AUTOMATED CAR PARKING SYSTEM

Problem statement
In crowded parking lots, finding an available parking spot can be time-consuming and frustrating.
Traditional parking systems do not provide real-time information about available spaces or automate
motor, two IR sensors, and an LCD display with an I2C module. The goal is to create a system that
detects available parking spaces, provides real-time information on the LCD vehicle parking. This
project aims to design an automated car parking system using Arduino Uno, a servo

Applications of car parking system:

1. Automated Parking Entry and Exit

 Functionality: The IR sensors detect vehicles at the entrance or exit. The servo motor can
control the barrier that opens and closes based on vehicle detection.

 Application: Automated entry systems for parking lots to reduce manual intervention.

2. Parking Space Availability Display

 Functionality: The LCD with the I2C module shows the number of available parking slots.
This can be updated based on the directions given from the sensors.

 Application: Provide real-time parking slot availability to drivers.

3. Security Enhancement

 Functionality: The IR sensors can also monitor unauthorized movements or vehicles entering
restricted zones.

 Application: Improve parking area security by limiting access.

4. Payment Integration (Future Expansion)

 Functionality: Add a payment module for paid parking systems. The barrier can open only
after payment confirmation.

 Application: Automate paid parking management systems.

5. Smart Parking Management System

 Functionality: Combine with other sensors or modules e.g, RFID for vehicle identification.
We can use LCD to display assigned spots for specific vehicles and with the help of IR sensors
we can detect if a assigned spot taken or still free.

 Application: Manage large parking spaces in offices, malls or apartments.

What are the Math and physics relations in
my project?

1. Sensors and Detection: IR Sensors

 Physics Concept: Reflection and Detection of Infrared (IR) Waves

o IR sensors emit infrared light, and their receiver detects reflections from nearby
objects (e.g., cars). This principle uses the physics of electromagnetic waves and the
behaviour of light reflection.

o Math Application: The sensor calculates the distance to an object based on the time
taken for the IR signal to return (though some simpler IR sensors might not explicitly
measure time).

2. Servo Motor Control

 Physics Concept: Torque and Rotation

o The servo motor converts electrical signals into precise rotational movements to
control the parking barrier.

o Mathematics:

 PWM (Pulse Width Modulation): The servo's angle is controlled using PWM
signals from the Arduino.

 Formula for angle calculation:

Angle=PWM Pulse Width−Min Pulse WidthMax Pulse Width−Min Pulse Widt
h×180∘\text{Angle} = \frac{\text{PWM Pulse Width} - \text{Min Pulse
Width}}{\text{Max Pulse Width} - \text{Min Pulse Width}} \times 180^\circ

 Here, the pulse width ranges from a minimum (0°) to maximum (180°).

3. Parking Space Counting

 Physics Concept: Binary States of Detection

o When a car interrupts the IR sensor beam, the system records an "occupied" state;
otherwise, it registers "free."

o Mathematics:

 Total available parking spaces are updated using a simple subtraction:

Available Spaces=Total Spaces−Occupied Spaces\text{Available Spaces} = \
text{Total Spaces} - \text{Occupied Spaces}
 4. Displaying Data on LCD

 Mathematics: Data Conversion and Representation

o The Arduino converts sensor input data (e.g., the number of available spaces) into a
format that the LCD can display using I2C communication.

o The programming involves:

 Mapping numbers to characters for the display.

 Using loops and conditionals to update the display dynamically.

5. Power and Energy Management

 Physics Concept: Electric Current and Voltage

o The components (Arduino, sensors, servo motor, LCD) require specific voltages and
currents. This involves:

 Understanding Ohm’s Law: V=IRV = IR

 Estimating power consumption: P=VIP = VI

o Math Application: Summing the power requirements of all components ensures

they are within the capabilities of the power source.

6. Timing and Synchronization

 Mathematics: Timing Algorithms

o Timing is critical for tasks like:

 Detecting cars (time between sensor activations).

 Opening and closing the barrier (timing the servo motor).

o The Arduino uses delay functions or timers to manage these events.

7. Probability and Optimization

 Math Application:

o If the system is extended to a larger parking lot with multiple sensors, probability
models could be used to optimize the arrangement and ensure maximum efficiency.

8. System Feedback and Stability

 Physics Concept: Feedback Control

o The system’s stability depends on the feedback loop between sensors, the
microcontroller, and the servo motor
How I connected all the different types of
parts with jump wires project :

This is the code I used to make my project :

Outcome of my project :
1. Vehicle Detection:

 IR Sensors: The two infrared (IR) sensors are used to detect the presence of a vehicle in the

parking spaces. One sensor could be placed at the entrance of the parking area to detect whether

a vehicle is approaching, while the other could monitor the parking space to check if it’s occupied

or free.

2. Parking Barrier Operation:

 Servo Motor: The servo motor controls the parking barrier. When the sensors detect a vehicle

approaching, the system will trigger the servo motor to lift or lower the barrier arm, allowing the

vehicle to enter or exit. The motor would be programmed to respond to the signals from the

sensors.

3. LCD Display:

 I2C LCD Display: The LCD display will show information about the number of available parking

spaces. The system can update the display in real-time based on the inputs from the IR sensors,

keeping the driver informed about the parking lot’s status. It could display something like

“Available Spots: 5” or “Full” based on the number of cars detected in the parking spaces.

4. System Flow:

 When a car approaches, the IR sensor detects its presence and signals the Arduino to activate the

servo motor to raise the barrier.

 After the vehicle passes through, the second IR sensor detects that the space is now empty and

updates the parking availability.

 The LCD display continuously shows the number of available spaces or a status message (e.g.,

“Parking Lot Full”).

5. Additional Features:
  Automatic Closing: Once the vehicle has passed and the parking space is vacant, the servo motor

could automatically lower the barrier after a set delay.

 Real-time Updates: The system can update the parking availability based on vehicles entering or

exiting, ensuring accurate information on the display.

Expected Outcome:

 Functionality: Your system should be able to automatically open and close a parking barrier based

on vehicle detection, provide real-time parking space availability via the LCD display, and work in

an automated way without needing manual intervention.

 Automation: With sensors detecting vehicles and a servo motor controlling the barrier, the system

would make parking management more efficient.

 User Interface: The LCD display will give drivers clear and immediate information on parking

availability.

Possible Challenges:

 Sensor Accuracy: Ensuring the IR sensors reliably detect vehicles in different conditions (e.g., in

low light).

 Servo Control: Programming the servo motor to operate smoothly with proper timing and

responses.

 System Integration: Ensuring that the sensors, servo motor, and display are properly integrated

and work seamlessly together.