1. Orbits 11. Propellants 26.

Remote Sensing Satellite

2. Types Solid Propellants 27. RISAT series
Elliptical Liquid Propellants 28. EMISAT series
Circular 12. Types of Launch Vehicles 29. Bhuvan ISRO
3.Movement of Satellite Expandable (ELV) 30. INSAT series
Geosynchronous Reusable (RLV) 31. VSAT series
Geo Stationary 13. ISRO 32. Indian Remote Sensing Satellite
Sun Synchronous 14. ISRO’s Launch Vehicles
4. Orbits based on height Historical
LEO Operational
MEO Future
HEO 15. Sounding Rockets
5. International Space Station 16. PSLV vs GSLV
6. Hohmann Transfer Orbit 17. Rohini Series
7. Lagrange Points 18. Jet Engine
8.Launch Vehicle Technologies 19. Ramjet
9. Propulsion System 20. Scramjet
Non-Air Breathing 21. Satellites
Semi Cryogenic 22. Resource Mapping Satellite
Cryogenic 23. Communication Satellite
10. Air Breathing 24. GSAT Series
Scramjet 25. Telescopes
Ramjet
 Orbits - It is an imaginary path taken by a celestial body or artificial satellite.

Orbital Velocity (V) of any Satellite in its orbit:-

1. Independent of its Mass.
2. Depends upon its distance from the earth.

Near Far

More Speed Less speed

(400km - 90 min) (36000km - 24 hours)

Centrifugal Force :- M’sat V
R
** Whenever an object is placed in an orbit it will G M’sat M
Gravitational Force
follow Elliptical orbit - Kepler’s Law R
Hence whenever we will launch the Satellite it will
never be following a circular orbit.
For the satellites, to make them manoeuvre in the M’sat V G M’sat M
R R
circular orbit we need to control them from ground
station.
V=GM
 Types of Orbit

Shape of the Orbit

Elliptical Orbit Circular orbit

Apogee

Perigee

1. The distance of satellite from Earth 1. Distance = Constant

keeps on changing
2. Speed = Constant
2. Speed of Satellite also keeps on
changing
 Movement of Satellite

Geosynchronous Sun Synchronus Geo Stationary

Revolution of the satellite is They are synchronised with It is an example of Geo-Synchronous

w.r.t Earth’s Rotation Sun’s direction @ every point
(West to East / East to West) of time. Satellite remains fix in sky w.r.t
Does not matter. position or particular location on
Revolution of the satellite is Earth.
They have Equatorial Orbit. w.r.t Earth’s revolution around
the sun. Speed of Satellite = Speed of
Rotation of Earth.
Use - Navigation & Communication
Time Taken = 24 Hours
They have a Polar Orbit. (SSPD)
Orbit = Equitorial + Circular
Use - Remote Sensing, Earth Obs.
Height of orbit = 35,784 Km ???
To match the speed of the Earth.
 Height of Orbit

Low Earth Orbit #100km = Outer Space

Distance = Upto 2000 Km

Applications :-
1. Earth Observation
2. Meteorology
NASA’s Hubble Telescope
3. Astronomical Observation
ISRO’s ASTROSAT (@650km) - 2015

International Space Station (400km)

China’s Space Station (CNAS) - TIANGONG

MIR - Soviet Union

SKYLAB - USA
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
 International Space Station - Applications

1. (Micro/Zero) Gravity - Experimentation lab

2. Window to study the celestial Bodies

3. It is like a Space Terminal for space voyage

4. Repair & Maintenance of work station

5. Used for Earth Observation (Cloud & stubble burning check)

6. Space Tourism

Examples

1. International Space Station - 5 Space Agencies - NASA

ROSKOSMOS
ESA
JAXA CNES - France
CSA
CNSA - China
Medium Earth Orbit

Distance - 2000 to 35,784 km

Application - Navigation Satellites for GPS

USA Russia EU China India Japan

NAVSTAR GLOSNASS GALILEO BEIDOUI NAVIC QZSS

30 SATs (2nd Global) or
MEO IRNSS
HEO
High Earth Orbit

Distance = 36000km & Above

Application - Geostationary (Communication Satellites)

- It has Lagrange Points for the study of the Sun.

Aditya L1 Chandrayaan 3
Hohmann Orbit or Transfer Orbit

It is a type of Transfer orbit, where a spacecraft/satellite is inserted so that it can be manoeuvred to Low Earth
Orbit or a High Earth Orbit.

It is a highly elliptical orbit.

The satellite has Liquid fuel based engine which provides necessary thrust to change the orbit.

Communication satellite use GTO where the satellite is provided thrust in Apogee to bring it into Geostationary
orbit.
Whereas, space exploration spacecraft is raised to High Earth Orbit by providing thrust at Perigee upto a point
when satellite reaches escape velocity to come out of Earth’s gravitational influence.

One of the positive is, it saves fuel.

Lagrange Points (Frenchmen Joseph Lagrange)

History - SOHO (Solar Heliospheric Observatory) - To study Sun’s effect on Earth, 1995 - NASA & ESA

L1, L2, L3 are unstable equilibrium (we always need to control the objects which are placed here)

L1 = L2 = 15 Lakh Kms (4x Distance of Moon)

L4 & L5 are stable equilibrium (ie even if the satellite gets displaced, it will come back)

For the study of sun - L1, L4, L5 are preferable.

+ve = Stable
-ve = very far away + presence of meteorites etc.
There are 5 Lagrangian Points between 2 celestial bodies, such as earth and moon or Earth and Sun, where net

Gravitational forces acting on the object are balanced with Centrifugal force.

L1,L2,L3 are on straight lines joining the 2 celestial bodies, while L2 & L5 form a 60 angle to the earth.

L1 - It is preferred to study the sun because it provides uninterrupted observation of sun and Free from eclipse

effect of the moon.

L2 - It is used for astronomical observations by a Space probe or Astronomical Telescope or satellite.

L3 - This is the farthest point, hence it is very difficult to communicate with the satellites which are placed there.
 Near Atmosphere = Corona (Temperature > Core)

Magnetic Field - does not allow convention current to come up = Sun Spot

Sun - Made of Plasma (4th Stage)

Because of super heating gas - They’ll all be free & floating

Stream of photon & electrons etc

Electric field - Magnetic field

Hence Sun is the source of

Electro Magnetic Radiations
Sun Spot = Less temperature area than the surroundings

Because - Plasma, Magnetic& electric field, does not

allow the conventional current to come up
 Launch Vehicle Technologies

Definition - it is a rocket used to insert a spacecraft, a satellite, a crew module into designated orbit.

Propulsion System
Components
Propellants

Payloads (Satellite, Space Probes etc)

 Propulsion System

Non-Air Breathing Air Breathing

It carries oxidiser along with it, to burn fuel. It does not use oxidiser but burn fuel with the help
of oxygen from the atmospheric air

Semi-Cryogenic Engine
- Uses refined kerosene as a burning fuel Scramjet
to provide thrust
- +ve - Light in weight that hydrogen fuel Ramjet
- +ve - High Thrust engine

Cryogenic - Fuel that burn at very low temperature

Cryogenic Engine
- Store Liquid Hydrogen (@-273k) & Liquid Oxygen
energy density - very high (highly compressed fuel)
(@ 0 Kelvin)
- Burns Hydrogen with Oxygen to provide Thrust.
thrust to weight ratio - Very high
- A high thrust engine but is heavy and hence
increases payload weight.
India - use it in GSLV

Solid carbon and the oxidant, potassium nitrate. Sulphur acts as a secondary fuel and also catalyses the reaction.
In the Ariane 5 solid fuel boosters the fuel is aluminium powder, the oxidant, ammonium perchlorate and
polybutadiene
 Propellants

Solid Propellant Liquid Propellant

Eg HTPB - Hydroxy Terminated Poly-Butadine Eg UDMH + N2O4

Used in 1st stage of GSLV & PSLV (Unsymmetric Di-methyl Hydrogen)
It’s a chemical liquid fuel.

Advantage It is used by ISRO in PSLV & GSLV’s II Stage.

1. Provides more Thrust
2. Easy to store & transport Advantage
1. Highly efficient in Burning
2. Not heavy
Disadvantage
1. More Bulky & weight Disadvantage
2. Takes time to burn & initially there is 1. Highly inflammable & Corrosive
non-uniform burning 2. Requires special container to store the fuel

Engine where Liquid & Solid fuel was 1st time used
in India was PSLV Engine aka (VIKAS ENGINE)
 Types of Launch Vehicles
Expandable Launch Vehicle (ELV) Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV)

1. Conventional Rocket 1. Advanced rocket

2. Used only for a Single Space Mission 2. Used for Multiple space missions

3. Single stage to orbit 3. Two stages to orbit

4. Use of Thrusters 4. Use of boosters with

winged aircraft
5. Used mainly for UN- 5. Used mainly for the
manned missions but can manned missions (space
be used for human space shuttle) but can also be used
flights as well using crew for launching satellites (UN-
module. manned missions).
 Reusable Launch Vehicle

Need ?
1. Cost of 1 kg Payload = 5000$
2. RLV (1kg Payload) = $500
3. Multiple Missions in a single window (Month)
4. Space market - Help India earn more Forex
5. Manned Space missions
6. Help India built its own space station

What is it ?
1. Low cost access to space.
2. ISRO has conducted its TD in 2016
3. It’s configuration is similar to that of aircraft & combine the complexities of both aircraft & Rocket

Challenges ?
1. Technology (Advanced) - hence it will be expensive & need of expertise.
2. Runway/Landing - usually it is done @ coastal areas vs Indian coastline
3. International competition from foreign competitors (Space X Falcon)
 ISRO

Works under DoS (Department of Space formed in 1972), which is directly overseen by PMO.

Under Space Commission (An Expert Body)

Members 1. ISRO Chairman

2. Principal Secretary
3. NSA
4. Foreign Secretary
5. Cabinet Secretary
6. Expenditure Secretary
7. Member of Finance
8. 2 Distinguished professors
ISRO’s Launch Vehicles

1. Historical

a. SLV - 3 b. ASLV - (Augmented SLV)

All Solid - 4 Stage All solid - 5 Stage
17 tonne, Height - 21m & 40 tonne, Height 24m & carry
carry 40kg to LEO 150 kg to 400 km circular orbit
1980 (Sri Harikota) 1992

2. Operational

b. PSLV - Workhorse of ISRO c. GSLV

a. Sounding Rockets
Came in 1992 Started in 2001
Use - For experiment &
1st Launch 1993 operational till now
Research purpose

3. Future

a. RLV-TD
b. Scramjet c. Ramjet
1st test conducted in 2016
 PSLV GSLV

1. Primarily used to launch RSS 1. Primarily used to launch heavier communication

(Earth Observation Satellite) into satellites (2 tons to 4 tons) in GTO, but it can also launch
SSPO (Sun Synchronous Polar satellites into Low Earth orbit.
orbit),in LEO, but can also be used
to launch communication satellite 2. 3 stages
upto 1750 kg. a. 1st - Solid
b. 2nd - Liquid
2. It has 4 stages c. 3rd - Cryogenic
1st & 3rd - Solid
3. Three configurations
2nd - Liquid
a. GLSV - Mk1 (2 tonne)
it is not used now because
3. Three Configurations
this payload can now be
a. Core Alone (without strap on
managed by PSLV XL.
motors)
b. Standard (6 strap on motors)
b. GSLV Mk II (3 tonnes)
c. XL - (6 strap on motors with
4 strap on boosters on 1st
boosters)
stage

c. GSLV Mk III (4 tonnes)

Cryogenic + 2 big size solid
Engine boosters
Sounding Rockets (ISRO)

They are 1 or 2 stage Solid Propellent Rockets, with a payload of 60kg and altitude capacity of 160km.

They are used for probing upper atmospheric regions and for space research, agronomy & meterological studies.

Thumba Equitorial Rocket Launching station (TERLS), 1963

Rohini Series of Sounding Rockets

They take their name from nautical term ‘ToSound’ which means to take measurements.

They are also used for testing prototypes of the new components or subsystem intended in use for launch vehicle
& satellites.

France - Centaure

Russia - M-100
Jet Engine
Air Breathing Systems, cannot run from 0 speed
Hence, their first stage is rocket.
Use Turbines Compress the air
as compressors

Now in space - we are at high speed - Hence no need of Turbune

Compressed air automatically comes

RAMJET = 3 MACH

But Russia and China somehow managed to

get Ramjet @ Hyper Supersonic Speed

SCRAMJET

Hyper supersonic Missiles by Russia on Ukraine = AVANGARD

 Scramjet engine (Air breathing propulsion system)

It operates at Mach six.

The first experimental mission of ISRO’s scramjet was in 2016.
It uses hydrogen as fuel and oxygen from the atmosphere as oxidiser.
They are only efficient at supersonic speed.
Other countries such are the US, Russia, China has successfully developed this technology and India as the
fourth country to have it.

Importance
It uses atmospheric oxygen to burn fuel in the first phase and will considerably reduce the amount of oxidiser
and cost.
It is improvement over ramjet engine used in missile and jet plane which provides hyper sonic speed.
 Satellites
Satellite
All satellites have at least two parts in common Antenna and power source.
The antenna sense and receives information to and from the earth.
The power source can be a solar panel or battery lithium ion.
Many satellites carry camera and scientific sensors, sometimes these instruments point towards earth to get data
about land, air and earth and water.
Other times, the face towards space, to collect data from the solar system and universe.

Antenna

Solar
Panel

Transponders Motor Engine

Transmitters & Receivers
 Satellite
Eg - Phone
Resource Mapping Communication (MicroSAT)
Transmits &
Transponders (send data) receives signals
Some form of Imaging

Use - Microwaves
Camera (Main Equipment)
Use bands - K , Ka , Ku

Takes photos at Multiple Wavelength & Frequencies

To communicate
vs
Normal Camera capture light across 3 (RGB), in
wavelength
Very heavy It has transmitters to
Need Transmission - Secondary Equipment communicate.

Eg OCEANSAT 4-6-8 Tons, hence need powerful rockets

RISAT (Resources) Photo
CARTOSAT Communicate
Concept
Earth Atmosphere - There is scattering of light

Satellites cross atmosphere & are placed

Uninterrupted light & work

Eg - Hubble Space Telescope (@400km)

Other Examples
post that communication lost.
1. Hubble - Telescope
2. James Webb Telescope @ L2
3. ASTROSAT - in LEO

Oldest Telescope - Hubble - Now retiring

Now - James Webb (Most Powerful yet) - By NASA, ESA, CSA - observe Sun
India - ADITYA L1 @ Lagrangian Point L1
 Communication Satellite

EARTH

1. Communication satellite allow radio, TV, telephone transmission is to be sent live anywhere in the world.
2. The purpose of communication satellite is to relay the signal around the Curve of the earth, allowing
communication between wide separated parts.
3. It uses microwave or radiowave for transmitting signals.
4. Before Communication satellite, transmissions were difficult or impossible at long distance, theesesignals
which travel in the straight line cannot bend around the curvature of earth to reach the destination
5. Now with communication satellite are in orbit the signals can be sent instantly into space and redirect it to
another satellite or to their destination
6. There are 2 classes of Communication Satellite (Passive & Active)
7. Passive - Signals are bounced back to the earth, with the help of the Antennas.
8. Active - Satellite carry electronic devices called Transponders to receive, amplify & rebroadcast signals to
the earth
Examples
1. GSAT - 31

2. GSAT - 7A (Navy)

3. GSAT - 9 (Neighbouring SAARC Countries)

4. GSAT - 11 (Panchayats)
Heaviest satellite built by India.
It is Drive internet broadband to remote locations.
It will provide support to Bharat net project under digital India.
Thus provide connectivity to gram panchayats

5. GSAT - 29 (North East & Jammu Kashmir)

It is a Multi beam and Multi-band communication satellite

6. GSAT-30
It will serve as replacement to INSAT-4A spacecraft services with enhanced coverage.
The satellite provides Indian mainland and islands coverage in Ku-band and extended coverage in C-band
covering Gulf countries, a large number of Asian countries and Australia.
 GSAT-31

Payload - Ku Band Transponders

Coverage - Indian Mainland & Island Coverage

Application Television uplinks,

Digital Satellite News Gathering (DSNG)
DTH-television services
Cellular backhaul connectivity
Many such applications
 Remote Sensing Satellite

Active - On it’s own

Passive - Sun’s Rays/Light

Remote sensing is observing and measuring environment from a distance that is earth observation with the help of
satellites.
The electromagnetic radiation is used as information carrier in remote sensing.
The output of remote sensing satellite is usually an image representing a part of the earth being observed.
The data from the satellites are used in GIS system, which include both hardware and software system.
The hardware, include storage devices and computer system, while software process, data, analyse data and provide
useful services, covering agriculture, water resources, urban planning, rural development, mineral, prospecting,
forestry, ocean resources, and disaster management.

Eg ISRO’s BHUVAN - 2008

They use active and passive mode is required data.

In passive mode in the camera already take photograph based on radiation reflected from the earth during the

light of the sun.

Satellites in active mode, send and receive signals to acquire data.

ISRO has constellation of RSS, such as CARTOSAT series, RESOURCESAT series, OCEANSAT series for various

applications.

Today such series of satellite provide wide field and multispectral high-resolution data

Eg CARTOSAT - 3 , HYSIS (Camera + Spectroscopy)

Eg CARTOSAT - 2 - to provide GIS & LIS applications to Military & Civilain Purposes
RISAT (RADAR IMAGING SATELLITE)

It is advanced remote sensing satellite to provide Border Area surveillance, meteorological data, agriculture,

forestry, DM Support.

An advanced Satellite named HYSIS (Hyperspectral Imaging Satellite) provides data of earth’s surface in Visible,

near infra red & short wave infrared region of Electromagnetic spectrum.

The satellite can provide Mineral composition

Soil data
Classification of forest
Different land use pattern

EMISAT
Developed by DRDO, under project Kautilya
India’s first electronic intelligence system - which will increase situational awareness of the armed forces by
providing the location & information of hostile radars placed at the border.
 BHUVAN of ISRO (Geo Portal)

It is a 2D & 3D geoportal - provide remote sensing data.

Provides visualisation services & Earth Observation data - to users in public domain

Started in 2009

Provides thematic maps of Agriculture

Forestry
Watershed development
Archeology & Monument
Transport
Disaster Management
Highways
City roads
INSAT / GSAT series 1st Satellite of India
Started in 1983 Aryabhatta (1975)
Use - Tele-Communication conducted successfully with help
TV & Radio Broadcast (DTH) of SOVIET union
Tele Education
Tele medicine
Warning & Weather Forecasting
Meteorology - Weather Science

VSAT
Very small aperture terminal
Communication satellite system that serves Home & business users.
 I.R.S (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite - 1988)

GIS Application

1. Survey and management of natural resources like forest, water bodies and agriculture (cartography).

2. Environmental aspect, detect pollution, acreage of crop.

3. Meteorology

4. Disaster Management support

5. Oceanography - Detecting ocean currents, their directions etc

 Particle Physics

Fundamental Particle = Neutrinos Electrons Photons

More the thing will get
exposed to the Higgs boson
Higgs Boson = God Particle They give weight/mass to Everything. more will be it’s weight.

CERN = Lab (it is a Particle Accelerator) @ France - Swiss Border

Done via Tubes (which have super magnet) High Speed

Constituents come out

Collision
i.e Fundamental Particles

It has many Colliders

One of them - Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

Neutrinos
1. No mass + No Electric Charge
2. Indian Neutrino Observatory - Bodi Hills (Theni, Tamil Nadu)

Higgs Boson / God Particle

1. Invisible force field - Formed after Big Bang - gives mass to all particles
2. Particles associated with Higgs Field = Higgs Boson
 Stars

Stars
Clouds - Gets bigger - Gravity Compress it - Temperature Increases - Fusion
Planet
Hydrogen
Converts
If Hydrogen Helium (No fuel is left)

Mass of Star = Sun Mass of Star > Sun (1.4x)

He Fusion will start Carbon + Heavy elements fuse

Star will only expand Reaction stops completely

All energy complete disperses Super Nova

Red Gaint

He Fusion stops When only Neutrons are their in the core

Now there is only gravitational force Neutron Star

which will compress it (because of no temperature) Gravity will further compress it into Singularity

White Dwarf Black Hole

Black Hole

All galaxies have black hole @ their Center.

Our galaxy = Sagittarius A
Space will bend around it because a lot of matter is compressed and condensed around it.
Hence let’s no thing escape it.

Black Hole - Even bends light

Gravitational Lensing (where gravity acts like lens)

Black Hole
1. String Gravity (so much matter has been compressed into tiny space) - light is also not able to escape.

Gravitational Wave
- Ripples in space & time
 Detection of Gravitational waves

LIGO
2 tubes - Same length @ 90 degree - Laser beam

Normal = (Wavelength = same)

Distort/Detection of Gravitational Wave =

LIGO - India
1. @ Hingoli District, Maharashtra

LISA Pathfinder
1. Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
2. By ESA (European Space Agency)
3. Space Based Initiative to detect gravitational waves

E-LISA
3 satellites - work exactly like the above ground mechanism
 Dark Matter Dark Energy

Matter we cannot see but we can see it’s effects Exactly opposite to Gravity
i.e Gravity is seen

Evidence = Thing in Universe which pulls the things Evidence = Universe is still expanding &
and thus the keeps them together accelerating

Stellar Nucleosynthesis
Hydrogen - Fuses to Helium - Fuses to other - Finally to Iron - Star Death

Helium Flash
When He fuses to Carbon in Red Gaints - There is a chain Reaction for few minutes
A star's degenerate core is heated so intensely that it finally "vaporizes"
Blue Stragglers

They are brighter + bigger than the normal stars

Dilemma - How young + big stars are at the center

Reasons
1. May be some 2 old stars have come together + joined
2. Some star has been captured by our galaxy

Binary Star System

2 stars come near - Thus create Gravitational
ripples / waves.
If gravitational wave will come earth will itself
expand.
Sun Spot
Reason = Strong Magnetic Field of CME. (Following 11 year cycle)

Solar Maxima - There is greater sun activity - Which increases sun spot - Which leads to large solar flares -
More heat on Earth.
vs
Solar Minima - Exact Opposite

Solar Winds / Solar Flares / CME - They have Plasma / Charged Particles

Geotail
Magnetosphere
1. Region Earth’s Magnetic field
2. Made by Solar Winds
3. 6-10 Earth Radius on Sun Side vs 1000x on Night Side
vs
Magnetopause - Outer Boundary of Earth’s Magnetosphere
Auroras
Allen Waves
1. Disturbance in Earth’s Magnetic field by Solar Winds
1. Found in Plasma + need Magnetic field to
2. Polar - Aurora Polaris
Vs exist
3. Northern - Borealis
2. Travel in the direction of Magnetic field
4. Southern - Australis

Solar Missions

NASA Europe India Japan

Parker Probe Solar Orbiter Aditya L1 Solar C EUVST

EZIE
1500 Kg
1st Mission of India
In Halo Orbit of L1
+ve - Continuous View of sun
without any eclipse
 Moon

Chandrayaan 1 - 2008 ; PSLV-XL ; Orbiter ; Lander ( Planned Crash Landing) ; Rover ; Lunar Ice

South Pole (Moon

Impact Probe)

Chandrayaan 2 - 2019 ; GSLV MKIII ; Orbiter ; Lander Vikram (Planned soft but Crash Landing) ;
Rover Pragyan .

Chandrayaan 3 - August 2023

It will have an orbiter and a landing module. However, this orbiter won’t be loaded with scientific instruments
like the Chandrayaan-2.
Its job will only be confined to carry the lander to the moon, oversee the landing from its orbit and
communicate between the lander and the earth station.”

South Pole of Moon

1. It has rich resources of Minerals
2. There are mountains which are permanently sunlit
3. There are craters in mountains which are permanently shaded and have water.
Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX)
1. ISRO + JAXA
2. Explore Lunar South Pole Artemis Accords ?
India not a member

Artemis
1. NASA - 2024
2. Manned Mission to Moon
3. Rocket = Space Launch System
4. Spacecraft = Orion (humans)
5. Spaceship = Gateway (orbit around Moon)
 Planets

Stats

1. Anti Clockwise Rotation - Venus ; Anti Clockwise Revolution -

2. Time to Revolve around sun - Planetary Sequence

3. Density - Maximum - Earth ; Minimum Saturn

4. Terrestrial Planets - Mercury Venus Mars Earth (Rocky in Nature) + Rings

5. Jovian Planets - Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune (Hydrogen & Helium) + Rings

6. Astronomical Unit (AU) - Distance between Sun & Earth = 1 AU = 150 million Km

7. Heliosphere = till 123 AU ; Post that Heliopause and then Starts Interstellar Space.

Oort Cloud
Heliosphere Sun winds Stop Interstellar Great Conjunction - Jupiter & Saturn are
closest together in the sky

Opposition event - A situation when Sun

Earth and some other planet are in the
same line, which makes other planet to look
bigger from earth.
Belts & Regions
1. Asteroid Belt
- Between the orbits of Jupiter & Mars

2. Kuiper Belt
- Disk shaped
- Past the Neptune’s orbit (ie Outside the solar system)

3. Van Allen Radiation Belt

- Refer above the concept of Magnetosphere

4. Goldilocks Zone
- Area around the star (neither too hot nor too cold for liquid water to exist on the surface of its planets
 SATURN

Physical Missions
Tilt - 26.7 degree
1st = Pioneer (1973)
Planet
2nd Biggest 2nd = Voyager (1977)
Moon - Titan By NASA
Vs Jupiter + Saturn
Largest - Ganymede (Jupiter) Present status - Interstellar space
V1 - 2012 & V2 - 2018
Observation - Density increases outside Solar sys.

3rd = CASSINI HUYGENS

By - NASA, ESA, Italy
Cassini - orbited Saturn
Huygens - landed on Titan

Voyager 1 & 2
Entered
Pioneer 10 & 11
Interstellar
New Horizons
 MARS

Martian India Europe EU + Russia China UAE Physical

NASA
Blueberries Aspect
MARS Express ExoMARS Tianwan 1
MARS 2020
MOM
Vikings (Search life on it)
MANGALYAAN Emirates
Spirit
Opportunity Mars Mission
Pathfinder
Curiosity Hope = Orbiter
Insight (Mars-quakes) (1st Arab)

Size Life
Half of Earth
Moon Ice Caps - Frozen Water

Phobos Deimos
Mangalyaan - 2013-14
1. Rocket - PSLV C-25
2. Unmanned , No Rover, No Lander
3. India’s - 1st Interplanetary Mission
4. India 4th to reach Mars , 1st in Asia & 1st in Maiden Attempt.

Mars 2020
1. By NASA @ Jezero Crater
2. Rover = Perseverance
3. Helicopter / Drone = Ingenuity
4. Equipment - Moxie = Make Oxygen from Carbon Dioxide which is 95% of Mars atmosphere.
 Venus

Sulphuric Acid Clouds - which makes it highly reflective + Co2 (96%) which makes it the hottest planet

Atmosphere rotates 60x faster

than land
Day > Year
Facts Rotates in opposite direction
1. 1st planet to be explored by spacecraft (Mariner 2 of NASA)
2. 1ST to be landed - Venera 7 of USSR
3. Europe - NVision
4. India - Planned Shukrayan
 Dwarf Planet

By - IAU, formed in 1919 (PARIS based NGO)

No. = 5 (Haumea & Pluto - Makemake - Ceres & Eris)

Under consideration - Hygiea (Asteroid)

** Ceres - Largest Asteroid ( Salty Water - Ocean World)

Criteria
1. They do Orbit the sun but are not moons of any planet
2. They have not cleared their neighbourhood orbit
3. They are roughly a sphere because of the strong gravity they have

Planetesimals
- when dust particles come together and they form a planet.
 Exoplanets
Planets beyond our solar system (Eg Super Earth, Kepler 1649, K2-18b, Wasp 76)

Missions
1. NASA - TESS (Space Observatory)
- @3.6 Lakh Km (HEO) / near moon

- working model - Checking Light Obstruction of Stars by Exoplanets

2. ESA - Ariel
Meteor Shower
- Earth passes through the path of the comet
- It’s tail (debris) - sand grain (burn because of the earth’s atmosphere)

OSIRIS-REX
- It went in 2016 to Bennu asteroid - back in 2023
- will bring a rock sample
- Bennu - Near Earth Asteroid (b/w Earth & Mars) - 500m wide - 1st found in 1999
- It’s is also active (emits plumes of dust & rock)

16 psyche
- Metal asteroid (Iron & Nickel)
- NASA has sent its mission (2022-26)

AIDA
- Asteroid Impact & Deflection Assessment (on DIDYMOS Asteroid)
- DART - by NASA (Impact in 2022)
- HERA - EUROPE (2027)

ARROKOTH
- New name of Ultimate Thule - from Kuiper Belt
- Discovered by NASA’s HUBBLE
Comet - Ice + Tail of Gas (away from the Sun’s direction)
- Hailey’s Comet - seen every 76 years
- Shoemaker - crashed Jupiter (1994)

Asteroid - Rock (+10m in size) - Orbit sun (B/W Mars & Jupiter)

Meteoroid - Rock (<10m)

Meteor - Meteroid which enter the earth’s atmosphere

Meteorite - Meteor which hit the earth’s surface

1. Particle Physics 11. Layers of the Sun 23. Heliosphere 33. AIDA
Neutrinos 12. Sun Spots Heliopause 34. ARROKOTH
Electrons 13. Solar Maxima Interstellar 35. OuMuaMua
Photons 14. Solar Minima 24. Belts & Regions 36. Borison
Higgs Boson (God Particle) 15. Solar Winds/Solar Flares/ CME Asteroid Belt 37. Comet
2. CERN Laboratory 16. Magnetopause Kuiper Belt 38.Asteroid
3. LHC 17. Geotail Van Allen Radiation Belt 39. Meteoroid
4. Stars 18. Auroras Goldilocks Zone 40. Meteor
Star Death 19. Allen Waves 25. Saturn 41. Meteorite
Red Giant 20. Solar Missions Physical aspects
White Dwarf NASA Missions
Super Nova Europe 26. Mars
Neutron Star India Missions
Black Hole Japan Moons
5. Gravitational Wave 21. Moon 27. Venus
6. Gravitational Lensing Chandrayaan 1 Physical Aspect
7. Detection of Gravitational Waves Chandrayaan 2 Missions
LIGO-INDIA Chandrayaan 3 28. Dwarf Planets
LISA PATHFINDER South Pole of Moon Planetesimals
E-LISA LUPEX 29. ExoPlanets
8. Dark Matter vs Dark Energy ARTEMIS 30. Meteor Shower
9. Blue Stragglers 22. Planets - Basic Facts 31. OSIRIS-REX
10. Binary Star System Terrestrial vs Jovian 32. 16 Psyche