optical Surveying: This surveying uses instruments like theodolites and levels to
make angular and distance measurements.
Remote Sensing: It uses aerial or satellite imagery to collect data about an area. No
direct measurement is involved.

Compass Surveying: This method uses a compass to determine directions and angles.
Notably, there are two types of compass used - Prismatic Compass and the Surveyors
Compass. The principle of Compass Surveying is traversing.

Theodolite Surveying: It uses a theodolite. Theodolite is a precise instrument used to


measure angles and distances.

Chain Surveying: It uses chains or tapes to measure distances and angles.

GPS Surveying: This method utilizes Global Positioning System (GPS) technology to
determine accurate positions using satellites.

### **Triangulation Surveying**

- **Definition**: A method using triangles to measure large areas.

- **Process**: Angles and one baseline are measured to calculate distances.

- **Applications**: Mapping, geodetic surveys, and establishing control points.

- **Tools**: Theodolite, total station, precise tapes.

### **Traverse Surveying**

- **Definition**: A method using connected lines and angles to measure points.

- **Process**: Distances and angles between points are measured.

- **Applications**: Boundary surveys, construction, and small-area mapping.

- **Tools**: Theodolite, total station, chain/tape.

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