Session 04 Course Teacher: Md.

Yousuf Ali (YA)

Course Title: Engineering Mathematics Lecturer, Department of CSE.
Course Code: MAT211 Email: [email protected]
Credits: 3 Mobile: 01766906098

Differential Equation of first order and first degree

(Standard Form of Linear Differential Equation)

Linear Differential Equation: A first order differential equation is called linear if it can be written
in the form,

dy
+ Py = Q … … … (1)
dx

where P and Q are constants or functions of x alone (i.e., not of y).

A method of solving (1): Suppose e (which is taken as function of x alone) is an integrating

Pdx

factor of (1). Multiplying (1) by e , we get

Pdx

e
dy  Pdx
+ e Py = e  Q
Pdx Pdx

dx

d   Pdx   Pdx
ye  = e Q … … … (2)
dx  

Integrating both sides with respect to x, we get

ye =  e
Pdx Pdx
Qdx + C

which is the required solution of given linear differential equation (1).

Integrating Factor:

An algebraic factor by multiplying which a differential equation be solvable or integrable.

Or
Integrating factor is a factor which makes an expression readily (directly) integrable after
multiplying by it.

Or

A differential equation is multiplied by a factor (function of x or function of y) and it becomes

integrable, such type of factor is called integrating factor.

It is shortly denoted by I.F.

Type and Solution:

dy
1. If a differential equation + Py = Q with P and Q are constants or functions of x alone
dx
(i.e., not of y), then the integrating factor is,

I.F = e
Pdx

and the solution of the DE is,

y  I .F =  ( Q  I .F ) dx + C

 ye =  Qe
Pdx Pdx
dx + C

dx
2. If a differential equation + Px = Q with P and Q are constants or functions of y alone
dy
(i.e., not of x), then the integrating factor is,

I.F = e
Pdy

and the solution of the DE is,

x  I .F =  ( Q  I .F ) dy + C

 xe  =  Qe 
Pdy Pdy
dy + C
 dy
Example: Solve the DE + xy = x
dx

Solution: Given that,

dy
+ xy = x … … … (1)
dx

By comparing with the general first order first degree linear equation, we get P = x and Q = x .

Thus the integrating factor,

x2
I.F = e = e = e 2 … … … (2)
Pdx xdx

Hence the required solution is,

y  I .F =  ( x  I .F ) dx + C

x2 x2
 ye 2
=  xe dx + C 2

x2
 ye 2
= I + C … … … (3)

Now, x2
Let, =z
x2 2
I =  xe dx 2
1
Such that, .2 xdx = dz
 I =  e dz z
2
 I = ez  xdx = dz
2
x
I = e 2

Now equation (3) implies that,

x2
ye 2
= I +C

x2 x2
 ye 2
= e +C 2
 x2
−
 y = 1 + Ce 2

Which is the required general solution of the given problem.

dy
Problem-01: Solve the DE x + 2 y = x 2 ln x
dx

Solution: Given that,

dy
x + 2 y = x 2 ln x
dx

dy 2
+ y = x ln x … … … (1)
dx x

2
By comparing with the general FOFD linear equation, we get P = and Q = x ln x .
x

Thus the integrating factor,

2 1
I.F = e  = e  x = e  x = e2ln x = eln x = x 2 … … … (2)
Pdx dx 2 dx 2

Hence the required solution is,

y  I .F =  ( x ln x  I .F ) dx + C

 yx 2 =  x 2 x ln xdx + C

 yx2 =  x3 ln xdx + C

d 
 yx 2 = ln x  x3dx −   ( ln x )  x3dx dx + C
 dx 

x4 1
 yx 2 = ln x −  x3dx + C
4 4
 x4 1 x4
 yx 2 = ln x − +C
4 4 4
x4  1
 yx =  ln x −  + C
2

4 4

Which is the required general solution of the given problem.

dy 1
Problem-02: Solve the DE x − 2 y = x 2 + sin 2
dx x

Solution: Given that,

dy 1
x − 2 y = x 2 + sin 2
dx x

dy 2 1 1
− y = x + sin 2 … … … (1)
dx x x x

2 1 1
By comparing with the general FOFD linear equation, we get P = − and Q = x + sin 2 .
x x x

Thus the integrating factor,

2 1
I.F = e  Pdx
=e  − dx
x
−2  dx −2 1
= e x = e−2ln x = eln x = x −2 = 2 … … … (2)
x

Hence the required solution is,

 1 1  
y  I .F =   x + sin 2   I .F  dx + C
 x x  

1  1 1  1
y =   x + sin 2   2  dx + C
 x  x 
2
x x

y 1 1 1 
 =   + 3 sin 2  dx + C
x x x 
2
x

y 1 1 1
 2
=  dx +  3 sin 2 dx + C
x x x x
 y 1 1
 2
= ln x +  3 sin 2 dx + C
x x x

y
 = ln x + I + C … … … (3)
x2

Now, 1
Let, =
1 1 x2
I = sin 2 dx
Such that, −2x−2−1dx = d
3
x x
1
2
I =− sin  d 1 1
 3
dx = − d
x 2
1 1 1
I= cos   I = cos 2
2 2 x
Now equation (3) implies that,

y
 = ln x + I + C
x2

y 1 1
 2
= ln x + cos 2 + C
x 2 x

y 1 1
 2
= ln x + cos 2 + C
x 2 x

Which is the required general solution of the given problem.

Exercise

Solve the following DE

1. (1 − x ) dy
2

dx
− xy = 1

dy
2. + 2 y tan x = sin x
dx
dy
3. − 2 y cos x = −2sin 2 x
dx
dy
4. x cos x + y ( x sin x + cos x ) = 1
dx
5. ( x + 2 y ) dy
3

dx
=y

6. Integrate (1 + x 2 )
dy
+ 2 xy − 4 x 2 = 0 . Obtain equation of the curve satisfying this equation
dx
and passing through the origin.