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3. Transition Metals

Transition elements, also known as d-block elements, have their last electron entering the (n-1)d orbital and exhibit transitional behavior between s-block and p-block elements. They possess variable valency, are characterized by incompletely filled d-orbitals leading to colored compounds, and can act as catalysts due to their unpaired electrons. Their properties include intermediate ionization energy and electronegativity, paramagnetism, and the ability to form alloys.

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3. Transition Metals

Transition elements, also known as d-block elements, have their last electron entering the (n-1)d orbital and exhibit transitional behavior between s-block and p-block elements. They possess variable valency, are characterized by incompletely filled d-orbitals leading to colored compounds, and can act as catalysts due to their unpaired electrons. Their properties include intermediate ionization energy and electronegativity, paramagnetism, and the ability to form alloys.

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TRANSITION ELEMENTS:

d-block elements: The element in which last electron enters in


(n-1) d orbital ( penultimate d- orbital ) are called d –block elements.
The general valence shell electronic configuration of d- block element is
(n-1)d1-10 ,ns1-2.

Transition element:

d-block elements are also called transition elements. It is


because in the periodic table, they are placed in between s- and p-
block elements and exhibit transitional behavior between highly
reactive s-block and p-block element. d-block element are classified
into three rows of ten elements, called first , second and third (3d,4d
and 5d) transition series.

Fig: Modern periodic table


# Characteristic of transition elements:

1) In transition elements , last electron enters into the d- orbital of


penultimate shell (2nd last shell) , so they have general electronic
configuration of of (n-1)d1-10, ns1-2. Where n is a principal quantum
number of the valence shell.

Eg: atomic number of Fe = 26

Electronic configuration = 1s2, 2s2 2p6,3s2 3p6 3d6 ,4s2

2) Their two outermost shell are incompletely filled by electron. They


show variable valency as electron of both, valence shell and
penultimate shell take part in bonding.

Eg;

Sc = [Ar] 4s23d1

Sc2+ = [Ar] 4s0 3d1

Sc3+ = [Ar] 4s0 3d0

3) Most of the d-orbital elements have their d- orbital incompletely


filled with electron , so they allow d-d transition . Hence most of their
compound are coloured.

Eg:

FeS04 – Green colour , CuS04 = blue colour etc.


4) The ionization energy and electronegativity values of d-block
element lie between that of s- block and p-block element.

5) The presence of unpaired d electron make them hard.

6) These metal or their compound can act as catalyst in various process.

Eg:

Fe is used as catalyst in Haber’s process.

Ni and pt are used as catalyst in hydrogenation process.

7) Since they have unpaired electron they exhibit paramagnetic


property . The absence of unpaired electron makes them diamagnetic.

Eg: Fe has unpaired d- electron, they are paramagnetic.

Zn do not have unpaired electron , they are diamagnetic.

8) Due to their small size they easily can form alloys.

Eg: Brass(Zn +Cu) , Zn- Hg (Zn –amalgam)

# Oxidation state (variable valency) , colour and catalytic property of

transition metals:
Electrons are used for bonding and +3 when two s and one d-electron are
removed or involved in bonding.

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