UNIT 1 Scientific Foundations of Psychology (10-14%)

Psychologists to Know
1. Wilhelm Wundt
2. William James
3. G. Stanley Hall
4. Mary Whiton Calkins
5. Margaret Floy Washburn
6. Dorothea Dix
7. Sigmund Freud
8. John B. Watson
9. Ivan Pavlov
10.B. F. Skinner
11.Jean Piaget
12.Charles Darwin
13.Carl Rogers

KEY TERMS
1.1 Introducing Psychology
1. psychology
2. empiricism
3. structuralism
4. introspection
5. functionalism
6. American Psychological Association (APA)
7. Gestalt
8. psychoanalysis
9. behaviorism
10. psychodynamic psychology
11. humanistic psychology
12. cognitive psychology
13. biological psychology
14. evolutionary psychology (*)
15. nature–nurture issue
16. sociocultural psychology
17. biopsychosocial approach
18. eclectic perspective
19. experimental psychology
20. industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology (*)

1
21. counseling psychology
22. clinical psychology
23. psychiatry
24. positive psychology

1.2 Research Methods in Psychology

25. theory
26. hypothesis (*)
27. validity
28. reliability
29. replication
30. random sample
31. sampling bias
32. survey
33. case study
34. naturalistic observation (*)
35. response or participant bias
36. social desirability bias (*)
37. operational definition
38. correlation
39. correlation coefficient
40. scatterplot
41. illusory correlation (*)
42. longitudinal study (*)
43. cross-sectional study (*)
44. meta-analysis

2
3
1.3 Defining Psychological Science: The Experimental Method
45. experiment (*)
46. experimental group
47. control group (*)
48. random assignment (*)
49. double-blind procedure
50. placebo effect/placebo condition (*)
51. independent variable (*)
52. confounding variable (*)
53. dependent variable (*)
54. third variable (*)

1.5 Statistical Analysis in Psychology

55. descriptive statistics
56. mode (*)
57. mean (*)
58. median
59. range
60. standard deviation (*)
61. normal curve
62. skewed distribution (*)
63. inferential statistics
64. statistical significance (*)
65. p-value (*)
66. generalize/generalizability (*)

1.6 Ethical Guidelines in Psychology

4
67. IRB (*)
68. informed consent (*)
69. deception (*)
70. confederate
71. debriefing (*)

5
UNIT 2 Biological Bases of Behavior (8-10%)

Psychologists to Know
1. Charles Darwin
2. Paul Broca
3. Carl Wernicke
4. Roger Sperry
5. Michael Gazzaniga
6. Sigmund Freud

KEY TERMS
2.1 Interaction of Heredity and Environment
1. heredity
2. heritability
3. environment
4. genes
5. interaction
6. chromosomes
7. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
8. identical (monozygotic) twins
9. fraternal (dizygotic) twins
10. evolutionary psychology
11. natural selection
12. mutation
13. nature vs. nurture debate
14. Down Syndrome
15. Phenylketonuria (PKU)

2.2 The Endocrine System

1. endocrine [EN-duh-krin] system
2. hormones
3. pituitary gland
4. adrenal [ah-DREEN-el] glands
5. ghrelin (*)
6. insulin

2.3 Overview of the Nervous System and the Neuron

1. nervous system
2. central nervous system (CNS)

6
3. spinal cord
4. peripheral nervous system (PNS)
5. somatic nervous system
6. sensory (afferent) neurons
7. motor (efferent) neurons
8. interneurons
9. autonomic [aw-tuh-NAHM-ik] nervous system (ANS)
10. sympathetic nervous system
11. parasympathetic nervous system
12. fight-or-flight reaction
13. reflex
14. spinal reflex

15. neuron
16. dendrites
17. cell body (soma)
18. axon
19. terminal buttons (end buttons, axon terminal, terminal branches of axon)
20. myelin [MY-uh-lin] sheath
21. multiple sclerosis

7
2.4 Neural Firing
1. neural firing (neural impulse=action potential)
2. threshold
3. all-or-none response
4. refractory period
5. synapse [SIN-aps] (synaptic gap=synaptic cleft)
6. presynaptic/postsynaptic membrane
7. receptor sites

8
2.5 Influence of Drugs on Neural Firing
1. reuptake
2. neurotransmitters
3. acetylcholine
4. GABA
5. glutamate
6. norepinephrine
7. serotonin
8. dopamine
9. endorphins [en-DOR-fins]
10. excitatory neurotransmitters
11. inhibitory neurotransmitters
12. agonist
13. antagonist

9
2.6 The Brain
1. hindbrain
2. medulla [muh-DUL-uh]
3. pons
4. brainstem
5. cerebellum [sehr-uh-BELL-um]
6. midbrain
7. reticular formation (=reticular activating system)
8. forebrain
9. thalamus [THAL-uh-muss]

10
10. limbic system
11. amygdala [uh-MIG-duh-la]
12. hypothalamus [hi-po-THAL-uh-muss]
13. hippocampus
14. lateral hypothalamus (U7)
15. ventromedial hypothalamus (U7)
16. cerebral [seh-REE-bruhl] cortex
17. frontal lobes
18. parietal [puh-RYE-uh-tuhl] lobes
19. occipital [ahk-SIP-uh-tuhl] lobes
20. temporal lobes
21. motor cortex
22. somatosensory cortex
23. visual cortex
24. auditory cortex
25. association areas
26. prefrontal cortex
27. Broca’s area
28. Wernicke’s area
29. aphasia
30. left hemisphere
31. right hemisphere
32. brain lateralization (or hemispheric specialization)
33. corpus callosum [KOR-pus kah-LOW-sum]
34. epilepsy
35. split brain

11
12
2.7 Tools for Examining Brain Structure and Function
1. lesion [LEE-zhuhn]
2. CT/CAT (computed tomography)
3. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
4. EEG (electroencephalogram)
5. PET (positron emission tomography) scan
6. fMRI (functional MRI)
7. autopsy (∈考纲)
8. neuroplasticity

2.8 The Adaptable Brain

1. levels of consciousness
2. conscious level
3. unconscious level
4. dual processing
5. blindsight
6. parallel processing
7. sequential processing
8. substance use disorder
9. dependence (addiction)
10. tolerance
11. withdrawal
12. depressants
13. alcohol
14. alcohol use disorder
15. barbiturates
16. opiates
17. morphine
18. heroin
19. stimulants
20. nicotine
21. cocaine
22. methamphetamine
23. hallucinogens
24. near-death experience
25. LSD
26. Marijuana (THC)
27. Ecstasy (MDMA)

13
2.9 Sleep and Dreaming
1. circadian [ser-KAY-dee-an] rhythm
2. suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
3. pineal gland
4. melatonin
5. sleep
6. REM sleep
7. alpha waves
8. NREM sleep
9. delta waves
10.insomnia
11.narcolepsy
12.sleep apnea
13.night terrors
14.sleepwalking (somnambulism)
15.dream
16.wish fulfillment
17.manifest content
18.latent content
19.activation synthesis
20.REM rebound

14
Unit 3 Sensation and Perception (6-8%)

Psychologists to Know
1. Gustav Fechner
2. Ernst Weber
3. David Hubel
4. Torsten Wiesel

KEY TERMS
3.1 Principles of Sensation
1. sensation
2. sensory receptors
3. transduction
4. perception
5. bottom-up processing
6. top-down processing
7. absolute threshold
8. difference threshold (=Just-noticeable difference)
9. Weber’s law
10. signal detection theory
11. subliminal
12. priming
13. sensory adaptation
14. sensory interaction

3.2 Principles of Perception

15. selective attention
16. cocktail party effect
17. inattentional blindness
18. change blindness (*)
19. perceptual set (=perceptual expectancy)
20. context effects
21. gestalt
a. figure-ground
b. grouping (proximity, similarity, continuity=good continuation,
connectedness, closure)
22. depth perception
23. visual cliff
24. binocular cue

15
 a. retinal disparity (=binocular disparity)
b. convergence
25. monocular cue
a. interposition
b. linear perspective
c. motion parallax (=relative motion)
d. texture gradient
e. relative size/height
26. phi phenomenon
27. perceptual constancy
28. perceptual adaptation

3.3 Visual Anatomy

29. frequency/wavelength
30. amplitude/intensity
31. hue
32. brightness
33. cornea
34. pupil
35. lens
a. accommodation
36. retina
a. photoreceptor cells
i. rods
ii. cones
b. bipolar cells
c. ganglion cells
37. optic nerve ➜ occipital lobe‘s visual cortex
38. fovea
39. blind spot
40. Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory
a. colorblindness
41. opponent-process theory
a. (negative) afterimages
42. feature detectors

16
17
3.4 Visual Perception
43. illusion
a. Müller-Lyer illusion

3.5 Auditory Sensation and Perception

44. pitch
45. loudness
46. timbre
47. outer ear
48. middle ear
49. eardrum
50. ossicles (=Hammer ➜ Anvil ➜ Stirrup)
51. oval window
52. inner ear
53. cochlea [KOHK-lee-uh] (hair cells)
54. sensorineural hearing loss
55. conduction hearing loss
56. pitch theory
a. place theory
b. frequency theory

57. sensory interaction

58. synesthesia

18
3.6 Chemical Senses
59. touch
a. gate-control theory (pain)
60. gustation
a. supertaster
61. olfaction
a. olfactory bulb
b. nasal cavity
c. nasal congestion

3.7 Body Senses

62. kinesthesis
63. vestibular sense
a. semicircular canal (hair cells)

19
Unit 4 Learning (7-9%)

Psychologists to Know
1. Ivan Pavlov
2. John B. Watson
3. B. F. Skinner
4. Edward L. Thorndike
5. John Garcia
6. Robert Rescorla
7. Edward C. Tolman
8. Albert Bandura

KEY TERMS

4.1 Introduction to Learning

1. learning
2. habituation (habituated response)
3. sensitization
4. latent learning
5. cognitive map
6. insight learning
7. observational learning (=social learning)
8. modeling
9. mirror neurons
10. taste aversion
11. superstitious behavior
12. learned helplessness
13. preparedness (=biological predisposition)
14. instinctive drift

4.2 Classical Conditioning

15. associative learning

16. stimulus
17. respondent behavior
18. classical conditioning
19. neutral stimulus (NS)
20. unconditioned response (UR)
21. unconditioned stimulus (US)

20
22. conditioned response (CR)
23. conditioned stimulus (CS)

24. acquisition
25. higher-order conditioning
26. extinction
27. spontaneous recovery
28. generalization
29. discrimination

4.3 Operant Conditioning

30. operant conditioning

31. law of effect
32. operant chamber
33. operant behavior
34. shaping
35. discriminative stimulus
36. reinforcement
37. positive reinforcement
38. negative reinforcement
39. primary reinforcer
40. conditioned reinforcer (Secondary reinforcer)
41. reinforcement schedule
42. continuous reinforcement schedule
43. partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule
44. fixed-ratio schedule
45. variable-ratio schedule
46. fixed-interval schedule
47. variable-interval schedule
48. punishment

21
4.4 Social and Cognitive Factors in Learning

49. biofeedback
50. cognitive learning
51. intrinsic motivation
52. extrinsic motivation
53. personal control

22
Unit 5 Cognitive Psychology (13-17%)

Psychologists to Know
1. Hermann Ebbinghaus
2. George A. Miller
3. Elizabeth Loftus
4. Wolfgang Köhler
5. Noam Chomsky

6. Charles Spearman
7. Howard Gardner
8. Robert Sternberg
9. Francis Galton
10. Alfred Binet
11. Lewis Terman
12. David Wechsler

5.1 Introduction to Memory

1. selective attention
2. divided attention
3. metacognition
4. prospective memory
5. recognition
6. recall
7. relearning (effect)

5.2 Encoding
1. three-box/information-processing model (Atkinson-Shiffrin Model)
2. sensory memory
3. iconic memory
4. echoic memory
5. short-term memory
6. working memory
7. long-term memory
8. rehearsal
9. maintenance rehearsal
10. elaborative rehearsal
11. effortful processing
12. chunking

23
13. mnemonics [nih-MON-iks] devices
14. method of loci
15. hierarchies
16. spacing effect =distributed/spaced practice (v.s. massed practice =cramming)
17. testing effect
18. automatic processing
19. levels of processing model
20. deep processing (v.s. shallow processing)
21. the self-reference effect

5.3 Storing
1. explicit memory (also called declarative memories)
2. semantic memory
3. episodic memory
4. implicit memory (also called non-declarative memories)
5. procedural memory

5.4 Retrieving
1. priming
2. context-dependent memory
3. encoding specificity principle
4. overlearning effect
5. state-dependent memory
6. mood-congruent memory
7. serial position effect (= serial position curve)
8. primacy effect
9. recency effect

24
5.5 Forgetting and Memory Distortion
1. encoding failure
2. storage decay
3. retrieval failure
4. retrieval cue
5. proactive interference
6. retroactive interference
7. anterograde amnesia
8. retrograde amnesia
9. constructed (or reconstructed) memory
10. reconsolidation
11. misinformation effect
12. source amnesia
13. déjà vu
14. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

5.6 Biological Bases of Memory (U2)

1. hippocampus
2. frontal lobe
3. memory consolidation
4. cerebellum
5. basal ganglia
6. infantile amnesia
7. amygdala
8. flashbulb memory
9. long-term potentiation (LTP)

25
5.7 Introduction to Thinking and Problem Solving
1. concept
2. prototype
3. deductive reasoning
4. inductive reasoning
5. algorithm
6. heuristic
7. representative heuristic
8. availability heuristic
9. insight (U4)
10. mental set
11. fixation
12. functional fixedness
13. intuition
14. convergent thinking
15. divergent thinking
16. framing
17. loss aversion

5.8 Biases and Errors in Thinking

1. confirmation bias
2. hindsight bias

26
3. overconfidence
4. belief perseverance
5. gambler fallacy

5.9 Introduction to Intelligence

1. intelligence
2. general intelligence (g)
3. factor analysis
4. savant syndrome
5. eight intelligence
6. logical-mathematical intelligence
7. intrapersonal (self)
8. interpersonal intelligence (other people)
9. triarchic theory (three intelligence)
10. analytical intelligence
11. creative intelligence
12. practical intelligence
13. emotional intelligence
14. fluid intelligence
15. crystallized intelligence
16. Flynn effect
17. stereotype threat

5.10 Psychometric Principles and Intelligence Testing

1. intelligence test
2. achievement test
3. aptitude test
4. mental age
5. intelligence quotient (IQ)

6. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

7. standardization
8. normal curve

27
9. reliability
10. test-retest
11. split-half
12. validity
13. face validity
14. content validity
15. construct validity
16. criterion-related validity
17. predictive validity
18. intellectual disability
19. gifted

5.11 Components of Language and Language Acquisition

1. phoneme
2. morpheme
3. syntax
4. language acquisition
5. universal grammar
6. critical period
7. overgeneralization (=overregularization)
8. linguistic relativity hypothesis (linguistic determinism, linguistic influence)
9. babbling stage
10. one-word stage
11. two-word stage (telegraphic speech)

28
Unit 6 Developmental Psychology (7-9%)

Psychologists to Know
1. Konrad Lorenz
2. Albert Bandura
3. Harry Harlow
4. Mary Ainsworth
5. Diana Baumrind
6. Sigmund Freud
7. Jean Piaget
8. Lev Vygotsky
9. Erik Erikson
10. Lawrence Kohlberg
11. Carol Gilligan

6.1 The Lifespan and Physical Development in Childhood

1. Nature and nurture
2. Continuity and stage
3. Stability and change
4. prenatal development
5. zygote → embryo → fetus
6. teratogens
7. fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
8. developmental norms
9. maturation of motor skills
10. five reflexes (Rooting, Sucking, Grasping, Moro, Babinski)
11. gross motor skills
12. fine motor skills

6.2 Social Development in Childhood

1. newborns (inborn) preference for faces
2. attachment
3. body contact
4. temperament — an infant’s individual style of interacting with the world
5. imprinting
6. strange situation
7. secure attachment
8. insecure attachment
9. anxious/ambivalent attachment

29
10. avoidant attachment
11. self-concept
12. four parenting styles
13. authoritative
14. authoritarian
15. permissive
16. negligent (uninvolved)

6.3 Cognitive Development in Childhood

1. habituation
2. schema
3. assimilation
4. accommodation
5. sensorimotor stage
6. object permanence
7. stranger anxiety
8. preoperational stage
9. egocentrism
10. symbolic thinking
11. pretend play
12. concrete operational stage
13. conservation
14. formal operational stage (abstract)
15. theory of mind: infer 别⼈的 mental state

30
16. autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
17. Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
18. scaffold

6.4 Adolescent Development

1. puberty
2. frontal lobe maturation
3. pruning
4. Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory
• Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust
• Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
• Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt
• Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority
• Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion
• Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation
• Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation
• Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair
5. identity
6. social identity
7. family conflict
8. peer influence

6.5 Adulthood and Aging

1. intimacy
2. menopause
3. neurocognitive disorders (NCDs)
4. Alzheimer’s disease
5. social clock

6.6 Moral Development

1. Lawrence Kohlberg’s three stages:
• Preconventional morality
• Conventional morality
• Postconventional morality
2. male vs. female rational — abstract principle vs. based on relationships & social
context

6.7 Gender and Sexual Orientation

1. sex

31
2. gender
3. aggression (与 testosterone 有关)
4. relational aggression
5. gender role
6. gender identity
7. primary sex characteristics
8. secondary sex characteristics

32
Unit 7 Motivation, Emotion, and Personality (11-15%)

Psychologists to Know
1. Abraham Maslow
2. Alfred Kinsey
3. Hans Selye
4. William James
5. Stanley Schachter
6. Joseph LeDoux
7. Richard Lazarus
8. Paul Ekman
9. Sigmund Freud
10. Carl Jung
11. Alfred Adler
12. Carl Rogers
13. Paul Costa and Robert McCrae
14. Albert Bandura

7.1 Theories of Motivation

1. instinct theory (evolutionary theory)
2. drive-reduction theory
a. homeostasis
3. incentive theory
4. arousal theory
a. Yerkes-Dodson law (easy vs. difficult)

5. Maslow’s theory (Hierarchy of Needs)

a. self-actualization

33
7.2 Specific Topics in Motivation
2. Motivation system: eating
a. Lateral hypothalamus
b. Ventromedial hypothalamus
c. Set-point theory
d. Basal metabolic rate
3. Motivation system: social
a. Affiliation (The Need to Belong)
b. Achievement motivation
c. grit
4. intrinsic motivation
5. extrinsic motivation
6. overjustification effect
7. management theory
a. Theory X
b. theory Y

7.3 Theories of Emotion

1. James–Lange Theory
2. Cannon–Bard Theory
3. Schachter two-factor theory
4. Richard Lazarus’s appraisal theory
5. Joseph LeDoux’s theory

34
6. Paul Ekman’s research on cross-cultural displays of emotion
a. Display rule
7. Facial feedback hypothesis
8. polygraph

7.4 Stress and Coping

1. General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
a. Alarm reaction
b. Resistance
c. Exhaustion stage
2. Lewin’s motivational conflicts theory
a. approach-approach conflict
b. avoidance-avoidance conflict
c. (multiple) approach-avoidance conflict
3. Anger Management
a. Catharsis

7.5 Introduction to Personality

1. Type A personality
2. Type B personality

7.6 Psychoanalytic (/psychodynamic) Theories of Personality

1. free association (method)
2. Id (in unconscious)
a. pleasure principle
3. Ego
a. reality principle
4. Superego

35
5. Defense mechanisms
a. Repression
b. Denial
c. Displacement
d. Projection
e. Reaction formation
f. Regression
g. Rationalization
h. Intellectualization
i. Sublimation
6. Freud’s Psychosexual Theory of Development
7. collective unconscious
8. inferiority vs. superiority
9. Projective tests
a. Rorschach inkblot test
b. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

7.7 Behaviorism and Social Cognitive Theories of Personality

1. Triadic reciprocality/reciprocal determinism
2. personal control (perceived control)
a. external locus of control
b. internal locus of control
3. Self-efficacy
4. Spotlight effect

7.8 Humanistic Theories of Personality

1. Acceptance (unconditional positive regard)
2. Genuineness
3. Empathy
4. (in)congruence between self-systems
5. Individualistic cultures
a. Vs. Collectivism (Collectivistic cultures) (U9)
6. Self-concept
7. Self-esteem

7.9 Trait Theories of Personality Traits

1. Trait
2. factor analysis
3. Personality inventory (=questionnaire)

36
 a. MMPI
4. The Big Five personality traits (OCEAN=openness, conscientiousness,
extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism)

7.10 Measuring Personality

1. Barnum effect—the tendency of individuals to accept vague personality
descriptions as accurate

37
Unit 8 Clinical Psychology (12-16%)

Psychologists to Know
1. The Rosenhan Study
2. Sigmund Freud
3. Carl Rogers
4. Mary Cover Jones
5. Joseph Wolpe
6. B. F. Skinner
7. Aaron Beck
8. Albert Ellis

8.1 Introduction to Psychological Disorders

1. Psychological disorder (mental disorder)
a. Dysfunction
2. American Psychiatric Association (APA)
3. DSM
4. ICD
5. Confidentiality
6. Insanity defense

8.2 Psychological Perspectives and Etiology of Disorders

1. diathesis-stress model
2. The Rosenhan Study
3. Sociocultural perspective

8.3 Neurodevelopmental and Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders

1. neurodevelopmental disorders
a. intellectual disability
b. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
c. autism spectrum disorder
2. neurocognitive disorders (=Organic disorders)
a. Alzheimer’s disease
b. Dementia
3. schizophrenia spectrum, and other psychotic disorders
a. Psychosis
b. Schizophrenia
i. Positive symptom
1. Hallucinations

38
 2. Delusions
a. delusions of reference
b. delusions of grandeur
c. delusions of persecution
3. disorganized thought (speech)
ii. Negative symptom
1. Flat affect
2. Catatonia (Waxy flexibility)

8.4 Bipolar, Depressive, Anxiety, and Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

1. anxiety disorders
a. Generalized anxiety disorder
b. Panic disorder
c. (Specific) phobias
d. agoraphobia
e. social anxiety disorder
2. depressive disorders
a. Major depressive disorder
b. Persistent depressive disorder
c. seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
i. light exposure therapy
3. bipolar and related disorders
a. Bipolar disorder
i. mania
4. obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
a. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
i. Obsession
ii. compulsion
b. Hoarding disorder

8.5 Trauma- and Stressor- Related, Dissociative, and Somatic Symptom and Related
Disorders
1. trauma- and stressor- related disorders
a. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
2. somatic symptom and related disorders
a. somatic symptom disorder (SSD)
b. conversion disorder
c. illness anxiety disorder (IAD)
3. dissociative disorders

39
 a. Dissociative amnesia
b. Dissociative fugue
c. Dissociative identity disorder (DID)— vs. schizophrenia

8.6 Feeding and Eating, Substance and Addictive, and Personality Disorders
1. feeding and eating disorders
a. Anorexia nervosa
b. Bulimia nervosa
c. Binge-eating disorder
2. personality disorders
a. Cluster A: Odd/eccentric
i. Paranoid
ii. Schizoid
iii. Schizotypal
b. Cluster B: dramatic/emotionally problematic
i. Antisocial
ii. Narcissistic
iii. Histrionic
iv. Borderline
c. Cluster C: chronic fearfulness/avoidant
i. Dependent
ii. Avoidant
iii. obsessive-compulsive

8.7 Introduction to Treatment of Psychological Disorders

1. Psychotherapy
2. Chemotherapy (drug therapy)
3. Somatic therapy

8.8 Psychological Perspectives and Treatment of Disorders

1. Clinical psychologists
2. Counseling psychologists
3. Insight Therapies
4. Treatment orientation: Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic
a. Resistance
b. Transference
c. countertransference
5. Treatment orientation: humanistic
a. Acceptance

40
 i. unconditional positive regard
b. Empathy
c. Active listening
6. Treatment orientation: behavioral
a. Counterconditioning
b. Systematic desensitization
c. exposure therapy
d. flooding (implosive therapy)
e. Aversive conditioning
f. Token economy
g. Biofeedback
7. Treatment orientation: cognitive
a. cognitive restructuring
8. Treatment orientation: cognitive-behavioral
a. rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
9. Treatment orientation: sociocultural
a. Group Therapy
b. Couples and Family Therapy

8.9 Treatment of Disorders from the Biological Perspective

1. Psychiatrist
2. anxiolytic (tranquilizer = antianxiety)
a. GABA agonist
3. Antidepressants
a. SSRIs (serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
4. Antipsychotics (neuroleptics)
a. dopamine
b. tardive dyskinesia
5. Lithium
6. Electroconvulsive shock treatment (ECT)
7. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

8.10 Evaluating Strengths, Weaknesses, and Empirical Support for Treatments of

Disorders

41
Unit 9 Social Psychology (8-10%)

Psychologists to Know
1. Leon Festinger
2. Solomon Asch
3. Stanley Milgram
4. Philip Zimbardo

9.1 Attribution Theory and Person Perception

1. situational attribution
2. dispositional attribution
3. Fundamental attribution error
4. Self-serving bias
5. Just-world hypothesis
6. actor-observer bias
7. False consensus effect
8. Confirmation bias
9. Halo effect
10. self-fulfilling prophecy

9.2 Attitude Formation and Attitude Change

1. Elaboration likelihood model
2. Central route to persuasion
3. Peripheral route to persuasion
4. Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
5. door-in-the-face technique
6. Cognitive dissonance

9.3 Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience

1. Conformity
2. Normative social influence
3. Informational social influence
4. Compliance
5. Obedience experiment (obedience to authority)
6. groupthink

9.4 Group Influences on Behavior and Mental Processes

1. Bystander effect
2. Diffusion of responsibility

42
3. Social loafing
4. Social facilitation
5. Social inhibition
6. Deindividuation
7. Group polarization
8. In-group bias
9. out-group bias
10. Social norms
11. Social traps
12. Prisoner’s dilemma
13. Conflict resolution
14. Superordinate goals
15. Collectivism

9.5 Bias, Prejudice, and Discrimination

1. Bias
2. Prejudice
3. Stereotype
4. Discrimination
5. Ethnocentrism
6. Scapegoat theory
7. Out-group homogeneity bias
8. Mere-exposure effect

9.6 Altruism and Aggression

1. Altruism
2. Social exchange theory
3. Social-responsibility norm
4. Reciprocity norm
5. Aggression
6. Frustration-aggression principle
7. hostile aggression
8. instrumental aggression

9.7 Interpersonal Attraction

1. Proximity
2. Similarity
3. Passionate love
4. Companionate love

43
5. Consummate love

44