CH-1(GST)

GST(Goods & Services Tax)

Intra-state Transaction Inter-state Transaction

(within the same state) (different states)

ITC(Input Tax Credit)

For a registered user, the tax already paid on purchase is
known as ITC.
Ex-for a Registered User ‘A’,
If Input tax = x (tax paid on purchase)
output tax = y (tax received on Sale)
Then ITC = x
Tax liability for A = Output tax – Input tax
= (y – x )
Important Notes:-
➢ End User(Cunsumer) can not claim for ITC.
➢ C.P(Cost Price) for a Cunsumer is amount paid by him
inclusive of GST.
➢ C.P(Cost Price) for a Registered dealer is amount paid
by him exclusive of GST.
➢ GST always calculated on S.P(Selling Price).
➢ GST is a value addition tax.
➢ GST=
GST on sale price(Output tax) - GST on purchase
price(Input tax)

➢ S.P= M.P – Discount

𝑫%
➢ Discount = M.P ×
𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝑷%
➢ Profit = S.P ×
𝟏𝟎𝟎
CH-2(BANKING)

𝒏(𝒏+𝟏) 𝒓
I=P× ×
𝟐×𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎

I=Interest earn
P=monthly installment
n = number of months
r = rate of Interest

M.V = P×n + I
Or
𝒏(𝒏+𝟏) 𝒓
M.V = P×n + P× ×
𝟐×𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎

M.V= Maturity Value

 CH-3(SHARES & DIVIDENDS)
Some technical terms:-
➢ Nominal Value(N.V)/Face Value(F.V)/Register Value/Printed
value:- A value of share that does not change.

➢ Market Value(M.V)/Cash Value:- The current price of share in

the market

At par means :- M.V=N.V

Above par or at premium means:- M.V>N.V
Below par or at a discount means:- M.V<N.V

➢ Dividend(Income or Profit):- The profit of share holder at N.V

from his investment.

➢ Sum Invested:- N × M.V (where N= no. of shares)

➢ No. of shares(N) =

𝑺𝑼𝑴 𝑰𝑵𝑽𝑬𝑺𝑻𝑬𝑫 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒅 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑰𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆(𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒇𝒊𝒕)

= =
𝑴.𝑽 𝒐𝒇 𝟏 𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝑫𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝟏 𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝑰𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆(𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒇𝒊𝒕)𝒐𝒏 𝟏 𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒆

➢ Dividend(Income or Profit)= No. of shares × Rate of Dividend × N.V

➢ Return%=Income%=Profit%=
𝑫𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒅 𝑰𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆
×100=𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕×100
𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕

➢ Dividend% × N.V = Profit(return)% × M.V

➢ Note:- Dividend% depands on N.V & Profit(return)% on M.V
➢ For a share holder:-
Income=Return=Profit=Dividend paid by the company
 CH-4(LINEAR INEQUATIONS)
Signs of Inequalities:- [>,< ,≥,≤]
Note:- Inequality sign do not change. If any positive
value change their side.
For example:-
2x+3>7 or 2x-3>7
2x>7-3 or 2x>7+3
(No change) (No change)

Also,
𝟐𝒙+𝟑
2(2x+3)>7 or >7
𝟐
𝟕
(2x+3)> or 2x+3>7×2
𝟐
(No change) (No change)

Note:- Inequality sign change. If and only if any

negative value change their side from multiply to
divide and divide to multiply.
𝟐𝒙+𝟑
Ex- -2(2x+3)>7 or >7
−𝟐
𝟕
(2x+3)< - or 2x+3<-7×2
𝟐
(No change) (No change)
Real Number line representation:-
 CH-5(QUADRATIC EQUATION)
Standard Form of quadratic equation:-

ax2+bx+c=0
Where, a,b,c=Real No. & a≠0

Quadratic formula:-

−𝒃±√𝒃𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄
x=
𝟐𝒂
Discriminant(D) = b2-4ac
If, D=0 (Real & Equal roots)
If, D>0 (Real & Unequal roots)
If, D<0 (Real roots do not exists)
or, (Imaginary roots)
Note:- middle term splitting only possible, if ‘D’
is a perfect square number otherwise we use
quadratic formula.
 CH-6(SOLVING PROBLEMS)

Here we solve the word problems based on

quadratic equations
Steps to solve the problems:-
(i) First, we let the unknown quantity “x”.
(ii) Form an equation in terms of “x”
(iii) Solve the equation for “x”.
 CH-7(RATIO & PROPORTION)

Ratio:- Two quantities of same kind in their

simplest form.
Antecedent
𝒂
Ex- a:b or
𝒃
Consequent

Proportion:- Four quantities of same kind(like

a,b,c,d) are said to be in proportion, if
𝒂 𝒄
=
𝒃 𝒅
Also, product of mean=product of extreme
ad=bc
Properties of Proportion:-
𝒂 𝒄 𝒃 𝒅
➢ Invertendo:- if = then, =
𝒃 𝒅 𝒂 𝒄
𝒂 𝒄 𝒂 𝒃
➢ Alternendo:- if = then, =
𝒃 𝒅 𝒄 𝒅
𝒂 𝒄 𝒂+𝒃 𝒄+𝒅
➢ Componendo:- if = then, =
𝒃 𝒅 𝒃 𝒅
𝒂 𝒄 𝒂−𝒃 𝒄−𝒅
➢ Dividendo:- if = then, =
𝒃 𝒅 𝒃 𝒅
 ➢ Componendo and Dividendo:-
𝒂 𝒄 𝒂+𝒃 𝒄+𝒅
if = then, =
𝒃 𝒅 𝒂−𝒃 𝒄−𝒅

Composition of ratio:-
(i) Compound Ratio:- (product of 2 or more ratios)
𝒂 𝒄 𝒎
Ex-Let some ratios , &
𝒃 𝒅 𝒏
𝒂 𝒄 𝒎 𝒂𝒃𝒎
Then, the compound ratio = × × =
𝒃 𝒅 𝒏 𝒃𝒅𝒏
(ii) Duplicate ratio:- (square of any given ratio)
𝒂 𝒂𝟐
Ex-Duplicate ratio of =
𝒃 𝒃𝟐
(iii) Triplicate ratio:- (cube of any given ratio)
𝒂 𝒂𝟑
Ex-Triplicate ratio of =
𝒃 𝒃𝟑
(iv) Sub-duplicate ratio:- (square root of any given
ratio)
𝒂 √𝒂
Ex- Sub-duplicate ratio of =
𝒃 √𝒃
(v) Sub-triplicate ratio:- (cube root of any given ratio)
𝟑
𝒂 √𝒂
Ex- Sub-duplicate ratio of =𝟑
𝒃 √𝒃
Some important proportion:-
(i) Fourth proportion:-
Ex-if x is a fourth proportion of a,b,c,x
𝒂 𝒄 𝒃𝒄
= x=
𝒃 𝒙 𝒂
(ii) Mean proportion:-
Ex-if x is a mean proportion between a,x,b
𝒂 𝒙
= x2= ab
𝒙 𝒃
(iii) Third proportion:-
Ex-if x is a third proportion of a,b,x
𝒂 𝒃 𝒃𝟐
= x=
𝒃 𝒙 𝒂

(iv) Continued proportion:-

Ex-if a,b,c are in continued proportion,then
𝒂 𝒃
=
𝒃 𝒄
 CH-8(REMAINDER & FACTOR THEOREM)
REMAINDER THEOREM:-
If f(x) is a polynomial in x and it is divided by (x-a).Then
Remainder=f(a).

Ex- f(x)=x2-8x+4 is divided by (x-1)

Then, x-1=0
x=1
Now, put x=1 in f(x)
f(x)=x2-8x+4
f(1)=(1)2-8(1)+4
=1-8+4
=-3

FACTOR THEOREM:-
If f(x) is a polynomial in x and it is divided by (x-a) and
gives remainder=0.Then (x-a) is factor of f(x).

Ex- f(x)=x2-5x+6 is divided by (x-2)

Then, x-2=0
x=2
Now, put x=2 in f(x)
f(x)=x2-5x+6
f(1)=(2)2-5(2)+6
=4-10+6
=0 [remainder is 0.then (x-2) is a factor of f(x)]
 CH-9(MATRICES)
Matrices is a rectangular arrangement of numbers
𝒂 𝒂𝟏𝟐
Ex- 𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒂 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝑨 = [𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 ]
𝟐𝟏

Elements of matrix A= a11, a12, a21, a22

Elements of matrix A= Row × Column(2 × 2)

Types of Matrices:-
(i) Row Matrix:- (only single row is present)

Ex- [𝟐 𝟑]1×2 & [𝟏 𝟐 𝟑]1×3

(ii) Column Matrix:- (only single column is present)

𝟐 𝟐
Ex- [ ]2×1 & [𝟑]3×1
𝟑 𝟓
(iii) Square Matrix:- (no. of rows=no. of column)
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
Ex- [ ]2×2 & [𝟒 𝟓 𝟔]3×3
𝟑 𝟒 𝟕 𝟖 𝟗
(iv) Rectangle Matrix:- (no. of rows=no. of column)
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐
Ex- [ ]2×3 & [𝟑 𝟒]3×2
𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 𝟓 𝟔
(v) Zero Matrix:- (any order matrix with all elements zero)
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
[𝟎 𝟎]1×2 𝟎 𝟎
Ex- , [𝟎]3×1 , [ ]2×2 , [𝟎 𝟎] 3×2
𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
 (vi) Diagonal Matrix:- (A square matrix with all elements zero

except the principal diagonal elements)

𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
Ex- [ ]2×2 & [𝟎 𝟓 𝟎]3×3
𝟎 𝟒 𝟎 𝟎 𝟗
(vii) Scalar Matrix:- (A diagonal matrix with same principal

diagonal elements)
𝟒 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
Ex- [ ]2×2 & [𝟎 𝟐 𝟎]3×3
𝟎 𝟒 𝟎 𝟎 𝟐
(viii) Unit or Identity Matrix:- (A diagonal matrix with principal

diagonal elements 1)
𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
(ix) Ex- [ ]2×2 & [𝟎 𝟏 𝟎]3×3
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
Transpose of a Matrix:-
(Interchanging the rows and column)
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟒
Ex- 𝑨 = [𝟒 𝟓 𝟔
]
2×3 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑨(𝑨𝑻)
= [𝟐 𝟓]3×2
𝟑 𝟔
Note:-If A is a matrix, then its transpose is denoted by 𝑨𝑻 .
Equality of Matrices:-
Two matrices are said to be equal if :
(i) both have same order
(ii) the corresponding elements of both matrices are equal.
𝟏 𝟐
Ex- 𝑨=[ ] & 𝑩 = [𝟏 𝟐]2×2 ;
2×2
𝟑 𝟒 𝟑 𝟒
then A=B.
 Addition of Matrices:-
Two matrices can be added together, if they are of the
same order.

Subtraction of Matrices:-
Two matrices can be subtracted together, if they are of the
same order.

Additive identity in Matrices:-

A null matrix is said to be the additive identity in matrices.

] + [𝟎 𝟎 ] = [
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
Ex- 𝑨+𝟎=[ ]
𝟑 𝟒 𝟎 𝟎 𝟑 𝟒

Additive inverse in Matrices:-

Negative of a matrix is said to be the additive inverse in matrices.

] + [−𝟏 −𝟐] = [
𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
Ex- 𝑨 + (−𝑨) = [ ]
𝟑 𝟒 −𝟑 −𝟒 𝟎 𝟎

Multiplication of Matrices:-
Two matrices “A” of order m×n & “B” of order p×q can be
multiplied if :-
(i) Number of Columns(n) of “A” = Number of Rows(p) of “B”

𝐴𝑚×𝑛 × 𝐵𝑝×𝑞 = 𝐶𝑚×𝑞

Note:- Resultant matrix will be of order 𝒎 × 𝒒.
Multiplicative identity in Matrices:-
AI=A=IA
Identity Matrix(I) is the multiplicative identity.

Note:- AB≠BA(Commutativity does not follow in multiplication)

 CH-10(ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION)
General terms of an A.P:-
𝒂, 𝒂 + 𝒅, 𝒂 + 𝟐𝒅, 𝒂 + 𝟑𝒅,………………………….
aϵ first term
dϵ common difference(a2-a1)
nth term from starting:-
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅
nth term from end(last):-
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒍 − (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅
Sum of nth term:-
𝒏
𝑺𝒏 = [𝟐𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅]
𝟐
𝒏
Or 𝑺𝒏 = (𝒂 + 𝒍)
𝟐
𝒏
Or 𝑺𝒏 = (𝒂 + 𝒂𝒏 )
𝟐

Some properties of A.P:-

➢ If a fixed non-zero number is added or subtracted from each
term of an A.P, the resulting sequence is also an A.P.
➢ If each term of a given A.P is multiplied or divided by a given
non zero fixed number the resulting sequence is an A.P.
➢ If three numbers a, A and b are in the arithmetic progression,
then A is called the Arithmetic mean(A.M).

𝒂+𝒃
A.M =
𝟐
 CH-11(GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION)
General terms of a G.P:-
𝒂, 𝒂𝒓, 𝒂𝒓𝟐 , 𝒂𝒓𝟑 ,………………………….
aϵ first term
r ϵ common ratio(a2/a1)

nth term from starting:-

𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝒓𝒏−𝟏
nth term from end(last):-
𝒍
𝒂𝒏 = , (where ‘l’ is last term)
𝒓𝒏−𝟏
Sum of nth term:-
𝒂(𝟏−𝒓𝒏 )
𝑺𝒏 = , When |𝒓|<1
(𝟏−𝒓)
𝒂(𝒓𝒏 −𝟏)
Or 𝑺𝒏 = , When |𝒓|>1
(𝒓−𝟏)
𝒍𝒓−𝒂
Or 𝑺𝒏 = ( , (if l is given)
𝒓−𝟏)
 Some properties of G.P:-
➢ The ratio between two consecutive terms of a G.P
is always same. means,
𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟑 𝒂𝟒
= = and so on.
𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟑
➢If a,b,c are in G.P. then
𝑏 𝑐
= and also b2=ac
𝑎 𝑎
➢ If each term of a G.P is multiplied or divided by the

same non-zero number, the resulting series is also

a G.P.
➢ The series obtained by taking the reciprocals of the
terms of a G.P, is also a G.P
Ex-2,4,8,16,……………………………………
1 1 1 1
, , , ,………………………is also a G.P.
2 4 8 16
➢ If each term of a G.P is raised to the same non-zero
number, the resulting series is also a G.P.
Ex- 2,4,8,16,…………………………………..
Then,23,43,83,…………………………is also a G.P
➢ If the corresponding terms of 2 G.P’s are multiplied
together, the resulting series is also a G.P.
Ex- 2,4,8,16,…………………………………..
1,3,9,27,…………………………………..
Then, 2×1,4×3,8×9,16×27,………is also a G.P
➢ If the corresponding terms of 2 G.P’s are divided
together, the resulting series is also a G.P.
Ex- 2,4,8,16,…………………………………..
1,3,9,27,…………………………………..
2 4 8 16
Then, , , , ,………………………is also a G.P.
1 3 9 27
➢ Geometric Mean(G.M):-
If a and b are two positive numbers then a,G,b are
in G.P.
𝑎 𝐺
then = and also G2=ab or G=√𝑎𝑏
𝐺 𝑏
 CH-12(REFLECTION)
Cartesian plane(xy-plane):-
The system consisting of the x-axis,the y-axis and the origin is
also called cartesian co-ordinate system. The x-axis and y-
axis together are called co-ordinate axes.

Co-ordinates of points:-

Reflection:-
➢ (x,y) x-axis/y=0 (x,-y)
➢ (x,y) y-axis/x=0 (-x,y)
➢ (x,y) reflection in origin (x,-y)
Invarient Point:-
➢ (x,y) No change after reflection (x,y)
CH-13(SECTION & MID-PONIT FORMULA)

SECTION FORMULA:-

m1 m2
A(x1,y1) P(x,y) B(x2,y2)

𝒎𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒙𝟏 𝒎 𝟏 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒎 𝟐 𝒚𝟏
𝒙= 𝒐𝒓 𝒚=
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎 𝟐 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐

MID-POINT FORMULA:-
𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐
𝒙= 𝒐𝒓 𝒚=
𝟐 𝟐

CENTROID OF A TRIANGLE:-
𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟑
𝒙= 𝒐𝒓 𝒚=
𝟑 𝟑
 CH-14(EQUATIONS OF LINE)
➢ How to check any point lies on a line:-
If any point (a,b) lies on a line. that means, this point satisfies
the equation of a line.
Ex- check (2,3) lies on given line 2x-y=1 or not
LHS- 2(2)-3
4-3
1
LHS=RHS,
Hence,(2,3) lies on the line.

➢ Inclination(θ):-

➢ Slope(gradient):-
𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏
m=tanθ or 𝒎=
𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏

NOTE:-
➢ If two lines are parallel:- (m1 = m2)
➢ If two lines are perpendicular:-
m1 × m2= -1
or
m1= -1/m2
 ➢ Condition for collinearity of 3 points:-

If slope of AB= slope of BC

NOTE:-
➢ Slope-intercept form:-
𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄

➢ Intercept form:-
𝒙 𝒚
+ =𝟏
𝒂 𝒃

➢ Point-slope form:-

𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )

➢ Two-Point form:-
𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏
 CH-15(SIMILARITY)
Conditions of similarity of two triangles
➢ AA or AAA similarity:-

➢ SSS similarity:-

➢ SAS similarity:-

BPT(Basic Proportionality Theorem):-

Theorem Statement:- A line drawn parallel to one
side of a triangle divides the other two sides
proportionally
Given:- △ABC , where DE||BC
𝑨𝑫 𝑨𝑬
To prove:- =
𝑫𝑩 𝑬𝑪
Construction:- join BE and CD
Draw DM⊥ AC and EN ⊥ AB
Area Theorem:-
The ratio of the areas of the two similar triangles is
equal to the square of the ratio of their corresponding
sides(also equal to their corresponding
medians,altitude and perimeter).

Application to maps and models:-

𝑯𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒅𝒆𝒍

K(scale factor) =
𝑯𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒅𝒆𝒍
K (scale factor) =
2
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒅𝒆𝒍
K (scale factor) =
3
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕
 CH-16(lOCI)
Definition:- Locus is the path traced by a moving point.

Some Important Theorem

Theorem(1):-
The locus of a point equidistant from two
intersecting lines is the bisector of the
angles between the lines.

Theorem(2):-
The locus of a point equidistant from two
given points is the perpendicular bisector of
the line joining the two points.
 CH-17(CIRCLE)
➢Concentric Circle:-
Circles having same centre

➢Equal circle:- Circles having same radii.

➢Circumscribed Circle(Circumcircle):-
A circle which form outside the polygon.

➢Inscribed Circle:- A circle which form

outside the polygon.
 Important properties related to chord:-
(i)The perpendicular to a chord from the centre of
the circle, bisect the chord and vice versa.

(ii)Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the

centre and vice versa.

Types of Arc of a circle:-

 Some Important Theorems
➢Angle subtend by an arc at centre is double that
which it subtends at any point on the remaining
part of the circumference.

➢Angle in the same segment of a circle are equal.

➢The angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.

➢ Sum of opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are

supplementary.
➢ The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to
the interior opposite angle.
 CH-18(TANGENTS AND INTERSECTING CHORDS)
Tangents drawn from exterior points
Important Result:-
(i) PA = QA
(ii) ∠P=∠Q
(iii) ∠POA+∠PAQ=180°

Some Important Theorems

➢ If two chords intersect internally or externally.
INTERNALLY EXTERNALLY

AP×BP=CP×DP AP×BP=CP×DP

➢ Angle between a tangent and a chord is equal to

an angle in the alternate segment.

➢ If a chord and a tangent intersect externally,then

PT2=AP×BP
 CH-19(CONSTRUCTION)
CENTROID:- It is defined as the point of intersection of all the
three medians of a triangle.
Note:- centroid(G) divides the medians is 2:1

Incentre:- The intersection point of all the three interior angle

bisectors of the triangle.

Circumcenter:- The circumcenter of a triangle is defined

as the point where the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of
that particular triangle intersect.

Orthocenter:- The orthocenter is the point where all the three

altitudes of the triangle cut or intersect each other.
NOTE:-
➢ Construction of tangents to a circle from an external
point.

➢ circumscribing a circle on a triangle and a regular

hexagon.

➢ Inscribing a circle on a triangle and a regular hexagon.

CH-20(CYLINDER,CONE & SPHERE)
Hollow Cylinder:-
➢ Thickness of its wall= R-r
➢ Area of cross-section= π(R2-r2)
➢ External CSA= 2πRh
➢ Internal CSA = 2πrh
➢ TSA= 2πRh + 2πrh + 2π(R2-r2)
➢ Volume of material = π(R2-r2)h
CH-21(TRIGONOMETRICAL IDENTITES)

SOME IMPORTANT FORMULAE:-

𝟏
(i) SinA =
𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝑨
𝟏
(ii) CosecA =
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝑨
𝟏
(iii) TanA =
𝑪𝒐𝒕𝑨
𝟏
(iv) CotA =
𝑻𝒂𝒏𝑨
𝟏
(v) CosA =
𝑺𝒆𝒄𝑨
𝟏
(vi) SecA =
𝑪𝒐𝒔𝑨
CH-22(HEIGHT & DISTANCE)
CH-23(GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION)
Histogram:-

Frequency Polygon:-

Less than ogive:-

CH-24(MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY)
MEAN:-
(i) Direct Method:-
𝜮𝒇𝒙
̅=
𝒙
𝜮𝒇

(ii) Short-cut Method(Assumed mean):-

𝜮𝒇𝒅
̅=𝑨+
𝒙 , (d=A-x)
𝜮𝒇

(iii) Step-deviation Method:-

𝜮𝒇𝒕
̅=𝑨+
𝒙 × 𝒊, (t=d/i)
𝜮𝒇

Median

For un-grouped data:-

𝒏+𝟏 𝐭𝐡
Median = ( ) 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎, (for nϵ odd number)
𝟐

𝒏 𝐭𝐡 𝒏 𝐭𝐡
(𝟐) 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎+(𝟐+𝟏) 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎
Median= , (for nϵ even number)
𝟐
For grouped data:-

Quartiles

➢Lower Quartile(Q1):-
𝒏 𝐭𝐡 𝒏+𝟏 𝐭𝐡
Q1= ( ) 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 or ( ) 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎
𝟒 𝟒

➢Upper Quartile(Q3):-
𝟑𝒏 𝐭𝐡 𝟑(𝒏+𝟏) 𝐭𝐡
Q3= ( ) 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 or ( ) 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎
𝟒 𝟒

➢Inter Quartile range = Q3 – Q1

 MODE

For Un-grouped data:-

(most occurring element)

For grouped data:-

(making histogram)
 CH-25(PROBABILITY)
𝑵𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒂𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔
P(E)=
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔

SAMPLE SPACE
COIN
Single Throw:- { H,T }
Double Throw:- { HH,HT,TH,TT }
Three Times:-
{ HHH,HTT,THT,TTH,THH,HTH,HHT,TTT }
(Out of syllabus)

DICE
Single Throw:- { 1,2,3,4,5,6 }

NOTE:-
➢Impossible event[P(E)]=0
➢Certain/Sure event[P(E)]=1
➢Complementary events:- P(E) + P(not E)=1
➢0≤P(E)≤1