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ThermochemistryLecture 1

The document discusses thermochemistry, focusing on energy transfers in chemical reactions, distinguishing between exothermic and endothermic processes. It explains concepts such as enthalpy changes, heat capacities, and the use of calorimeters for measuring energy changes. Additionally, it provides examples of reactions and calculations related to heat transfer and enthalpy changes under standard conditions.

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3 views

ThermochemistryLecture 1

The document discusses thermochemistry, focusing on energy transfers in chemical reactions, distinguishing between exothermic and endothermic processes. It explains concepts such as enthalpy changes, heat capacities, and the use of calorimeters for measuring energy changes. Additionally, it provides examples of reactions and calculations related to heat transfer and enthalpy changes under standard conditions.

Uploaded by

likenchimunya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHE1010 Thermochemistry Lecture 1

It is the study of energy transfers between system (reacting chemicals) and


their surroundings.

Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions

When we heat, the molecules start vibrating and energy is transferred.


Chemical reactions which release energy to the surroundings are described
as exothermic reactions.
Mg(s) + H2SO4 (aq) → MgSO4 (aq) + H2(g) (exo)
Released energy is transferred to surroundings
(solvent, air around the test tube, thermometer)
Combustion of fuels is exothermic. eg. CH4, C2H6, propane
Reactions which absorb energy from surroundings are endothermic
reactions.
e.g thermal decomposition of limestone i.e CaCO3
Temperature of surroundings decrease during an endothermic reaction.
Photosynthesis is endothermic (needs sunlight)
NH4Cl/NH4NO3(s) + H2O → NH4+ + NO3- (endothermic)
This reaction is used in cold packs to treat sports injury.
By kneading the packet this endothermic reaction is triggered. It absorbs
heat from the inflamed body parts and brings a cooling effect.
We can have heat packs (warmers) also
4Fe(s) + 3O2 (g) → 2Fe2O3 (s) (exo)
When the reaction is triggered by squeezing, oxidation of Fe takes place
from the outside O2. They act as muscle relaxants.
In an exothermic reaction, energy content of the system reduces.
H products ˂ H reactants

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ΔH = Hproducts - Hreactants ΔH is negative
In endothermic reactions, H products ˃ H reactants ΔH is positive

Enthalpy profile diagrams can be drawn:

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Problem:
Calculate ΔE for a system undergoing an endothermic process in which
15.6 KJ of heat flows and where 1.4 KJ of work is done on the system.
Key: ΔE = q + w q = +15.6 KJ (endo)

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ΔE = 15.6 + 1.4 =17.0 KJ w = +1.4 KJ (work done on the system)

Energy Profile Diagram

Thermal decomposition of CaCO3

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Standard enthalpy changes (indicated as ΔH(-) )
To make any comparison of enthalpy changes (a fair comparison) we need
to apply same condition. These are std conditions.
• Std pressure is 105 Pa (1 atm)
• Std T 298 K (25oC)
• Std enthalpy change is indicated as ΔH(-)
• Each substance involved is in its normal physical state. Water is
liquid at the above std conditions of P and T.

Variety of enthalpy changes

(1) Std enthalpy change of reaction, ΔHr(-)


It is the enthalpy change accompanied when reactants react to give
products under std conditions.

(2) Std enthalpy change of combustion ΔHc(-)

2 S(s) + 2 O2(g) → 2 SO2(g), ΔH = 2(-326.8 kJ/mol)

Similarly, we have

(3) Std enthalpy change of neutralisation


(4) Std enthalpy change of atomisation

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(5) Std enthalpy change of hydration
(6) Std enthalpy change of formation
Note: std enthalpy change of formation of any element in its std state is zero.

Heat capacities and calorimeters


Different materials need different amounts of heat to change their
temperatures by similar amounts. Similarly, it takes very less amount of
energy to warm a cup of water than a bath full of water. So, volume involved
also is important.
The heat capacity, c of an object is the amount of heat required to raise its
temperature by 1 K (unit J/K).
Specific heat capacity, c is the energy needed to raise the T of one Kg of a
substance by 1 Kelvin (SI unit is J/Kg/K)
If E is the heat transferred and ΔT is the temperature change involved,
then E = mcΔT m = mass, c = specific heat capacity
C for water is 4.18 x 103 J/Kg/K (high value)
C is different for a different substance.
Measuring energy changes
We cannot measure, H, enthalpy (energy content) but we can measure ΔH,
enthalpy change.
To measure energy changes, we use a calorimeter, a polystyrene cup with
lid. Expanded polystyrene (foamy) has low sp.ht. capacity.

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i.e energy required to raise the T is low, or any T change can be easily
recorded before the heat finds its way out of calorimeter.
Enthalpy change, q = mcΔt q = energy transferred in joules
m = mass in g c = sp.ht capacity in j/g/c
ΔT = oC
Assumptions made:
1cm3 of solution = 1 g (density =1)
Sp.ht capacity of solution (dilute reaction mixture = sp ht capacity of H 2O)
Bomb calorimeter uses a sealed vessel to study enthalpy changes, so
accuracy is better.

Problem:
How much heat in joules is required to raise the T of 500 g of iron from
from 30oC to 70oC. ‘c’ of iron is 0.444j/goC
Key:
Mass =500 g c = 0.444 j/goC ΔT = 40oC
Heat (q) = mcΔT = 500 g x 0.444 j/goC x 40oC
= 8.88 x 10 3 J = 8.88 KJ

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