School Of Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering

Lab 04: Temperature transducers, IC temperature

transducer

Control Engineering and Instrumentation Lab

Submitted by: Abdul Moiz (474550)

ME – 15 B

Submitted to: Ma’am Sania Shaheen

Contents
Objectives: .................................................................................................................................................. 3
Tools and Equipment: ................................................................................................................................. 3
IC temperature transducer (LM-35): ............................................................................................................ 3
Working Principle: ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Procedure: ................................................................................................................................................... 5
Observations: .............................................................................................................................................. 5
Data: ............................................................................................................................................................ 5
Graphs: ........................................................................................................................................................ 6
Discussion: .................................................................................................................................................. 7
Conclusion: ................................................................................................................................................. 7
 Temperature transducers, IC temperature
transducer

Objectives:
The main objectives of this lab experiment are as follows:
1. Describe the construction and characteristics of IC temperature sensor.
2. Develop graph of time vs. Voltage, time vs. Temperature, temperature vs. Voltage for
IC temperature transducer.
Tools and Equipment:
The apparatus that we used in the experiment are listed below:
1. D1750 Transducer and Instrumentation Trainer.
2. IC temperature transducer (LM-35)
3. Stopwatch

IC temperature transducer (LM-35):

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is
linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. Since it has Linear + 10.0 mV/°C
scale factor it is very easy to calculate temperature value. LM35 is a temperature measuring
device having an analog output voltage proportional to the temperature. It consists of 16
transistors, 9 resistors, 2 capacitors.
Working Principle:
Semiconductor Junction:
The LM35 is an integrated circuit (IC) temperature transducer that operates based on
semiconductor physics. It utilizes the diode voltage drop behaviour in semiconductors like silicon,
where the voltage drop across a diode changes with temperature. Inside the IC, transistor junctions
are arranged so that their voltage drop varies linearly with temperature, which is then scaled to
produce an output voltage proportional to the temperature in degrees Celsius.

Thermal Voltage Generation:

The LM35 relies on the thermal voltage principle. In semiconductors, the voltage across a diode or
transistor junction decreases as temperature increases. The LM35 leverages the base-emitter
voltage change in a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT), where the voltage shift is about -2 mV/°C
in a typical silicon junction. However, the LM35 amplifies this effect, producing a positive voltage
change of +10 mV/°C, making temperature readings more practical and easily measurable.

Internal Circuit Design:

• Voltage Reference: The LM35 maintains an internal reference voltage, typically at 0V at
0°C, ensuring direct temperature-to-voltage conversion.
• Differential Amplifier: An internal operational amplifier (op-amp) amplifies the small
voltage changes from temperature-dependent junctions, making the output voltage more
readable and accurate.
• Temperature-to-Voltage Conversion: The diode junction voltage drop changes with
temperature, and the internal op-amp converts this change into a linear output voltage.

Formula Used:
𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 (°𝐶) = 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 × 100

Applications:
1. Temperature Monitoring Systems – Used in environmental and industrial monitoring.
2. Battery-Powered Devices – Low power consumption makes it ideal for portable
electronics.
3. Biomedical Equipment – Used for patient monitoring and medical diagnostics.
• Input: Voltage
• Output: Voltage
• Temperature Range: −55°C to 150°C
 Procedure:
1. Connect the positive terminal of the voltmeter to the output terminal of the IC transducer
and ground the other end of the voltmeter.
2. Record the initial voltage reading on the voltmeter at 0 minutes.
3. Supply +12V to the heater element and start the stopwatch.
4. Record the voltage reading on the voltmeter every minute.
5. Collect a total of 10 voltage readings.
6. Convert the recorded voltage into temperature using the formula:
o Temperature (°C) = Output Voltage × 100
7. Calculate and record the temperature in degrees Celsius.
8. Plot the following graphs:
o Time vs. Voltage
o Time vs. Temperature
o Temperature vs. Voltage

Observations:
The experiment demonstrated a direct relationship between voltage and temperature, as increasing
voltage resulted in a rise in temperature. The plotted graphs showed a linear relationship between:
• Time and voltage
• Time and temperature
• Temperature and voltage

Data:
Time (min) Voltage(V) Temperature Temperature (Celsius)
(K)
0 0.18 18 -255
1 0.24 24 -249
2 0.31 31 -242
3 0.35 35 -238
4 0.38 38 -235
5 0.40 40 -233
6 0.42 42 -231
7 0.43 43 -230
8 0.44 44 -229
9 0.45 45 -228
10 0.46 46 -227
Graphs:
Discussion:
The experiment focused on analyzing the relationship between temperature and voltage using the
LM35 temperature transducer. The results confirmed a direct proportionality between temperature
and voltage, validating the LM35 as an accurate and reliable sensor for real-time temperature
monitoring. The linear nature of the voltage output simplifies temperature measurement, making it
suitable for applications such as environmental monitoring, industrial temperature control, and
embedded systems.
A key observation was the linear relationship between time, temperature, and voltage,
demonstrating the LM35’s precision in temperature sensing. This characteristic enables its
effective use in fields such as medical devices, environmental monitoring, and automation
systems. Additionally, the experiment underscored the importance of calibration and proper
voltage scaling when interpreting data. Even minor fluctuations in voltage can represent
significant temperature variations, which is critical depending on the application.

Conclusion:
The experiment successfully demonstrated the direct proportionality between temperature and
voltage for the LM35 sensor. The findings confirmed that the LM35 provides a precise and linear
output, making it ideal for various temperature-sensitive applications. By leveraging this sensor’s
accuracy and reliability, temperature monitoring and control can be effectively implemented in
numerous fields.
Moreover, the study highlighted the significance of careful calibration to ensure accurate readings.
Proper voltage scaling is essential for minimizing errors and optimizing performance in practical
applications. Overall, the experiment reinforced the LM35’s effectiveness in temperature
measurement and its broad utility in both industrial and embedded system applications.
References
[1] Texas Instruments, LM35 Precision Centigrade Temperature Sensors, 2016. [Online].
Available: https://www.ti.com. [Accessed: Feb. 24, 2025].
[2] A. S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, 8th ed. New York, NY, USA: Oxford
University Press, 2018.
[3] R. Boylestad and L. Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 12th ed. Upper Saddle
River, NJ, USA: Pearson Education, 2020.
[4] M. H. Rashid, Microelectronics: Analysis and Design. Boston, MA, USA: Cengage Learning,
2014.
[5] R. P. Jain and M. B. Anand, Modern Digital Electronics, 5th ed. New Delhi, India: McGraw
Hill Education, 2019.
[6] A. Kumar, Fundamentals of Microcontrollers and Applications in Embedded Systems. New
Delhi, India: Pearson, 2016.