Dr Simbini

NERVE AND MUSCLE MCQs

1 Excitable cells;
a. have a resting membrane potential
b. are impermeable to all ions at rest
c. have voltage operated ion channels
d. are activated by hyperpolarisation
e. have a high intracellular Na+ concentration
2 The resting membrane potential;
a. is low in excitable cells
b. depends on the relative concentrations of K+ on either side of the membrane
c. is mainly determined by the relative concentrations of Na+ on either side of the membrane
d. is decreased by the action of the Na+ pump
e. is increased slightly due to Gibbs-Donnan effect
3 During an action potential;
a. voltage operated Na+ channels open
b. voltage operated Na+ channels close
c. voltage operated K+ channels open
d. the membrane potential reaches a peak of 0mV
e. there is a net movement of K+ ions into the cell
4 The voltage operated Na+ channels in the nerve membrane;
a. has gates which are closed at rest
b. is opened when membrane is depolarized by10-15Mv
c. remains open for longer than the K+ channel
d. begins to open when the AP reaches its peak
e. is blocked by tetrodotoxin
5 The relative refractory period ;
a. is longer than the absolute refractory period
b. occurs during the period of afterhyperpolarization
c. is due to the raised Na+ permeability
d. is a period during which an action potential cannot be fired off
e. may last for 50ms in nerve fibers
6 Nerve conduction;
a. is due to local ionic currents
b. is due to hyperpolarisation of resting region ahead of the active region
c. only involves intracellular currents
d. is faster in small diameter nerve fibers
 e. is faster in myelinated fibers
7 At the neuromuscular junction;
a. the muscle membrane is folded to increase the surface area
b. each axon innervates a single muscle fiber
c. there is synaptic gap of 500nm
d. AchE is present
e. Transmission is by ionic currents passing between the nerve and muscle
8 ACh;
a. release requires the presence of Ca+ ions
b. is stored in vesicles in the nerve terminals
c. acts on muscarinic receptors on the skeletal muscle membrane
d. is taken up again by the nerve terminal after release
e. is competitively blocked by suxamethonium
9 The endplate potential (epp);
a. is a propagated potential
b. is a depolarization
c. is due to the opening receptor operated ion channel
d. is mainly due to the movement of K+ ions
e. will always trigger an AP in healthy muscle
10 At nerve-nerve synapses;
a. the transmitter may produce depolarization
b. the transmitter may produce hyperpolarisation
c. the postsynaptic neuron will act an integrator
d. inhibition may be presynaptic/postsynaptic
e. activation of an excitatory input will always result in the generation of an AP
11 In striated muscle;
a. the actin is attached to the Z-line
b. the A-band indicates the position of the myosin filaments
c. during contraction the A band becomes narrower
d. the T-tubules are connected to the sarcoplasm
e. the muscle AP travels down the T-tubule
12 Ca+ ions;
a. are actively pumped out of sarcoplasmic reticulum
b. diffuse passively into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
c. bind to tropomyosin in striated muscle
d. bind to calmodulin in smooth muscle
e. must be present to allow cross-bridge formation
13 Is it true/false that;
a. in an isotonic contraction the muscle does not shorten
b. a greater tension is developed in a single twitch than in a titanic contraction
c. the elastic elements of the muscle must be stretched before tension can be developed
d. the optimum length for tension development is close to the natural resting length
e. the velocity of shortening of muscle is directly proportional to the load
14 Slow oxidative (red) muscle fibers;
a. require oxygen from the blood
b. have large glycogen stores
c. contain few mitochondria
d. contain little myoglobin
e. are the most common type of fibers in the postural muscles
15 In cardiac muscle cells;
a. there are low resistance bridges within adjacent cells
b. the AP may last for 250ms
c. Ca+ ions may enter the cell during an AP
d. The absolute refractory period is very short
e. The normal type of contraction is a tetanus
16 In smooth muscle cells;
a. there is no actin/myosin
b. there is a well developed sarcoplasmic reticulum
c. Ca+ ions pass out of the cell during an AP
d. Transmitters only act at the endplate region
e. Activation may be due to spread of electrical activity from an adjacent cell

17 In the sympathetic nervous system;

a. the postganglionic fibers are relatively long
b. the postganglionic fibers are myelinated
c. the preganglionic transmitter is noradrenaline
d. the postganglionic transmitter is noradrenaline
e. the fibers leave the spinal cord in the thoracic and lumbar segments

18 In the parasympathetic nervous system;

a. ganglionic transmission involves nicotinic receptors
b. the fibers leave the spinal cord only in the cranial segment
c. the postganglionic fibers are usually short
d. the postganglionic transmitter acts on muscarinic receptors
 e. many organs are innervated by branches of the vagus nerve
19 Is it true/false that;
a. NA acts on the heart on B 1 receptors
b. NA acts on airway smooth muscle on B1 receptors
c. Sympathetic stimulation may increase salivary secretion
d. Parasympathetic stimulation may increase salivary secretion
e. Sympathetic stimulation relaxes gut smooth muscle
20 Is it true/false that;
a. Adrenaline acts only on alpha receptors
b. NA is formed from dopamine
c. Dopamine is a transmitter
d. Dopamine can cross the blood-brain barrier
e. Atropine blocks the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors

21 Neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junction is impaired by:

(a) Hemicholinium.
(b) Suxamethonium.
(c) Adrenaline.
(d) Botulinum toxin.
(e) Edrophonium.

22 The RMP of a nerve fibre:

a) Has a higher concentration of potassium ions inside the nerve than on the outside. b) When reduced,
results in an increase in excitability of the cell.
c) Has a value of -90 mV in muscle cells.
d) Is also known as the equilibrium potential
e) Is equal to the equilibrium potential of potassium.

23 Striated muscle:
a) Contains alternating A and Z bands.
b) Fibres are multinucleate.
c) Is present in the upper part of the oesophagus.
d) Fibres are bound together by sarcolemma.
e) Is the most common type of muscle found in the body.
23 The destruction of bone is associated with the following biochemical changes:
(a) Raised urinary hydroxyproline.
(b) Raised plasma alkaline phosphatase.
(c) Raised plasma acid phosphatase.
(d) Raised plasma calcium.
(e) Lowered plasma phosphate.
25 Osteoporosis differs from osteomalacia in the following ways:
(a) The density of the skeleton is reduced in osteoporosis and not in osteomalacia.
(b) The remaining bone in osteoporosis has a normal histological appearance.
(c) There are gross changes in the epiphyses in osteomalacia.
(d) Pseudofractures are more common in osteoporosis than in osteomalacia.
(e) Excess bone matrix is found in osteomalacia.

26 Calcium:
(a) Controls neuromuscular excitability.
(b) Acts as an intracellular second messenger.
(c) Is mobilized slowly from cancellous bone to blood.
(d) Absorption in small intestine is enhanced by vitamin D.
(e) Excess in blood is reduced by parathyroid hormone.

27 The following statements are correct:

(a) Intercalated discs are present in skeletal muscle.
(b) Cardiac muscle fibres are cross-striated.
(c) Transverse tubules are found in smooth muscle.
(d) Myofilaments are arranged in an organized way in smooth muscle.
(e) Muscle spindles are present in smooth muscle.

28 Regarding the AP in ventricular cardiac muscle:

(a) Calcium ions are responsible for the rising phase of the AP.
(b) The refractory period is longer than that following an AP in skeletal muscle.
(c) The sympathetic nervous system shortens the plateau phase of the AP.
(d) Calcium ions play a part in the AP.
(e) Initiation is neurogenic.

29 In skeletal muscle contraction, ATP:

(a) Is required to cause detachment of myosin heads from the actin filaments.
(b) Is provided by glycolysis.
©Is produced by slow synthesis from creatine kinase.
(d) Is necessary for the influx of sodium ions.
(e) Is produced by oxidative phosphorylation.

30 With regard to the arrangement of skeletal muscles:

(a) Muscles are arranged in groups.
(b) A muscle may be a member of only one group.
(c) For a given volume of muscle, an oblique arrangement of muscle fibres would result in a greater
force of contraction than a parallel arrangement.
(d) Muscle fibres are innervated by muscle spindles.
(e) The origin of a muscle is the attachment site at which there is little movement when the muscle
performs its main action.

31 With regard to saltatory conduction:

(a) It can occur in unmyelinated nerve fibres.
(b) Speed is proportional to the diameter of the nerve fibre.
(c) Speed is proportional to the strength of local circuits.
(d) A large safety factor is demonstrated
(e) Membrane depolarization does not occur.

32 With regard to skeletal muscle:

(a) A smaller stimulus is required to cause local contraction if applied to the Z band.
(b) Distance between the Z bands is constant during contraction.
(c) Each muscle fibre is innervated by only one motor neuron.
(d) APs are propagated in both directions to the ends of the muscle fibre.
(e) The length of the I bands decreases during contraction.

34 HLA B27 may be associated with the following:

(a) Rheumatoid arthritis.
(b) Osteoarthritis.
(c) Reiter's syndrome.
(d) Behçet's syndrome.
(e) Ankylosing spondylitis

35 Myasthenia gravis:
(a) May be associated with ptosis.
(b) Occurs most commonly in the fifth decade.
(c) Is associated with antibodies to ACh.
(d) Is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.
(e) May be transient in newborn babies of female sufferers.

36 With regard to muscle function:

(a) Isometric contraction of skeletal muscle is contraction at a constant tension.
(b) The treppe effect is associated with cardiac contraction.
(c) The force of skeletal muscle contraction increases with frequency of stimulation.
(d) Plasticity may involve altering vascular supply to the muscle.
(e) Most muscles in the body are at optimum length for maximal tension.

36 Chemical synapses differ from electrical in that:

(a) Transmission is more rapid.
(b) Synaptic cleft is larger.
(c) Plasticity may occur.
(d) They are more common in the body.
(e) Amplification of the signal is possible.

37 With regard to muscle fibre types:

(a)Speed of contraction is greatest with red fibres.
(b) Red fibres are resistant to fatigue.
(c) Myoglobin is present in red fibres.
(d) White fibres are involved in maintenance of posture.
(e) Glycogen content is high in white fibres.

38 Resting membrane potential for;

a) A skeletal muscle is -90mv
b) A ventricular cardiac cell is -90mv.
c) Neuron is -70mv.
d) All cells have a resting membrane potential.
e) Cardiac pacemaker is -55mv.

39 True or false
a) The sodium equilibrium potential of a neuron is -65
b) Graded potentials are conducted decrementally.
c) The potassium equilibrium potential is +90Mv.
d) The membrane potential of a cell can be calculated using the Nerst equation.
e) The resting membrane potential of a neuron is -90mV.
40 Concerning graded potential
a) Has a refractory period.
b) Can be summed.
c) Has no threshold.
d) Duration is constant for a given cell type under constant conditions.
e) Can be depolarising or hyperpolarising.

41 Excitable cells
a) Exhibit high resistance to current flow.
b) Allow for changes in ionic concentrations across the membrane.
c) Are primarily for short distance cellular communication.
d) Can have resting potentials that can reach -100mV.
e) Include smooth muscle cells in the gastro-intestinal system.

42 Concerning the relative refractory period in an axon

a) The membrane is depolarised.
b) The membrane is more permeable to sodium than in the resting state.
c) The excitability of the axon is decreased.
d) The sodium pump is inactivated.
e) The membrane is more permeable to potassium than in the resting state.

43 Regarding the action potential

a) Its nerve axon depolarisation threshold is -60mv
b) Is an all or non-even.
c) Is triggered by hyperpolarisation.
d) Has a latent, contraction and relaxation period.
e) In a nerve cell the platue phase is due to calcium influx.

44 True or false
a) Conduction of action potential is high in myelinated axons
b) Graded potentials are as a result of hyperpolarisation of a nerve cell.
c) The intensity of action potentials decreases with distance.
d) Fast excitatory potentials can be produced by an increase Na+ or Ca2+ conductance.
e) All cells have resting membrane potentials.

45 Concerning synapses
a) Electrical synapses are found between skeletal muscle and motor neurons.
b) Only one type of neurotransmitter is found at chemical synapses- acetylcholine.
c) In all synapses the postsynaptic membrane is always that of an effector.
d) They are a type of intercellular connections.
e) The synaptic cleft ion concentration is similar to that found inside a muscle fibre.

46 Regarding the neuromuscular junction

a) It is found between a smooth muscle and a motor neurone.
b) The neurotransmitter is always acetylcholine.
c) The junction is 20-40nm in diameter.
d) Transmission in the postsynaptic membrane can be inhibited by botulinum toxin.
e) The post synaptic receptors are the muscarinic type.

47 At the neuromuscular junction.

a) Ca2+ influx preceded depolarisation of the presynaptic membrane.
b) Exocytosis that leads to release of neurotransmitter is a passive process.
c) D-tubocurare is a competitive antagonist.
d) Muscarinic receptors are found on the postsynaptic membrane.
e) The neurotransmitter directly opens voltage gated channels in the postsynaptic membrane.

48 The end plate potential

a) Is a depolarisation always?
b) Is a type of a graded potential.
c) Is due to the opening of receptor operated ion channels.
d) Is mainly due to the movement of potassium ions.
e) Will always trigger an action potential in a health muscle.

49 Synaptic modulation.
a) Axo-axonic regulation is another form of modulation
b) Can be achieved via increasing intracellular Calcium on the presynaptic membrane.
c) Reduction in the amount of neurotransmitter release can result in up regulation of receptors on the
post synaptic membrane.
d) Presynaptic neurotransmitter reuptake modulation can regulate the amount on the neurotransmitter
in the synaptic cleft.
e) Post synaptic potentials can be summated.

50 Skeletal muscle:
a) Contraction is depended on the influx of extracellular calcium.
b) The length-tension relationship is linear.
c) Physiologically skeletal muscle fibres undergo tetanic contractions.
d) A reduction in muscle tone is brought about by reducing the number of discharging motor neurons.
e) All the individuals have the same proportion of red and white muscle fibres.

51 Concerning skeletal muscles

a) A drug that blocks calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum would cause muscle relaxation.
b) An isotonic contraction is accompanied by the shortening of the muscle.
c) A twitch contraction is larger than a titanic contraction.
d) Accumulation of ATP in skeletal muscle leads to rigor mortis.
e) The amount of tension developed in a skeletal muscle is dependent on the level of Ca2+ ions in the
cytosol.

52 Cardiac and smooth muscle;

a) Some smooth muscles exhibits myogenicity
b) Cardiac muscle contracts only in response to neural stimulation.
c) The resting membrane potential of cells in the SA node is unstable.
d) Tetanic contractions of the myocardium would be life threatening.
e) Noradrenaline can relax some smooth muscles but excite others.

53 Parasympathetic activity can lead to;

a) Pupil constriction.
b) Decreased salivation.
c) Promotion of glycogenolysis.
d) Relaxation of detrusor muscles
e) Increased force of contraction of the heart.

54 Regarding skeletal muscles

a) The thin filaments are made up of myosin.
b) ATP binding to myosin reduces the affinity of myosin for actin thus breaking the cross bridges.
c) Depolarisation of the muscle fibre is necessary to release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic
reticulum.
d) Red muscles have more myoglobin than pale muscles.
e) Calcium ions move back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by passive diffusion.

55 Activity in the sympathetic leads to;

a) Increase in gastrointestinal motility
b) A decrease in heart rate.
c) Increase in salivary secretion.
d) Penile erection.
e) Reduced blood flow to the heart.

56 Regarding the autonomic nervous system:

a) The cell bodies of the preganglionic sympathetic fibres are in the thoracic and lumbar segments of
the spinal cord.
b) The preganglionic sympathetic fibres release noradrenaline.
c) The postganglionic parasympathetic fibres release acetylcholine
d) Nicotinic receptors are present at the autonomic ganglia.
e) Parasympathetic fibres are found in some cranial nerves.

57 Regarding smooth muscles

a) They have a resting membrane potential.
b) The calcium for contractions comes from the extracellular fluid as well as the sarcoplasmic
reticulum.
c) Calcium binds troponin.
d) They are striated.
e) Action potential is propagated from cell to cell via gap junctions.

58 The following neurotransmitter neuromodulators are polypeptides;

a) Aspartate
b) Substance P
c) Nitric oxide
d) Acetylcholine
e) Glutamine.

59 Clinical correlates
a) Curare, blocks the acetyl cholinesterase enzyme.
b) Skeletal muscles are hyperpolarised in organophosphate poisoning.
c) In organophosphate poisoning, there is blockage of nicotinic receptors.
d) In myasthenia gravis, there is nicotinic receptor destruction.
e) Myasthenia gravis can be reversed by reversible blocking of acetyl cholinesterase enzyme.
60 With Regard To Neurons
a) The CNS contains about 10 billions neurons
b) All neurons have a cell body, axon and dendrites
c) Impulses are generated at the axon hillock
d) Kinesin transport is mainly anterograde
e) 99% of all neurons are interneurons

61 True or false
a) The equilibrium potential for Cl- is -85mV
b) The equilibrium potential for K+ is -8.8×〖10〗^(−4)V
c) At a membrane potential of -85mV the driving force is greatest for the Ca2+ ion
d) The resting membrane potential is about – 70mV
e) If this cell were permeable only to K+ the effect of reducing Extracellular K+ to 2.5 would be
19mV hyperpolarization

61 Concerning ionic variation effects on neuronal activity

a) Hypercalcemia causes increased neuronal excitability
b) Hypernatremia increases the amplitude of the action potential
c) A moaderate hypokalemia increases the membrane potential
d) Ca2+ blocks Na+ leak channels, which is why hypocalcemia causes tetany
e) A severe hyperkalemia causes decreased excitability

62 Glia
a) Oligodendrocytes provide myelin for the PNS
b) Ependymal cells send processes to blood vessels where they induce formation of the
blood brain barrier
c) A schwann cell may surround a nerve axon but not myelinate it
d) Satellite cells anchor cell bodies
e) Microglia are scavenger cells that originate from the neural tube

63 The Action Potential

a) Is an all-or-none phenomenon
b) Has an amplitude of about 110mV
c) May have a decreased amplitude
d) Is not propagated
e) Can move in two directions at the same time
64 Neuromuscular Junction
a) Generates EPSPs and IPSPs
b) The neurotransmitter is always acetylcholine
c) The nicotinic receptors are metabotropic coupled with Gs and increase Na+
conductance
d) Transmission is blocked by hexamenthonium
e) Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease that results in excessive muscle
contractions

65 Organophosphate poisoning
a) Organophosphates are readily absorbed by the skin, lung, gut, and conjunctiva, making
them very dangerous.
b) Organophosphates bind irreversibly to nicotinic receptors
c) Symptoms include, muscle cramping, fasciculations, weakness and paralysis
d) May be mistaken for myasthenia gravis
e) Treatment is by using acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

66 Concerning Nerve Conduction

a) Transmission is faster in myelinated nerves than in unmyelinated fibres
b) Decrease in diameter increases conduction speed
c) At OoC nerves are unable to conduct impulses
d) Autonomic transmission is faster than sensory nerve transmission
e) May be blocked by lidocaine

67 Skeletal Muscle
a) Has no distinguishable neuromuscular junction
b) Contains gap junctions which allow it to function as a syncytium
c) Cells are multinucleated
d) Contraction is heavily dependent on extracellular calcium release
e) Immediate source of energy is phosphorylcreatinine

68 Type I fibres differ from Type II fibres in that, Type I Fibres

a) Contain more mitochondria
b) Fatigue faster
c) Produce weaker contraction
d) May be tetanized and type II may not
e) Are white whereas type II are red
 69 Regarding the Cardiac Muscle Action potential
a) The depolarisation phase is due to opening of voltage gated Ca2+ channels
b) The plateau phase is due to efflux of K+ balancing with Na+ influx
c) It has no relative refractory period
d) Lasts 3-4ms
e) It is initiated by “funny channels”

70 Cardiac Muscle
a) Is mono/binucleated
b) May undergo treppe
c) Cells have a smaller endoplasmic reticulum as compared to skeletal muscle
d) Absolute refractory period lasts almost as long as the entire muscle twitch
e) Cells are anchored to each other by intercalated disks

71 Single unit muscle smooth muscle differs from multiunit smooth muscle because
a) Single unit muscle contraction speed is faster than multiunit
b) Single unit muscle has T tubules, and multiunit muscle does not
c) Single unit muscle is not innervated by autonomic nerves
d) Single unit muscle contracts when stretched, whereas multiunit does not
e) Single unit muscle does not produce action potentials spontaneously, whereas multiunit
does

72 Concerning smooth muscle

a) Thin filaments do not include regulatory protein troponin
b) Sympathetic nervous system increases smooth muscle activity in the gut, uterus and
bronchi
c) Have T-tubules and SR arranged as diads
d) Thick filaments are anchored to dense bodies instead of Z lines
e) Thick and thin filaments are not organized in sarcomeres

73 With regard to skeletal muscle

a) A smaller stimulus is required to cause local contraction if applied to the Z band.
b) Distance between the Z bands is constant during contraction.
c) Each muscle fibre is innervated by only one motor neuron.
d) APs are propagated in both directions to the ends of the muscle fibre.
e) The length of the I bands decreases during contraction.
 74 Muscle fatigue
a) Results in a decline in contractile force
b) Is due to the debilitating effects of lactic acid build up
c) Is caused by ATP depletion
d) May be called muscle cramp
e) Mostly results from central nervous system causes i.e. central fatigue

75 Neurotransmitters
a) are produced and processed in the neuroglia
b) released at the axon hillock
c) May act as hormones
d) are released from small vesicles which release their contents rapidly at all parts of axon
terminal
e) Synaptobrevin (t-snare) interacts with syntaxin (v-snare)

76 Synaptic Transmission
a) The synaptic cleft is 100-150nm wide
b) There are approx. 100 trillion synapses in the human body
c) Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the presynaptic membrane to induce EPSPs and IPSPs
d) Neurotransmitter is increased by increase in extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+
e) An increase in K+ conductance causes IPSPs

77 Acetylcholine
a) Is made in the presynaptic cell from choline and acetylCoA, a reaction catalysed by
aacetylcholinesterase
b) Is the neurotransmitter at NMJs, and both parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia
c) Release is inhibited by botulinium toxin
d) Is taken up by the presynaptic neuron by endocytosis
e) Receptors are all metabotropic

78 Glutamate
a) Is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system
b) AMPA receptors mediate most transmission
c) Is excitotoxic via NMDA receptors
d) Mediates umami taste transmission via MGluR
e) Is removed from the cleft by glial cells which then convert it to Glutamine
79 The monoaminergic system regulates
a) Sleep
b) Mood
c) Appetite
d) Arousal
e) Mentation

80 Gaba
a) Is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord
b) Is an amino acid
c) Acts on GABAB Receptors to increase Cl- conductance
d) Agonists like Gabapentin are used in the treatment of seizures
e) Is directly responsible for the regulation of muscle tone

81 Regarding the autonomic nervous system

a) The autonomic nervous system is part of the afferent division of the peripheral nervous
system
b) All nerves leaving the spinal cord secrete acetylcholine
c) Parasympathetic ganglia are located near or inside effector organs
d) Epinephrine is released in higher amounts than norepinephrine, during sympathetic
discharge
e) Sympathetic neurons may be non-adrenergic and non-cholinergic

82 Adrenergic receptors
a) α1 receptors are abundant in skeletal muscles
b) Epinephrine does not bind α receptors
c) β1 receptors cause vasodilation
d) Β3 receptors cause an increase in blood glucose and free fatty acid levels
e) Overstimulation may cause schizophrenia

83 Sympathetic Responses include

a. Ejaculation
b. Stimulation of salivation
c. Micturition
d. Dilation of splanchnic vessels
 e. Miosis

84 Concerning the parasympathetic nervous system

a) Comes from cranial nerves C3,7,9,10 and S2,3,4
b) The preganglionic and postganglionic fibres use acetylcholine which is manufactured
in nerve axons
c) Postganglionic fibres are longer than preganglionic fibres
d) Stimulation causes salivary secretion whereas sympathetic nervous system does not
e) The parasympathetic pathway is highly convergent

85 True/ false
a) In a nerve fibre, inactivation of sodium channels results in absolute refractory period.
b) The conductance of an ion is the reciprocal of its electrical resistance in the membrane
and is a measure of the membrane permeability to that ion.
c) Decreasing the extracellular concentration of sodium decreases the resting membrane
potential.
d) Hyperkalemia decreases the resting membrane potential hence increasing the
excitability of the cell
e) Nerst equation is when an ion concentration and voltage gradients have the same
energy and they oppose each other such that there is NO net ionic movement across the
membrane

86 Regarding the neuromuscular junction

a) Principal neurotransmitter is norepinephrine
b) Neurotransmitter acts via ionotropic receptors
c) Transmission is always excitatory
d) End plate potential will always cause an action potential
e) Calcium influx is required for exocytosis of neurotransmitter

87 Concerning Skeletal Muscle

a) Skeletal muscle is striated
b) Resting membrane potential is about -70mV
c) The myosin binding sites on actin are, at rest, covered by troponin
d) Weakness may be caused by myasthenia gravis
e) Through ATP hydrolysis, creates movement
 f) Functional unit is the myofibril

88 The Sarcomere
a) Is found between 2 Z lines
b) Width of A band is always constant
c) The H zone contains no thin filaments during relaxation
d) Thin filaments are stretched and shortened as the muscle is stretched or contracts
e) The T tubule invagination is found on the A-I junction

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