Fourier Series of Periodic Function

A periodic function is a function that repeats itself in

equally intervals of time. According to the theory
developed by Fourier, any periodic function F(t), with
period T, may be represented by an infinite series of the
form,
∞
𝑎0
𝐹(𝑡) = + ∑(𝑎𝑛 𝐶𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑆𝑛𝜔𝑡 )
2
𝑛=1

𝜔 = 2𝜋⁄𝑇
2 𝑇 2 𝑇 2 𝑇
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝐹(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝐹(𝑡) 𝐶𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝐹(𝑡) 𝑆𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑛 = 1, 2, …
𝑇 0 𝑇 0 𝑇 0

Ex. Determine the Fourier coefficients of the function shown.

Sol.
4
𝑡−1 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇⁄2
𝐹(𝑡) = {𝑇
4
3− 𝑡 , 𝑇⁄2 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇
𝑇

2 𝑇
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝐹(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0

2 𝑇⁄2 4 2 𝑇 4
= ∫ ( 𝑡 − 1) 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ (3 − 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇⁄2 𝑇

𝑇 ⁄2
2 2 2 2 2 𝑇
= [ 𝑡 − 𝑡] + [3𝑡 − 𝑡 2 ]
𝑇 𝑇 0 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇⁄2

2 2 𝑇 2 𝑇 2 2 𝑇 2 𝑇 2
= [ ( ) − ] + [(3𝑇 − 𝑇 2 ) − (3 − ( ) )]
𝑇 𝑇 2 2 𝑇 𝑇 2 𝑇 2

• Use integral table from exam sheet to determine an and bn.

H1
 2 𝑇 2 𝑇⁄2 4 2 𝑇 4
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝐹(𝑡)𝐶𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ ( 𝑡 − 1) 𝐶𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ (3 − 𝑡) 𝐶𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0 𝑇 0 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇⁄2 𝑇
𝜔 = 2𝜋⁄𝑇
2 𝑇⁄2 4 2 𝑇 4
(1) = ∫ ( 𝑡𝐶𝑛𝜔𝑡 − 𝐶𝑛𝜔𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ (3𝐶𝑛𝜔𝑡 − 𝑡𝐶𝑛𝜔𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇⁄2 𝑇

𝑇 ⁄2 𝑇
(2) 2 4 1 2 3 4
= [ 2 2 (𝐶 )
+ 𝑛𝜔𝑡𝑆𝑛𝜔𝑡 − 𝑆 ] + [ 𝑆𝑛𝜔𝑡 − 2 2 (𝐶 + 𝑛𝜔𝑡𝑆𝑛𝜔𝑡 )]
𝑇 𝑛 𝜔 𝑇 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑛𝜔 𝑛𝜔𝑡 0 𝑇 𝑛𝜔 𝑛 𝜔 𝑇 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑇 ⁄2

𝑇 ⁄2 𝑇
4 2𝜋𝑛 1 3 4 2𝜋𝑛
(3) =2 [ (𝐶2𝜋𝑛𝑡 + 𝑡𝑆2𝜋𝑛𝑡 ) − 𝑆2𝜋𝑛 ] +2 [ 𝑆2𝜋𝑛 − (𝐶2𝜋𝑛𝑡 + 𝑡𝑆2𝜋𝑛𝑡 )]
(2𝜋𝑛)2 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 2𝜋𝑛 𝑇 𝑡 0 2𝜋𝑛 𝑇 𝑡 (2𝜋𝑛)2 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 ⁄2

𝐴 𝐵
⏞ 4 1 ⏞ 4 2𝜋𝑛 1
(4) = 2 [( ( 𝐶 + 𝑛𝜋𝑆 ) − 𝑆 ) − ( (𝐶 + (0) 𝑆 ) − 𝑆 )]
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 0 0
(2𝜋𝑛)2 2𝜋𝑛 (2𝜋𝑛)2 𝑇 2𝜋𝑛 0

3 4 3 4
+ 2 [( 𝑆2𝑛𝜋 − (𝐶2𝑛𝜋 + 2𝑛𝜋𝑆2𝑛𝜋 )) − ( 𝑆𝑛𝜋 − (𝐶 + 𝑛𝜋𝑆𝑛𝜋 ))]
⏟2𝜋𝑛 (2𝜋𝑛) 2
⏟2𝜋𝑛 (2𝜋𝑛)2 𝑛𝜋
𝐶 𝐷

𝐴 𝐵
⏞ 4 ⏞ 4 4 4
(5) = 2 [( 2
(−1) 𝑛) − (
2
)] + 2 [(− 2
) − (− (−1)𝑛 )]
(2𝜋𝑛) (2𝜋𝑛) ⏟ (2𝜋𝑛) ⏟ (2𝜋𝑛)2
𝐶 𝐷

0 , 𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
8 4
(6) 𝑎𝑛 = (2(−1)𝑛 − 2) = 2 2 ((−1)𝑛 − 1) = { −8
(2𝜋𝑛)2 𝜋 𝑛 , 𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝜋 2 𝑛2

2 𝑇 2 𝑇⁄2 4 2 𝑇 4
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝐹(𝑡)𝑆𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ ( 𝑡 − 1) 𝑆𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ (3 − 𝑡) 𝑆𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0 𝑇 0 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇⁄2 𝑇

2 𝑇⁄2 4 2 𝑇 4
(7) = ∫ ( 𝑡𝑆𝑛𝜔𝑡 − 𝑆𝑛𝜔𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ (3𝑆𝑛𝜔𝑡 − 𝑡𝑆𝑛𝜔𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇⁄2 𝑇

𝑇 ⁄2 𝑇
(8) 2 4 1 2 3 4
= [ 2 2 (𝑆𝑛𝜔𝑡 − 𝑛𝜔𝑡𝐶𝑛𝜔𝑡 ) + 𝐶𝑛𝜔𝑡 ] + [− 𝐶𝑛𝜔𝑡 − 2 2 (𝑆𝑛𝜔𝑡 − 𝑛𝜔𝑡𝐶𝑛𝜔𝑡 )]
𝑇 𝑛 𝜔 𝑇 𝑛𝜔 0 𝑇 𝑛𝜔 𝑛 𝜔 𝑇 𝑇 ⁄2

𝑇 ⁄2 𝑇
4 2𝜋𝑛 1 3 4 2𝜋𝑛
(9) =2 [ ( 𝑆 2𝜋𝑛 − 𝑡 𝐶 2𝜋𝑛 ) + 𝐶 2𝜋𝑛 ] + 2 [− 𝐶 2𝜋𝑛 − (𝑆 2𝜋𝑛 − 𝑡 𝐶 2𝜋𝑛 )]
(2𝜋𝑛)2 𝑇 𝑡 𝑇 𝑇
𝑡 2𝜋𝑛 𝑇 𝑡 0 2𝜋𝑛 𝑇 𝑡 (2𝜋𝑛)2 𝑇 𝑡 𝑇 𝑇
𝑡
𝑇 ⁄2

H2
 𝐴 𝐵
⏞ 4 1 ⏞ 4 2𝜋𝑛 1
= 2 [( ( 𝑆 𝑛𝜋 − 𝑛𝜋𝐶 𝑛𝜋 ) + 𝐶 𝑛𝜋 ) − ( (𝑆 0 + (0) 𝐶 0 ) + 𝐶 )]
(2𝜋𝑛)2 2𝜋𝑛 (2𝜋𝑛)2 𝑇 2𝜋𝑛 0

3 4 3 4
+ 2 [(− 𝐶2𝑛𝜋 − ( 𝑆 2𝑛𝜋 − 2𝑛𝜋𝐶 2𝑛𝜋 )) − (− 𝐶 𝑛𝜋 − (𝑆 − 𝑛𝜋𝐶𝑛𝜋 ))]
⏟ 2𝜋𝑛 (2𝜋𝑛)2 ⏟ 2𝜋𝑛 (2𝜋𝑛)2 𝑛𝜋
𝐶 𝐷

𝐴 𝐵
⏞ 4 1 ⏞1
(1) = 2 [( (−𝑛𝜋(−1) 𝑛) + (−1) 𝑛) − ( )]
(2𝜋𝑛)2 2𝜋𝑛 2𝜋𝑛

3 4 3 𝑛
4
+ 2 [(− − 2
(−2𝑛𝜋)) − (− (−1) − (−𝑛𝜋(−1)𝑛 ))]
⏟ 2𝜋𝑛 (2𝜋𝑛) ⏟ 2𝜋𝑛 (2𝜋𝑛)2
𝐶 𝐷

(2)
(−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛 1 3 2 3(−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛
𝑏𝑛 = 2 [− + − ] + 2 [− + + − ]=0
𝜋𝑛 2𝜋𝑛 2𝜋𝑛 2𝜋𝑛 𝜋𝑛 2𝜋𝑛 𝜋𝑛

∞ ∞
−8 2𝑛𝜋 −8 1 2𝑛𝜋 −8 1 1
∴ 𝐹(𝑡) = ∑ cos ( 𝑡) = ∑ cos ( 𝑡) = (𝐶 2𝜋 + 𝐶 6𝜋 + 𝐶10𝜋 + ⋯ )
𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑇 𝜋2 𝑛2 𝑇 𝜋2 𝑇
𝑡 9 𝑇 𝑡 25 𝑇 𝑡
𝑛=1,3,5,… 𝑛=1,3,5,…

F(t) for n = 1, 3, 5, and 13 of the Fourier series, 𝑇 = 3 s.

H3
 −𝑎 , −𝜋 ≤𝑡 ≤0
𝐹(𝑡) = { ⇒ 𝜔 = 2𝜋⁄𝑇 = 1 rad/s
𝑎 , 0≤𝑡≤𝜋

1 𝜋 1 0 𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝐹(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = [∫ −𝑎 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑡] = 0
𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 0

1 𝜋 1 0 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝐹(𝑡) 𝐶𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = [∫ −𝑎𝐶𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑎𝐶𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡] = 0
𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 0

1 𝜋 1 0 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝐹(𝑡) 𝑆𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = [∫ −𝑎𝑆𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑎𝑆𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡]
𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 0

0 𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
2𝑎
𝑏𝑛 = (1 − 𝐶𝑛𝜋 ) = {4𝑎
𝑛𝜋 𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑛𝜋
∞
4𝑎 1 4𝑎 1 1
∴ 𝐹(𝑡) = ∑ 𝑆𝑛𝑡 = (𝑆𝑡 + 𝑆3𝑡 + 𝑆5𝑡 + ⋯ )
𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 3 5
𝑛=1,3,5,…

H4
• Even function
▪ 𝑓(−𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑡)
▪ 𝐶𝑡 , 𝑡 2 , |𝑡|, …
▪ 𝑏𝑛 = 0
𝑎0
▪ 𝐹 (𝑡 ) = 2
+ ∑∞𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝐶𝑛𝜔𝑡

• Odd function
▪ 𝑓(−𝑡) = −𝑓(𝑡)
▪ 𝑆𝑡 , 𝑡 3 , 1⁄𝑡 , …
▪ 𝑎𝑛 = 0
▪ 𝐹 (𝑡) = ∑∞𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 S𝑛𝜔𝑡

Homework 8.a
Solve problems 1.109 and 1.111 from HW sheet. In problem 1.109, 𝐴 = 2 , 𝜏 = 4 s.
Ans.
∞ ∞
8 1 𝜋𝑛𝑡 𝐴 𝐴 1 2𝜋𝑛𝑡
1.109) 𝑥(𝑡) = 1 − 2 ∑ 2
cos ( ) 1.111) 𝑥(𝑡) = + ∑ sin ( )
𝜋 𝑛 2 2 𝜋 𝑛 𝜏
𝑛=1,3,5,… 𝑛=1

H5
 Response of Arbitrary Periodic Input – Super Position Method
∞
𝑎0
𝑚𝑥̈ + 𝑐𝑥̇ + 𝑘𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑡) = + ∑(𝑎𝑛 𝐶𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑆𝑛𝜔𝑡 )
2
𝑛=1
∞

⇒ 𝑥𝑝 (𝑡) = 𝑥𝑎0 (𝑡) + ∑(𝑥𝑐𝑛 (𝑡) + 𝑥𝑠𝑛 (𝑡))

𝑛=1
𝑎0 𝑎0
𝑚𝑥̈ 𝑎0 + 𝑐𝑥̇ 𝑎0 + 𝑘𝑥𝑎0 = ⇒ 𝑥𝑎0 (𝑡) =
2 2𝑘
𝑎𝑛 ⁄𝑘
𝑚𝑥̈ 𝑐𝑛 + 𝑐𝑥̇ 𝑐𝑛 + 𝑘𝑥𝑐𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝐶𝑛𝜔𝑡 ⇒ 𝑥𝑐𝑛 (𝑡) = 𝐶𝑛𝜔𝑡−𝜃𝑛
√(1 − 𝑛2 𝑟 2 )2 + (2𝑛𝜁𝑟)2
𝑏𝑛 ⁄𝑘
𝑚𝑥̈ 𝑠𝑛 + 𝑐𝑥̇ 𝑠𝑛 + 𝑘𝑥𝑠𝑛 = 𝑏𝑛 𝑆𝑛𝜔𝑡 ⇒ 𝑥𝑠𝑛 (𝑡) = 𝑆𝑛𝜔𝑡−𝜃𝑛
√(1 − 𝑛2 𝑟 2 )2 + (2𝑛𝜁𝑟)2
2𝑛𝜁𝑟 𝜔
𝜃𝑛 = tan−1 ( ),𝑟 = , 𝜃 < 0 ⇒ 𝜃𝑛 + 𝜋
2
1−𝑛 𝑟 2 𝜔𝑛 𝑛
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥𝑐 (𝑡)
⏟ + 𝑥𝑝 (𝑡)
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒

Ex. Determine the total response of the system. x0 = 2 cm, v0 =

0.4 m/s, m = 1 kg, c = 2.4 N.s/m, k =16 N/m.

Sol.
𝑚𝑥̈ + 𝑐𝑥̇ + 𝑘𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑡)
𝑇 = 2𝜋 , 𝜔 = 2𝜋⁄𝑇 = 1 rad/s
1
𝑡 , 0≤𝑡≤𝜋
𝐹(𝑡) = {𝜋
0 , 𝜋 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋
−2 (−1)𝑛+1
(1) 𝑎0 = 0.5 , 𝑎𝑛 = , 𝑏𝑛 =
𝜋 2 𝑛2 𝜋𝑛
∞ ∞
1 −2 (−1)𝑛+1
(2) ⇒ 𝐹(𝑡) = + ∑ 𝐶 +∑ 𝑆𝑛𝑡
4 𝜋 2 𝑛2 𝑛𝑡 𝜋𝑛
𝑛=1,3,5,⋯ 𝑛=1

(3)
1 2 1 1 1 1 1
𝐹(𝑡) = − 2 (𝐶𝑡 + 𝐶3𝑡 + 𝐶5𝑡 + ⋯ ) + (𝑆𝑡 − 𝑆2𝑡 + 𝑆3𝑡 + ⋯ )
4 𝜋 9 25 𝜋 2 3
𝜔𝑛 = √𝑘⁄𝑚 = 4 rad/s ⇒ 𝑟 = 𝜔⁄𝜔𝑛 = 0.25 , 𝜁 = 𝑐 ⁄2√𝑘𝑚 = 0.3
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥𝑐 (𝑡)
⏟ + 𝑥𝑝 (𝑡)
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒

H6
 𝜁 < 1 ⇒ 𝑥𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝜁𝜔𝑛𝑡 (𝐴𝑆𝜔𝑑 𝑡 + 𝐵𝐶𝜔𝑑 𝑡 ), 𝜔𝑑 = 𝜔𝑛 √1 − 𝜁 2 = 3.82 rad/s

(1) 𝑥𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑒 −1.2𝑡 (𝐴𝑆3.82𝑡 + 𝐵𝐶3.82𝑡 )

Solution of xp
𝑎0 0.5
(2) 𝑥𝑎0 (𝑡) = = = 0.0156
2𝑘 32
𝑎𝑛 ⁄𝑘 −2⁄𝑘
(3) 𝑥𝑐𝑛 (𝑡) = 𝐶𝑛𝜔𝑡−𝜃𝑛 = 𝐶𝑛𝜔𝑡−𝜃𝑛
√(1 − 𝑛2 𝑟 2 )2 + (2𝑛𝜁𝑟)2 𝜋 2 𝑛2 √(1 − 𝑛2 𝑟 2 )2 + (2𝑛𝜁𝑟)2
−0.125
(4) 𝜔 = 1 rad⁄s ⇒ 𝑥𝑐𝑛 (𝑡) = 𝐶𝑛𝑡−𝜃𝑛
𝜋 2 𝑛2 √(1 − 𝑛2 ⁄16)2 + (0.15𝑛)2
𝑏𝑛 ⁄𝑘 (−1)𝑛+1 ⁄𝑘
(5) 𝑥𝑠𝑛 (𝑡) = 𝑆𝑛𝜔𝑡−𝜃𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛𝜔𝑡−𝜃𝑛
√(1 − 𝑛2 𝑟 2 )2 + (2𝑛𝜁𝑟)2 𝜋𝑛√(1 − 𝑛2 𝑟 2 )2 + (2𝑛𝜁𝑟)2

(6) 0.0625 × (−1)𝑛+1

𝜔 = 1 rad⁄s ⇒ 𝑥𝑠𝑛 (𝑡) = 𝑆𝑛𝑡−𝜃𝑛
𝜋𝑛√(1 − 𝑛2 ⁄16)2 + (0.15𝑛)2

2𝑛𝜁𝑟 0.15𝑛
𝜃𝑛 = tan−1 ( ) = tan −1
( )
1 − 𝑛2 𝑟 2 1 − 𝑛2 ⁄16

0.15 × 1 0.15 × 4
𝑛 = 1 ⇒ 𝜃1 = 𝑇 −1 ( ) = 0.159 rad 𝑛 = 4 ⇒ 𝜃4 = 𝑇 −1 ( ) = 𝜋⁄2 rad
1 − 12 ⁄16 1 − 42 ⁄16
0.15 × 2 0.15 × 5
𝑛 = 2 ⇒ 𝜃2 = 𝑇 −1 ( ) = 0.381 rad 𝑛 = 5 ⇒ 𝜃5 = 𝑇 −1 ( ) = −0.927 rad = 2.21 rad
1 − 22 ⁄16 1 − 52 ⁄16
0.15 × 3 0.15 × 6
𝑛 = 3 ⇒ 𝜃3 = 𝑇 −1 ( ) = 0.799 rad 𝑛 = 6 ⇒ 𝜃6 = 𝑇 −1 ( ) = −0.624 rad = 2.52 rad
1 − 32 ⁄16 1 − 62 ⁄16

(7) 𝑥𝑝 (𝑡) = 𝑥𝑎0 (𝑡) + ∑(𝑥𝑐𝑛 (𝑡) + 𝑥𝑠𝑛 (𝑡))

𝑛=1
∞ ∞
−0.125 0.0625 × (−1)𝑛+1
(8) 𝑥𝑝 (𝑡) = 0.0156 + ∑ 𝐶𝑛𝑡−𝜃𝑛 + ∑ 𝑆𝑛𝑡−𝜃𝑛
𝑛=1,3,5,.. 𝜋 2 𝑛2 √(1 −
𝑛2 𝑛2
) (0.15𝑛)2 𝜋𝑛√(1 − 16) + (0.15𝑛)2
16 +
𝑛=1

(9)
𝑥𝑝 (𝑡) = 0.0156 − (0.0133𝐶𝑡−0.159 + 2.24 × 10−3 𝐶3𝑡−0.799 + 0.540 × 10−3 𝐶5𝑡−2.21 + ⋯ )
+ (0.0210𝑆𝑡−0.159 − 0.0123𝑆2𝑡−0.381 + 0.106𝑆3𝑡−0.799 − ⋯ )

H7
 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥𝑐 (𝑡) + 𝑥𝑝 (𝑡) = 𝑒 −1.2𝑡 (𝐴𝑆3.82𝑡 + 𝐵𝐶3.82𝑡 ) + 0.0156
∞ ∞
−0.125 0.0625 × (−1)𝑛+1
+ ∑ 𝐶𝑛𝑡−𝜃𝑛 + ∑ 𝑆𝑛𝑡−𝜃𝑛
𝑛=1,3,5,.. 𝜋 2 𝑛2 √(1 −
𝑛2 𝑛2
) (0.15𝑛)2 𝜋𝑛√(1 − 16) + (0.15𝑛)2
16 +
𝑛=1

(1) 𝑥̇ (𝑡) = 𝑒 −1.2𝑡 ((3.82𝐴 − 1.2𝐵)𝐶3.82𝑡 − (1.2𝐴 + 3.82𝐵)𝑆3.82𝑡 )

∞ ∞
0.125 0.0625 × (−1)𝑛+1
+ ∑ 𝑆𝑛𝑡−𝜃𝑛 + ∑ 𝐶𝑛𝑡−𝜃𝑛
𝑛=1,3,5,.. 𝜋 2 𝑛√(1
𝑛2 𝑛2
− 16) + (0.15𝑛)2 𝑛=1 𝜋√(1 − 16) + (0.15𝑛)2

(2) 𝑥0 = 0.02 = 𝑥𝑐 (0) + 𝑥𝑝 (0)

∞ ∞
−0.125 0.0625 × (−1)𝑛+1
∴ 0.02 = 𝐵
⏟ + 0.0156 + ∑ 𝐶𝜃𝑛 − ∑ 𝑆𝜃𝑛
𝑥𝑐 (0) 2 2
𝑛=1,3,5,… 𝑛2 𝑛=1 𝑛2
𝜋 2 𝑛2 √(1 − 16) + (0.15𝑛)2 𝜋𝑛√(1 − 16) + (0.15𝑛)2
(
⏟ )
𝑥𝑝 (0)

(3) 0.02 = 𝐵 + 0.0156 − (0.0133𝐶0.159 + 2.24 × 10−3 𝐶0.799 + 0.540 × 10−3 𝐶2.21 + ⋯ )
− (0.0210𝑆0.159 − 0.0123𝑆0.381 + 0.0106𝑆0.799 − ⋯ )

0.02 = 𝐵 + 0.000849
⏟ ⇒ 𝐵 = 0.0192
𝑥𝑝 (0)

(4) 𝑥̇ 0 = 0.4 = 𝑥̇ 𝑐 (0) + 𝑥̇ 𝑝 (0)

∞ ∞
0.125 0.0625 × (−1)𝑛+1
(3.82𝐴 − 1.2𝐵) + −
∴ 0.4 = ⏟ ∑ 𝑆𝜃𝑛 + ∑ 𝐶𝜃𝑛
𝑥̇ 𝑐 (0) 2 2
𝑛=1,3,5,… 𝑛2 𝑛=1 𝑛2
𝜋 2 𝑛√(1 − 16) + (0.15𝑛)2 𝜋√(1 − 16) + (0.15𝑛)2
(
⏟ )
𝑥̇ 𝑝 (0)

(5)
0.4 = 3.82𝐴 − 1.2(0.0192) − (0.0133𝑆0.159 + 6.73 × 10−3 𝑆0.799 + 2.70 × 10−3 𝑆2.21 + ⋯ )
+ (0.0210𝐶0.159 − 0.0246𝐶0.381 + 0.0317𝐶0.799 − ⋯ )

0.4 = 3.82𝐴 − 1.2(0.0192) + 0.00361

⏟ ⇒ 𝐴 = 0.110
𝑥̇ 𝑝 (0)

H8
∴ 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −1.2𝑡 (0.110𝑆3.82𝑡 + 0.0192𝐶3.82𝑡 ) + 0.0156
∞ ∞
−0.125 0.0625 × (−1)𝑛+1
+ ∑ 𝐶𝑛𝑡−𝜃𝑛 + ∑ 𝑆𝑛𝑡−𝜃𝑛
𝑛=1,3,5,.. 𝜋 2 𝑛2 √(1
𝑛2 𝑛2
− 16) + (0.15𝑛)2 𝑛=1 𝜋𝑛√(1 − 16) + (0.15𝑛)2

0.06 N=1 Exact Sol.

0.04 Fourier Sol.
0.02
0
-0.02
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

0.06 N=4
0.04
0.02
0
-0.02
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

0.06 N=9
0.04
0.02
0
-0.02
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
One-cycle total-response vs. time for different N of Fourier series.

H9
Homework 8.b
If the force F is given by problems 1.109 and 1.111 from HW 8.a,
determine the total response of the system.

1.109) A = 2,  = 4 s, m = 1 kg, c = 6 N.s/m, k = 9 N/m. 𝑥0 = −3 cm, 𝑥̇ 0 = 0.

1.111) A = 1,  =  s, m = 1 kg, c = 0, k =25 N/m. 𝑥0 = 0, 𝑥̇ 0 = −1 m/s.

Ans.

1.109)
∞ 𝐶1𝜋𝑛𝑡−𝜃
1 32 2 𝑛 12𝜋𝑛
𝑥𝑝 (𝑡) = − 2 ∑ , 𝜃𝑛 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
9 𝜋 𝑛2 √(36 − 𝜋 2 𝑛2 )2 + (12𝜋𝑛)2 36 − 𝜋 2 𝑛2
𝑛=1,3,5,…

𝑥𝑝 (𝑡) = 0.111 − 0.0707𝐶1.57𝑡−0.965 − 0.00289𝐶4.71𝑡−2.01 − ⋯

𝑥𝑐 (𝑡) = −𝑒 −3𝑡 (0.201𝑡 + 0.103)
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥𝑐 (𝑡) + 𝑥𝑝 (𝑡)

1.111)
∞
1
𝑥𝑝 (𝑡) = 0.02 + ∑ 𝑆
𝜋𝑛(25 − 4𝑛2 ) 2𝑛𝑡
𝑛=1

𝑥𝑝 (𝑡) = 0.02 + 0.0152𝑆2𝑡 + 0.0177𝑆4𝑡 + ⋯

𝑥𝑐 (𝑡) = −0.02𝐶5𝑡 − 0.197𝑆5𝑡
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥𝑐 (𝑡) + 𝑥𝑝 (𝑡)

H10