AE3612- FLIGHT TRAINING / FLIGHT SIMULATION LABORATORY

INDEX

Exp. Date of
Date Name of the experiment Signature
No. submission

1 C.G. determination

2 Calibration of ASI and Altimeter

Calibration of special instruments

3

Cruise and climb performance

4

5 Determination of stick fixed & stick free

neutral points

6 Determination of stick fixed & stick free

maneuver points

Verification of Lateral-directional
7
equations of motion for a steady state side
slip maneuver

8 Verification of Lateral-directional equations

of motion for a steady state coordinated turn

9 Flight determination of drag polar of a

glider

10 Demonstration of stall, Phugoid motion

and Dutch roll
Exp No: 1
C.G. DETERMINATION
Date:

AIM:
To determine the C.G. location of the Aircraft and to calculate the possible C.G. shifts

FLIGHT SPECIFICATIONS:

Sample Weight & Balance Problem

Complete the following sample weight and balance problem for an S model.
Conditions
Basic Empty Weight........................................................1676.3 lbs.
(Remember to use actual aircraft BEW for flight check.)
Front Pilots...........................................................................350 lbs.
Rear Passengers......................................................................50 lbs.
Baggage............................................................3 Bags @ 50 lbs. each
(May need to relocate some baggage to rear passenger seats.)
Max Ramp Weight.............................................................2,558 lbs.
Max Takeoff/Landing Weight...........................................2,550 lbs.
Max Baggage Weight...........................................................120 lbs.
Max Usable Fuel....................................................................53 gal.
Fuel Burn................................................................................10 gal.
 Weight × Arm = Moment
Basic Empty Weight 68358.0
Front Pilots + 37.00 +
Rear Passengers + 73.00 +
Baggage 120 lbs. + 95.00 +
Max
Zero Fuel Weight = CG =
CG = Moment /
Weight
Usable Fuel + 48.00 +
Ramp Weight
=
Taxi Fuel (1.33 – 8 48.00 – 384
Gal.)
Takeoff Weight = CG =
CG = Moment /
Weight
Fuel Burn – 48.00 –
Landing Weight = CG
CG = Moment /
Weight

CALCULATION:
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
The C.G. Shits are calculated and tabulated
Exp No: 2
CALIBRATION OF ASI AND ALTIMETER
Date:

AIM:
To calibrate the Airspeed indicator and Altimeter

INDICATOR REFERENCE:

CALIBRATION PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Exp No: 3
CALIBRATION OF SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS
Date:

AIM:
To calibrate the Attitude Indicator and Direction Indicator

INDICATOR REFERENCE:

Attitude Indicator (Artificial Horizon)

Direction Indicator (Magnetic Compass)

CALIBRATION PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Exp No: 4
CRUISE AND CLIMB PERFORMANCE
Date:

AIM:
To calculate the Cruise and Climb performance parameters.

Flight Data:
S.No. Parameter Values
s
1. Cruising velocity of the airplane V 1000 km/hr

2. Max. Takeoff Weight 4900 Kg

3. Aspect Ratio 5.0

4. Wing Loading 450 kg/m2
5. Range 1500 km
6. Span to Length ratio (b/l) 0.9
7. F/W 0.42(no units)
8. Service Ceiling 13000m

Calculation of CL required for Cruise

Calculation of Rate of Climb

Take off Flight data

COMPONENT Sπ CDπ CDπ Sπ

FUSELAGE 1.01159 0.0300

HORIZONTAL
TAIL 0.8608 0.0052

VERTICAL TAIL 0.8608 0.0052

POWERPLANT 0.20135 0.0300

MAIN WHEEL 0.4304 0.1200

NOSE WHEEL 0.2152 0.1200

FLAPS – HALF 2.284 0.0090

CD₀ others = (∑ CDπ Sπ)/Swing

=

Due to Interference Drag, this value is multiplied by “1.05”.

 Corrected CD₀ others = CD₀ others * 1.05
=

Calculation of drag coefficient for various CL (Take-Off)

2
CDt = CD₀ wing + CD₀ others + kL C

2
CL CDOwing CDOothers kCL CDt

-1
-0.8
-0.55
-0.3
-0.05
0.2
0.4
0.65
0.86
1.08
1.25
1.45

Thrust Required

SEA LEVEL:
 ρ₀ = 1.225kg/m3 a₀ = 340 m/s

M = [{(2W/S)/(ρ₀ * CL )}1/2]/a₀

kC L2 CDOwing CDOothes CDt=(1)+(2)((3) D(drag)=

1/sqrt(1-M2)
M CL
(2) (3) (4) +(4)) (CDt/ CL)*W
(1)

RATE OF CLIMB

(F-D)*V*60/W=R/C
M V(m/s) F(N) D(N) F-D (N)
(m/min)
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:

Plotted the variation of drag and rate of climb with respect to Mach number
Exp No: 5
DETERMINATION OF STICK FIXED & STICK FREE NEUTRAL
POINTS
Date:

AIM:
To calculate the Stick Free neutral point for a giver flight specifications.

Flight Data:
S.No. Parameter Values
s
1. Cruising velocity of the airplane V 1000 km/hr

2. Max. Takeoff Weight 4900 Kg

3. Aspect Ratio 5.0

4. Wing Loading 450 kg/m2
5. Range 1500 km
6. Span to Length ratio (b/l) 0.9
7. F/W 0.42(no units)
8. Service Ceiling 13000m

Stability Analysis

LONGITUDINAL STABILITY
 CL cruise = 0.42965 (dCm/dCL) = 0.037
ηt = 0.9 lt = 3.0 m

Cm fus,nac = (dCm/dCL) * CL cruise

= 0.037* _________
Cm fus,nac =

V = (St/S) * (lt/c) { St= 18% S }

=

(1/at) = 1/0.1
at = 0.1

ε = (d ε/dα) * αw { αw = ____ for CL cruise }

= 0.45* ______
=

Cm c.g. = CL{(xc.g.− xa.c.)/c} – Cmac + Cm fus,nac − atVηt(αw – iw – ε + it)

it = __________

STICK FIXED NEUTRAL POINT:

No = (xc.g./c)(dCm/dCL)=0 = (xa.c./c) – (dCm/dCL) + {(atvηt)/aw} * {1 –(dε/dα)}

=

N0 =

STABILITY MARGIN DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE
RESULT:
Exp No: 6
DETERMINATION OF STICK FIXED & STICK FREE
MANEUVER POINTS
Date:

AIM:
To calculate the Stick fixed maneuver point for a giver flight specifications.

Flight Data:
S.No. Parameter Values
s
1. Cruising velocity of the airplane V 1000 km/hr

2. Max. Takeoff Weight 4900 Kg

3. Aspect Ratio 5.0

4. Wing Loading 450 kg/m2
5. Range 1500 km
6. Span to Length ratio (b/l) 0.9
7. F/W 0.42(no units)
8. Service Ceiling 13000m

STABILITY ANALYSIS
 ELEVATOR DEFLECTIONS:

Cm c.g. = CL{(xc.g.− xa.c.)/c} – Cmac + Cm fus,nac − atVηt(αw – iw – ε +

it + τ δe) When Cm c.g. = 0,

δe = { CL[(xc.g.− xa.c.)/c] - Cmac + Cm fus,nac - atVηt(αw – iw – ε + it)}/ τ atVηt

at =
iw =

When CL = ________
αw =
Cm fus,nac = (dCm/dCL) * CL
=
=
ε = (dε/dα) * αw
=
=

δe =
δe =

PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Exp No: 7
VERIFICATION OF LATERAL-DIRECTIONAL EQUATIONS OF
MOTION FOR A STEADY STATE SIDE SLIP MANEUVER
Date:

AIM:
To calculate the Side slip maneuver parameters and verify the same

Flight Data:
S.No. Parameter Values
s
1. Cruising velocity of the airplane V 1000 km/hr

2. Max. Takeoff Weight 4900 Kg

3. Aspect Ratio 5.0

4. Wing Loading 450 kg/m2
5. Range 1500 km
6. Span to Length ratio (b/l) 0.9
7. F/W 0.42(no units)
8. Service Ceiling 13000m

SIDE SLIP
 To enter a side-slip:

1. Pick an easy way to tell which way you are tracking; either the approach itself (if that
is where you are using the side-slip) or a landmark on the horizon elsewhere. Long
and straight roads, railways or runways are perfect.
2. Use aileron to lower one wing slightly, and simultaneously apply enough opposite
rudder to stop the glider turning and maintain your desired ground track. If you’re
sideslipping to your approach to a landing with a crosswind component, lower the
inter-wind wing.
3. Use the elevator to control the pitch attitude. Be aware of the fact that the airspeed
indicator may not be reliable when side-slipping, sometimes the indicated airspeed
will even drop to zero!

To recover from a side-slip:

1. Simultaneously release the rudder pressure and level the wings.

2. Adjust the pitch attitude to adjust the speed.

PROCEDURE
RESULT:
Exp No: 8
VERIFICATION OF LATERAL-DIRECTIONAL EQUATIONS OF
MOTION FOR A STEADY STATE COORDINATED TURN
Date:

AIM:
To demonstrate the coordinated turn and verify the same.
Flight Data:
S.No. Parameter Values
s
1. Cruising velocity of the airplane V 1000 km/hr

2. Max. Takeoff Weight 4900 Kg

3. Aspect Ratio 5.0

4. Wing Loading 450 kg/m2
5. Range 1500 km
6. Span to Length ratio (b/l) 0.9
7. F/W 0.42(no units)
8. Service Ceiling 13000m
COORDINATED TURN

SECONDARY EFFECT 1: YAW CAUSES ROLL

When we push the left rudder pedal, the nose of the glider will yaw to the left.
You will see the nose moving to the left. The outer wing will move forward. Compared
to the inner wing it travels a larger distance. Therefore the outer wing moves faster and
generates more lift than the inner wing. The result is that the outer wing will lift,
meaning that the glider will start to roll in the direction of the yaw.

SECONDARY EFFECT 2: ROLL CAUSES ADVERSE YAW

Left stick means right aileron down to get the roll you want. Trouble is, that
down aileron involves a higher angle of attack and so more drag, yawing the nose to the
right. On the other side, the associated up aileron involves a smaller angle of attack and
thus less drag, reinforcing the result: yaw to the right.
Move the stick to the right and the same combination of effects produces yaw to the left.
So the stick not only rolls the glider (which you want) it also yaws it in a direction you
do not want. We call this adverse yaw.

SECONDARY EFFECT 3: BANK CAUSES YAW

If the wings are level, the glider flies straight (1).
If one wing is lower, the glider will slide to the side of the lowest wing (2).
Sliding creates a crossflow on the fin. This makes the glider yaw in the direction of the
bank (3).

COORDINATED FLIGHT
 When we use the ailerons or the rudder there is always a secondary control effect,
but there is also a simple solution: use the stick and pedals together. Every input of
the ailerons needs a simultaneous input of the rudder and every input of the rudder
needs an aileron input. if using half left stick, use half left rudder; if full right stick,
use full right rudder, and so on.

PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Exp No: 9
FLIGHT DETERMINATION OF DRAG POLAR OF A GLIDER
Date:

AIM:
To calculate the drag polar for an aircraft

Flight Data:
S.No. Parameter Values
s
1. Cruising velocity of the airplane V 1000 km/hr

2. Max. Takeoff Weight 4900 Kg

3. Aspect Ratio 5.0

4. Wing Loading 450 kg/m2
5. Range 1500 km
6. Span to Length ratio (b/l) 0.9
7. F/W 0.42(no units)
8. Service Ceiling 13000m
DRAG CALCULATION:
Take off Flight data
COMPONENT Sπ CDπ CDπ Sπ

FUSELAGE 1.01159 0.0300

HORIZONTAL
TAIL 0.8608 0.0052

VERTICAL TAIL 0.8608 0.0052

POWERPLANT 0.20135 0.0300

MAIN WHEEL 0.4304 0.1200

NOSE WHEEL 0.2152 0.1200

FLAPS – HALF 2.284 0.0090

CD₀ others = (∑ CDπ Sπ)/Swing

=

Due to Interference Drag, this value is multiplied by “1.05”.

Corrected CD₀ others = CD₀ others * 1.05

=

Calculation of drag coefficient for various CL (Take-Off)

2
CDt = CD₀ wing + CD₀ others + kL C

2
CL CDOwing CDOothers kCL CDt

-1
-0.8
-0.55
-0.3
-0.05
0.2
 0.4
0.65
0.86
1.08
1.25
1.45

PROCEDURE:
DRAG POLAR PLOT:

RESULT:
Exp No: 10
DEMONSTRATION OF STALL, PHUGOID MOTION AND DUTCH
ROLL
Date:

AIM:
To demonstrate the stall, phugoid and the dutch roll in an aircraft

Demonstration of stall

Demonstration of Phugoid motion

Demonstration of Dutch roll

PROCEDURE TO INITIATE AND RECOVER FROM INSTABILITIES

RESULT: