Preface

This reader contains the most important technical

drawing rules necessary to read, interpret and
construct good technical drawings.

The reader is divided in subjects and describes

drawing rules about projection methods,
dimensioning and tolerances (including fit
tolerances), surface roughness, geometrical
tolerances, welding symbols, sketching screw
threads, etc.

Also preferences for certain drawing rules are

depicted. These preferences are used within our
educational programmes Mechanical Engineering
and Industrial Design Engineering.

We hope that this reader will be a good manual for

interpreting and constructing technical drawings.

Theo Krone
Ilanit Lutters-Weustink

Technical Drawing 1
Table of Contents
Preface 1
Table of Contents 2
Introduction 3
Structural sketches 4
Design sketches 6
Projection methods 7
Projection methods - Perspective views 10
Special views 11
Line types 13
Drawing formats 14
Drawing scales 15
Title block / Bill of Materials 16
Section views 17
Dimensioning 22
Tolerancing 26
Fits: ISO System 27
Fits: Preferred fits (tables) 29
Fits: Tables 30
Fits: Preferred fits 31
Screw thread 32
Screw thread: Forms 35
Hexagonal bolts 37
Hexagon nuts 38
Surface roughness 39
Geometric tolerances 41
Welding symbols 45
Materials 47
Springs 48
Gears 49
Flat parallel keys 50
Roller bearings 52
UT: Drawing and SolidWorks conventions 54
Example: set of technical drawings 57

Technical Drawing 2
Introduction
Centuries ago, the craftsman did not need technical
drawings of his products. Equipments or products
were conceptualised and produced by one and the
same person. Sometimes, simple sketches were
made. Through the years, the craft production
changes towards an industrial development.

Because of the industrial development a need

for technical drawings did arise. Designing and
producing were executed by different persons.
Therefore, a tool was needed to transfer information
from designer to producer. A tool for transferring
information is for instance a technical drawing.
Also the need arose for more unity in defining
form, dimensions, materials, work methods, etc.
These arrangements are recorded in standards.
Advantages of these standards are: limitations in the Toothed gears (according to Leonardo da Vinci).
amount of parts, interchangeability of parts, better
compatibility of data, unity in drawings, etc.

In The Netherlands, these standardisation activities

are coordinated by the Dutch Standardisation
Institute (Nederlandse Normalisatie Instituut - NNI).
Experts from companies, government and education
work out design concepts that will be published as
NEN-standards after a critical review.
Sometimes NEN-standards are derived from
international standards (ISO) and are published as
NEN-ISO standards.

The drawings rules in this reader are mostly derived

from the NEN-standards.

Paper cutting machine.

Technical Drawing 3
Structural sketches
During the conceptual design phase there is a need The table below shows a summary of the standard
for a fast sketching method. It is necessary that the elements for creating a structural sketch.
designer can transfer his solution ideas quickly to If a standard element is not defined, a designer can
others. Structural sketches can be used to sketch create an element himself.
a solution direction. Standard function elements
are used to sketch the desired solution and the A large degree of freedom exists when applying
relationships between the different functional structural sketches. It is also possible to integrate
elements. the shape of the product or to integrate the most
important dimensions, motion directions and/or
Requirements for a structural sketch: additional texts.
• representation of all functions of the product;
• representation of the relationships The next page depicts three examples of structural
of these functional elements; sketches of known products.
• representation of the fixed world.

Technical Drawing 4
Structural sketches

Structural sketch of a vice.

Structural sketch of a hoist.

Structural sketch of a concrete mixer.

Technical Drawing 5
Design sketches
Three different phases can be discerned in the
product development process:

• analysis phase;
• conceptual design phase;
• detail design phase.

In general, the designer uses sketches in the

conceptual design phase to represent the solution
principles of the product, known as structural or
principal sketches.

During the detail design phase the chosen concept

is elaborated constructively using a CAD system.
Before a CAD model can be modelled, a few aspects
have to be worked out, based on the Program of
Requirements, for instance:
• choice of buy or manufacturing parts;
• material choice;
• dimensions and tolerances;
• connection methods between
the different parts;
• assemblability;
• finishing;
• ...

This extra information is depicted in a design

sketch. A design sketch consists of more detail than
a structural sketch and is sketched conform the
right ratios. A design sketch is an effective tool for
communication with other people in a design team.
A design sketch is used as a basis for constructing a
CAD model.

An example of a design sketch of a bottle cruncher is

given in the figure.

Technical Drawing 6
Projection methods
Technical drawings are drawn according to the
orthogonal projection method.
Nowadays, because of the use of 3D CAD systems,
3D views are used more often.
These 3D views are only illustrative; they may not be
used for indicating annotations.

Projecting
A side plane of a product is projected on a
“transparant” plane (projection plane). This is done
by projecting all points of the product onto this
plane.

Projections
The projection planes are perpendicular to each
other. The front, upper and right side views are
projected on these projection planes.

Rotating projection planes

The projection planes are rotated in such way that
they are aligned with the front view.

Choice of views
In the figure a front, top and right side view are
chosen. Other combinations (e.g. other views, less
or more views) are also possible depending on the
shape/geometry of the product.

Front view
In general, the front view shows the product in
its operating position and is the most informative
view. The other necessary views are projected with
reference to the front view.

Technical Drawing 7
Projection methods
Number of views
A drawing for use in production should contain
those views necessary for a clear and complete
shape description.

Placement of views
The views can be placed on a drawing according to
two different orthogonal projection methods:
• American projection method
• European projection method

American projection method (third angle)

The American projection method places the top
view above the front view, the right side view at
the right side, the left side view at the left side of
the front view and the bottom view below the front
view.

European projection method (first angle)

The European projection method places the top
view below the front view, the bottom view above
the front view, the right side view at the left side
and the left side view at the right side of the front
view.

Symbols projection methods

To indicate which projection method is used on a
drawing, a specific symbol must be depicted in the
title block of the drawing.

Symbol American projection method Symbol European projection method

Technical Drawing 8
Projection methods
On this page the two different projection methods
are depicted.
The same product is used to create the front, top
and right side view.

American projection method European projection method

Views on the drawing Views on the drawing

Symbol Symbol

Technical Drawing 9
Projection methods - Perspective views
Besides the orthogonal views on drawings, also
axonometric projections (perspective views) are
used.

Standardised perspective views are:

• isometric projection
• dimetric projection
• trimetric projection

Isometric view
Isometric projection method
The three axes of space appear equally
foreshortened, and there is a common angle of 120°
between them.

Dimetric projection method

Two of the three axes of space appear equally
foreshortened (angle 7° and 42° with horizontal
line). Dimetric view

Trimetric projection method

All of the three axes of space appear unequally
foreshortened.

Trimetric view

3D CAD systems
In the current CAD systems it is easy to create
a specific perspective view orientation. This
orientation can be used in drawings as an
illustration; in general, this view is placed in the
upper right corner of the drawing.

Technical Drawing 10
Special views
Views according to an arrow
If there is not enough space on the drawing to
create a projected view it is allowed to place the
view anywhere else on the drawing. This is allowed
if:
• an arrow, labelled with a letter, is drawn
to indicate the viewing direction, and
• the view is labelled with “VIEW +
letter” (at the bottom of the view).

This can also be useful in cases of partial auxiliary

views.

Details
In case of small details in a view, it can be useful to
create an enlargement of a part of the view. In the
detail view (with a larger scale) annotations can be
indicated more clearly.
A circle, labelled with a letter, is used to depict the
area that is enlarged. The detail view is labelled with
“DETAIL + letter” (at the bottom) and the scale of
the enlargement.

Symmetry
If products are symmetrical, it is allowed to draw a
half view. Symmetry symbols are used to indicate
that the view is not drawn completely.
Nowadays, this method is not used often because
3D CAD systems are used to construct technical
drawings, so time-saving is not an issue here
anymore.

Technical Drawing 11
Special views
Local views
It is possible to depict symmetrical parts of a
product in a local view. The rest of the view may
be left out. The views are connected with a thin
centerline.

Partial views
Views can be depicted partially if the rest of the
view is not useful to depict in that view. This is done
for instance with long cylindrical products. The
part of the view that is left out does not contain
important information of the product.
A thin curve or a thin zigzag line can be used as a
cutting line.

Tangent lines
It is recommended not to draw the tangent lines (for
instance at the transition between fillet and a flat
surface).
If you want to draw a tangent line, use a thin line
not intersecting the boundary edges (see figure).

Flat surface on cylindrical face

Sometimes flat surfaces exist on a cylindrical face.
For instance at width across flats. On a technical
drawing this flat surface is sketched with a cross
(thin lines) at the surface (see figure).

Technical Drawing 12
Line types

Line type Designa�on Applica�on

A normal solid line visible boundary lines
B thin line imaginary intersec�ng line; dimensioning lines;
auxiliary lines; hatchings; bending lines
C thin curved line break line of par�al views/sec�on views
D thin zig-zag line break line of par�al views/sec�on views
E normal dashed line non-visible boundary lines
F thin dashed line non-visible boundary lines
G thin centerline (long - short) centerline; symmetry lines; mo�on paths
H thin centerline, ends thickened cross sec�on surface
J thick centerline surfaces with addi�onal processes
K thin phantom line boundary lines of adjacent elements; utmost posi�ons
of moving elements; medians

Line thickness
Line thicknesses must be in accordance with the size
of the drawing.
Normal line thicknesses are: 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 1.4
and 2 mm.

Advice
Use in the drawing on the University of Twente 0.1
mm, 0.3 mm and 0.5 mm.

Technical Drawing 13
Drawing formats
Drawing formats
Format Side 1 (mm) Side 2 (mm)
The dimensions of technical drawings are
normalised and described in the table. At the A0 841 1189
university we use the A0-A4 formats. A1 594 841
The formats can be portrait and landscape, but A2 420 594
preference is
A3 297 420
• A3-A0: landscape
• A4: portrait and/or landscape. A4 210 297

Title block
The title block, containing product related
information, has the same dimensions in all drawing
formats (A4 - A0): width 180 mm, height 25 mm.

An example of a technical drawing is given below.

Technical Drawing 14
Drawing scales
A work piece (part or assembly) is preferably drawn
Scale
on the actual size (scale 1:1).
Scales for enlargement 50:1 20:1 10:1
In case a work piece is too large or too small to fit
clearly on a drawing, the work piece can be drawn 5:1 2:1
with a certain scale. The scales for enlargement and True size 1:1
reduction are standardised and are depicted in the Scales for reduction 1:2 1:5 1:10
table. 1:20 1:50 1:100
1:200 1:500 1:1000

On a technical drawing, the real dimensions have

to be entered, because the work piece has to be
produced according to these dimensions.

Example
A line of 50 mm becomes on a drawing:
scale 2:1 100 mm length
scale 1:1 50 mm length
scale 1:2 25 mm length

Scale on the drawing

The scale of the drawing is specified in the title
block.
If different scales are applied on a drawing, just the
main scale is specified in the title block. The other
deviating scales are placed with the balloon of the
part or with the detail of a view.

Dimensions not drawn on scale

Dimensions of elements that are not drawn on
scale, have to be underlined with a straight thick
line, except when the element is drawn in a broken
view (see figure) (with broken lines).

Technical Drawing 15
Title block / Bill of Materials
Title block
The title block consists of information about the
work piece: title, author, data, scale, dimensions,
tolerances, paper size, company, projection method,
etc.

Bill of materials
In case the drawing depicts an assembly, the title
block is extended with a bill of materials (BOM).
This BOM is placed directly above the title block and
consists of descriptions of the components.

Assemblies
De item numbers indicating the different parts
in the assembly are aligned and placed outside
the view. The balloons are connected with the
component with a dotted leader.
The numbering of the components starts with the
large parts (manufacturing parts), and ends with the
standard buy parts.

Components (on a combination drawing)

2.
The item number (displayed with a bolt font type)
of the component is placed preferably at the right
upper corner.

Numbers and letters

The numbers and letters used on a drawing are
standardised according to NEN-3094:
• the standardised letter heights are:
2.5; 3.5; 5; 7; 10; 14 and 20 mm.

Preferences:
• letter height 5 mm for title, drawing
number and balloons (item numbers)
• letter height 3.5 mm for bill of
materials, dimensions and notes.

Technical Drawing 16
Section views

A section view or a section looks inside an object.

Sections are used to clarify the interior construction
of a part that cannot be clearly described by hidden
lines in exterior views. By taking an imaginary cut
through the object and removing a portion, the
inside features may be seen more clearly.

Cutting plane / section

The part is cut using an imaginary cutting plane.
The unwanted portion is mentally discarded
exposing the interior construction.

Section view on a drawing

The cutting plane line is displayed on a drawing with
a centerline type, thickened at the end points.

Arrows, placed at the end of the cutting plane

indicate the direction of sight of the sectional view.

Letters (capitals) are placed on the arrows for

sectioning the view. The letters are also placed
above or below (preference) the section view (see
figure).

If the cutting plane line is collinear with a symmetry

plane, placing arrows and letters is allowed but not
necessary.

If a drawing consists of more than one section, the

first section is labelled A-A, the second section B-B,
the third section C-C, etc.

Technical Drawing 17
Section views
To indicate a section view in a drawing, section lines
are used. Section-lined areas are those portions that
have been in actual contact with the cutting plane.
These areas are cross-hatched with thin equally
spaced parallel lines.

The section lines will be placed preferably under 45o

with reference to the boundary lines or centerlines
of the section.

Assemblies
In section views of assemblies the direction of the
section lines of adjoining components is different.
Preferred directions are: 45o and 135o.

Distance between section lines

The distance between the section lines (hatch
pattern scale) is chosen compared to the area of the
section. More distance between the section lines in
case of larger section areas, and less distance in case
of smaller section areas.

More section views of a product

When more section views of a product are used in
a drawing the hatching direction and hatch pattern
scale is the same for all sections.

Different materials
For materials, like for instance wood, stone and
plastics (especially rubber, see figure) a different
hatching can be used.

Section of the material rubber (double cross hatched)

Dimensioning
When dimensions have to be placed and there is
no space outside the product, an opening must be
made inside the hatching.

Technical Drawing 18
Section views

Aligned section views

If two cutting plane lines intersect, it is
recommended to combine the two section views
into one view.
One cutting plane is rotated till the planes are
collinear.
Change in direction is indicated with a thickening in
the cutting line (see figure).
The boundary between the two section views is
indicated with a thin centerline.

Offset Section Views

Sections in offset cutting planes are drawn in one
section view. This section view is used when parts A
and features are not lined up with each other.
A
The displacement of the cutting planes is indicated
with a thickening of the cutting plane line.
The boundary between the section views is
indicated with a thin centerline.
A-A

Half section view

Half section views are used to view the exterior and
interior of the part in the same view.
The cutting-plane line cuts halfway through the part
and removes one quarter of the material.
The line that separates the different types (interior
and exterior) may be a centerline or a visible line.

Technical Drawing 19
Section views
Exceptions in section views
There will be no hatching in the following situations:
• longitudinal section view of ribs;
• longitudinal section view of rivets,
bolts, nuts, shafts, pins and keys.
• Massive parts like balls and rolls
(for instance in bearings).

Broken-out sections
For clarity of the drawing it is sometimes necessary
to partially cut a component and to hatch a (part of)
the section.
The boundary of the sectioned part is indicated with
a thin curved cut line (see figure).

Technical Drawing 20
Section views
Revolved sections
The shape of the cross section of for instance a
spoke or bar can be shown in the longitudinal view
by means of a revolved section.
The cross section is rotated 90o about a center line
towards the plane of the longitudinal view.

More section views over one same centerline

Sometimes more section views are taken over one
same center ine.
Preferences for placing the section views:
• in line with the centerline.
• in line with the section line.

Section views in line with the section lines.

Section views in line with the centerline.

Technical Drawing 21
Dimensioning
An important part of a technical drawing is the dimensioning
dimensioning of a product. 43 line

Dimension and extension lines are represented as extension

thin, solid lines so there is a difference between the line
boundary lines (normal weight) and these lines.

Different types of arrowheads can be used for

dimension lines:
• open;
• closed, not filled;
• closed, filled;
• oblique stroke (45o).
Preference: closed, filled arrow.

Characteristics dimensioning
• extension lines should extend
about 3 mm beyond the outermost
arrowhead of the dimension line;
• dimension is placed above the dimension line;
• dimensions preferably in the
centre of the dimension line;
• dimension lines should not cross extension lines;
• shorter dimensions are placed
nearest to the object;
• extension lines may cross each other;
• avoid crossing dimension lines
wherever possible;
• dimensions should be lined up and
grouped together as much as possible;
• dimensions much be readible from the
bottom or right side of the drawing;
• in general, avoid dimensioning to hidden lines.

Small dimensions
If there is little space between the extension line Angles
to place the dimension, it is allowed to place Angles are indicated with an arc; the centre of the
the dimension outside the extension lines. The arc is the edge point.
dimension is placed on the extended dimension
line.
o
90 o
Fillets/arcs 63
Fillets or arcs are indicated with a dimension line
passing the centre of the arc with an arrowhead at
one side (on the arc). Before the dimension value o
90 20
o
the capital R is placed (Radius).

Technical Drawing 22
Dimensioning
Cylindrical dimensions
Cylindrical features should be dimensioned by giving
their diameters. The dimension should always be
preceded by the symbol Ø.
A hole is usually dimensioned by giving its diameter
instead of radius.

Chamfers
A chamfer is a beveled or sloping edge. It is
dimensioned by giving the length of the offset and
the angle (upper figure).
A 45o chamfer may also be dimensioned as shown in
the lower figure (“offset value” x 45o).

Spherical features
Spherical features may be dimensioned by giving
either the radius or diameter of a sphere.
The symbols SR (sphere radius) or SØ (sphere
diameter) must precede the dimension value for
radius or diameter respectively.

Dimensioning of squares
Square features are dimensioned using the symbol
. This symbol precedes the dimension value.

Bolt circle diameter

A theoretical circle on which the centerpoints of
bolt holes lie when the bolt holes are positioned
as equally spaced in a circle. This circle is indicated
with a centerline circle, dimensioned with a Ø
symbol and the diameter value.

Dimensioning theoretical intersection points

When a bent surface rounded corner must be
dimensioned, a theoretical intersection point of
the extension lines must be used to dimension the
length of the faces.

Technical Drawing 23
Dimensioning
Dimensioning (internal - external geometry)
When internal and external dimensions have
to be indicated, it is prefered to seperate these
dimensions.
Internal dimensions and external dimensions have
to be grouped as much as possible.

Dimensions (more times same dimensions)

In a product certain dimensions occur more than
once, for instance a hole on a certain bolt circle
diameter. It is not necessary to repeat these
dimensions more than once. These dimensions are
indicated with (“number” x) after the dimension
(see figure).

Parallel dimensions
To save space on a drawing it is possible to indicate
parallel dimensions at one horizontal line.
There will be one same origin point, indicated with
an open circle.

It is not allowed to place parallel dimensions in

one line if there is a relation between different
elements. A dimension must be placed between
the relational elements (functional dimension) (see
figure).

Dimensioning patterns
When elements are equally spaced, the dimension
can be represented simplified. Two different ways
are shown in the figure.

Technical Drawing 24
Dimensioning

Dimensioning using coordinates

With certain products it is useful to dimension
elements (in most cases hole elements) by means of
coordinates.
The elements are numbered in the drawing and a
table is added in which the x and y values are given.
In case of different diameters, these values are
added to the table as well.

Functional dimensions
A functional dimension is a dimension important for
the functioning of a product. For example, if a block
has to glide in a slot, the outer dimension of the
block and the inner dimension of the slot are the
functional dimensions.

If the left part always needs to glide into the right

slot, the tolerances of the dimensions are also
important for a good functioning. The maximum
outer dimension may not exceed the minimum
inner dimension.

Functional dimensions must be readable directly

from the drawing. It is not allowed to deduct them
from other dimensions in the drawing.
If functional dimensions are not placed direcly in
the drawing, it is necessary to apply more accurate
tolerances to get a good functioning of the product.

Dimensioning in relation to the production method

Cylindrical parts:
• dimensions are placed preferably in diameters
and from the non-fixed end of the product.
• functional dimensions are placed
directly in the drawing/views.
• total dimensions are given in the drawing.

Milling and sheet metal parts:

• dimensions are placed preferably from
one corner in connection with the
workpiece origin on the machine.
• directly in the drawing/views.
• total dimensions are given in the drawing.

Technical Drawing 25
Tolerancing
It is impossible to make dimensions to the exact
sizes. It is possible to create parts very close to
the dimensions but such an accuracy is extremely
expensive. Fortunately, exact sizes are not
necessary, but it is necessary to take a look at the
functional requirements of a product and to set the
accuracy of a dimension based on the functional
requirements.

Tolerance is the total amount that a dimension is

allowed to vary; it is the difference between the
maximum and minimum limits of the dimension.

Tolerancing terms
Tolerance - Difference between the limits of a size.
Basic dimension/size - theoretical dimension
denoted on the drawing.
Limit dimensions - maximum and minimum sizes of
a feature.

Tolerances on a drawing
The basic size, together with the limit dimensions, is
placed on the drawing.

Three methods of specifying tolerances:

• unilateral (A): dimensions can vary in only
one direction from the basic dimension.
• bilateral (B): dimensions vary in both
directions from the basic dimension
(symmetric/asymmetric).
• limit (C): dimensions are represented
with the largest and smallest sizes.

MIN/MAX tolerancing (single limits)

If a dimension is limited on one side, this is denoted
with min. or max. after the dimension value.

Technical Drawing 26
Fits: ISO System
The ISO system is a coordinated system of hole and tolerance field
shaft tolerances for engineering and manufacturing
used for cutting tools, material stock, gages, etc.
If held to these tolerances, cutting tools, material
stock, and gages are generally available throughout

tolerance
basic/nominal size
the world.

upper limit

lower limit
Terminology (fitting system)
• Nominal size: The size of a feature of perfect
form as defined by the technical drawing.
• Deviation: The difference between a size
and the corresponding nominal size.

upper devia�on
lower devia�on
• Upper deviation: The difference between
tolerance zone

upper devia�on
the maximum limiting size and the

lower devia�on
tolerance zone
corresponding nominal size of a feature. hole
• Lower deviation: The difference between
the minimum limiting size and the zero line
corresponding nominal size of a feature.
maximum diameter
minimum diameter

• Fundamental deviation: The deviation

max. diameter
closest to the nominal size.

min. diameter
basic size

• Tolerance: The difference between the sha�

maximum and minimum size limits of a part.
• International tolerance (IT) grade: a series of
tolerances that vary with nominal size to provide
a uniform level of accuracy within a given grade.

The ISO system of limits and fits uses ISO tolerance

symbols. The ISO tolerance symbol consists of a
letter and a number, e.g. 30H7 or 30f6.
• Letter: fundamental deviation
• Number: IT grade
Holes are denoted with uppercase letters, shafts
with lowercase letters.

The fundamental deviation determines the location

of the tolerance field with reference to the nominal
size.
The tolerance quality is denoted with a number. A
higher number represents a bigger tolerance field.

Technical Drawing 27
Fits: ISO System
Fit is defined as a degree of tightness or looseness
between two mating parts to perform definite
function when they are assembled together.
A fit may result either in a movable joint or a fixed
joint. For example, a shaft running in a bearing can
move in relation to it and thus forms a movable
joint, where as, a pulley mounted on the shaft forms
a fixed joint.

Types of fits
Three types of fits can be discerned:
• Clearance Fit (A): A fit type where
clearance exists between assembled
parts under all tolerance conditions.
• Transition Fit (B): A fit type where clearance
or interference can exist between assembled
parts depending on tolerance conditions.
• Interference Fit (C): A fit type where
interference exists between assembled
parts under all tolerance conditions.

Hole basis and shaft basis system

Two different ISO systems can be applied when
using a fit tolerance:
...H...

...h...
• hole basis system: preferred fits for the hole
basis system, in which the smallest hole is
the basic size/diameter. The hole is labelled
with the H-tolerance, the shaft is variable.
interference

• shaft basis system: preferred fits for the shaft

interference
transition
clearance

transition

clearance

basis system, in which the largest shaft is

the basic size/diameter. The shaft is labelled
with the h-tolerance, the hole is variable.
HOLE BASIS SYSTEM SHAFT BASIS SYSTEM

Technical Drawing 28
Fits: Preferred fits (tables)
Example (Hole basis system)
Fit 24 H7/g6
HOLE BASIS SYSTEM
Basic size in mm SHAFT
HOLE
Hole 24H7 Above Up to and incl. H7 f6
clearance
g6 h6 j6 k6
transition
m6 n6 p6 r6
interference
s6 t6 u6
• Basic size = 24 mm 1 3
+10 ‐6 ‐2 0 +4 +6 +8 +10 +12 +16 +20 +24
0 ‐12 ‐8 ‐6 ‐2 0 +2 +4 +6 +10 +14 +18
• Upper limit = 24,021 mm 3 6
+12 ‐10 ‐4 0 +6 +9 +12 +16 +20 +23 +27 +31

• Lower limit = 24,000 mm

0 ‐18 ‐12 ‐8 ‐2 +1 +4 +8 +12 +15 +19 +23
+15 ‐13 ‐5 0 +7 +10 +15 +19 +24 +28 +32 +37
6 10
• Tolerance = 0,021 mm 0
+18
‐22
‐16
‐14
‐6
‐9
0
‐2
+8
+1
+12
+6
+18
+10
+23
+15
+29
+19
+34
+23
+39
+28
+44
10 18
0 ‐27 ‐17 ‐11 ‐3 +1 +7 +12 +18 +23 +28 +33
+54
Shaft 24 g6 18 24 +21 ‐20 ‐7 0 +9 +15 +21 +28 +35 +41 +48 +41
24 30 0 ‐33 ‐20 ‐13 ‐4 +2 +8 +15 +22 +28 +35 +54 +61
• Basic size = 24 mm +41 +48

• Upper limit = 23,993 mm 30 40 +25 ‐25 ‐9 0 +11 +18 +25 +33 +42 +50 +59
+64
+48
+76
+60

• Lower limit = 23,980 mm 40 50 0 ‐41 ‐25 ‐16 ‐5 +2 +9 +17 +26 +34 +43 +70
+54
+86
+70
• Tolerance = 0,013 mm +60 +72 +85 +106
50 65 +30 ‐30 ‐10 0 +12 +21 +30 +39 +51 +41 +53 +66 +87
65 80 0 ‐49 ‐29 ‐19 ‐7 +2 +11 +20 +32 +62 +78 +94 +121
+43 +59 +75 +102
Fit (combination hole/shaft) +73 +93 +113 +146

Largest clearance 80
100
100
120
+35
0
‐36
‐58
‐12
‐34
0
‐22
+13
‐9
+25
+3
+35
+13
+45
+23
+59
+37
+51
+76
+71
+101
+91
+126
+124
+166
= 24,021 - 23,980 = 0,041 +54 +79 +104 +144

Smallest clearance
= 24,000 - 23,993 = 0,007

Clearance tolerance = 0,041 - 0,007 = 0,034 mm

Example (shaft basis system)

Fit 30 F7/h6 SHAFT BASIS SYSTEM
Basic size in mm HOLE
SHAFT
clearance transition interference
Hole 30 F7 Above Up to and incl. h6 F7 G7 H7 J7 K7 M7 N7 P7 R7 S7 T7 U7
0 +16 +12 +10 +4 0 -2 -4 -6 -10 -14 -18
• Basic size = 30 1 3
-6 +6 +2 0 -6 -10 -12 -14 -16 -20 -24 -28

• Upper limit = 30,041 3 6

0
-8
+22
+10
+16
+4
+12
0
+6
-6
+3
-9
0
-12
-4
-16
-8
-20
-11
-23
-15
-27
-19
-31
• Lower limit = 30,020 6 10
0 +28 +20 +15 +8 +5 0 -4 -9 -13 -17 -22
-9 +13 +5 0 -7 -10 -15 -19 -24 -28 -32 -37
• Tolerance = 0,021 10 18
0 +34 +24 +18 +10 +6 0 -5 -11 -16 -21 -26
-11 +16 +6 0 -8 -12 -18 -23 -29 -34 -39 -44
-33
Shaft 30 h6 18 24 0 +41 +28 +21 +12 +6 0 -7 -14 -20 -27 -54
24 30 -13 +20 +7 0 -9 -15 -21 -28 -35 -41 -48 -33 -40
• Basic size = 30 -54 -61

• Upper limit = 30,000 30 40 0 +50 +34 +25 +14 +7 0 -8 -17 -25 -34
-39
-64
-51
-76
• Lower limit = 29,987 40 50 -16 +25 +9 0 -11 -18 -25 -33 -42 -50 -59 -45
-70
-61
-86
• Tolerance = 0,013 -30 -42 -55 -76
50 65 0 +60 +40 +30 +18 +9 0 -9 -21 -60 -72 -85 -106
65 80 -19 +30 +10 0 -12 -21 -30 -39 -51 -32 -48 -64 -91

Fit (combination hole/shaft) -62

-38
-78
-58
-94
-78
-121
-111
Largest clearance 80 100 0 +71 +47 +35 +22 +10 0 -10 -24 -73 -93 -113 -146
100 120 -22 +36 +12 0 -13 -25 -35 -45 -59 -41 -66 -91 -131
= 30,041 - 29,987 = 0,054 -76 -101 -126 -166

Smallest clearance
= 30,020 - 30,000 = 0,020

Technical Drawing 29
Fits: Tables
Table A. Fundamental deviations for holes.
Letter D E F G H J K M N P R S T U
Lower limit Upper limit
>7,
Quality - IT grade 3 up to and including 11 6 7 8 ≤8 >8 ≤8 >8 ≤8 >8
≤ 7 increase the values with ∆ (see table 3)
Basic size in mm.
fundamental deviation in µm
Above Up to and incl.
1 3 +20 +14 +6 +2 0 +2 +4 +6 0 0 -2 -2 -4 -4 -6 -10 -14 - -18
3 6 +30 +20 +10 +4 0 +5 +6 +10 -1+∆ - -4+∆ -4 -8+∆ 0 -12 -15 -19 - -23
6 10 +40 +25 +13 +5 0 +5 +8 +12 -1+∆ - -6+∆ -6 -10+∆ 0 -15 -19 -23 - -28
10 18 +50 +32 +16 +6 0 +6 +10 +15 -1+∆ - -7+∆ -7 -12+∆ 0 -18 -23 -28 - -33
18 24 - -41
+65 +40 +20 +7 0 +8 +12 +20 -2+∆ - -8+∆ -8 -15+∆ 0 -22 -28 -35
24 30 -41 -48
30 40 -48 -60
+80 +50 +25 +9 0 +10 +14 +24 -2+∆ - -9+∆ -9 -17+∆ 0 -26 -34 -43
40 50 -54 -70
50 65 -41 -53 -66 -87
+100 +60 +30 +10 0 +13 +18 +28 -2+∆ - -11+∆ -11 -20+∆ 0 -32
65 80 -43 -59 -75 -102
80 100 -51 -71 -91 -124
+120 +72 +36 +12 0 +16 +22 +34 -3+∆ - -13+∆ -13 -23+∆ 0 -37
100 120 -54 -79 -104 -144

Table B. Fundamental deviations for shafts.

Letter d e f g h j k m n p r s t u
upper limit lower limit
4,5 ≤3
Quality - IT grade 3 up to and including 11 5, 6 7 8 3 up to and including 11
6,7 >7
Basic size in mm.
fundamental deviation in µm
Above Up to and incl.
1 3 -20 -14 -6 -2 0 -2 -4 -6 0 0 +2 +4 +6 +10 +14 - +18
3 6 -30 -20 -10 -4 0 -2 -4 - +1 0 +4 +8 +12 +15 +19 - +23
6 10 -40 -25 -13 -5 0 -2 -5 - +1 0 +6 +10 +15 +19 +23 - +28
10 18 -50 -32 -16 -6 0 -3 -6 - +1 0 +7 +12 +18 +23 +28 - +33
18 24 - +41
-65 -40 -20 -7 0 -4 -8 - +2 0 +8 +15 +22 +28 +35
24 30 +41 +48
30 40 +48 +60
-80 -50 -25 -9 0 -5 -10 - +2 0 +9 +17 +26 +34 +43
40 50 +54 +70
50 65 +41 +53 +66 +87
-100 -60 -30 -10 0 -7 -12 - +2 0 +11 +20 +32
65 80 +43 +59 +75 +102
80 100 +51 +71 +91 +124
-120 -72 -36 -12 0 -9 -15 - +3 0 +13 +23 +37
100 120 +54 +79 +104 +144

Example - Fit 40 H7/g6 Table C. Standard tolerance grades.

40 H has a fundamental deviation of 0 (table A). IT3 IT4 IT5 IT6 IT7 IT8 IT9 IT10 IT11
Quality ‐ IT grade
Lower limit = 40,000 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
40 quality 7 has a tolerance zone of 25 (table C). Basic size in mm.
tolerance in m
Above Up to and incl.
Upper limit = 40,000 + 0,025 = 40,025 1 3 2 3 4 6 10 14 25 40 60
3 6 2,5 4 5 8 12 18 30 48 75
40 g has a fundamental deviation of -9 (table B). 6 10 2,5 4 6 9 15 22 36 58 90
10 18 3 5 8 11 18 27 43 70 110
Upper limit = 39,991 18 30 4 6 9 13 21 33 52 84 130
40 quality 6 has a tolerance zone of 16 (table C). 30 50 4 7 11 16 25 39 62 100 160
Lower limit = 39,991 - 0,016 = 39,975 50 80 5 8 13 19 30 46 74 120 190
80 120 6 10 15 22 35 54 87 140 220

Largest clearance = 40,025 - 39,975 = 0,050

Smallest clearance = 40,000 - 39,991 = 0,009
Example - fit 25 K7/h6
25 K has a fundamental deviation of -2+D (table A).
Table D. Values for D for standard tolerance grades. 25 quality 7 has a D value of 8 (table D).
Fundamental deviation is -2+8 = 6
Basic size in mm. ∆ in µm (for the qualities 3 - 8)
Upper limit = 25,006
Above Up to and incl. 3 4 5 6 7 8
25 quality 7 has a tolerance zone of 21 (table C).
1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lower limit = 25,006 - 0,021 = 24,985
3 6 1 1,5 1 3 4 6
6 10 1 1,5 2 3 6 7 25 h has a fundamental deviation of 0 (table A). Upper limit = 25,000
10 18 1 2 3 3 7 9 25 quality 6 has a tolerance zone of 13 (table C). Lower limit = 24,987
18 30 1,5 2 3 4 8 12
30 50 1,5 3 4 5 9 14 Largest clearance = 25,006 - 24,987 = 0,009
50 80 2 3 5 6 11 16 Smallest clearance = 24,985 - 25,000 = -0,015
80 120 2 4 5 7 13 19

Technical Drawing 30
Fits: Preferred fits
Preferred metric fits ISO symbol
and tolerances for hole Description (applications)
Hole Basis Shaft Basis
and shaft basis systems
which are given in H11/c11 C11/h11
Loose running fit for wide commercial tolerances or allowances on external
members.
ISO 286-1 (2010) and
ANSI B4.2-1978 standards Free running fit not for use where accuracy is essential, but good for large
H9/d9 D9/h9
are summarized in the temperature variations, high running speeds, or heavy journal pressures.
Clearance fits

following tables. The

usage of these tolerances H8/f7 F8/h7
Close running fit for running on accurate machines and for accurate location at
moderate speeds and journal pressures.
is advised for economic
reasons. Sliding fit not intended to run freely, but to move and turn freely and locate
H7/g6 G7/h6
accurately.

Locational clearance fit provides snug fit for locating stationary parts; but can
H7/h6 H7/h6
be freely assembled and disassembled.
Transition Fits

Locational transition fit for accurate location, a compromise between clearance

H7/k6 K7/h6
and interference.

Locational transition fit for more accurate location where greater interference
H7/n6 N7/h6
is permissible.

Locational interference fit for parts requiring rigidity and alignment with prime
H7/p6 P7/h6
accuracy of location but without special bore pressure requirements.
Interference Fits

Medium drive fit for ordinary steel parts or shrink fits on light sections, the
H7/s6 S7/h6
tightest fit usable with cast iron.

Force fit suitable for parts which can be highly stressed or for shrink fits where
H7/u6 U7/h6
the heavy pressing forces required are impractical.

Preferred tolerances for holes and shafts for the

hole and shaft basis system. The grey boxes denote
the most preferred fit tolerances.
Tolerance classes for shafts
Basic hole
Clearance Fits Transition Fits Interference Fits
H6 g5 h5 js5 k5 m5 n5 p5
H7 f6 g6 h6 js6 k6 m6 n6 p6 r6 s6 t6 u6 x6
e7 f7 h7 js7 k7 m7 s7 u7
H8
d8 e8 f8 h8
H9 d8 e8 f8 h8
H10 b9 c9 d9 e9 h9
H11 b11 c11 d10 h10

Tolerance classes for holes

Basic shaft
Clearance Fits Transition Fits Interference Fits
h5 G6 H6 JS6 K6 M6 N6 P6
h6 F7 G7 H7 JS7 K7 M7 N7 P7 R7 S7 T7 U7 X7
h7 E8 F8 H8
h8 D9 E9 F9 H9
E8 F8 H8
h9 D9 E9 F9 H9
B11 C10 D10 H10

Technical Drawing 31
Screw thread

Most important definitions of screw thread

• external thread: a thread on the outside
of a work piece, as on a shaft.

d1

D1
d

D
• internal thread: a thread on the inside
of a work piece, as in a hole.
• major diameter (d, D): the largest
diameter of a screw thread (applies to
both internal and external threads).
• minor diameter (d1, D1): smallest
diameter of a screw thread (applies to
both internal and external threads).
• pitch: distance from a point on a screw
thread to a corresponding point on the next
thread measured parallel to the axis.
• lead: the distance along the screw’s axis that is
covered by one complete rotation of the screw
(360°). For single start threads: lead = pitch.
For double start: lead = 2x pitch, and so on.

On technical drawings, screw threads are sketched

according to a simplified representation.

External thread
Screw thread is sketched in a longitudinal view/
section with a thin line (minor diameter) parallel to
the major diameter.
The end of the screw thread is sketched with a thin
(hidden) line perpendicular to the axis.
In a view perpendicular to the axis the thread is
sketched with a thin 3/4 circle (minor diameter) (see
front view in the figure).

Technical Drawing 32
Screw thread

Internal thread

Internal thread - THROUGH

Internal thread is sketched in a longitudinal view
with two hidden lines (major and minor diameter).
In a longitudinal cross section the minor diameter
is sketched with a normal solid line, and the major
diameter is sketched with a thin solid line. In a
view perpendicular to the thread axis, the minor
diameter is sketched with a normal solid circle and
the major diameter is sketched with a thin 3/4 circle
(see figure).

Internal thread - BLIND

If the internal thread hole is a blind hole, also the
rough-drilled hole (with a top angle of 118o) must be
sketched on the drawing. The washout thread is not
drawn.

Assembly of screw thread

In case of an assembly of external and internal
screw thread, the following rule applies:

“External thread has priority for internal thread.”

The external thread covers the internal thread (see

figure).

Technical Drawing 33
Screw thread

Dimensioning screw thread

The dimension of screw thread is applied on the
major diameter of the screw thread, for external
and internal threads.

The minor diameter will not be dimensioned.

This diameter is roughly 0,85*screw thread major
diameter.
For instance, for screw thread M10 the minor
diameter is 8,5 mm.

The length of the screw thread is dimensioned to

the end of the screw thread (see figure).

Blind internal screw threads

The rough-drilled hole is deeper than the thread
length, because of the washout of the thread.
The length of the thread is dimensioned, and
also the depth of the rough-drilled hole (till the
perpendicular line, not the drill top point).

Screw threads - pitch dimension

If standard screw thread is applied, the pitch size
of the screw thread does not have to be denoted
on the drawing. In case the pitch size deviates from
the standard size, the deviating pitch size must be
denoted (“thread diameter x pitch”).

Example: metric thread M16 has a standard pitch

size of 2.0. In case another pitch is applied, it has to
be denoted on the drawing.

Technical Drawing 34
Screw thread: Forms

The cross-sectional shape of a thread is often called

its form or thread form. It may be square, triangular,
trapezoidal, or other shapes.
The terms form and thread form sometimes refer
to all design aspects taken together (cross-sectional
shape, pitch and diameters).

Different types of screw thread forms:

• ISO Unified
• ISO Metric
• Square
• Modified square (10o)
• ACME (29o)
• Trapezoidal metric thread (30o)
• Whitworth
• Sharp V
• ...

ISO Metric Thread Trapezoidal metric thread

Fastening pipe thread

Technical Drawing 35
Screw thread: Forms

Designation of thread forms

In the table below some examples of designations
are given:

Thread form Designation Description

ISO Unified 1/4 - 20 UNC d = 1/4 inch
n = 20 (amount of threads per inch)
ISO Metric M12 d = 12 mm
p = 1.75 mm (standard)
ISO Metric M12 x 1 d = 12 mm
p = 1 mm
Trapezoidal metric Tr12 x 3 d = 12
p = 3 mm
Fastening pipe thread G 1/4 d = 1/4 inch
Whitworth thread w 1/4 d = 1/4 inch

In the tables below some preferred metric screw

thread dimensions, including coarse pitch and
preferred rough-drilled hole dimensions are given.

Metric screw thread Metric screw thread

Coarse pitch Fine pitch
Designation pitch (p) rough-drilled hole Designation pitch rough-drilled hole
(preferred diameter) (preferred diameter)
M3 0,5 2,5 M4 x 0,5 0,5 3,5
M4 0,7 3,3 M6 x 0,75 0,75 5,2
M5 0,8 4,2 M8 x 1 1 7,0
M6 1 5,0 M10 x 1,25 1,25 8,8
M8 1,25 6,8 M12 x 1,25 1,25 10,8
M10 1,5 8,5 M16 x 1,5 1,5 14,5
M12 1,75 10,2 M20 x 1,5 1,5 18,5
M16 2 14,0 M24 x 2 2 22,0
M20 2,5 17,5
M24 3 21,0

For more information about screw thread

dimensions please refer to screw thread tables on
the internet.

Technical Drawing 36
Hexagonal bolts

Sketching of bolts
The head of a bolt is a regular hexagon prism. The
head is connected to a partially threaded or totally
threaded shaft. The following terms are important
for sketching bolts:
• (shaft) length
• thread length
• head thickness
• width across flats

Strength of bolts Hexagon bolts (DIN 960)

Bolts can be applied in different strengths. Screw thread Width across Head thickness
The strength of bolts is designated with a property flats
class.
M2 4 1.5
property class 4.6 5.6 6.8 8.8 10.9 12.9
M3 5.5 2
sm MPa 400 500 600 800 1000 1200
sy MPa 240 300 480 - - -
M4 7 2.8
sy 0.2% MPa - - - 640 900 1080 M5 8 3.5
% 60 60 80 80 90 90 M6 10 4
M8 13 5.5
in which M10 17 7
• sm is the maximal tensile strength M12 19 8
• sy is the yield strength M16 24 10
• sy 0,2% is the 0,2% yield strength
For dimensions of bolts/screws please refer to the
tables on internet.
Frequently used bolts
Hexagon bolts:
• DIN 931
• DIN 933
• DIN 960
• DIN 961

Hexagon socket head cap screw:

• DIN 912

Designation in Bill of Materials

A hexagon bolt M6, length 40, class 8.8 is designated
in a BOM table as

hexagon bolt M6 - 40 - 8.8 - DIN 960

Technical Drawing 37
Hexagon nuts

Sketching of nuts
A nut is a regular hexagon prism with a threaded
hole in the middle.

The following terms are important for sketching

nuts:
• thickness (k)
• thread diameter (d)
• width across flats (s)
• diagonal dimension hexagon (e)

Hexagon nuts (DIN 934)

Screw s k e (min)
thread min max min max
M2 3.82 4 1.35 1.6 4.32
M3 5.32 5.5 2.15 2.4 6.01
M4 6.78 7 2.9 3.2 7.66
M5 7.78 8 3.7 4 8.79
M6 9.78 10 4.7 5 11.05
M8 12.73 13 6.14 6.5 14.38
M10 16.73 17 7.64 8 18.9
M12 18.67 19 9.64 10 21.1
M16 23.67 24 12.3 13 26.75

Strength of nuts

Property class 4 5 5 6 8 10 12
Property class of 4.6 4.6 5.6 6.8 8.8 10.9 12.9
corresponding bolts
Applies for >M16 ≤M16 all all all all ≤M39

Designation in Bill of Materials

A hexagon nut M6, class 8 is designated in a BOM
table as

hexagon nut M6 - 8 - DIN 934

Technical Drawing 38
Surface roughness
The surface quality can be divided into waviness
and roughness.
The waviness is the deviation caused by undesired
movements between the forming tool and the
workpiece surface. These deviations are much larger
than the roughness of a surface.
The roughness is the measure of the surface
irregularities, with relatively small distances
between the peaks and valleys, order of 0.1 mm.
The roughness value Ra is indicated in mm.

Surface roughness symbols

Depending on the production method three 1,6 1,6 1,6
different symbols can be discerned. a) b) c)
• basic symbol: random production process (a)
• symbol with a circle: machining prohibited (b)
• symbol with top line: machining mandatory (c)
Above the shortest line of the symbol the maximum Standardised range of surface roughness values
value of the surface roughness is indicated. 0.012 - 0.025 - 0.05 - 0.1 - 0.2 - 0.4 - 0.8 - 1.6 - 3.2 - 6.3 - 12.5 – 25 - 50

This value must be chosen from a standardised

range of values.

Indicating surface roughnesses on a drawing

The symbols of surface roughnesses must be placed
on the boundary lines or the extension lines. The
values must be readable from below or from the
right side of the drawing.

A general surface roughness symbol (value)

applies for all surfaces except the faces indicated
with a deviating roughness value. The deviating
roughness(es) are placed behind the general
roughness between brackets.

Special surface roughnesses

If production methods or certain surface treatments milled
1,6
must be applied, it is written above a horizontal line
on the longest leg.

If a minimum and maximum value must be

3,2
indicated, these values are placed above each other. 1,6

Technical Drawing 39
Surface roughness
Range of roughnesses Roughness (Ra)
obtained in different Process µm 50 25 12.5 6.3 3.2 1.6 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.025 0.0125
machining processes. Rough cu�ng Average application
Flame cu�ng Less frequent application
Snagging (coarse grinding)
Sawing
Machining
Planing, shaping
Milling
Broaching
Reaming
Turning, boring
Drilling
Advanced machining
Chemical machining
Electrical discharge mach.
Electron beam machining
Laser machining
Electrochemical machining
Finishing processes
Honing
Barrel finishing
Electrochemical grinding
Grinding
Electropolishing
Polishing
Lapping
Superfinishing
Cas�ng
Sand cas�ng
Permanent mold cas�ng
Investment cas�ng
Die cas�ng
Forming
Hot rolling
Forging
Extruding
Cold rolling, drawing
Roller burnishing

Roughness (Ra)
Roughness related Function µm 50 25 12.5 6.3 3.2 1.6 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.025 0.0125
to the function of
a surface. View face (cast / forge face)
Decora�ve face
Face suitable for a varnishing coat
Face suitable for electropla�ng
Grip face (hand wheel, grip)
Suppor�ng surface
Press fit surface
Surface table / V-prism
Sealing surface
Joining surface
Shock surface (tappet)
Sliding face with dry fric�on
Sliding face with lubrica�on
Sliding, cu�ng face
Sliding / measure face (calibre)
Rolling surface (roller bearing)
Sliding face (tooth face)
Rolling face
Levelling surface
Flow surface (pump rotor, blade surface)

Average application
Less frequent application

Technical Drawing 40
Geometric tolerances
Besides surface roughnesses and dimensional Feature Type of tolerance Characteristic Symbol
tolerances, also geometric tolerances are straightness
sometimes necessary for the functioning of a flatness
Individual
product. These geometric tolerances state the features
form
circularity
maximum allowable variations of a form or in
its position from the perfect geometry implied cylindricity

on the drawing. individual or profile of a line

profile
related features profile of a surface

angularity

orientation perpendicularity

parallelism

circular runout
related features runout
total runout

position

location concentricity

symmetry

Geometric tolerances on a drawing

Geometric tolerances are indicated with a symbol
consisting of two or more boxes depicting the
0,1
following:
• symbol of the tolerance
• (maximum) tolerance value
• in case of related features, a letter
of the reference feature. 0,2

The symbol is connected through an arrowheaded

line to the boundary where the geometric tolerance
is applied.
In case of related features, a reference feature must A A
be applied. This can be done in two ways:
0,1 A
• using a datum feature symbol: a box with a
letter connected with the feature through
a line with a closed or open triangle;
• the reference feature is directly connected
to the geometric tolerance symbol with a
triangle headed (closed or open) line.

Position tolerance
If position tolerances are applied, the dimensions
to that position are given as “theoretical/basic”
dimensions. This means that they are depicted with
a box around the value.

Technical Drawing 41
Geometric tolerances

Characteristic
Example Meaning Explanation
Symbol

The centerline of this

straightness
cilinder must lie within a
cylinder with a diameter
of 0,06

The surface must lie

flatness
between two parallel flat
planes within a distance
of 0,05

The periphery of the ring

circularity must lie between two
concentric circles that
have a 0,08 difference in
radius

The surface of the

cylindricity cylinder must lie between
two concentric cylinders
that have a 0,15
difference in radius

The curve must lie

between two parallel
profile of a line
curves (with an offset
distance of 0,04) that
follow the contour of the
true surface profile

Technical Drawing 42
Geometric tolerances

Characteristic
Example Meaning Explanation
Symbol

The surface must lie

between two parallel
profile of a
surface (with an offset
surface
distance of 0,06) that
follow the true surface
profile

A is the reference line. The

centerline of the parallel
parallelism cylinder must lie within a
cylinder with a diameter
of 0,03 and which lies
parallel to the reference
line

The surface must lie

perpendi- between two faces
cularity perpendicular to reference
surface A and with an
offset distance of 0,3

The surface must lie

between two parallel
angularity
surfaces (offset distance
0,03), which are oriented
at 40o in relation to
reference datum A.

position The centerpoint of the

circle must lie within a
circle with diameter 0,2

Technical Drawing 43
Geometric tolerances

Characteristic
Example Meaning Explanation
Symbol

The centerpoint of the

circle must lie within a
circle with a diameter of
concentricity
0,02. The centerpoint of
that circle must be
coincident with the
centerpoint of reference
circle A.

The centerline of the

cylinder must lie within a
cylinder with a diameter
coaxiality
of 0,06. The centerline of
that cylinder must be
coincident with the
centerline of reference
line A - B.

The centerline of the hole

symmetry must lie between two
parallel lines (offset
distance 0,1) related to
reference line A - B

The periphery of the

circular / total cylinder must lie between
two cylinders (offset
runout (radial)
distance 0,05). Circular
runout: measured at one
point of the cylinder. Total
runout: total surface is
measured.

The periphery of the

circular / total cylinder must lie between
two rings with an offset
runout (axial)
distance of 0,1. Circular
runout: measured at one
point. Total runout: total
surface of the ring is
measured.

Technical Drawing 44
Welding symbols
Weld joints and welds Designation on a technical drawing
Different types of welds can be used to make a weld The basic symbol to indicate a weld on a drawing
joint. The table depicts the most commonly used always includes an arrow line pointing towards the
welds. Also an illustration of the weld and the weld weld, a reference and dashed line and a symbol to
symbol are depicted in this table. indicate the weld type.

Designation Illustration Symbol symbol

Butt weld between plates with “depth” “number” x “length” (“distance”) reference line
raised edges (the raised edges melt
down completely) arrow line dashed line

square butt weld

Weld symbols on the full reference line relate to

single-V butt weld welds on the near side of the plate being welded.
Weld symbols on the dashed relate to welds on the
single-bevel butt weld far side of the plate.

single-V butt weld with broad root

face a5
5

single-bevel butt weld with broad

root face

single-U butt weld

a5
single-J butt weld

backing run; back or backing weld

a5
fillet weld
a5

plug weld; plug or slot weld

Fillet weld
The dimension of a fillet weld is indicated with a “z”
resistance spot weld
or “a” value.
• “z” indicates the leg dimension;
arc sport weld • “a” indicates the throat dimension.

resistance seam weld a5 250

a

arc seam weld

z5 250

z=a 2
250 = weld length

Technical Drawing 45
Welding symbols
Examples

Weld at full length

When nothing is indicated after the weld symbol,
the weld runs the full length.
In the figure the weld must be applied at both sides.

Intermittent welds
An intermittent weld is one that is not continuous
across the joint. After the symbol the following is
indicated:
• number of welds
• length of the weld
• distance between the welds (between brackets)

Peripheral weld
A weld carried out all around the component is
indicated with a circle in the symbol (see figure).

Spot welding
Two types of spot welding exist:
• resistance spot welding:
requires access from both sides.
• arc spot welding:
welds are made from one side of the joint.

Important characteristics in spot welding:

• diameter or strength (before symbol)
• number of welds (after symbol)
• pitch distance (after symbol)

Convex, concave or flat welds

Sometimes an extra curve is applied to the symbol
to indicate if a weld has to be convex, concave or
flat.

Technical Drawing 46
Materials
In the table below you can find information about
some materials. For complete tables please refer to
the internet.

Unalloyed construction steel

Material EN 10025- Germany France United Kingdom

EN 10025-2 EN 10025-1993
number 1991 (DIN 17100) (NF A 35-501) (BS 4360)
S235JR 10,038 S235JR Fe 350 B St 37-2 E 24-2 40 B
S355JR 10,045 S355JR Fe 510 B E 36-2 50 B

Cast iron (according to DIN EN 1561)

Material Tensile 0.1% yield Brinell

number strength strength Rp 0.1 Strain (e) hardness
EN-GJL-200 EN-JL1030 200 - 300 130 - 195 0.3 - 0.8% 150 - 230
EN-GJL-350 EN-JL1060 350 - 450 228 - 285 0.3 - 0.8% 220 - 290

Cupper alloys (according to NEN EN 12163 / 1982)

Designation Composition Applications

CuZn37 Cu 63%; Zn 37% brass plate for a.o. deep drawing
CuZn39Pb2 Cu 59%; Zn 39%;Pb 2% brass shaft for machining
CuSn12-C Cu 88%; Sn 12% brass for bearings

Aluminum alloys (according to NEN EN 12163 and NEN EN 1982)

Designation Composition Applications

ENAW-6060 AlMgSi0.5 half hard plate material
ENAW-6082 AlMgSi1 general for machining
ENAW-7075 AlZnMgCu1.5 strongest application for machining

Plastics

Designation Name Applications

POM Polyactaal gears and parts
PVC Polyvinylchloride general for machining
PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene chemical highly resistant
PA Polyamide bearing material
PMMA Polymethylmethacrylaat transparant

Technical Drawing 47
Springs
Helical springs can be classified into three groups, Representations of compression springs
namely
• compression springs,
• extension springs and
• torsion springs.

There are different methods to draw springs in a

technical drawing.
a. draw the spring completely;
b. a conventional representation;
c. a conventional representation in section;
d. a schematic representation.

Important characteristics in compression and

extension springs are:
• wire size (d)
• centre diameter
• lead (p)
• number of coils (n)
• free length

Representations of extension springs

Torsion springs

Technical Drawing 48
Gears
Gears can be sketched on a drawing with a
simplified representation.

Important dimensions to draw a gear:

• root diameter (Df)
• pitch diameter (Dp)
• outside diameter (Do)

Sketching the root diameter is optional.

Assembly of gears
Gears are sketched in an assembly as if the material
does not overlap (see figure).

Technical drawing of a gear

On a technical drawing of a gear the following
characteristics have to be indicated:
• number of teeth (z)
• module (m)
• pressure angle (a)
• quality class number

Technical Drawing 49
Flat parallel keys
In the figure below a key - key way joint is given.

d shaft diameter
b width of key and key way
h heigth of key
l length of key and key way
t1 depth of key way in shaft
(measured over the centerline)
t2 depth of key way in nave
(measured over the centerline)

In the table below different dimensions of keys/key

ways are given.

Shaft diameter width x heigth depth key way depth key way length
d (shaft) (nave)
Above ...
bxh t1 t2 l *)
Up until and incl.
6 ... 8 2x2 1,2 1 6 ... 20
8 ... 10 3x3 1,4 1,4 6 ... 36
10 ... 12 4x4 2,5 1,8 8 ... 45
12 ... 17 5x5 3 2,3 10 ... 56
17 ... 22 6x6 3,5 2,8 14 ... 70
22 ... 30 8x7 4 3,3 18 ... 90
30 ... 38 10 x 8 5 3,3 22 ... 110
38 ... 44 12 x 8 5 3,3 28 ... 140
44 ... 50 14 x 9 5,5 3,8 36 ... 160
50 ... 58 16 x 10 6 4,3 45 ...180
58 ... 65 18 x 11 7 4,4 50 ... 200
65 ... 75 20 x 12 7,5 4,9 56 ... 220
75 ... 85 22 x 14 9 5,4 63 ... 250
85 ... 95 25 x 14 9 5,4 70 ... 280
95 ... 110 28 x 16 10 6,4 80 ... 320

*) key length l:
8 - 10 - 12 - 14 - 16 - 18 - 20 - 22 - 25 - 28 - 32 - 36 - 40 - 45 - 50 - 56 - 63 - 70 - 80 - 90 -
110 - 125 - 140 - 160 - 180 - 200 - 220 - 250 - 280 - 320

Technical Drawing 50
Flat parallel keys
Designation of a flat parallel key
Characteristics:
• DIN 6885
• version A
• width 10 mm
• heigth 8 mm
• length 50 mm

Designation on a technical drawing (in Bill of

Materials): Flat parallel key DIN 6885 - A10 x 8 x 50

Preferred fits and tolerances

Key Depth key way (shaft/nave)

width heigth width x heigth (mm x mm) t1 and t2
Key (width = heigth) h9 h9 up to and incl. 6 x 6 +0,1
Key (width > heigth) h9 h11 0
from 8 x 7 +0,2
up to and incl. 32 x 18 0
from 36 x 20 +0,3
0

Shaft and nave diameter

Nave direction fit tolerance Fit tolerance
Hole system Shaft system
On longer shafts, fixed H7/j6 J7/h6 ; J7/h8 ; J7/h9
On shaft ends, fixed H7/k6 ; H7/m6 K7/h6 ; M7/h6 ; N7/h8
On shafts, gliding H7/h6 ; H7/j6 H7/h6 ; H7/h8 ; J7/h6 ; J7/h8

Tolerance zones for key way widths

Key way Key way
Type of joint width width Type of fit
(shaft) (nave)
Movable H9 D10 Clearance fit
Easy assembly N9 JS9 Transition fit
For direction changing P9 P9 Fixed fit
torque moments

Technical Drawing 51
Roller bearings
A bearing is an element that constrains relative Drawings of roller bearings
motion to only the desired motion and reduces The figure represents a section view
friction between moving parts. of a roller bearing. The inner and
Roller bearings are bearings which carry loads by outer ring are hatched (in different
placing rolling elements (such as balls or rollers) directions). The balls (or cylinders,
between two bearing rings called races. The relative needles cones) are excluded from
motion of the races causes the rolling elements to hatching.
roll with very little rolling and/or sliding resistance.

Different types of roller bearings

Thrust ball bearings

an axial load is supported
in one direction. Tapered roller bearings
the inner & outer rings and the
rollers are tapered in order to
simultaneously support axial and
radial loads.
Deep groove bearings
balls are fitted well into the deep
grooves, enabling the bearing to
support axial loads in both directions. Angular contact ball bearings
able to withstand a large thrust
load in a single direction, in addition
to radial loads.

Needle roller bearings

have long and thin rollers, these
bearings are used for applications
where radial space is limited. Self-aligning ball bearings
two sets of balls which one run on a
pair of grooves on the inner ring,
with a single outer ring concave
surface.

Spherical roller bearings

there is angular contact between Cylindrical roller bearings
the rollers and raceways, the are able to withstand large radial
bearings are able to withstand both loads.
axial and radial loads.

Technical Drawing 52
Roller bearings
In the table below different roller bearings are
compared.

For complete tables is referred to the internet, for

instance:
• www.skf.com Ability concerning:
• www.ina.com

"scheefstelling van de as"

longer lifetime
higher loads

higher RPM
radial loads

axial loads
deep groove ball bearing
▪ ▪ ▫ ▫ ▪ ▪
deep groove ball bearing,
double row ▪ ▪ ▪ ▫ ▫ ▪
self-aligning ball bearing
▪ ▫ ▫ ▪ - ▫
angular contact ball
bearing ▪ ▪ ▫ - ▪ ▪
cylindrical roller bearing
▪ - ▪ - ▫ ▪
needle roller bearing
▪ - ▫ - ▫ ▫
spherical roller bearing
▪ ▫ ▪ ▪ - ▫
tapered roller bearing
▪ ▪ ▪ - ▫ ▪
thrust ball bearing
- ▪ - - - ▫
very good applicability
▪
limited applicability
▫
not applicable
-
Technical Drawing 53
UT: Drawing and SolidWorks conventions
Projection method
The projection method used at the university is the
American projection method, also called third angle
method.

Assembly Assembly drawing

Set of technical drawings
A set of technical drawings consists of assembly Sub assembly Assembly drawing
drawings, detail drawings of components and (if
necessary) drawings of purchased components. Component Detail drawing
At the university we do not use combination Std. component No drawings of standard bolts, nuts,
drawings (assembly and detail drawing in one rings (DIN numbers, ...)

drawing). Component Detail drawing

An example product structure, including drawings is Component Detail drawing

given in the figure.
Purchased part Purchased part draw.
Information of global dimensions,
and for instance catalogue number

Sheet metal products

On a technical drawing of a sheet metal component,
also the flat pattern state of the component must be
given.
Normally, this is done on the second sheet of the
drawing.
• sheet 1: folded component including
dimensions, tolerances, etc.
• sheet 2: flat pattern state including (if
necessary) the total (outside) dimensions.

An example is given in the figures below.

Technical Drawing 54
UT: Drawing and SolidWorks conventions
Product structure
Product structure is a hierarchical decomposition of
a product, typically known as the bill of materials
(BOM).
Take into account the assembly of the different sub-
assemblies and components.

Numbering of drawings
The set of technical drawings - for usage in the
projects - must be numbered correctly.
Preference goes to a unique numbering of
assemblies and components.

Example 20161013
The total assembly gets a unique number (for
instance year-month-day “20161013”); this number 20161013-01-01
is also used in the underlying sub-assemblies and 20161013-01
components with the addition of the position 20161013-01-02
number of the component/assembly (for instance 20161013-02
“20161013-02”).
• Drawing 20161013-01 is a drawing of a sub- 20161013-03
20161013-04-01
assembly (position 01 in the total assembly)
and consists of the underlying detail drawings 20161013-04 20161013-04-02
20161013-01-01 and 20161013-01-02. 20161013-04-03
• Drawing 20161013-02 is a detail drawing
of a component in the total assembly.

20161013
Component multiple times in total assembly
In case a component occurs more than once in an 20161013-01-01
assembly (in different sub-assemblies, on different 20161013-01
levels), it will get just one unique drawing number. 20161013-01-02
20161013-02

The same number is used on different levels (see

20161013-03
figure: dark grey box). 20161013-04-01

20161013-04 20161013-01-02

20161013-01-02

Technical Drawing 55
UT: Drawing and SolidWorks conventions
Line thickness
Technical drawings must be printed with the right
print settings.
The following line thicknesses must be applied:
• thin - 0,1 mm
• normal - 0,3 mm
• thick - 0,5 mm

Settings
• At the university the Hole Basis System
is used as the standard fit system.

Tangent lines
It is preferred not to draw tangent lines in a
technical drawing.
For clarity of the view, “tangent edges as phantom”
are used sometimes.
Preferably: draw the tangent edged as “removed”.

In a SolidWorks drawing
• select a drawing view
• right mouse click
• select tangent edge - tangent edges removed

Edge finishing
After a manufacturing process some burrs can exist
on the edges of the product. Then it is necessary to
deburr the edges -> a note must be placed on the
drawing (DEBURR ALL EDGES, “dim” x “dim”)

Almost identical parts

It sometimes occurs that there are almost identical
parts in an assembly. For instance, tubes with the
same cross section, but different lengths. In that
case a table can be used to avoid a lot of (almost
identical) drawings.

Technical Drawing 56
Example: set of technical drawings
On the next pages a complete set of technical
drawings of a screen holder, consisting of (sub)-
assembly drawings and detail drawings.

This set of technical drawings can be used during

the creation of your own set of technical drawings.
Take notice of the following that must be indicated
on the drawing:
• views / section views / details
• dimensions
• tolerances
• geometric tolerances
• surface roughnesses
• Bill of materials
• position numbers
• filling in title block, with a.o. material,
title, drawing number, ...

Technical Drawing 57
        

$ $

% %

$ $

& &

       )ODQJH1XW0 ',1

  :DVKHU ',1

  &LUFOLS[ ',1
' '

  3ODLQEHDULQJ 6.)*O\FRGXU */<3%*)


   0RQLWRUSODWH

   3LQ

  6ZLYHODUP

(
  :DOOSODWH
(

$$ 67$1'$5'
326 47< 1$0( 0$7(5,$/ 5(0$5.
',0(16,21
352-(&7,21 '$7(
81/(6667$7(' '5$:1 :GH9ULHV 
0(7+2'
27+(5:,6(
72/(5$1&(6 00 &+(&.(' -(GZDUGV 6&$/( 
0$7(5,$/ 685)$&(75($70(17 7,7/( 5(9
 0RQLWRUVXSSRUW
  '5$:,1*12


) )
),/(3$571$0(
81,9(56,7<2)7:(17( $
0RQLWRUVXSSRUW
)$&8/7<2)(1*,1((5,1* ',0(16,216,10,//,0(7(56 6+((72)

       
 
    


ƒ 





5

$  






 $





5

 “ [ 
352-(&7,21
81/(6667$7(' '5$:1 :GH9ULHV '$7( 
0(7+2'
27+(5:,6(
72/(5$1&(6 00 &+(&.(' -(GZDUGV 6&$/( 
0$7(5,$/ 685)$&(75($70(17 7,7/( 5(9
VMU :DOOSODWH
  '5$:,1*12


),/(3$571$0(
81,9(56,7<2)7:(17( :DOOSODWH
$
)$&8/7<2)(1*,1((5,1* ',0(16,216,10,//,0(7(56 6+((72)
  


352-(&7,21
81/(6667$7(' '5$:1 :GH9ULHV '$7( 
0(7+2'
27+(5:,6(
72/(5$1&(6 00 &+(&.(' -(GZDUGV 6&$/( 
/DVHUFXWWLQJDFFRUGLQJWRG[I 0$7(5,$/ 685)$&(75($70(17 7,7/( 5(9
VMU :DOOSODWH
'HEXUUHGJHV[ 9DUQLVK5$/ 
 '5$:,1*12

),/(3$571$0(
81,9(56,7<2)7:(17( :DOOSODWH
$
)$&8/7<2)(1*,1((5,1* ',0(16,216,10,//,0(7(56 6+((72)
        

 “
$ $


[ [
$


% + [ %
 $





$$
 $ $
 


&   &

%%
 

5 


[
5

5


%
' '



5


 % 5 5


( 5 (


5

352-(&7,21 '$7(
81/(6667$7(' '5$:1 :GH9ULHV 
0(7+2'
27+(5:,6(
72/(5$1&(6 00 &+(&.(' -(GZDUGV 6&$/( 
0$7(5,$/ 685)$&(75($70(17 7,7/( 5(9
(1$: 6ZLYHODUP
DQRGL]LQJ 
 '5$:,1*12


) )
),/(3$571$0(
81,9(56,7<2)7:(17( $
6ZLYHODUP
)$&8/7<2)(1*,1((5,1* ',0(16,216,10,//,0(7(56 6+((72)

       
 

   [ [
JULQGLQJ


K
'(7$,/$

 
 
KDUGHQDQGDQQHDO
 +5&
GHEXUUHGJHV[

 “ [
352-(&7,21
81/(6667$7(' '5$:1 :GH9ULHV '$7( 
0(7+2'
27+(5:,6(
72/(5$1&(6 00 &+(&.(' -(GZDUGV 6&$/( 
0$7(5,$/ 685)$&(75($70(17 7,7/( 5(9

&5 3LQ
  [ 
  '5$:,1*12

),/(3$571$0(
81,9(56,7<2)7:(17( 3LQ
$
)$&8/7<2)(1*,1((5,1* ',0(16,216,10,//,0(7(56 6+((72)
  


D


$
 $

  VKDIW
  PRXQWLQJSODWH

326 47< 1$0( 0$7(5,$/ 1250 5(0$5.

',0(16,21
352-(&7,21
81/(6667$7(' '5$:1 :GH9ULHV '$7( 
0(7+2'
27+(5:,6(
72/(5$1&(6 00 &+(&.(' -(GZDUGV 6&$/( 
0$7(5,$/ 685)$&(75($70(17 7,7/( 5(9
 0RQLWRUSODWH
 YDQLVK5$/ '5$:,1*12


),/(3$571$0(
81,9(56,7<2)7:(17( 0RQLWRUSODWH
$
)$&8/7<2)(1*,1((5,1* ',0(16,216,10,//,0(7(56 6+((72)
 
ƒ“
 
5 ƒ
 [ [

 [
[

ƒ



ƒ

ƒ



[

[

[
 [


 
352-(&7,21
81/(6667$7(' '5$:1 :GH9ULHV '$7( 
0(7+2'
27+(5:,6(
72/(5$1&(6 00 &+(&.(' -(GZDUGV 6&$/( 
0$7(5,$/ 685)$&(75($70(17 7,7/( 5(9
VMU 0RXQWLQJSODWH
 '5$:,1*12


),/(3$571$0(
81,9(56,7<2)7:(17( 0RXQWLQJSODWH
$
)$&8/7<2)(1*,1((5,1* ',0(16,216,10,//,0(7(56 6+((72)
 



352-(&7,21
81/(6667$7(' '5$:1 :GH9ULHV '$7( 
/DVHUFXWWLQJDFFRUGLQJWRG[I 0(7+2'
27+(5:,6(
72/(5$1&(6 00 &+(&.(' -(GZDUGV 6&$/( 
'HEXUUHGJHV[ 0$7(5,$/ 685)$&(75($70(17 7,7/( 5(9
VMU 0RXQWLQJSODWH
  '5$:,1*12


),/(3$571$0(
81,9(56,7<2)7:(17( 0RXQWLQJSODWH
$
)$&8/7<2)(1*,1((5,1* ',0(16,216,10,//,0(7(56 6+((72)
 




K


0



 

[ [
'HEXUUHGJHV[

352-(&7,21
81/(6667$7(' '5$:1 :GH9ULHV '$7( 
0(7+2'
27+(5:,6(
72/(5$1&(6 00 &+(&.(' -(GZDUGV 6&$/( 
0$7(5,$/ 685)$&(75($70(17 7,7/( 5(9

6WDLQOHVVVWHHO 6KDIW
$,6,  '5$:,1*12


),/(3$571$0(
81,9(56,7<2)7:(17( 6KDIW
$
)$&8/7<2)(1*,1((5,1* ',0(16,216,10,//,0(7(56 6+((72)