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THE DYNAMICS OF MASS COMMUNICATION: Media in Transition

Well-known for its balanced approach to media industries and professions,

The Dynamics of Mass Communication offers a lively, thorough, and objective
introduction for mass communication majors and non-majors alike. The Dynamics
of Mass Communication takes a comprehensive and balanced look at the changing
world of mass media. This edition explores social media, the economy’s impact

MASS COMMUNICATION
on the media, and the media transformations that have taken place as traditional
media companies are joined by new digital media powers.

THE DYNAMICS OF
NEW TO THE TWELFTH EDITION:

New exploration of the effects, economics, political implications, and dysfunc-

tions of social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. Also
included is a discussion of the role of social media in the unrest in North Africa
and the Middle East and the problem of cyber-bullying.

Expanded discussion of events that have affected the media, from the economic
THE DYNAMICS OF
MASS COMMUNICATION
downturn significantly shrinking the media revenue, the emergence of new,
influential digital powers, to how apps are changing how we interact with media.

MD DALIM 1177704 01/20/12 CYAN MAG YELO BLACK

“I love how this book is organized and that is why I have used it for the TWELFTH EDITION
past ten years and plan to use it for the next ten years. It’s logical and
gives teaching the topic of mass communication a natural flow.”
— Candice Larson, Moorpark College

Online Learning Center

DOMINICK
www.mhhe.com/dominick12e
With Create you can easily design
Go to the Online Learning Center to custom course materials that fit the
check out NBC video clips and a wealth needs of your classroom.
of student and instructor resources.
Visit www.mcgrawhillcreate.com for
more information.

ISBN 978-0-07-352619-5
MHID 0-07-352619-3 TWELFTH
90000 EDITION

9 780073 526195
www.mhhe.com

JOSEPH R. DOMINICK
 Confirming Pages

contents
Part I The Nature and History of
Mass Communication 1

Chapter 1
communication: mass
and other forms 3
the communication process 4
Encoding: Transmitting the Message 5
Decoding: Receiving the Message 5
Feedback 6 Functions of Mass Communication for Society 31
Noise 6 How People Use the Mass Media 40
communication settings 7 critical/cultural studies 44
Interpersonal Communication 7 A Brief History 44
Machine-Assisted Interpersonal Communication 8 Key Concepts 47
Mass Communication 9
Defining Mass Media 12 Chapter 3
mass media in transition 13 historical and cultural context 53
Technology 13
before mass communication 54
Economics 14
printing 55
Social Trends 14
Effects of the Gutenberg Revolution 55
characteristics of media organizations 15
Technology and Cultural Change 56
Formal Organizational Structure 15
conquering space and time: the telegraph and telephone 57
Gatekeepers 15
Development of the Telegraph 57
Large Operating Expenses 16
The Cultural Impact of the Telegraph 58
Competition for Profits 16
Government and Media 59
the internet: mass and interpersonal channel? 17
A Change in Perspective 59
models for studying mass communication 18
capturing the image: photography and motion pictures 60
transition: emerging media trends 19
Early Technological Development 60
Audience Segmentation: The End of Mass Communication
As We Know It? 19 Photorealism and Mathew Brady 61
Convergence 20 Photography’s Influence on Mass Culture 62
Increased Audience Control 22 Pictures in Motion 62
Multiple Platforms 23 Motion Pictures and American Culture 63
User-Generated Content 23 news and entertainment at home: radio and television
broadcasting 64
Mobile Media 23
Radio Broadcasting 64
Social Media 24
The Cultural Impact of Radio 65
Television Broadcasting 66
Chapter 2
The Cultural Impact of TV 66
perspectives on mass the digital revolution 67
communication 29 mobile media 71
functional analysis 31 social media 74
The Role of Mass Communication in Society 31 concluding observations: the impact of new media 75

vii

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 Revised Pages

viii Contents

The Early 20th Century 111

Part II Media 79
The Impact of the Great Depression 112
Postwar Newspapers 112
Chapter 4 Contemporary Newspapers: Struggling to Survive 112
the internet and social media 81 newspapers in the digital age 114
Transitions 114
a brief history of the computer 82
Online Newspapers 115
the internet 83
Mobile Media 115
From ARPANET to Internet 83
User-Generated Content 116
Structure and Features of the Internet 84
Social Media 117
the evolving internet 88
defining features of newspapers 117
Broadband 88
organization of the newspaper industry 118
Going Mobile: The Wireless Web 88
Print Dailies 118
Monetizing the Web 88
Print Weeklies 120
Blogs 89
Special-Service and Minority Newspapers 120
internet economics and new online mega-companies 90
Organization of Online Newspapers 121
The Internet and the National Economy 90
newspaper ownership 122
New Mega-Companies 90
producing the print and online newspaper 122
Web Site Economics 91
Departments and Staff 122
the internet audience 92
Prepublication Routine 123
Sources of Feedback 92
the economics of newspaper publishing 124
Social Media 94
Revenue 124
Effects of Social Media 94
Expenses 125
Monetizing Social Media 96
Are Online and Apps the Answer? 125
Social Media as Mobilizers 96
Will Newspapers Survive? 128
Negative Impact 97
global newspapers 128
the social implications of the internet 98
the newspaper audience 129
A New Model for News 98
Sources of Feedback 129
Lack of Gatekeepers 99
Audiences 129
Information Overload 99
career outlook: the newspaper industry 130
Privacy Concerns 99
Escapism and Isolation 100
the future: the evernet 100 Chapter 6
career outlook: the internet and social media 101 magazines 135
a brief history 136
Chapter 5
The Colonial Period 136
newspapers 105
After the Revolution 136
a brief history 106 The Penny-Press Era 136
Journalism in Early America 106 The Magazine Boom 137
The Beginnings of Revolution 107 Between the Wars 138
The Political Press: 1790–1833 107 The Postwar Period 139
Birth of the Mass Newspaper 108 Contemporary Magazines 139
The Penny Press 109 magazines in the digital age 141
Newspapers as Big Business 110 Transition 142
Yellow Journalism 111 Replica Editions 143

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 Confirming Pages

Contents ix

Apps for Mobile Platforms 143 the economics of book publishing 169
User-Generated Content 145 the book publishing audience 171
Social Media 145 Sources of Feedback 171
defining features of magazines 145 Audiences 172
organization of the magazine industry 146 career outlook: the book publishing industry 173
Content Categories 146
Functional Categories 150 Chapter 8
magazine ownership 151 radio 177
producing the magazine 151
Departments and Staff 151 a brief history 178
The Production Process 152 The Birth of Commercial Radio 178
economics 152 The Commercialization of Radio 179
global magazines 153 The Depression Years and World War II 181
the magazine audience 154 Innovation and Change: 1945–1954 182
Sources of Feedback 154 Growth and Stabilization: 1955–1990 184
Audiences 154 Contemporary Radio 184
career outlook: the magazine industry 154 radio in the digital age 185
Transition 185
Terrestrial Stations on the Web 185
Internet Radio 186
Chapter 7
HD Radio 186
books 159
Satellite Radio 187
a brief history 160 Apps and Mobile Radio 188
Colonial America 160 User-Generated Content 188
The Penny-Press Era 160 Social Media 188
The Paperback Boom 161 defining features of radio 189
The Early 20th Century 161 organization of the terrestrial radio industry 189
Postwar Books: Paperbacks and Consolidation 161 Local Stations, Nets, and Syndicators 189
The Contemporary Book Industry 162 AM and FM Stations 189
books in the digital age 163 Station Formats 190
Transition 163 Noncommercial Radio 192
E-Readers and E-Books 163 organization of online radio 194
Printing on Demand 163 ownership in the radio industry 194
Mobile Books 164 producing radio programs 194
User-Generated Content 164 Departments and Staff 194
Social Media 164 Putting Together a Program 195
defining features of books 165 the economics of radio 196
organization of the book industry 165 Sources of Revenue 196
Publishers 165 General Expenses 196
Distributors 167 global radio 197
Retailers 167 the radio audience 199
ownership in the book industry 167 Sources of Feedback 199
producing the book 168 Ratings and Shares 200
Departments and Staff 168 Audiences 200
The Publication Process 168 career outlook: the radio industry 200

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 Revised Pages

x Contents

Chapter 9 The Coming of Sound: The Late 1920s 235

sound recording 205 The Studio Years: 1930–1950 235
The Reaction of the Film Industry to TV 236
a brief history 206
Realignments: The Film Industry from 1960 to 1990 237
Early Technologies 206
New Technologies: 1990–2010 238
Rivalry and Growth 207
Contemporary Trends 238
The Impact of Radio on the Recording Industry 208
motion pictures in the digital age 239
The Depression Years 208
Transition 239
World War II and After 208
Making Digital Movies 239
The Coming of Rock and Roll 209
Digital Distribution to Theaters 239
The Commercialization of Rock 209
Digital Projection 240
The British Invasion 210
3-D Movies 240
Transitions 211
Digital Distribution to the Home 241
Industry Trends: 1970s–1990s 212
Mobile Movies 241
The Contemporary Sound Recording Industry 212
User-Generated Content 241
sound recording in the digital age 213
Social Media 241
Transition 213
defining features of motion pictures 241
Mobile Music 216
organization of the film industry 242
User-Generated Content 216
Production 242
Social Media 216
Distribution 243
defining features of sound recording 217
Exhibition 244
organization of the recording industry 217
ownership in the film industry 244
Talent 217
producing motion pictures 245
Production 218
Preproduction 245
Distribution 218
Production 246
Retail 219
Postproduction 247
ownership in the recording industry 220
the economics of motion pictures 247
producing records 220
Financing a Film 248
Departments and Staff 220
Dealing with the Exhibitor 248
Making a Recording 221
global movies 249
the economics of sound recording 221
the motion picture audience 250
Economic Trends 222
Sources of Feedback 250
New Business Models 222
Market Research 250
Rock Performers: The Bottom Line 223
Audiences 251
the sound recording audience 223
movies at home 251
Sources of Feedback 223
career outlook: the film industry 253
Audiences 224
career outlook: the recording industry 225
Chapter 11
broadcast television 257
Chapter 10
a brief history 258
motion pictures 229 The 1950s: Television Takes Off 259
a brief history 230 Coming of Age: Television in the 1960s 260
Early American Cinema 230 The 1970s: Growing Public Concern 260
The Roaring Twenties 234 The 1980s and 1990s: Increased Competition 262

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 Confirming Pages

Contents xi

Cable’s Continued Growth 262 defining features of cable, satellite, and internet tv 293
New Technologies 262 organization of the cable and satellite industries 294
contemporary broadcast television 263 Structure: Cable TV 294
television in the digital age 264 Programming and Financing: Cable TV 294
Transition 264 Pay-per-View (PPV) 296
3-D TV 265 Video-on-Demand (VOD) 296
Broadcasters and the Web 265 Structure: Satellite TV 297
Broadcasters and Broadband 266 Programming and Financing: Satellite TV 297
Mobile TV: Apps 266 Ownership of Cable and Satellite TV 298
User-Generated Content 266 internet video 298
Social Media 266 Structure: Sources and Content 299
defining features of broadcast television 267 Microcasting 301
organization of the broadcast television industry 267 Economics of Online Video 302
Production 268 the cable, satellite, and internet tv audience 303
Distribution 268 Sources of Feedback 303
Exhibition 269 Audiences 304
ownership in the television industry 270 career outlook: cable, satellite, and internet tv industries 304
producing television programs 271
Departments and Staff 271
Getting TV Programs on the Air 271 Part III Specific Media
Professions 307
the economics of broadcast television 272
Commercial Time 273
Where Did the Money Go? 273 Chapter 13
public broadcasting 274 news gathering and reporting 309
A Brief History 274 theories of the press 310
Programming and Financing 275 deciding what is news 311
home video 277 the news business 312
global tv 278 news reporting in the digital age 314
the broadcast television audience 279 More Sources of News 314
Sources of Feedback 279 Blogs 315
Ratings Reporting 280 Citizen Journalism 315
Audiences 281 Hyperlocal News 316
career outlook: the broadcast television industry 283 The Converged Journalist 317
New Tools 317
categories of news and reporting 318
Chapter 12
Hard News 318
cable, satellite, and internet Soft News 319
television 287 Investigative Reports 320
a brief history 288 the news flow 320
cable, satellite, and internet tv in the digital age 292 Print Media 320
Transition 292 Broadcast/Cable Media 321
Mobile Media and Apps 292 Online Media 321
User-Generated Content 292 the associated press 322
Social Media 293 media differences and similarities in news coverage 323

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 Revised Pages

xii Contents

readership and viewership 324 Advertising Volume in Various Media 366

career outlook: news gathering and reporting 325 Agency Compensation 367
business-to-business advertising 367
Chapter 14 Consumer Versus Business-to-Business Advertising 368
public relations 329 Media 368
Appeals 370
defining public relations 331
career outlook: advertising 370
a brief history 332
public relations in the digital age 335
Communicating with the Audience: Web Sites, Podcasts, and Blogs 335
Communicating with the Audience: Social Media 336
Part IV Regulation of
the Mass Media 373
Communicating with the Media 337
organization of the public relations industry 338 Chapter 16
pr departments and staff 340 formal controls: laws, rules,
the public relations program 341 regulations 375
Information Gathering 341
the press, the law, and the courts 376
Planning 342
A Free Press 376
Communication 343
Prior Restraint 376
Evaluation 343
protecting news sources 379
the economics of public relations 344
The Reporter’s Privilege 379
career outlook: public relations 345
Search and Seizure 381
covering the courts 382
Chapter 15
Publicity Before and During a Trial 382
advertising 349 Gag Rules 383
defining advertising 350 Cameras and Microphones in the Courtroom 384
Functions of Advertising 350 reporters’ access to information 385
Types of Advertising 351 Government Information 385
a brief history 352 Access to News Scenes 386
advertising in the digital age 356 defamation 386
Audience Control 356 Defenses Against Libel Suits 387
New Channels 357 Defamation and the Internet 390
Mobile Media: Apps and Advertising 357 invasion of privacy 391
User-Generated Content 357 The Right to Privacy 391
Decoupling 358 Trespass 393
organization of the consumer advertising industry 358 copyright 393
Advertisers 358 obscenity and pornography 396
Agencies 359 regulating broadcasting 398
Media 360 The Federal Communications Commission 398
producing advertising 362 Indecent Content 400
Departments and Staff 362 The Equal Opportunities Rule 400
The Advertising Campaign 363 The Fairness Doctrine 401
Advertising Research 365 regulating cable tv 402
the economics of advertising 366 the telecommunications act of 1996 403

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 Rev. Confirming Pages

Contents xiii

regulating advertising 403 Media and Socialization 432

Deceptive Advertising 403 The Media as a Primary Source of Information 433
Commercial Speech Under the First Amendment 404 Shaping Attitudes, Perceptions, and Beliefs 434
conclusion 405 Cultivation Analysis 436
Agenda Setting 438
Chapter 17 media effects on behavior: a short history 439
ethics and other informal controls 409 the impact of televised violence 440
Survey Results 440
personal ethics 410
Experimental Results 442
Ethical Principles 410
The Catharsis Versus Stimulation Debate 443
A Model for Individual Ethical Decisions 412
Field Experiments 443
performance codes 414
What Can We Conclude? 444
The Print Media 414
Video Game Violence 444
Broadcasting 415
encouraging prosocial behavior 445
Motion Pictures 416
Experiments 446
The Advertising Industry 417
Surveys 446
internal controls 419
Research Results 446
Organizational Policy: Television Networks’ Standards and Practices 419
political behavior effects 446
Organizational Policy: Newspapers and Magazines 421
Negative Advertising 446
Media Self-Criticism 422
Mass Media and Voter Choice 447
Professional Self-Regulation in Advertising 423
Televised Debates 447
outside influences 423
Television and the Political Behavior of Politicians 448
Economic Pressures 423
research about the social effects of the internet 448
Pressure Groups 425
communication in the future: the social impact 449
Education 427
Threats to Privacy 449
Fragmentation and Isolation 450
Part V Impact of the Media 429 Communication Overload 450
Escape 451
Chapter 18
Glossary 453
social effects of mass communication 431
Credits 460
investigating mass communication effects 432 Index 462
effects of mass communication on knowledge and attitudes 432

dom26193_fm_i-xxvi.indd xiii 2/7/12 10:10 AM

 Confirming Pages

boxed features
Critical/Cultural Issues Do They Really Mean It? 365
These boxes illustrate the diverse perspectives of Advertising and Kids 369
those who use the critical/cultural paradigm discussed Ethical Problems Shared by Journalists
in Chapter 2. and College Students 420
PE Teachers in the Movies 48 New Code of Ethics for the Advertising Industry 424
The Meaning of Media 70
Cell Phones, Religion, and Culture 76 Media Probe
Teen Magazine Web Sites: What’s the Message? 141 These boxes provide additional illustrations, examples,
Digital and Print Magazines and the Reading and background to topics in the text.
Experience144 Sniff This 5
Labor versus Management in Journalism Communication Gone Awry 7
Textbooks 172
Bad Career Choices 22
Department Stores and the Early Days of Radio 180
Desperately Seeking Sockets 25
Radio and the Local Community 198
A Matter of Interpretation 35
The Bachelor 282
Facebook and Instant Messages 37
Who’s That in the Kitchen? 291
Unlinking via Text Message 38
Cultural Meaning and Trade Characters 354
End of an Era 58
The Rise of the Intangibles 67
Decision Makers Martin Cooper 69
Some of these names will be more familiar than oth- This Is Your Brain on a Cell Phone 73
ers, but all of the people profiled in these boxes have Tweeting and the City 85
had a significant impact on contemporary mass media. Owe Money? Be Careful What You Post
Mark Zuckerberg 95 on Facebook 92
Al Neuharth 120 The Importance of a Real Place in a Virtual World 97
Tina Brown 149 Ethel L. Payne 113
Jeff Bezos 170 The Debt Trap 125
Catherine Hughes 187 Number of Daily Newspapers per Capita 130
Berry Gordy Jr. 210 Sara Josepha Buell Hale 137
James Cameron 243 Ebony Magazine: Adjusting to the Digital World 139
Ted Turner 263 Convergence: A Magazine Gets into the TV
Judy McGrath 290 Business—Sort Of 147
How About a Book for $125,000? 164
Kindle or Traditional Textbooks? 165
Ethical Issues
Wizardry and E-books 168
Figuring out the right thing to do is sometimes diffi-
Meet the Author (Virtually) 169
cult as these boxes illustrate.
Payola 183
Images of War 64
Mscore 201
Ethical Obligations and the Internet 86
Recording Pioneer Emile Berliner 207
Black Hats Versus White Hats 93
Morbidity and Rock and Roll 212
What’s the Appropriate Job Description for
Promoting an Album or Single 215
a Converged Reporter? 123
Turning Music into Gold 218
Airbrushing and Ethics 143
Sponsoring Rock 224
“Truthiness” or Consequences? 173
Birth of a Controversy 232
Voice Tracking in Radio: Is Anybody There? 192
More Than You Ever Wanted to Know
The Ethics of File Sharing: Is It Really Stealing? 214
About Trailers 242
History and The Social Network 249
Food and Flicks 244
Sending a Message 272
All-Time Box Office Leaders—Another Look 247
The Ethics of Cell Phone Video 303
Scream 4, Toy Story 3, Hangover 2 250
The Innocence Project 322
Premium VOD 253
Naming Names 324
The More Things Change . . . 261
Public Relations Ethics: What Would You Do? 332
The Disappearing Soap 264
Negative Public Relations 344
Getting into College Thanks to Reality TV 265

xiv

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 Confirming Pages

Boxed Features xv

The Guys Behind YouTube 293 Do We Need Newsmagazines? 148

Cutting the Cord? 299 The Case of the Disappearing Book Reviewer 162
The Uploaders 301 Should Radio Pay More? 197
The Erosion of Trust 314 A Music Tax? 213
Top Sites for News 317 Diversity in Television 274
Full Disclosure? 338 Do We Need the Public Broadcasting Service? 276
How Ethical Are Public Relations Professionals? 342 Journalism and the Financial Crisis 313
Is That a Smile I See? 364 Where the Boys Aren’t 318
Price Comparisons 367 IMC: Integrated Marketing Communications 334
The Broad Reach of the First Amendment 377 Advertising: Good or Bad? 353
Prior Restraint and the High School and Scraping 361
College Press 379 Advertising and Social Media: New Risks 366
Who Carries the Shield? 381 How Fair Is the Fairness Doctrine? 401
What Is Actual Malice? 388 Disappearing Public Editors 422
Is This Fair Comment? 390 Political Pressure: The Blacklist 426
What Is Negligence? 391
Facebook in the Court 393
Soundbyte
The Legion of Decency 418
These boxes illustrate the unusual, the ironic, and the
Policing YouTube 419
offbeat things that sometimes occur in the media
Untangling the Effects of TV 434
world.
Reality TV: A Model for Social Media Behavior? 435
Beware Autocorrect 7
Is Anybody Watching? 445
Punctuation Matters 9
The Internet and Depression 449
What . . . No Metallica? 41
A Real Turnoff 43
Media Talk Skeptic 58
Need a good discussion starter? These boxes refer to Maybe They’ll Call Him iPhone Instead of Ivan 72
Video clips at the Online Learning Center that intro- Did Kramer Invent Facebook? 75
duce important issues in mass communication. Another Hazard of the Digital Age 83
Advertisers Gone Wild: New Ways Halt! Who Goes There? 84
to “Get the Message” 38 Follow the Leader 94
How the Web Lures Children into Pornography 99 Till Facebook Do Us Part 98
TV Phenom American Idol 211 R.I.P. (Rest in Paper) 119
The Dumbing of America 312 Who? 124
Planting Stories in Iraq 335 Hay There 153
Food for Thought: Advertising to Kids 359 But He Never Told a Lie 160
Yahoo! Caught in the Web 400 Quick Reads 165
Cartoon Controversy 414 Too Much Convergence? 188
You Can’t Tell a Book by Its Cover: Textbooks and Hate 442 You’ll Get a Charge out of This 213
Watching Movies Can Be a Pain 238
Social Issues Suppose They Made a Movie and Nobody Came . . . 251
New developments in mass communication raise new How Many in Your House? 278
concerns. These boxes explore how the media operate Whoops! 300
in a social context. We Needed a Study to Tell Us That? 323
Too Much? 21 Telling Them Apart 331
Twitter and the News 33 Do You Watch the Commercials? 356
Status Conferral and the Fringe 36 Typosquatting 357
Are We Making Progress? 68 Handle with Care 387
Counterfeit Clicks 89 They Obviously Weren’t Listening 422
Comment Boards: Meaningful Discussion Good Vibrations? 444
or Just Mean? 114 Technology Improves Relationships 450
A Nonprofit Newspaper? 127

dom26193_fm_i-xxvi.indd xv 01/02/12 11:06 AM

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 Revised Pages

preface
Three things made me realize that a new edition of The Dynamics of Mass Communication
was in order. The first was a news article that reported that (1) Facebook had nearly
700 million members worldwide (that means about 1 in every 10 people in the world is
a member) and (2) the company was valued at about $100 billion dollars. Not bad for an
idea that started in a dorm room.
Apps were the second thing. Apps weren’t around when the 11th edition was writ-
ten and the iPad had yet to come out. These days articles with cute titles about the
growing popularity of apps for mobile media are appearing everywhere. Some of the
more clever examples I found were “App-lause,” “Planet of the Apps,” “Get Appy,”
“What’s App-ening?” “What’s App Doc?” and my personal favorite, “App, App and
Away.” More than 10 billion apps had been downloaded by mid-2011. It was obvious
that this app stuff was catching on.
The third thing had to do with the companies that now control most of the Internet’s
media commerce: Netflix, Apple, Google, Amazon, and Yahoo. When I first started
working on the first edition of Dynamics (way, way back in 1980), Apple was only
three years old and thanks to its early success as a computer builder, the company had
revenues of about $330 million and employed around 50 people. In 2010, Apple had
$65 billion in revenue and nearly 50,000 employees. Netflix, Google, Yahoo, and Ama-
zon did not exist in 1980. In short, over the past 30 years, there has been a rearranging
of the guard in mass communication. Traditional media companies, such as Harper-
Collins, Condé Nast, Sony Music, Paramount Pictures, NBC, and Gannett, while still
influential, have been joined by the new digital powers.
As you have probably deduced by now, these three developments—social media,
apps, and the new media Goliaths—are major themes in the 12th edition.
The new edition also examines other events that have affected the media. The eco-
nomic downturn that caused media revenues to shrink over the past couple of years
has, it is hoped, bottomed out. Nonetheless, money is still tight and it is doubtful that
some media industries will ever see their incomes rise to previous levels.
With the exception of YouTube and news/weather videos, the user-generated con-
tent craze has cooled off. Many bloggers have turned to Twitter or Facebook to express
their thoughts. Most mass media are relying less on amateur content and more on pro-
fessionally produced material. Even YouTube has put more emphasis on content pro-
duced by pros.
Video on the Web has exploded in the last couple of years. Internet-connected TV
sets and DVD players are in many households. New software has made it ridiculously
easy to add video to social media sites. Advertisers and public relations firms rely heav-
ily on Web video in structuring their campaigns. Politicians declare their candidacies
via Web video. The Online Video Guide lists numerous sites where a viewer can find
videos in more than two dozen categories.
Finally, when I was working on the previous edition, Amazon’s Kindle had been on
the market for less than a year, and there were still doubts about its ultimate success.
Amazon’s e-reader sold about 400,000 units in 2008. As of this writing, experts estimate
that the company has sold more than 8 million Kindles, and the device has gotten a lot
of competition, including the iPad, the Nook, and Sony’s e-reader. The book publishing
industry is now feeling the same disruption that the recording industry felt when file
sharing and digital downloading became the preferred way of acquiring music.
So much for the general overview. Here’s a more specific look at what’s new in the
12th edition.

xvi

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 Revised Pages

Preface xvii

New to the 12th Edition

Users of previous editions of the book will quickly notice that Chapter 18 (“Interna-
tional and Comparative Media Systems”) in the 11th edition has been dropped from
the 12th edition. Reviewers suggested that such a topic seemed too specialized in a
basic introduction to media and should be left to a more advanced course. Nonetheless,
key parts of that chapter are now included in the appropriate media chapters so that
students who wish to take a course in the international area will be familiar with funda-
mental information on the topic.
Next, the organization of the book has been slightly rearranged. Chapter 12 (“The
Internet and the World Wide Web”) in the 11th edition is now Chapter 4 (retitled “The
Internet and Social Media”) and leads off Part II (“Media”). Since the Internet has had
such a drastic impact on all of the mass media, it seems appropriate to discuss the
Internet first rather than last. Consequently, Part II starts with the newest medium
(the Internet), then looks at the oldest medium (print), and finally more recent media
(sound and pictures).
In addition, Chapter 4 has undergone a major revision. The revised chapter has an
expanded section examining the effects, economics, political implications, and dysfunc-
tions of social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and MySpace.
More specifically, the new Chapter 4 discusses, among other topics, the impact of social
media on traditional media, the role of social media in the unrest in North Africa and
the Middle East, and the problem of cyberbullying.
Here are some of the changes that you will find in individual chapters.
■ Part I: Chapter 1 has been streamlined and contains additional discussion of mobile
media and tablet computers. Chapter 2 has updated examples of the various media
functions and Chapter 3 has an expanded discussion of the cultural impact of the
social media.
■ Part II: As mentioned above, the reworked Chapter 4 now leads off this section and
is titled “The Internet and Social Media” to better reflect the increasing importance
of social networks. This chapter now contains a look at the leading companies in
the digital field: Apple, Amazon, Google, and Facebook. The newspaper industry is
experimenting with new online models to generate revenue, and this development
is discussed in Chapter 5 along with an examination of popular apps for newspa-
pers. Speaking of apps, Chapter 6 looks at how magazines are using apps to bring
digital versions to tablet computers and how the industry is using social media to
increase readership. Chapter 7 now contains a new section on how e-readers are
changing the book publishing industry. The Internet has paved the way for hun-
dreds of new radio stations, and Chapter 8 examines the impact of this trend for
traditional radio and looks at how radio networks and local stations are using apps
to expand their listenership. The sound recording industry has been profoundly
changed by the digital revolution. Chapter 9 now contains an expanded discus-
sion of the impact of MP3 players and smartphones on the industry along with an
analysis of the changing revenue streams. Chapter 10 has a new discussion of the
rise (and potential fall) of 3-D movies and a revised section about how Hollywood
relates to the home video industry. Chapter 11 describes how broadcasters have
embraced social media and how apps have turned the iPad into a TV set. Chapter 12
describes the explosion of Web-based TV, including an updated analysis of its eco-
nomic basis.

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 Revised Pages

xviii Preface

■ Part III: Chapter 13 opens with a discussion of the most recent report on the news
media from the Pew Research Center and looks at the newest trends in hyperlocal
reporting. Chapter 14 opens with an analysis of the public relations problems for
BP as the result of the Gulf oil spill. The chapter also contains an expanded section
that considers how PR professionals are using the Web and social media in public
relations campaigns. The advertising industry has also welcomed social media, and
Chapter 15 illustrates how social media have been incorporated into modern adver-
tising campaigns.
■ Part IV: Chapter 16 contains an updated status of legal issues. Chapter 17 now
includes a discussion of the ethical issues involved in the New York Times’s decision
to publish documents it obtained from WikiLeaks.
■ Part V: Chapter 18 brings up to date the latest findings from social science research,
including a revised section on the impact of violent video games.

Box Score
As in past editions, the boxed inserts in each chapter provide background material or
extended coverage of topics mentioned in the text and raise issues for discussion and
consideration. The 12th edition includes more than 80 new or revised boxes.
The boxes are grouped into several categories. The Media Talk boxes refer students
to the Online Learning Center and introduce important issues in mass communication.
Instructors can use these as discussion starters.
The Social Issues boxes highlight matters of social concern that have generated some
controversy. Examples include a discussion of how media coverage confers status on
fringe groups and a consideration of whether we still need newsmagazines.
As the name suggests, Ethical Issues boxes raise questions about the proper way
to act in difficult circumstances. For instance, what ethical problems are involved in
“negative” public relations or in posting cell phone videos on video-sharing sites?
Critical/Cultural Issues boxes illustrate how this perspective can be used to further
our understanding of mass communication. Examples include the influence of depart-
ment stores on the development of radio and how the Food Network maintains tradi-
tional images of masculinity and femininity.
The Media Probe boxes take an in-depth look at subjects that have significance for
the various media. Some examples include an examination of payola, how corporations
are supporting rock groups, and the disappearing soap opera.
The Decision Makers boxes profile individuals who have made some of the impor-
tant decisions that have had an impact on the development of the media. Examples
include James Cameron, Tina Brown, and Catherine Hughes.
And, as before, the Soundbytes are brief boxes that highlight some of the strange,
ironic, offbeat, and extraordinary developments that occur in the media, such as coffins
made of newsprint and George Washington’s overdue library books.

Continuity
The organization of the book has changed a bit since the 11th edition. Part I, “The
Nature and History of Mass Communication,” presents the intellectual context for
the rest of the book and is unchanged from the 11th edition. Chapter 1 compares and
contrasts mass communication with other types of communication and notes that the
distinctions are becoming fuzzier. Chapter 2 introduces two perspectives commonly

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 Revised Pages

Preface xix

used to understand and explore the operations of the media: functional analysis and the
critical/cultural approach. Chapter 3 takes a macroanalytic approach and traces the
general history of media from the invention of printing to the explosion of social media.
Part II, “Media,” represents the core of the book. Chapter 4, as noted earlier, is a revised
and expanded version of Chapter 12 from the 11th edition, retitled “The Internet and
Social Media.” Chapters 5–12 then examine each of the traditional media. The organiza-
tion of each chapter follows a similar pattern. First, there is a brief history from the medi-
um’s beginnings to how it is transforming itself in the digital age. This is followed by
sections that describe how the medium is becoming more mobile, how it has been affected
by user-generated content, and how it is using social media. Next comes a discussion of
the defining characteristics of each medium and a description of the industry structure.
I have kept the emphasis on media economics. Since the major media in the United
States exist to make a profit, it is valuable for students to appreciate where the money
comes from, how it is spent, and why making a profit these days is harder than ever.
This is even more important today with several media industries struggling to survive as
traditional revenue streams dry up and their online efforts cannot make up the shortfall.
Part III, “Specific Media Professions,” examines three specific professions closely
associated with the mass media: news reporting, public relations, and advertising.
Similar to the approach in Part II, each chapter begins with a brief history, examines
the structure of that particular profession, considers the changes brought about by the
digital revolution, and discusses key issues in the field.
Part IV, “Regulation of the Mass Media,” examines both the formal and informal
controls that influence the media. These are complicated areas, and I have tried to make
the information as user-friendly as possible.
The concluding Part V, “Impact of the Media,” continues to emphasize the social
effects of the mass media. As noted earlier, Chapter 18 in the 11th edition, “Interna-
tional and Comparative Media Systems,” has been dropped and its key sections distrib-
uted to the appropriate chapters.
Once again, I have tried to keep the writing style informal and accessible. When-
ever possible, I have chosen examples from popular culture that I hope all students are
familiar with. Technical terms are boldfaced and defined in the glossary at the end of
the book. The book also contains a number of charts, graphs, diagrams, and tables that
I hope aid understanding.

Supporting Materials
Online Learning Center
The Online Learning Center houses the Media Talk video clips, all of the instructor
resources (Instructor’s Manual, Test Bank, and PowerPoint slides), and the tradi-
tional student quiz materials. Access the Online Learning Center at www.mhhe.com/
dominick12e.

Create
Craft your teaching resources to match the way you teach! With McGraw-Hill Create,
you can easily rearrange chapters, combine material from other content sources, and
quickly upload content you have written like your course syllabus or teaching notes.
Arrange your book to fit your teaching style. Create even allows you to personalize your
book’s appearance by selecting the cover and adding your name, school, and course
information. Order a Create book and you’ll receive a complimentary print review copy

dom26193_fm_i-xxvi.indd xix 27/01/12 12:44 PM

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xx Preface

in 3–5 business days or a complimentary electronic review copy (eComp) via email in
about one hour. Go to www.mcgrawhillcreate.com today and register. Experience how
McGraw-Hill Create empowers you to teach your students your way.

CourseSmart e-Textbook
This text is available as an eTextbook at www.CourseSmart.com. At CourseSmart
your students can take advantage of significant savings off the cost of a print textbook,
reduce their impact on the environment, and gain access to powerful Web tools for
learning. CourseSmart eTextbooks can be viewed online or downloaded to a computer.
The eTextbooks allow students to do full text searches, add highlighting and notes, and
share notes with classmates. CourseSmart has the largest selection of eTextbooks avail-
able anywhere. Visit www.CourseSmart.com to learn more and to try a sample chapter.

Tegrity
Tegrity Campus is a service that makes class time available all the time by automati-
cally capturing every lecture in a searchable format for students to review when they
study and complete assignments. With a simple one-click start and stop process, you
capture all computer screens and corresponding audio. Students can replay any part of
any class with easy-to-use browser-based viewing on a PC or Mac. Educators know that
the more students can see, hear, and experience class resources, the better they learn.
With Tegrity Campus, students quickly recall key moments by using Tegrity Campus’s
unique search feature. This search helps students efficiently find what they need, when
they need it, across an entire semester of class recordings. Help turn all your students’
study time into learning moments immediately supported by your lecture.

Acknowledgments
Thanks to all of those instructors who used previous editions of The Dynamics of Mass
Communication and were kind enough to suggest improvements. Several colleagues
deserve special mention: Professor Noah Arceneaux provided a boxed insert. Profes-
sor Scott Shamp was kind enough to share his blog page, and Professor Michael Cas-
tengera’s newsletter, “Message from Michael,” was a valuable resource. In addition,
thanks to researcher Meaghan Dominick for her efforts with the Decision Makers boxes
and to Carole Dominick for her efforts as a scrivener.
Once again I appreciate the sedulous efforts of all the reviewers who offered sugges-
tions for the 12th edition:
Jane Campbell, Columbia State Community College
Susan J. De Bonis, Georgia Southern University
Donald G. Godfrey, Walter Cronkite School of Journalism
Dee Gross, Lorain County Community College
Susan Katz, University of Bridgeport
Candice Larson, Moorpark College
Robert M. Ogles, Purdue University
Jeff South, Virginia Commonwealth University
Emily Chivers Yochim, Allegheny College
And, as always, a big thanks to all the people at McGraw-Hill on publishing yet
another edition: Vice President Editorial Michael Ryan, Sponsoring Editor Susan

dom26193_fm_i-xxvi.indd xx 27/01/12 12:44 PM

Random documents with unrelated
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and fluted on a tree that shaded their path, welcomed him home;
and his soul denied, his senses disavowed, that close-kindred
flowers, birds so feathered and throated, grew in any alien mileage
of Earth.
The waterfalls that surged and flung, the tiny brooks that tinkled
over the pebbles and romped with the baby trout that played in their
happy iridescent bosoms, were real, real water, real beauty, real
message, only because they were Chinese—Chinese cascade,
Chinese brook, Chinese water. There were no others. All places
beyond China were one dun, lifeless No Man’s Land between Earth
and Heaven, between Time and Eternity, as bleak, fruitless,
unbellied as a far gray stretch of flat polar ice, as barren and lifeless
and hopeless as the Turanian desert at night. There was nothing but
China, lovely, laughing, forever imperial, his Mother! And Sên Ruby
was the white rose of China, twined in his heart, soul of his soul,
pulse of his day, dream and crown of his night, who had perfumed
his manhood and borne him a son.
Sên King-lo forgot Europe, the playing-fields of Eton, the rush of
hoofs at Goodwood, the books he had read at Bloomsbury and at
the Bodleian, geranium-hung houseboats on the Thames, Big Ben’s
luminous signal of time, the clasp of Englishmen’s hands. He only
remembered the woman beside him because his manhood and
loyalty could not swerve even a hair’s-breadth from what she had
been to him, given him, trusted, consummated.
But he moved beside her now, a Chinese man with his Chinese
mate. Once or twice he had spoken to her in Chinese, and only the
English lilt of her good-natured laughing at him had reminded him—
jerked him back, even with the music of its ripple, to the valley of
actuality with a bi-national quicksand under the tomato-red of the
succulent, toothsome love-apples.
Sên King-lo never thought in English now, and when he spoke to
his wife as they journeyed on and on into China, and still on and on,
he had to translate the word symbols of his thoughts before he
spoke them.
Translation is a thief. Always!
 If the Chinese who never have left the land of their birth, the
centuried home of their race, love China as no other country is
loved, the Chinese who have left her, lost her a little in exile, as
exiles must, and have found her again, washing their homesick eyes
in her beauty and joy, laving their souls in her soul, must love China
even more. Comparison is the acid test. China stands it.
And so Sên King-lo loved China now.
He did not love his woman less. But he loved his country the
more.
And now there was something he must say—the time had come
—something the kindness of which he did not question, could not
question, but the seeming-kindness of which he doubted. How
would it seem to her? Even—how would she take it—she, he
remembered it now with a sudden sickness, who even in
honeymoon’s sans souci and complacent time had desired and
bought visiting cards engraved “Mrs. K. L. Senn?”
He had meant to suggest it before they left Hongkong—but
occasions had slipped, or been crowded out. And, too, in Hongkong,
he had assumed that she took, as he did, its advisability and
convenience for granted. But he realized now that Ruby had not.
And in Hongkong he himself had not realized it as the necessity he
saw it now.
She had been scrupulously tended and served as they journeyed,
but small danger signals had pricked his quick and subtle
intelligence, as broken twigs and twisted vines or scattered grain, a
feather caught on a thorn, a bead dropped by a cactus, are
messages of warning to a Sioux. He had seen a look that was
scarcely a look—more a veneered masking crust than a look—on
coolie faces and the faces of pilgrims they’d met and passed—
nothing much—and yet—he kept his pistol well loaded and lay at
night across the curtain-door of her tent, and his thoughts busied his
mind as the silk-wrapped shuttle busies the rapid loom.
In London she’d said to him: “Make me a Chinese woman!” She
had meant it. Would she say it now? Could she mean it now? He
thought not.
 She had liked Hongkong—in spite of its social coldness—as a
child likes a ribbon-tied box of sweetmeats, and had nibbled at it
much as the child nibbles and likes its chocolates and nougats. But
she had not warmed to the realer China as they had passed through
it. She had exclaimed at its picture and beauty, laughed at its
“quaintness,” but he sensed that it had not touched her, and that not
once had she prostrated herself before it. This soul-pilgrimage of his
was a picnic to her: gaily colored, well-provisioned, inimitably stage-
managed—a delightful kaleidoscopic interlude.
Few tricks of custom, manner or words had crept in to her use
during her Washington years, and no traits of personality or thought.
But the American vocabulary is too apposite, it catches too neatly
and firmly, not to have irresistible appeal to all word-quick ears, and
no English girl—princess or housemaid—could listen as often and as
long as Ivy Gilbert had to voluble Lucille Smiths and Mary Withrows
without adopting a syllable or so of a fresh young vernacular so
limpid and forceful that it needs no dictionary and grows a classic.
A hillside homestead, a small husbandman’s that clung like a rosy
fungus on the mountainous steepness, morning-glories and long
columbine ropes matting the overtopping lemon-trees that flanked
and perfumed it, had lumped King-lo’s throat and quivered his lips as
they came into sight of it; Ruby had clapped her hands at it when
she saw it, and called it “cute.”
A bird on a cypress-tree twittered some sudden domestic anxiety
to her absent mate, and Sên King-lo turned to his wife and said in a
slow, quiet voice: “Ruby, I am sure that it would make our going
through these untraveled places easier and more simple if we wore
what Chinese gentlefolk wear—clothes not unlike all those that the
Chinese who meet us ever have seen. And it would be a kindness to
the old, untraveled grandmother who is waiting for us in Ho-nan.
Would you mind? Would you mind too much, dearest?”
His wife turned clear laughing eyes to his anxious eyes.
“I’d love it,” she told him.
Sên King-lo drew a long breath. And his heart blessed her.
“But how can we manage?” his wife reminded. “I haven’t spied a
shop since we left the railway.”
 “No,” Sên laughed, “and you’ll spy none again until we return to
the railroad, unless a heap of mangos and plantains here and there,
with a more than half-naked boy squatted beside them keeping the
dragon-flies and the white ants off, with a few coins in a wooden
bowl beside him for change, will pass muster for ‘shop.’ And if it
would, there’d be no chiffons or picture-hats or peek-a-boo blouses
for sale there. But I had thought of that. And I have brought you all
you’d need.”
“Did Mrs. Yen select my Chinese frocks?” Ruby teased him.
“She did not! Your husband selected and bought them. Will you
wear them, if you don’t dislike the feel and look of them when
you’ve put them on?”
“Of course I will,” Mrs. Sên cried gaily. “And I promise to like
them, my venerable lord!”
Sên took her face in his hands and brushed her cheek with his
lips.
Very rarely had he done that. But he had divined long ago that
his English wife, little as she liked or even could tolerate kissing,
would lack and miss something of love’s legitimate sweetness, if he
never paid her the token that every loved wife in the West received.
Once in a great while Sên King-lo kissed his wife lightly—her face
or her palm—and when he did Ruby Sên always laughed softly.
Their lips had never met. And Ruby knew that he never had
kissed Ruben. She did not often do it herself—and then only a bath-
fresh dimpled hip, or the “sugar-spot” on the back of the baby neck.
 CHAPTER XLII
At daylight Sên Ruby came out from her tent, clad for the first
time as Sên ladies had been since the older garbs of China (Japan,
imitative in all things, wears them now) had been discarded.
She was laughing as she came, delighted with her new
masquerade; it made her feel she had dressed for a big charity
function of dance and fun at Albert Hall—highly pleased with herself
and her fine new quaint clothes. Lo had chosen them well. He had
chosen every “prettiest” garment she had had since her marriage.
Her hair had been the most bothersome. She’d puffed it out and
screwed it up; but it wouldn’t stay stiff, and its slight but established
curliness would not “keep put”: it didn’t look right, and it felt horribly
wobbly. Never mind, she’d try again after they’d breakfasted, and Lo
should get her flowers and dangling buds to stick in it at rakish
celestial angles! What fun! She wondered if Lo had brought his
camera along. She hoped so!
A Chinese man came to meet her, a gentleman far more bravely
clad than their servitors—more expensively clad, she thought, than
she’d seen any man before; for Sên’s Chinese friends in Hongkong
she had seen in Western dress only. How curious his clothes were!
She didn’t like them. Chinese women’s clothes were picturesque and
comfortable—the best of all clothes for fancy “dress up.” But these
Chinese masculine garments that she saw now almost for the first
time, she did not like; she thought them fantastic, absurd, unmanly
—only fit for a comic opera. Who was he, she wondered, and how
did he come to be here in this wild countryside—no dwelling for
miles, but the tumbled-down inn with fat pigs and thin hens strolling
in and out of it—this richly dressed man in a fur-edged under-coat of
turquoise cashmere, a top coat of violet silk, and a skirt of gentian-
blue-embroidered bright green? A man in petticoats! But she gave
the stranger a courteous glance—Lo could not be far away. Then she
smothered a giggle. Did the bedizened and skirted stranger think
she was Chinese, she wondered.
And then she saw.
Repulsion disfigured her face, and she shrank back as she
involuntarily screamed.
It was King-lo!
And she was his wife—the wife of a man in a petticoat!
She had screamed softly—scarcely a scream, but it had cut Sên
King-lo as a sharp, poison-steeped sword.
His wife made her amends at once, laughed at her own silliness,
pretended it had only been that he’d startled her. He’d said—she
remembered it now—“if we wore;” but she hadn’t thought of it,
hadn’t thought of anything but her own fine new things—they were
lovely, perfectly sweet.
But they both knew that it was not surprise, but horror and
revulsion, that had wrung that half-scream cry from her whitening
lips.
They made the best of it—passed it by—both too well bred, too
brave, and too kind to do less.
But it stayed.
And shyness—that slowly grew almost to strangeness—crept
between Sên King-lo and his wife.
 CHAPTER XLIII
In the miserable days that followed that day, Sên King-lo’s loyalty
never swerved, but his love reeled. He still loved his wife—love does
not die in an hour; only slow torture and persistent mal-usage can
kill love—but his contentment in her was maimed. But his loyalty
held, for he clung to it fast, and loyalty won.
He wooed her again, with no show of passion, but taxing every
resource of his splendid nature and subtle mind to draw her back to
her old confidence and contentment. His contentment was bruised
and marred, but his soul resolved that her contentment and ease
should return. There were men in England and America who ranked
Sên King-lo high, as high in ability and skill as in character—and they
all were big men and wise, and skilled in their weighing and gaging
of manhood. But never before had he been so nearly great as he
was now, or so fine in method and difficult achievement. He
demanded nothing, pressed nothing, labored nothing; but he
heaped her comforts about her, anticipated her needs and created
them. And presently his charm reached her again (even through the
Chinese motley it wore) and steeped her again in warmth and
satisfaction. He wooed her again for himself and succeeded in his
suit. He wooed her, too, for China and failed, failed in the pictured
loveliness all about them, as he knew he perhaps was destined to
fail again in the teeming home of many people and old customs to
which he was taking her now.
She spoke of the beauty about them, its delicacy and majesty;
tiny flowers in the brookside moss, rivers of white light, torrents of
shadow on great crags and mountain forests—but she never saw it.
And Sên King-lo knew; but he tended her gently and waited.
At night, when dusk and darkness curtained, he came to her
tent, or threw himself down by her side on the ferns gaily, wearing
once more his light English tweeds and carrying an English book in
his hand, an English jest on his lips, or gossip of cricket and golf. He
longed to read Yuan Mei (China’s garden genius of happiness, of
thought, and of singing) to her here where the world was steeped in
all that had moved Yuan Mei to song: longed to give her (because
she was his, and he hers) what Yuan Mei, Tu Fu, and Ou-Yang Hsin
had given him, what China gave him; but he bottled his longing up
and read “Daniel Deronda,” or, instead, a novel from Mudie’s, a
Morning Post leader, or verses from Punch.
His heart ached, but his nerve never failed or his vigilance
slacked. And all the time China was calling him, claiming him,
possessing him wholly, as a child in the womb of his mother.
The child leapt.
But the man stood to his ploughshare, held to his bond.
And the fear in a woman’s eyes died.
The coolies sniffed at the verdure about them, as they
shouldered the chairs and boxes and trudged gaily on; for Chinese
spring was turning to Chinese summer.
They came on the edge of his home suddenly at noontide, a day
of riotous color and warmth. The half-mile from the outer gate to the
wide-flung, tulip-tinted dwelling looked but an easy breadth in the
clear, ambient radiance: a long, leisurely house, that looked a series
of houses, sprawled among persimmon trees and violet walks, the
under-lip of each up-curled roof elaborately carved, a house so much
lower than the trees beyond it that it looked, here from the hillside
above it, like a clumped growth of red and pinkish mushrooms
crowding close together in a nest of white and yellow lilies and ferns
—for some of the roofs had been newly painted and varnished or
glazed, and blazed red in the sunshine, and some were faded and
blinked palely pink. A forest of oak-trees stretched in the distance. A
pai-fang with markings of gold and silver on its crimson lacquer
stood spruce, graceful, and speckless in a garden of tulips scarcely a
stone’s throw from a small shabby temple. Peasants—scantily clad,
and clad too alike to show of what sex at a distance—squelched in a
great paddy field and chattered, so it seemed—Ivy could not hear
them so far—under their great sun hats as they bent to their wet,
oozing work. An old woman was carrying on her back a bundle of
faggots, larger than she, into a kiln-shaped outhouse; an urchin who
wore very little but ropes of marigolds—one on his head, one on his
hips, three round his neck—was perched impudently on a great,
patient buffalo, driving it round and round a dripping water-wheel
and thrashing it sternly with a long, harmless branch of young, pliant
willow. Peacocks promenaded the terrace. Ducks quacked thirstily in
a clovered meadow. A beautiful mare nuzzled the colt that was
nursing her and washed its back with a fondling tongue. A cow
called to her calf. A spinning-wheel hummed in a near mat-hut. Two
graybeards were playing backgammon under a mulberry-tree.
Children were at play on a far hillslope, for kites rose from it like a
school of excited (if not scandalously tipsy) butterflies. Dozens of
tiny dogs scampered and yapped on a mignonette field, and others
slept in the sun. A cat was chained to a sundial. And roses clotted
everywhere; more roses and more kinds of roses than ever grew in
Virginia.
All the homestead place bristled and sang with human life; anvils
rang, chisels scratched, saws rasped, grain ran like noisy sand in the
man-made chutes and conduits; frail, busy smoke curled slowly up
from dozens of twisted chimneys; an employed, thriving, bustling
world, the home-hold of the Sêns. Beyond its low, stonewalled
boundaries all was wild and silent—a great active hive of human
affluence, set in an untouched wilderness of Nature’s holding.
Sên King-lo caught his breath, and his eyes filled with tears.
Ruby Sên’s eyes did not kindle. She smiled a little—and
involuntarily a word came in her alien thought: “Caravanserai.”
A servant came running, others ran at his heels. The high
doorlike gate was unchained, unbarred, and opened, and the guard-
devils—or perhaps they were gods—painted on it drew apart and
aside, as if making obsequious way for the Sên who had come
home.
And Sên King-lo with his hand on his wife’s litter walked slowly
on to the house in which another Sên Ruby had borne him and died.
Sên King-lo’s soul flamed; but he leaned down to his wife as they
went—between prostrate retainers now—and spoke to her with as
light unconcern as he might have done at the Eastbourne or
Windermere end of a long day’s journey.
 CHAPTER XLIV
Mrs. Sên knew before they left Hongkong (for Sên King-lo had
told her, explaining it all as well as he could) that she would find odd
customs, some, at least, of them unwelcome and irksome, to which
she’d have to conform at the home of Sên Ya Tin. In Hongkong she
had accepted and assented cheerfully, gaily even—thinking them all
part of the fun and, too, sincerely holding them part of the nothing-
price to pay for the pleasure of going with him and for the great
adventure of making a long Chinese journey in a Chinese way, of
seeing his childhood home and sharing it with him, and feeling
radiantly and deeply sure that any personal, discomfort,
embarrassment even, of hers would be a joyful contribution to make
to his happiness. But she found it hard to feel so now, even at first;
and as the days passed and the newness a little lost color, and the
dullness and out-of-placeness deepened, she found people in
fantastic clothes with grotesque manners and it impossible.
They gave her great greeting—these funny Chinese ways, who
thronged the old homestead—and they gave her ceremonial and
elaborate attendance and entertainment that also was heartily kind.
But it all both bothered and bored her, and it repelled her.
She had expected immediate and affectionate grandmotherly
greeting from a touched and grateful old lady to a young mother and
wife who had come so far to visit her—and had left her baby across
the world and its seas to be able to do so. She did not see Sên Ya
Tin for more than two days. And when she did old Ya Tin did not
come to greet her but sent for her grandson’s wife to come to her
presence, inclined a head to her proudly, scanned her with calm,
slow eyes and very sharp ones, gave her three small sweetmeats,
and dismissed her with a thimbleful of pale, boiling tea—and then
apparently forgot her for days.
She had planned to go everywhere hand-in-hand with Lo, he
showing her where he’d flown his first kite, spun his first top, stolen
his first bird’s eggs; giving his childhood to her as he found it again
for himself. It seemed to her that she scarcely saw King-lo.
That was not true; but he and she were together far less than
they ever had been, even when he was busiest, since their marriage.
His grandmother commanded and engrossed him; his kinsmen—
there were thirty-six of them here at the homestead—surrounded
him, and tore him away. And when he came to her, even his
consummate adroitness was not enough to hide from her that his
truer being was off with his kindred—in the k’o-tang with his
grandmother or out in the far open with the men of his blood. Sên
Ya Tin was everything here—all others but her satellites and
chattels. Ivy never had felt so “small” before. Even the nursery
governess at Washington had had more freedom and been of far
more consequence. Chinese etiquette and customs hedged her
about, and she felt that they throttled and insulted her; most of all
they bored her very much.
On her arrival she had been taken at once to the harem quarters
and, unavoidably, Sên King-lo had not. Even in her smothered
rebellion she could not fail to see and think that the harem rooms
and courtyards were very beautiful, but a eunuch stood or lay at
each entrance! And her British gorge rose at her close proximity to
Sên C’hian Fan’s three wives, who pressed about her all at once, felt
her face with their hands, as if to see what it was made of, giggled
and screamed at her feet, pulled down her hair with pitying squeals,
and summoned a tire-woman (who was a concubine also and made
no secret of it) to put it up “right.”
She was not imprisoned, but she felt so. She passed in and out
of the “flowery” quarters as she would, and no eunuch ever
gestured or glanced to stay her. For Sên King-lo had made his
request, and Sên Ya Tin had given her orders. She roamed the great
domain as she chose, but when she returned the concubines
whispered together apart and looked at her in a way that told plainly
that they regarded her as abandoned, lacking in self-respect—if not
worse. And in England she had a vote!—Or had, unless alien
marriage had lost her it—while here——
 Even the babies saw her as “strange,” and only the most
complacent of the plump little crawlers and toddlers would suffer her
hands or her friendship. But those of them that would were her
safety valve and alleviation. Even so, they hurt her; for they made
her sharply homesick and panged her with an added knife-like ache
for Ruben. It had not been easy for Mrs. Sên to leave her baby in
England. She had done it because she could not let Sên leave her;
but it had hurt almost intolerably, and the sight and sound of the
Sên babies here—they were Ruben’s kindred, and twelve of them
were babies in arms—rubbed her sore mother-hurt raw.
They gave her a chamber of her own and a courtyard of her very
own, too, but even the fear of Sên Ya Tin could not keep the other
women out. They were all over her—chattering, laughing, tweaking
queer little instruments, scolding servants who scolded back,
handling her most intimate belongings, handling her. The “flowery”
was a beehive of women, and sometimes Ivy’s indignation called it a
monkey-house of them.
They were the kindliest, merriest things on earth. They were
curious, of course, childishly curious, to gaze on the human curio
she was to them—not one of them ever had seen a European before
—but their close pressing and constant attentions, that she so
abhorred, were at least nine-tenths sheer womanly kindness. Even
the concubines were sorry for her—so far from her own home and
so uncouth and untaught—she hadn’t even a painted face, poor
thing—and they all were heartily anxious to sister her and make her
at home. And they went to work at it with one united will. They gave
her their baubles; they tried to teach her blind-man’s buff—and
failed as Blanche and Dick had failed before them; they tried to lend
her their prettiest clothes, their pipes, and their face paints. They
implored her, in words she could not understand, and in gesture and
clutches she could, to gamble with them; and Mrs. Sên, who had
bought her platinum and diamond wrist-watch with bridge winnings,
was disgusted. And they never left her alone.
The prettiest woman there—and even Ruby saw how pretty she
was—was the youngest concubine, and her baby was the prettiest
baby of all the fat, dimpled lot. The girl had a tender heart and an
unspoiled soul. Her eyes filled with tears sometimes when she saw
Sên King-lo’s foreign wife sit silent and listless apart. One night La-
yuên cried on her mat because she was so sorry for Sên Ruby, and
the next day she brought her tiny baby and laid him in Ruby’s lap.
And the baby, after one startled look, laughed and held up his wee
hand and clutched at Ruby’s beads. And Ruby caught him closer and
held him to her face—snuggling and loving him in spite of his sad,
smirched birth; forgetting, not sensing, that the sins of the East are
not the sins of the West.
They were all sorry for her, and sorriest because it was whispered
that the lord King-lo, even in the terrible land where they lived, had
not even one concubine; and they all were very kind to her.
Nowhere else are social barriers at once so high and so negligible
as they are in China. A Chinese lady chums with her maid—between
the whiles she cuffs and beats her—eats with her, consults with her,
gossips with her. And this disconcerted and revolted English Ivy even
more, if the truth must out, than the ever present and patent
concubinage did.
Sên King-lo came to his wife as often as he could. At Sên Ya Tin’s
decree, startling but not to be questioned, rules of social sex
decorum were scandalously relaxed. Sên King-lo had access to his
wife at all times, of course, and because—that she never need lack
friendly faces and voices about her—she was quartered so
unisolated from her new kinswomen, in going and coming to her
King-lo came more in touch with the haremed ladies of his kinsmen
than was Chinesely decent, and far more than old Madame Sên
would have cared to have it whispered abroad. And he saw several
Chinese girls now—unmarried daughters of the house, but he
thought little about any of them, and neither the wives nor the
maidens seemed to resent it—unless giggling is a protest. Ruby still
wore her Chinese dress invariably, but he came now and then in his
English clothes. The first time he did there was a harem riot, for one
of the women had spied him, or a eunuch or a slave girl had seen
him and told; and the little painted ladies tore pell-mell into Ivy’s
room, pushing and jostling each other in their mad rush to see and
to touch, and women who never had left their own precincts or seen
a forbidden man, much less let one see them, nearly ripped Sên
King-lo’s coat off his back.
And one tripped and fell—fell thump across King-lo’s knees, and
Sên King-lo chuckled and chortled with glee, and so did the tumbled
one’s husband who came in then to see what all the noise—
excessive even in a Chinese “flowery”—was about. He’d no business
there of course, in Sên Ruby’s apartment; but she went freely
among his kinsmen, so that did not so much matter; but that he was
here with his kinsmen’s unveiled Chinese women was an enormity.
But no one seemed to mind in the least, and the fun ran fast and
shrill. Sên Po-Fang caught his wife up by her girdle and shook her,
and she slapped his face, and they both giggled—and so did every
one else except Mrs. Sên King-lo.
They devised many a rout and festive function for foreign Sên
Ruby—games, temple picnics, fireworks, peacock-races, kite
contests, juggling, wrestling, a play enacted by performers sent for
from many miles away—and when the monthly festival came they
kept it with even unwonted observance and noise—for Sên Ruby. All
that China was they tried to give her, all that China had to show they
showed her—because she was a stranger come within their god-
guarded gates, and because the lord King-lo had held the cup of hot
marriage wine to her maiden lips and drunk it with her.
But Ruby thought it all absurd, uncivilized; found it tame and
paltry.
Miss Julia would have revelled in it, would have found and
greeted the soul in it all and threaded out its meaning, learned its
histories, loved its pictures. In a slighter way, Ruby would have done
so too, had she come upon it merely in privileged travel, had she not
been the English wife of a Chinese man—the English mother of a
half-Chinese child.
But Ruby Sên hated it all.
She liked the food; no one could help liking the best food on
earth. But she found meal-times abominable, except when Sên King-
lo came, which he did whenever he could, to take his rice with her.
When he did not she ate alone as often as she could; but even then
the women crowded in—there was neither a door nor a key in all the
place—to watch her eat, greatly excited at her plying of forks and
knives, for Sên King-lo had brought those from Hongkong.
Ruby hated it all, and most of all she disliked Sên Ya Tin.
But Sên Ya Tin liked Sên Ruby.
 CHAPTER XLV
When King-lo left his wife at the fragrant apartment’s outer
entrance, he had gone to the outer gate again and waited there until
Sên Ya Tin should summon him.
She sent for him soon.
She sat immovable on the great carved and inlaid chair on the
red-covered daïs at the far end of the great k’o-tang, as Sên King-lo
came through the opened panel and k’o-towed thrice to the floor. A
slave in the outer room closed the panel again, and they two were
alone in the great carved room.
Sên Ya Tin was not old as Western women count years now. But
she looked very old, for life and her own flaming spirit had scorched
and burnt her. Her face was as brown and crinkled as an autumn
leaf that the lightest touch will flay into dust. Her black eyes—time
had not dimmed them—glittered diamond-cold and hard, under her
snow-white eyebrows which tweezers had shaped and torn into
almost the sharp shape of the accent that crowned the proud name
of Sên—narrow, almost thread-like eyebrows that were so silken that
they glistened on the brown parchment of her wrinkled forehead like
sun sparkled snow streaking a rough brown rock. Her hair was as
white and as glistening as they, fantastically dressed, and bristling
with costly stickpins. Her tiny brown hands—more claw-like than
human with no look of age’s exquisite softness about them—were
arrogantly wide-spread on her robe, every finger and one thumb
covered from joint to knuckle with blazing gems, seven of the eight
fingers tipped with heavy jeweled nail-protectors more than finger
long.
It was a very tiny figure that sat bold upright in the huge chair.
Her blunted scraps of feet just peeped arrogantly beneath the fur
hem of her turquoise-tinted trousers, just resting on a cushioned
teak-wood stool that was higher than most such footstools, or else
the tiny woman’s tiny feet could not have reached it. Stripped of her
heavy robes Ruby Sên might have lifted and carried her. But her
embroidered robe of yellow brocade must have weighed as much as
she. It was not the sacred imperial yellow, of course; but it was
yellow, which it had no business to be. There is no sacred color in
China now, alas, and perhaps not too much else that is sacred in the
old imperial way. Alas, and alas! But that was not why Sên Ya Tin sat
with jeweled yards of satin brocade about her. The lady Sên took
little notice and no “stock” of Young China. She held with old ways,
waited serenely for them to return, and kept them here as she
always had. This was a learned woman. She could both read and
write. The blind scribe that squatted by his low bamboo table in the
fragrant courtyards and wrote for the wives of her sons, when those
letterless ladies wished to write to the homes that had been theirs
before marriage or purchase, never did personal service for Sên Ya
Tin. She knew, too, her country’s history. She knew that, though
individual insanity had been unknown until European intrusion had
bred it there, China had suffered civic and national insanity before,
and more than once—before the birth, nine centuries ago, of Wang
Ah-shih, the poet father of Chinese socialism, and after that erratic
Prime-Minister of the easy-going Emperor Shen Tsung had gone on
high. But always the convulsion had been short. Socialism and
peasant-franchise had strutted but a day. Then China had shaken
the distemper off and returned to her state. Sên Ya Tin looked for
China to do it again. The new Republic troubled Madame Sên as little
as it concerned her, but she always had hugged a personal vein of
wickedness of her personal own. And because she had no right to
wear even a tinge of yellow, she often did, and often had since
widowhood had made her supreme in the house of the Sêns. No one
outside her gates would know, for no one within her gates would
presume or dare to report.
A vase of almost inestimable value, a porcelain saucer of melon
seeds, with a tiny-bowled, long-stemmed silver pipe, a tinder and a
gold-lacquer box of fine tobacco and a tiny queenly fan lying near it,
stood on a small, octagonal, carved teak-wood table beside her; a
small, tight bouquet of mint and sage and musk lay on her lap; a
tiny tame monkey, tethered by a silver chain, perched on the top of
the tall, throne-like chair; and about her neck Sên Ya Tin wore, as
she always did, the long mandarin chain of cornelian beads of her
dead husband’s—as the widow of a British officer often wears his
regimental badge.
She sat with her face square to the panel that had slid open for
King-lo and slid close again behind him, and her unmoved face was
a wrinkled, lifeless mask.
Three times Sên King-lo k’o-towed to the floor, then stood with
downcast eyes and hands meek within his wide sleeves and waited
for her to command.
She let him wait, neither pleasure nor love nor welcome in her
adamant eyes.
The water-clock dripped a long minute away.
Sên King-lo did not lift his eyes. Sên Ya Tin did not move hers.
She watched him stiffly through unwavering narrow lids—and so did
the mouse-sized monkey, too.
“Approach!” she said in a cold, relentless voice.
Sên King-lo neared her by three slow steps; his padded Chinese
shoes made no sound as he moved; his hands were still hid in his
sleeves; his eyes were still on the floor. And then he k’o-towed
again, and again three times, then stood and waited as before.
Again she let him wait—but not so long.
“Nearer!”
Three steps more he went, three more obeisances he made, and
as he stood again erect he lifted his eyes to the face of his father’s
mother. And Sên Ya Tin sent her eyes to his, steady old eyes, harder
than age, that looked but told nothing, gave no hint or sign.
It was nearly twenty years since his eyes and hers had met; for
she had been ill with smallpox when he had been in China last, and
she had forbidden him—as her will and self-control had forbidden
the smallpox to disfigure her. And boy and pox had obeyed.
She looked at him long, coldly. And he waited for her to signal or
speak; to beckon or dismiss.
His eyes were the eyes of her father. A silver nail-protector
studded with diamonds clattered a little against a pearl-studded one
of gold. His mouth was the mouth of her favorite and first-born son.
The cornelian beads moved a little on her bosom.
Slowly, very slowly Sên Ya Tin rose from her seat, came from the
daïs, spurning the high footstool from her way, tottered across the
glass-like mahogany floor on her tiny, tuber-like, satin-shod feet. Still
Sên King-lo did not move. Her face broke up a little. His eyes leapt
to her then. A cry that was only a whisper of sound breathed from
her lips that scarcely moved. Sên King-lo took a step—another—two
more, and she hid her working face on his coat. Her grandson’s arms
were about her. They held her close, his head bent low to hers. Her
hands fondled his sleeves. She was quivering now. He heard her
heart beat under all its harness of silk and satin, embroidery and
jewels, and she heard his. She was sobbing now.
Yam-Sin, the monkey, pounced on the porcelain saucer and
gorged himself on melon seeds that snapped briskly between his
strong, tiny teeth, his silver chain clank-clanking against the high
chair’s inlaid wood; the tiny pipe of an august lady clattered to the
floor; and the fine, silken tobacco streamed after it, raining down
from an upset lacquer box.
 CHAPTER XLVI
The Chinese doyenne and autocrat of the Sêns and the young
English wife of the house met two days later.
If the meeting was not awkward, it was badly circumscribed. Ya
Tin knew not a word of the other’s tongue, and Sên Ruby scarcely a
score of Ya Tin’s.
Their meeting was only decently ceremonial, and Madame Sên
had made no elaborate and hampering toilet today. She was a
sensible old creature and did the little she could to give the younger
and so foreign woman a friendly and unembarrassing welcome.
Since she had consented to receive Sên Ruby at all and in doing so
acknowledge and condone a marriage she strongly deplored—and
she had consented in reply to a letter King-lo had sent her from
London, her answer reaching them in Hongkong—she, having
consented, intended to show Sên Ruby all not too inappropriate
kindnesses. But the language barrier was insurmountable. Sên King-
lo acted as interpreter, but conversation so spoken cools in the
process and grows increasingly difficult. And Sên Ya Tin was by
nature and habit unbending and had no knack of assuming an easy
congeniality that she never had felt. She had few affections; the few
that she had were veritable passions. But between them and icy
indifference and vitriolic hate Sên Ya Tin was almost devoid of
creature feeling. She was critical and self-indulgent to a degree. She
was brutally, and sometimes coarsely, frank. But she had high
principles, and she never relaxed in her personal adherence to them
—no matter what the cost to her own inclination and convenience. It
was largely from this grandmother that Sên King-lo had inherited the
uprightness of character and relentless habit of self-analysis that
underlay and dominated all his suavity and sunny good nature. He
had inherited also from her no little of his manliness, but he had
inherited from Ya Tin few of his tastes. Indeed, she had few, and,
unlike most women of her years and power, she had no foibles. Her
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