CHAPTER-27 - Straight Line in Space

Exercise-27A
Q 1.
Equation of a line is Vector form is given by 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏(⃗ and in
)* )+ -* -+ /* /+
Cartesian form is given by = = = 𝜆 where
,+ ,. ,0

𝑎⃗ = x1𝚤̂ + y1𝚥̂ + z1𝑘5 is a point on the line and 𝑏(⃗ = b1𝚤̂ + b2𝚥̂ + b3𝑘5 is a
vector parallel to the line.

For and

Vector form is

Cartesian form is

Q 2.
Equation of a line is Vector form is given by 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏(⃗ and in
)* )+ -* -+ /* /+
Cartesian form is given by = = = 𝜆 where
,+ ,. ,0

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𝑎⃗ = x1𝚤̂ + y1𝚥̂ + z1𝑘5 is a point on the line and 𝑏(⃗ = b1𝚤̂ + b2𝚥̂ + b3𝑘5 is a
vector parallel to the line.
For

and
Vector form is

Cartesian form is

Q 3.
Equation of a line is Vector form is given by 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏(⃗ and in
)* )+ -* -+ /* /+
Cartesian form is given by = = = 𝜆 where
,+ ,. ,0

𝑎⃗ = x1𝚤̂ + y1𝚥̂ + z1𝑘5 is a point on the line and 𝑏(⃗ = b1𝚤̂ + b2𝚥̂ + b3𝑘5 is a
vector parallel to the line.

For and
Vector form is

Cartesian form:

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Q 4.
Equation of a line is Vector form is given by 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏(⃗ and in
)* )+ -* -+ /* /+
Cartesian form is given by = = = 𝜆 where
,+ ,. ,0

𝑎⃗ = x1𝚤̂ + y1𝚥̂ + z1𝑘5 is a point on the line and 𝑏(⃗ = b1𝚤̂ + b2𝚥̂ + b3𝑘5 is a
vector parallel to the line.

By given condition given line is parallel to

For, and
Vector form is

Cartesian form is

Q 5.
Equation of a line is Vector form is given by 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏(⃗ and in
)* )+ -* -+ /* /+
Cartesian form is given by = = = 𝜆 where
,+ ,. ,0

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𝑎⃗ = x1𝚤̂ + y1𝚥̂ + z1𝑘5 is a point on the line and 𝑏(⃗ = b1𝚤̂ + b2𝚥̂ + b3𝑘5 is a
vector parallel to the line.

From the Cartesian equation of the line, we can find and

For, and
Vector form is

Q 6.
Equation of a line is Vector form is given by 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏(⃗ and in
)* )+ -* -+ /* /+
Cartesian form is given by = = = 𝜆 where
,+ ,. ,0

𝑎⃗ = x1𝚤̂ + y1𝚥̂ + z1𝑘5 is a point on the line and 𝑏(⃗ = b1𝚤̂ + b2𝚥̂ + b3𝑘5 is a
vector parallel to the line.
The Cartesian form of the line can be rewritten as:

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For, and
vector form of line is:

Q 7.
Equation of a line is Vector form is given by 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏(⃗ and in
)* )+ -* -+ /* /+
Cartesian form is given by = = = 𝜆 where
,+ ,. ,0

𝑎⃗ = x1𝚤̂ + y1𝚥̂ + z1𝑘5 is a point on the line and 𝑏(⃗ = b1𝚤̂ + b2𝚥̂ + b3𝑘5 is a
vector parallel to the line.
Since the line (say L1) is parallel to another line (say L2), L1 has the
same direction ratios as that of L2

For,
Since the equation of L2 is

Therefore,
Vector form of the line is:

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Cartesian form of the line is:

Q 8.
Equation of a line is Vector form is given by 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏(⃗ and in
)* )+ -* -+ /* /+
Cartesian form is given by = = = 𝜆 where
,+ ,. ,0

𝑎⃗ = x1𝚤̂ + y1𝚥̂ + z1𝑘5 is a point on the line and 𝑏(⃗ = b1𝚤̂ + b2𝚥̂ + b3𝑘5 is a
vector parallel to the line.
Since the line (say L1) is parallel to another line (say L2), L1 has the
same direction ratios as that of L2

For,
and L2 is

Vector form of the line is:

Cartesian form of the line is:

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Q 9.
Equation of a line is Vector form is given by 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏(⃗ and in
)* )+ -* -+ /* /+
Cartesian form is given by = = = 𝜆 where
,+ ,. ,0

𝑎⃗ = x1𝚤̂ + y1𝚥̂ + z1𝑘5 is a point on the line and 𝑏(⃗ = b1𝚤̂ + b2𝚥̂ + b3𝑘5 is a
vector parallel to the line.
Since the line (say L1) is parallel to another line (say L2), L1 has the
same direction ratios as that of L2

Here,
Equation of L2 can be rewritten as:

This means,
Vector form of the line is:

Cartesian form of the line is:

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Q 10.
Equation of a line is Vector form is given by 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏(⃗ and in
)* )+ -* -+ /* /+
Cartesian form is given by = = = 𝜆 where
,+ ,. ,0

𝑎⃗ = x1𝚤̂ + y1𝚥̂ + z1𝑘5 is a point on the line and 𝑏(⃗ = b1𝚤̂ + b2𝚥̂ + b3𝑘5 is a
vector parallel to the line.

If 2 lines of direction ratios a1:a2:a3 and b1:b2:b3 are perpendicular,

then a1b1+a2b2+a3b3 = 0

For,
Let the direction ratios of the line be b1:b2:b3
Direction ratios of the other two lines are 1 : 2 : 3 and -3 : 2 : 5
Since the other two lines are perpendicular to the given line, we
have
b1 + 2b2 + 3b3 = 0

-3b1 + 2b2 + 5b3 = 0

Solving,

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Vector form of the line is

Cartesian form of the line is

Q 11.
Equation of a line is Vector form is given by 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏(⃗ and in
)* )+ -* -+ /* /+
Cartesian form is given by = = = 𝜆 where
,+ ,. ,0

𝑎⃗ = x1𝚤̂ + y1𝚥̂ + z1𝑘5 is a point on the line and 𝑏(⃗ = b1𝚤̂ + b2𝚥̂ + b3𝑘5 is a
vector parallel to the line.
If 2 lines of direction ratios a1:a2:a3 and b1:b2:b3 are perpendicular,
then a1b1+a2b2+a3b3 = 0

Here,
Let the direction ratios of the line be b1 : b2 : b3

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Direction ratios of other two lines are 8 : -16 : 7 and 3 : 8 : -5
Since the other two line are perpendicular to the given line, we have
8b1 – 16b2 + 7b3 = 0
3b1 + 8b2 – 5b3 = 0

Solving,

Therefore,
Vector form of the line is

Cartesian form of the line is

Q 12.
Equation of a line is Vector form is given by 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏(⃗ and in
)* )+ -* -+ /* /+
Cartesian form is given by = = = 𝜆 where
,+ ,. ,0

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𝑎⃗ = x1𝚤̂ + y1𝚥̂ + z1𝑘5 is a point on the line and 𝑏(⃗ = b1𝚤̂ + b2𝚥̂ + b3𝑘5 is a
vector parallel to the line.

where is a point on the line and b1 : b2 : b3 is

the direction ratios of the line.
Let

General point on the first line is (λ1 + 4, 4λ1 – 3, 7λ1 – 1)

General point on the second line is (2λ2 + 1, -3λ2 – 1, 8λ2 – 10)
If they intersect they should have a common point.
λ1 + 4 = 2λ2 + 1 ⇒ λ1 – 2λ2 = -3 … (1)
4λ1 – 3 = -3λ2 – 1 ⇒ 4λ1 + 3λ2 = 2 … (2)
Solving (1) and (2),
11λ2 = 14

Substituting for the z coordinate, we get

and

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So, the lines do not intersect.

Q 13.
Equation of a line is Vector form is given by 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏(⃗ and in
)* )+ -* -+ /* /+
Cartesian form is given by = = = 𝜆 where
,+ ,. ,0

𝑎⃗ = x1𝚤̂ + y1𝚥̂ + z1𝑘5 is a point on the line and 𝑏(⃗ = b1𝚤̂ + b2𝚥̂ + b3𝑘5 is a
vector parallel to the line.
For

General point on the first line is (2λ1 + 1, 3λ1 + 2, 4λ1 + 3)

General point on the second line is (5λ2 + 4, 2λ2 + 1, λ2)
If they intersect, they should have a common point.
2λ1 + 1 = 5λ2 + 4 ⇒ 2λ1 – 5λ2 = 3 … (1)
3λ1 + 2 = 2λ2 + 1 ⇒ 3λ1 - 2λ2 = -1 … (2)
Solving (1) and (2),
-11λ2 = 11
λ2 = -1
λ1 = -1

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Substituting for the z coordinate, we get
4λ1 + 3 = -1 and λ2 = -1
So, the lines intersect, and their point of intersection is (-1, -1, -1)

Q 14.
Equation of a line is Vector form is given by 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏(⃗ and in
)* )+ -* -+ /* /+
Cartesian form is given by = = = 𝜆 where
,+ ,. ,0

𝑎⃗ = x1𝚤̂ + y1𝚥̂ + z1𝑘5 is a point on the line and 𝑏(⃗ = b1𝚤̂ + b2𝚥̂ + b3𝑘5 is a
vector parallel to the line.

General point on the first line is (2λ1 + 1, 3λ1 – 1, λ1)

Geeral point on the second line is (5λ2 - 1, λ2 + 1, 2)

If they intersect they should have a common point.

2λ1 + 1 = 5λ2 - 1 ⇒ 2λ1 – 5λ2 = -2 … (1)
3λ1 – 1 = λ2 + 1 ⇒ 3λ1 - λ2 = 2 … (2)
Solving (1) and (2),

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-13λ2 = -10

Substituting for the z coordinate, we get

and z = 2
So, the lines do not intersect.

Q 15.
Equation of a line is Vector form is given by 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏(⃗ and in
)* )+ -* -+ /* /+
Cartesian form is given by = = = 𝜆 where
,+ ,. ,0

𝑎⃗ = x1𝚤̂ + y1𝚥̂ + z1𝑘5 is a point on the line and 𝑏(⃗ = b1𝚤̂ + b2𝚥̂ + b3𝑘5 is a
vector parallel to the line.

Distance between two points (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) is

For

foot of the perpendicular is (3λ + 6, 2λ + 7, -2λ + 7)

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Direction ratio of the line is 3 : 2 : -2
Direction ratio of the perpendicular is
⇒ (3λ + 6 - 1) : (2λ + 7 - 2) : (-2λ + 7 - 3)
⇒ (3λ + 5) : (2λ + 5) : (-2λ + 4)
Since this is perpendicular to the line,
3(3λ + 5) + 2(2λ + 5) – 2(-2λ + 4) = 0
⇒ 9λ + 15 + 4λ + 10 + 4λ – 8 = 0
⇒ 17λ = -17
⇒ λ = -1
So the foot of the perpendicular is (3, 5, 9)

Distance

= 7 units

Q 16.
Equation of a line is Vector form is given by 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏(⃗ and in
)* )+ -* -+ /* /+
Cartesian form is given by = = = 𝜆 where
,+ ,. ,0

𝑎⃗ = x1𝚤̂ + y1𝚥̂ + z1𝑘5 is a point on the line and 𝑏(⃗ = b1𝚤̂ + b2𝚥̂ + b3𝑘5 is a
vector parallel to the line.
Distance between two points (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) is

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For

the foot of the perpendicular is (10λ + 11, -4λ - 2, -11λ - 8)

Direction ratio of the line is 10 : -4 : -11
Direction ratio of the perpendicular is
⇒ (10λ + 11 - 2) : (-4λ - 2 + 1) : (-11λ - 8 - 5
⇒ (10λ + 9) : (-4λ - 1) : (-11λ - 13)
Since this is perpendicular to the line,
10(10λ + 9) - 4(-4λ - 1) - 11(-11λ - 13) = 0
⇒ 100λ + 90 + 16λ + 4 + 121λ + 143 = 0
⇒ 237λ = -237
⇒ λ = -1
So the foot of the perpendicular is (1, 2, 3)

Distance

= √14 units

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Q 17.
Equation of a line is Vector form is given by 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏(⃗ and in
)* )+ -* -+ /* /+
Cartesian form is given by = = = 𝜆 where
,+ ,. ,0

𝑎⃗ = x1𝚤̂ + y1𝚥̂ + z1𝑘5 is a point on the line and 𝑏(⃗ = b1𝚤̂ + b2𝚥̂ + b3𝑘5 is a
vector parallel to the line.

For,
The direction ratios of the line are (3 - 5) : (4 + 2) : (-6 - 7)
⇒ -2 : 6 : -13
⇒ 2 : -6 : 13

So,
Vector form is

Cartesian form is

Q 18.
Equation of a line is Vector form is given by 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏(⃗ and in
)* )+ -* -+ /* /+
Cartesian form is given by = = = 𝜆 where
,+ ,. ,0

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𝑎⃗ = x1𝚤̂ + y1𝚥̂ + z1𝑘5 is a point on the line and 𝑏(⃗ = b1𝚤̂ + b2𝚥̂ + b3𝑘5 is a
vector parallel to the line.
For,
The direction ratios of the line are (2 + 2) : (-3 - 4) : (0 - 3)
⇒ 4 : -7 : -3
⇒ -4 : 7 : 3

So,
Vector form is

Cartesian form is

Q 19.
Equation of a line is Vector form is given by 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏(⃗ and in
)* )+ -* -+ /* /+
Cartesian form is given by = = = 𝜆 where
,+ ,. ,0

𝑎⃗ = x1𝚤̂ + y1𝚥̂ + z1𝑘5 is a point on the line and 𝑏(⃗ = b1𝚤̂ + b2𝚥̂ + b3𝑘5 is a
vector parallel to the line.

For,
The direction ratios of the line are (1 - 1) : (-2 - 3) : (1 + 2)

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⇒ 0 : -5 : 3
⇒ 0 : 5 : -3

So,
Vector form is

Cartesian form is

Q 20.
Equation of a line is Vector form is given by 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏(⃗ and in
)* )+ -* -+ /* /+
Cartesian form is given by = = = 𝜆 where
,+ ,. ,0

𝑎⃗ = x1𝚤̂ + y1𝚥̂ + z1𝑘5 is a point on the line and 𝑏(⃗ = b1𝚤̂ + b2𝚥̂ + b3𝑘5 is a
vector parallel to the line.

for,
The direction ratios of the line are (-2 - 2) : (4 - 3) : (2 - 3)
⇒ -4 : 1 : -1
⇒ 4 : -1 : 1

So,
Vector form is
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Cartesian form is

Q 21.
Equation of a line is Vector form is given by 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏(⃗ and in
)* )+ -* -+ /* /+
Cartesian form is given by = = = 𝜆 where
,+ ,. ,0

𝑎⃗ = x1𝚤̂ + y1𝚥̂ + z1𝑘5 is a point on the line and 𝑏(⃗ = b1𝚤̂ + b2𝚥̂ + b3𝑘5 is a
vector parallel to the line.

For,
The direction ratios of the line are (1 - 2) : (-1 - 3) : (5 + 4)
⇒ -1 : -4 : 9
⇒ 1 : 4 : -9

So,
Vector form is

Cartesian form is

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Q 22.
Equation of a line is Vector form is given by 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏(⃗ and in
)* )+ -* -+ /* /+
Cartesian form is given by = = = 𝜆 where
,+ ,. ,0

𝑎⃗ = x1𝚤̂ + y1𝚥̂ + z1𝑘5 is a point on the line and 𝑏(⃗ = b1𝚤̂ + b2𝚥̂ + b3𝑘5 is a
vector parallel to the line.

If 2 lines of direction ratios a1:a2:a3 and b1:b2:b3 are perpendicular,

then a1b1+a2b2+a3b3 = 0
B (1, 4, 6) is a point on the line.

For,
Also direction ratios of the line are (1 - 5) : (4 – 4) : (6 – 4)
⇒ -4 : 0 : 2
⇒ -2 : 0 : 1
So, equation of the line in Cartesian form is

Any point on the line will be of the form (-2λ + 1, 4, λ + 6)

So the foot of the perpendicular is of the form (-2λ + 1, 4, λ + 6)
The direction ratios of the perpendicular is
(-2λ + 1 – 1) : (4 - 2) : (λ + 6 - 1)
⇒ (-2λ) : 2 : (λ + 5)
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From the direction ratio of the line and the direction ratio of its
perpendicular, we have
-2(-2λ) + 0 + λ + 5 = 0
⇒ λ = -1
So, the foot of the perpendicular is (3, 4, 5)

Q 23.
Equation of a line is Vector form is given by 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏(⃗ and in
)* )+ -* -+ /* /+
Cartesian form is given by = = = 𝜆 where
,+ ,. ,0

𝑎⃗ = x1𝚤̂ + y1𝚥̂ + z1𝑘5 is a point on the line and 𝑏(⃗ = b1𝚤̂ + b2𝚥̂ + b3𝑘5 is a
vector parallel to the line.
If 2 lines of direction ratios a1:a2:a3 and b1:b2:b3 are perpendicular,
then a1b1+a2b2+a3b3 = 0
B (0, -1, 3) is a point on the line.

For,
and direction ratios of the line (0 - 2) : (-1 + 3) : (3 + 1)
⇒ -2 : 2 : 4
⇒ -1 : 1 : 2
equation of the line in Cartesian form is

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General point on the line will be of the form (-λ, λ - 1, 2λ + 3)
The foot of the perpendicular is of the form (-λ, λ - 1, 2λ + 3)
The direction ratios of the perpendicular will be
(-λ - 1) : (λ – 1 - 8) : (2λ + 3 - 4)
⇒ (-λ - 1) : (λ – 9) : (2λ – 1)
Using the direction ratio of the line and the direction ratio of its
perpendicular, we have
-1(-λ - 1) + λ – 9 + 2(2λ – 1) = 0
⇒ λ + 1 + λ – 9 + 4λ – 2 = 0
⇒ 6λ = 10

So, the foot of the perpendicular is

Q 24.
Equation of a line is Vector form is given by 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏(⃗ and in
)* )+ -* -+ /* /+
Cartesian form is given by = = = 𝜆 where
,+ ,. ,0

𝑎⃗ = x1𝚤̂ + y1𝚥̂ + z1𝑘5 is a point on the line and 𝑏(⃗ = b1𝚤̂ + b2𝚥̂ + b3𝑘5 is a
vector parallel to the line.

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If 2 lines of direction ratios a1:a2:a3 and b1:b2:b3 are perpendicular,
then a1b1+a2b2+a3b3 = 0
Mid-point of line segment joining (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) is

For

The foot of the perpendicular is (5λ – 3, 2λ + 1, 3λ – 4)

The direction ratios of the perpendicular will be
(5λ – 3 - 0) : (2λ + 1 - 2) : (3λ - 4 - 3)
⇒ (5λ – 3) : (2λ – 1) : (3λ – 7)
Direction ratio of the line is 5 : 2 : 3

5(5λ - 3) + 2(2λ – 1) + 3(3λ – 7) = 0

⇒ 25λ – 15 + 4λ – 2 + 9λ – 21 = 0

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⇒ 38λ = 38
⇒λ=1
So, the foot of the perpendicular is (2, 3, -1)
The foot of the perpendicular is the mid-point of the line joining (0,
2, 3) and (α, β, γ)
Using mid-point formula

So, the reflected image is (4, 4, -5)

Q 25.
Equation of a line is Vector form is given by 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏(⃗ and in
)* )+ -* -+ /* /+
Cartesian form is given by = = = 𝜆 where
,+ ,. ,0

𝑎⃗ = x1𝚤̂ + y1𝚥̂ + z1𝑘5 is a point on the line and 𝑏(⃗ = b1𝚤̂ + b2𝚥̂ + b3𝑘5 is a
vector parallel to the line.
If 2 lines of direction ratios a1:a2:a3 and b1:b2:b3 are perpendicular,
then a1b1+a2b2+a3b3 = 0

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Mid-point of line segment joining (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) is

For

The foot of the perpendicular is (2λ + 1, 3λ + 2, 4λ + 3)

And the direction ratios of the perpendicular is
(2λ + 1 - 5) : (3λ + 2 - 9) : (4λ + 3 - 3)
⇒ (2λ – 4) : (3λ – 7) : (4λ)
Direction ratio of the line is 2 : 3 : 4

From the direction ratio of the line and the direction ratio of its
perpendicular, we have
2(2λ – 4) + 3(3λ – 7) + 4(4λ) = 0
⇒ 4λ – 8 + 9λ – 21 + 16λ = 0
⇒ 29λ = 29
⇒λ=1
So, the foot of the perpendicular is (3, 5, 7)

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The foot of the perpendicular is the mid-point of the line joining (5,
9, 3) and (α, β, γ)
So, we have

So, the image is (1, 1, 11)

Q 26.
For Point (2, -1, 5)

Equation of line

On rearrangement

The general point on this line is

(10r + 11, -4r – 2, -11r – 8)

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Let N be the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point P(2, 1, -
5) on the given line.

Then, this point is N(10r + 11, -4r – 2, -11r – 8) for some fixed
value of r.

D.r.’s of PN are (10r + 9, -4r - 3, -11r - 3)

D.r.’s of the given line is 10, -4, -11.
Since, PN is perpendicular to the given line, we have,
10(10r + 9) – 4(-4r – 3) – 11(-11r – 3) = 0
100r + 90 + 16r + 12 + 121r + 33 = 0

237r = 135

r
Then, the image of the point is

Therefore, the image is (0, 5, 1).

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Exercise- 27B
Q 1.
In order to show that the points A, B and C are collinear it is
sufficient to prove that direction ratios of AB=λ times that of BC ,
where λ is any arbitrary constant.
Also If P = (a,b,c) and Q = (a’,b’,c’),then the direction ratios of the
line PQ is given by ((a’-a),(b’-b),(c’-c))
The direction ratios of the line AB can be given by
((5-2),(0-1),(5-3))=(3,-1,-2)
Similarly, the direction ratios of the line BC can be given by
((-4-5),(3-0),(-1-5)) =(-9,3,-6)
So, d.r. of AB
=(3,-1,-2)
=(-1/3)Χ(-9,3,-6)
=(-1/3)Хd.r. of BC
Clearly, A, B and C are collinear

Q 2.
In order to show that the points A, B and C are collinear it is
sufficient to prove that direction ratios of AB=λ times that of BC ,
where λ is any arbitrary constant.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

If P = (a,b,c) and Q = (a’,b’,c’),then the direction ratios of the line
PQ is given by ((a’-a),(b’-b),(c’-c))
The direction ratios of the line AB can be given by
((1-2),(-2-3),(3+4)) =(-1,-5,7)
Similarly, the direction ratios of the line BC can be given by
((3-1),(8+2),(-11-3)) =(2,10,-14)
So, d.r. of AB=(-1,-5,7)
=(-1/2)Χ(2,10,-14)
=(-1/2)Хd.r. of BC
Clearly, A, B and C are collinear

Q 3.
In order to show that the points A, B and C are collinear it is
sufficient to prove that direction ratios of AB=λ times that of BC ,
where λ is any arbitrary constant.
If P = (a,b,c) and Q = (a’,b’,c’),then the direction ratios of the line
PQ is given by ((a’-a),(b’-b),(c’-c))
The direction ratios of the line AB can be given by
((1-2),(2-5),(-1-1))
=(-1,-3,-2)
Similarly, the direction ratios of the line BC can be given by

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

((3-1),(λ-2),(3+1))
=(2,λ-2,4)
So, d.r. of AB
=(-1,-3,-2)
=(-1/2)Χ(2,λ-2,4)
=(-1/2)Хd.r. of BC
Since, A, B and C are collinear,

Q 4.
If the points A, B and C are collinear then direction ratios of AB=λ
times that of BC, where λ is any arbitrary constant.
If P = (a,b,c) and Q = (a’,b’,c’),then the direction ratios of the line
PQ is given by ((a’-a),(b’-b),(c’-c))
The direction ratios of the line AB can be given by
((9-3),(8-2),(-10+4))
=(6,6,-6)
Similarly, the direction ratios of the line BC can be given by

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

((λ-9),(μ-8),(-6+10))
=(λ-9,μ-8,4)
So, d.r. of AB
=(6,6,-6)
=(-6/4)Χ(-4,-4,4)
=(-3/2)Хd.r. of BC
Since, A, B and C are collinear,

And,

Q 5.
If the points A, B and C are collinear then direction ratios of AB=λ
times that of BC , where λ is any arbitrary constant.
If P = (a,b,c) and Q = (a’,b’,c’),then the direction ratios of the line

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

PQ is given by ((a’-a),(b’-b),(c’-c))
The direction ratios of the line AB can be given by
((λ+1),(μ-4),(1+2))
=(λ+1,μ-4,3)
Similarly, the direction ratios of the line BC can be given by
((0-λ),(2-μ),(-1-1))
=(-λ,2-μ,-2)
So, d.r. of AB
=(λ+1,μ-4,3)
Say, α be an arbitrary constant such that d.r. of AB = α Х d.r. of BC
So, 3 = α Х (-2)
i.e. α = -3/2
Since, A, B and C are collinear,

And,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q 6.
In order to show that the points A, B and C are collinear it is
sufficient to prove that direction ratios of AB=λ times that of BC ,
where λ is any arbitrary constant.

If P = (a,b,c) and Q = (a’,b’,c’),then the direction ratios of the line

PQ is given by ((a’-a),(b’-b),(c’-c))
The direction ratios of the line AB can be given by
((1+4),(3-2),(-2+3))
=(5,1,1)
Similarly, the direction ratios of the line BC can be given by
((-9-1),(1-3),(-4+2))
=(-10,-2,-2)

So, d.r. of AB
=(5,1,1)
=(-1/2)Χ(-10,-2,-2)
=(-1/2)Хd.r. of BC
Clearly, A, B and C are collinear

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Exercise- 27C
Q 1.
If (a,b,c) be the direction ratios of the first line and (a’,b’,c’) be the
direction ratios of the second, then the angle between these pair of

lines is given by

Direction ratios of L1 = (1,-1,-2)

Direction ratios of L2 = (3,-5,-4)

The angle between the lines

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q 2.
If (a,b,c) be the direction ratios of the first line and (a’,b’,c’) be the
direction ratios of the second, then the angle between these pair of

lines is given by
Direction ratios of L1 = (1,0,3)
Direction ratios of L2 = (-1,1,1)

The angle between the lines

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q 3.
If (a,b,c) be the direction ratios of the first line and (a’,b’,c’) be the
direction ratios of the second, then the angle between these pair of

lines is given by

Direction ratios of L1 = (2,-2,1)

Direction ratios of L2 = (1,2,-2)
The angle between the lines

Q 4.
If (a,b,c) be the direction ratios of the first line and (a’,b’,c’) be the
direction ratios of the second, then the angle between these pair of

lines is given by
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
Direction ratios of L1 = (1,1,2)
Direction ratios of L2 = (3,5,4)

The angle between the lines

Q 5.
If (a,b,c) be the direction ratios of the first line and (a’,b’,c’) be the
direction ratios of the second, then the angle between these pair of

lines is given by
Direction ratios of L1 = (4,3,5)
Direction ratios of L2 = (1,-1,1)
The angle between the lines

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q 6.
If (a,b,c) be the direction ratios of the first line and (a’,b’,c’) be the
direction ratios of the second, then the angle between these pair of

lines is given by
Direction ratios of L1 = (2,1,-3)
Direction ratios of L2 = (3,2,-1)
The angle between the lines

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q 7.
If (a,b,c) be the direction ratios of the first line and (a’,b’,c’) be the
direction ratios of the second, then the angle between these pair of

lines is given by
Direction ratios of L1 = (1,0,-1)
Direction ratios of L2 = (3,4,5)

The angle between the lines

Q 8.
If (a,b,c) be the direction ratios of the first line and (a’,b’,c’) be the
direction ratios of the second, then the angle between these pair of

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

lines is given by
Direction ratios of L1 = (-3,-2,0)
Direction ratios of L2 = (1,-3,2)
The angle between the lines

Q 9.
If (a,b,c) be the direction ratios of the first line and (a’,b’,c’) be the
direction ratios of the second, then the angle between these pair of

lines is given by
Direction ratios of L1 = (2,-3,4)
Direction ratios of L2 = (2,4,2)
The angle between the lines

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Hence, the lines are perpendicular to each other.

Q 10.
If (a,b,c) be the direction ratios of the first line and (a’,b’,c’) be the
direction ratios of the second, then the angle between these pair of

lines is given by
Direction ratios of L1 = (-3,2λ,2)
Direction ratios of L2 = (3λ,1,-5)
Since the lines are perpendicular to each other,
The angle between the lines

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q 11.
If (a,b,c) be the direction ratios of the first line and (a’,b’,c’) be the
direction ratios of the second, then the angle between these pair of

lines is given by
Direction ratios of L1 = (2,-2,1)
Direction ratios of L2 = (2,1,-2)
The angle between the lines

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Hence, the lines are perpendicular to each other.

Q 12.
(i) If (a,b,c) be the direction ratios of the first line and (a’,b’,c’) be
the direction ratios of the second, then the angle between these pair

of lines is given by

For the given lines, angle between them is given by

(ii): Direction ratios of L1 = (5,-12,13) & Direction ratios of L2 = (-

3,4,5)

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

If (a,b,c) be the direction ratios of the first line and (a’,b’,c’) be the
direction ratios of the second, then the angle between these pair of

lines is given by
The angle between the lines

(iii) Direction ratios of L1 = (1,1,2) & Direction ratios of L2 = (√3-

1,-√3-1,4)
If (a,b,c) be the direction ratios of the first line and (a’,b’,c’) be the
direction ratios of the second, then the angle between these pair of

lines is given by
The angle between the lines
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
(iv) Direction ratios of L1 = (a,b,c) & Direction ratios of L2 = ((b-
c),(c-a),(a-b))

If (a,b,c) be the direction ratios of the first line and (a’,b’,c’) be the
direction ratios of the second, then the angle between these pair of

lines is given by
The angle between the lines

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q 13.

The direction ratios of the line AB can be given by

((4-1),(5-2),(7-3))
=(3,3,4)
Similarly, the direction ratios of the line CD can be given by
((2+4),(9-3),(2+6))
=(6,6,8)
If (a,b,c) be the direction ratios of the first line and (a’,b’,c’) be the
direction ratios of the second, then the angle between these pair of

lines is given by
The angle between the given lines is

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Exercise- 27D
Q 1.
1. Cross Product :

If are two vectors

then,

2. Dot Product :

If are two vectors

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

then,

3. Shortest distance between two lines :

The shortest distance between the skew lines and

is given by,

For given lines

and

Therefore,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Now,

=3+0+7
= 10
Therefore, the shortest distance between the given lines is

Q 2.
1. Cross Product :

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

If are two vectors

then,

2. Dot Product :

If are two vectors

then,

3. Shortest distance between two lines :

The shortest distance between the skew lines and

is given by,

For given lines

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

 and

Therefore,

Now,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

= 6 + 60 – 4
= 62
Therefore, the shortest distance between the given lines is

Q 3.
1. Cross Product :

If are two vectors

then,

2. Dot Product :

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

If are two vectors

then,

3. Shortest distance between two lines :

The shortest distance between the skew lines and

is given by,

For given lines,

Therefore,
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
Now,

= - 27 + 9 + 27
=9
Therefore, the shortest distance between the given lines is

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q 4.
1. Cross Product :

If are two vectors

then,

2. Dot Product :

If are two vectors

then,
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
3. Shortest distance between two lines :

The shortest distance between the skew lines and

is given by,

For given lines,

Therefore,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

= 3√2

Now,

=-3+0–6
=-9
Therefore, the shortest distance between the given lines is

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q 5.
1. Cross Product :

If are two vectors

then,

2. Dot Product :

If are two vectors

then,

3. Shortest distance between two lines :

The shortest distance between the skew lines and

is given by,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

For given lines,

Therefore,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

= 12 – 28 + 0
= - 16
The shortest distance between the given lines is

Q 6.
1. Cross Product :

If are two vectors

then,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

2. Dot Product :

If are two vectors

then,

3. Shortest distance between two lines :

The shortest distance between the skew lines and

is given by,

For given lines,

Therefore,
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
= 150 + 4 + 18
= 172
Therefore, the shortest distance between the given lines is

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q 7.
1. Cross Product :

If are two vectors

then,

2. Dot Product :

If are two vectors

then,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

3. Shortest distance between two lines :

The shortest distance between the skew lines and

is given by,

Given lines,

On rearrangement

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Now,

= - 2 – 33 + 0
= - 35
Therefore, the shortest distance between the given lines is

Q 8.
1. Cross Product :

If are two vectors

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

then,

2. Dot Product :

If are two vectors

then,

3. Shortest distance between two lines :

The shortest distance between the skew lines and

is given by,

For given lines,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Above equations can be written as

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

=6+0+9
= 15
Therefore, the shortest distance between the given lines i

Q 9.
1. Cross Product :

If are two vectors

then,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

2. Dot Product :

If are two vectors

then,

3. Shortest distance between two lines :

The shortest distance between the skew lines and

is given by,

For given lines,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

=-1+0+0
=-1
the shortest distance between the given lines is

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

As d ≠ 0
Hence, the given lines do not intersect.

Q 10.
1. Cross Product :

If are two vectors

then,

2. Dot Product :

If are two vectors

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

then,

3. Shortest distance between two lines :

The shortest distance between the skew lines and

is given by,

For given lines,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

= - 68 + 256 + 0
= 188
Therefore, the shortest distance between the given lines is

As d ≠ 0
Hence, the given lines do not intersect.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q 11.
1. Cross Product :

If are two vectors

then,

2. Dot Product :

If are two vectors

then,

3. Shortest distance between two lines :

The shortest distance between the skew lines and

is given by,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

For given lines,

= 0 + 12 – 6
=6
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
Therefore, the shortest distance between the given lines is

As d ≠ 0
Hence, the given lines do not intersect.

Q 12.
1. Cross Product :

If are two vectors

then,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

2. Dot Product :

If are two vectors

then,

3. Shortest distance between two lines :

The shortest distance between the skew lines and

is given by,

For given lines,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

= - 15 – 18 + 33
=0
Therefore, the shortest distance between the given lines is

As d = 0

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Hence, the given lines not intersect each other.
Now, to find point of intersection, let us convert given vector
equations into Cartesian equations.

For that substituting in given equations,

General point on L1 is
x1 = 2λ+1 , y1 = 3λ+2 , z1 = 4λ+3
let, P(x1, y1, z1) be point of intersection of two given lines.
Therefore, point P satisfies equation of line L2

⇒ 4λ – 6 = 15λ + 5

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

⇒ 11λ = -11
⇒ λ = -1
Therefore, x1 = 2(-1)+1 , y1 = 3(-1)+2 , z1 = 4(-1)+3
⇒ x1 = -1 , y1 = -1 , z1 = -1

Hence point of intersection of given lines is (-1, -1, -1).

Q 13.
1. Cross Product :

If are two vectors

then,

2. Dot Product :

If are two vectors

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

then,

3. Shortest distance between two lines :

The shortest distance between the skew lines and

is given by,

For given lines,

As , given lines are parallel to each other.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

=7

Therefore, the shortest distance between the given lines is

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q 14.
1. Cross Product :

If are two vectors

then,

2. Dot Product :

If are two vectors

then,

3. Shortest distance between two lines :

The shortest distance between the skew lines and

is given by,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

For given lines,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Therefore, the shortest distance between the given lines is

Q 15.
1. Cross Product :

If are two vectors

then,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

2. Dot Product :

If are two vectors

then,

3. Shortest distance between two lines :

The shortest distance between the skew lines and

is given by,

As the required line is parallel to the line

Therefore, the vector parallel to the required line is

Given point A ≡ (2, 3, 2)

Therefore, equation of line passing through A and parallel to is

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Now, to calculate distance between above line and given line,

=7

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Therefore, the shortest distance between the given lines is

Q 16.
1. Cross Product :

If are two vectors

then,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

2. Dot Product :

If are two vectors

then,

3. Shortest distance between two lines :

The shortest distance between the skew lines and

is given by,

Given Cartesian equations of lines

Line L1 is passing through point (1, 2, -4) and has direction ratios
(2, 3, 6)

Therefore, vector equation of line L1 is

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Line L2 is passing through point (3, 3, -5) and has direction ratios
(4, 6, 12)
Therefore, vector equation of line L2 is

Now, to calculate distance between the lines,

As , given lines are parallel to each other.

Therefore,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

=7

Therefore, the shortest distance between the given lines is

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q 17.
1. Cross Product :

If are two vectors

then,

2. Dot Product :

If are two vectors

then,

3. Shortest distance between two lines :

The shortest distance between the skew lines and

is given by,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Given Cartesian equations of lines

Line L1 is passing through point (1, 2, 3) and has direction ratios (2,
3, 4)
Therefore, vector equation of line L1 is

Line L2 is passing through point (2, 3, 5) and has direction ratios (3,
4, 5)
Therefore, vector equation of line L2 is

Now, to calculate distance between the lines,

For

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

For

Taking

=-2+2–2
= -2
Therefore, the shortest distance between the given lines is

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q 18.
1. Cross Product :

If are two vectors

then,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

2. Dot Product :

If are two vectors

then,

3. Shortest distance between two lines :

The shortest distance between the skew lines and

is given by,

For lines

And

vector equation of line L1 is

And vector equation of line L2 is

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

distance between these lines is,

For

Hence,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

For

= 0 - 6 + 16
= 10
the shortest distance between the given lines is

Q 19.
1. Cross Product :

If are two vectors

then,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

2. Dot Product :

If are two vectors

then,

3. Shortest distance between two lines :

The shortest distance between the skew lines and

is given by,

Given Cartesian equations of lines

Line L1 is passing through point (12, 1, 5) and has direction ratios

(-9, 4, 2)

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Therefore, vector equation of line L1 is

And

Line L2 is passing through point (23, 10, 23) and has direction
ratios (-6, -4, 3)
Therefore, vector equation of line L2 is

Now, to calculate distance between the lines,

For

Therefore,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

= 65

Now,

= 220 + 135 + 1080

= 1435
The shortest distance between the given lines is

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Exercise 27 E
Q 1.
1. If line L1 has direction ratios (a1, a2, a3) and that of line L2 are
(b1, b2, b3) then lines L1 and L2 will be perpendicular to each other
if

2. Distance between two points A≡(a1, a2, a3) and B≡(b1, b2, b3) is
given by,

3. Equation of line passing through points A≡(x1, y1, z1) and B≡(x2,
y2, z2) is given by,

For lines

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Direction ratios of L1 and L2 are (3, -1, 1) and (-3, 2, 4)
respectively.
general point on line L1 is P≡(x1, y1, z1)

x1 = 3s+3 , y1 = -s+8 , z1 = s+3

and let, general point on line L2 is Q≡(x2, y2, z2)
x2 = -3t – 3 , y2 = 2t – 7 , z2 = 4t + 6

Direction ratios of are ((-3t – 3s - 6), (2t + s - 15), (4t – s + 3))

PQ will be the shortest distance if it perpendicular to both the given
lines
Therefore, by the condition of perpendicularity,
3(-3t – 3s - 6) – 1(2t + s - 15) + 1(4t – s + 3) = 0 and
-3(-3t – 3s - 6) + 2(2t + s - 15) + 4(4t – s + 3) = 0
⇒ -9t – 9s – 18 – 2t – s + 15 + 4t – s + 3 = 0 and
9t + 9s + 18 + 4t + 2s – 30 + 16t – 4s + 12 = 0
⇒ -7t – 11s = 0 and
29t + 7s = 0

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

On solving
t = 0 and s = 0
P ≡ (3, 8, 3) and Q ≡ (-3, -7, 6)
Now, distance between points P and Q is

Therefore, the shortest distance between two given lines is

Now, equation of line passing through points P and Q is,

Therefore, equation of line of shortest distance between two given

lines is
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
Q 2.
1. If line L1 has direction ratios (a1, a2, a3) and that of line L2 are
(b1, b2, b3) then lines L1 and L2 will be perpendicular to each other
if

2. Distance between two points A≡(a1, a2, a3) and B≡(b1, b2, b3) is
given by,

3. Equation of line passing through points A≡(x1, y1, z1) and B≡(x2,
y2, z2) is given by,

For lines

Direction ratios of L1 and L2 are (-1, 2, 1) and (1, 3, 2)

respectively.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

general point on line L1 is P≡(x1, y1, z1)
x1 = -s+3 , y1 = 2s+4 , z1 = s-2
and let, general point on line L2 is Q≡(x2, y2, z2)
x2 = t+1 , y2 = 3t – 7 , z2 = 2t - 2

Direction ratios of are ((t + s – 2), (3t – 2s – 11), (2t – s))

PQ will be the shortest distance if it perpendicular to both the given
lines
Therefore, by the condition of perpendicularity,
-1(t + s – 2) + 2(3t – 2s – 11) + 1(2t – s) = 0 and
1(t + s – 2) + 3(3t – 2s – 11) + 2(2t – s) = 0
⇒ - t – s + 2 + 6t – 4s – 22 + 2t – s = 0 and
t + s – 2 + 9t – 6s – 33 + 4t – 2s = 0
⇒ 7t – 6s = 20 and
14t - 7s = 35
Solving above two equations, we get,
t = 2 and s = -1
P ≡ (4, 2, -3) and Q ≡ (3, -1, 2)
distance between points P and Q is given by
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
Therefore, the shortest distance between two given lines is

Now, equation of line passing through points P and Q is,

Therefore, equation of line of shortest distance between two given

lines is

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q 3.
1. If line L1 has direction ratios (a1, a2, a3) and that of line L2 are
(b1, b2, b3) then lines L1 and L2 will be perpendicular to each other
if

2. Distance between two points A≡(a1, a2, a3) and B≡(b1, b2, b3) is
given by,

3. Equation of line passing through points A≡(x1, y1, z1) and B≡(x2,
y2, z2) is given by,

For lines

Direction ratios of L1 and L2 are (2, 1, -3) and (2, -7, 5)

respectively.
Let, general point on line L1 is P≡(x1, y1, z1)
x1 = 2s-1 , y1 = s+1 , z1 = -3s+9
and let, general point on line L2 is Q≡(x2, y2, z2)

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

x2 = 2t+3 , y2 = -7t – 15 , z2 = 5t + 9

Direction ratios of are ((5t - 2s + 10), (-7t – s – 16), (5t + 3s))

PQ will be the shortest distance if it perpendicular to both the given
lines
Therefore, by the condition of perpendicularity,
2(5t - 2s + 10) + 1(-7t – s – 16) - 3(5t + 3s) = 0 and

2(5t - 2s + 10) – 7(-7t – s – 16) + 5(5t + 3s) = 0

⇒ 10t – 4s + 20 - 7t – s - 16 - 15t – 9s = 0 and

10t - 4s + 20 + 49t + 7s + 112 + 25t + 15s = 0

⇒ -12t – 14s = -4 and

84t + 18s = -132

Solving above two equations, we get,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
t = -2 and s = 2

P ≡ (3, 3, 3) and Q ≡ (-1, -1, -1)

the distance between points P and Q is

Therefore, the shortest distance between two given lines is

Now, equation of line passing through points P and Q is

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

⇒
Therefore, equation of line of shortest distance between two given
lines is
x=y=z

Q 4.
1. If line L1 has direction ratios (a1, a2, a3) and that of line L2 are
(b1, b2, b3) then lines L1 and L2 will be perpendicular to each other
if

2. Distance between two points A≡(a1, a2, a3) and B≡(b1, b2, b3) is
given by,

3. Equation of line passing through points A≡(x1, y1, z1) and B≡(x2,
y2, z2) is given by,

for lines

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Direction ratios of L1 and L2 are (3, -1, 1) and (-3, 2, 4)
respectively.
Let, general point on line L1 is P≡(x1, y1, z1)
x1 = 3s+6 , y1 = -s+7 , z1 = s+4
and let, general point on line L2 is Q≡(x2, y2, z2)
x2 = -3t , y2 = 2t – 9 , z2 = 4t + 2

Direction ratios of are ((-3t - 3s - 6), (2t + s – 16), (4t – s – 2))

PQ will be the shortest distance if it perpendicular to both the given
lines
Therefore, by the condition of perpendicularity,

3(-3t - 3s - 6) - 1(2t + s – 16) + 1(4t – s – 2) = 0 and

-3(-3t - 3s - 6) + 2(2t + s – 16) + 4(4t – s – 2) = 0
⇒ -9t - 9s - 18 - 2t – s + 16 + 4t – s – 2 = 0 and
9t + 9s + 18 + 4t + 2s – 32 + 16t – 4s – 8 = 0
⇒ -7t – 11s = 4 and
29t + 7s = -22
Solving above two equations, we get,
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
t = 1 and s = -1
therefore,
P ≡ (3, 8, 3) and Q ≡ (-3, -7, 6)
Now, distance between points P and Q is

Therefore, the shortest distance between two given lines is

Now, equation of line passing through points P and Q is,

Therefore, equation of line of shortest distance between two given

lines is
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
Q 5.
1. Cross Product :

If are two vectors

then,

2. Dot Product :

If are two vectors

then,

3. Shortest distance between two lines :

The shortest distance between the skew lines and

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

 is given by,

For lines

Line L1 is passing through point (0, 2, -3) and has direction ratios
(1, 2, 3)
Therefore, vector equation of line L1 is

Line L2 is passing through point (2, 6, 3) and has direction ratios (2,
3, 4)
Therefore, vector equation of line L2 is

Now, to calculate distance between the lines,

For

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Therefore,

Now,

=-2+8–6
=0
the shortest distance between the given lines is

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Because d = 0

given lines intersect each other.

General point on L1 is
x1 = λ , y1 = 2λ+2 , z1 = 3λ-3
let, P(x1, y1, z1) be point of intersection of two given lines.

Therefore, point P satisfies equation of line L2.

⇒ 3λ – 6 = 4λ – 8
⇒λ=2
Therefore, x1 = 2 , y1 = 2(2)+2 , z1 = 3(2)-3
⇒ x1 = 2 , y1 = 6 , z1 = 3

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Hence point of intersection of given lines is (2, 6, 3).

Q 6.
1. Cross Product :

If are two vectors

then,

2. Dot Product :

If are two vectors

then,

3. Shortest distance between two lines :

The shortest distance between the skew lines and

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
 is given by,

For lines

Line L1 is passing through point (1, -1, 1) and has direction ratios
(3, 2, 5)
Therefore, vector equation of line L1 is

Line L2 is passing through point (2, 1, -1) and has direction ratios
(2, 3, -2)

vector equation of line L2 is given by

Now, to calculate distance between the lines,

For

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Therefore,

Also,

= - 19 + 32 – 10 = 3
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
Therefore, the shortest distance between the given lines is

As d ≠ 0
Hence, given lines do not intersect each other.

Exercise- 27F
Q 1.
We know that if (l,m,n) are the direction ratios of a given line then

direction cosines are given by , ,

Here l = 2 , m = -1 , n = -2
Direction cosines of the line with direction ratios 2, -1, -2 is

, ,

= , , = , ,

= , ,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Direction cosines of the line with direction ratios 2, -1, -2

is , ,

Q 2.
We know that if (l,m,n) are the direction ratios of a given line then

direction cosines are given by , ,

The line is = =
Here l = -2 , m = 6 , n = -3

Direction cosines of the line = = is

, ,

= , , = , ,

= , ,

Direction cosines of the line = = is , ,

Q 3.
We know that if (l,m,n) are the direction ratios of a given line then

direction cosines are given by , ,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
The line is = =

Parallel lines have same direction ratios and direction cosines

Here l = 3 , m = -2 , n = 6

Direction cosines of the line = = is

, ,

= , , = , ,

= , ,

Direction cosines of the line parallel to the line = = is

, ,

Q 4.

We know that if a line is given by = = then equation

of parallel

line passing through the point (p,q,r) is = =

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

For l = -3 , m = 2 , n = 6 and p = 1 , q = -2 , r = 3

The line parallel to the line and passing

through the point (1,-2,3) is given by

= =

= =

The line parallel to the line and passing

through the point

(1,-2,3) is given by = =

Q 5.

We know that if a line is given by = = then equation

of parallel

line passing through the point (p,q,r) is = =

For line = =

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

l = 3 , m = -5 , n = 6 and p = -2 , q = 4 , r = -5

The line parallel to the line and passing

through the point
(-2,4,-5) is given by

= =

= =

The line parallel to the line and passing

through the point

(-2,4,-5) is given by = =

Q 6.

Given : A line

To find : vector equation of a line

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Formula used : If a line is given by = = = λ then

vector equation of the line is given by = a + b + c + λ (l +

m +n )

Here a = 5 , b = -4 , c = 6 and l = 3 , m = 7 , n = -2

Substituting the above values,we get

= 5 - 4 + 6 + λ (3 + 7 - 2 )

The vector equation of a line is given by

= 5 - 4 + 6 + λ (3 + 7 - 2 )

Q 7.

Formula used : If a line is given by = = = λ then

vector equation of the line is given by = a + b + c + λ (l +

m +n )

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

The given line is = =

Here a = 3 , b = -4 , c = 3 and l = -5 , m = 7 , n = 2

Substituting the above values,we get

= 3 - 4 + 3 + λ (-5 + 7 + 2 )

The vector equation of a line is given by = =

= 3 - 4 + 3 + λ (-5 + 7 + 2 )

Q 8.

Formula used : If a line is parallel to = = and passing

through the point (p,q,r) then vector equation of the line is given

by = p + q + r + λ (l + m + n )

The given line is = =

Here p = 1 , q = -1 , c = 2 and l = 1 , m = 2 , n = 2
Substituting the above values,we get

= 1 - 1 + 2 + λ (1 + 2 + 2 )

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

The vector equation of a line passing through the point (1, -1, 2) and

parallel to the line whose equations are is

given by

= - +2 +λ( +2 +2 )

Q 9.
Formula used : if P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) be two given points
then direction
ratios of PQ is given by x2 x1 , y2 y1 , z2 z1
x1 = 1, y1 = 5 , z1 = 4 and x2 = 4, y2 = 1 , z2 = -2
Direction ratios of PQ is given by x2 x1 , y2 y1 , z2 z1
Direction ratios of PQ is given by 4 1, 1 5, 2 4
Direction ratios of PQ is given by 3, 4, 6
Direction ratios of PQ is given by 3, 4, 6

Q 10.

We know that if a line is given by = = then direction

cosines are given by , ,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

The line is = =
Parallel lines have same direction ratios and direction cosines
Here l = -2 , m = 2 , n = 1

Direction cosines of the line = = is

, ,

= , , = , ,

= , ,

Direction cosines of the line parallel to the line = = is

, ,

Q 11.

We know that if a line is given by = = = λ then vector

equation of the line is given by = a + b + c + λ (l + m + n )

The given line is = =

Here a = 1 , b = -2 , c = 5 and l = 2 , m = 3 , n = -1

Substituting the above values,we get

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
 = 1 - 2 + 5 + λ (2 + 3 - 1 )

The vector equation of a line is given by

= 1 - 2 + 5 + λ (2 + 3 - 1 )

Q 12.

We know that if a line is parallel to the vector (l + m + n )

and passing through the point (p,q,r) then vector equation of the line
is given by

= p + q + r + λ (l + m + n )
Here p = 1 , q = 2 , c = 3 and l = 3 , m = 2 , n = -2
Substituting the above values,we get

= 1 + 2 + 3 + λ (3 + 2 - 2 )
The vector equation of a line passing through the point (1, 2, 3) and

parallel to the vector is = + 2 + 3 + λ (3 +

2 -2 )

Q 13.
We know that if the vector equation of the line is given by
Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions
 = p + q + r + λ (l + m + n ) then its Cartesian equation is
given by

= =

The vector equation of a line is

Here p = 2, q = 1, r = -4 and l = 1,m = -1,n = -1
Cartesian equation is given by

= =

= =

Cartesian equation of the line is given by = =

Q 14.

We know that if a line is given by = = then equation

of parallel

line passing through the point (p,q,r) is given by = =

The given line is = =

Here l = 3 , m = 5 , n = 6 and p = -2 , q = 4 , r = -5

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

The line parallel to the line and passing
through the point (-2,4,-5) is given by

= =

= =

The line parallel to the line and passing

through the point

(-2,4,-5) is given by = =

Q 15.
We know that if a line which passes through the point having
position vector

p + q + r and is in the direction of the vector l + m + n then

its Cartesian equation is given by

= =

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

A line which passes through the point having position

vector and is in the direction of the

vector

Here l = 1 , m = 2 , n = -1 and p = 2 , q = -1 , r = 4

= =

= =
The Cartesian equation of a line which passes through the point
having

position vector and is in the direction of the

vector is

= =

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q 16.

We know that for the lines a + b + c + λ(p + q + r ) and d +

e + f + λ(l + m + n ) the angle between them ‘θ’ is given by

θ=

the

lines and

Here p = 3 , q = 2 , r = 6 and l = 1 , m = 2 , n = 2

θ= =

θ= = =

θ=

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

The angle between the

lines and

is

Q 17.

We know that for the lines = = and = =

the angle between them ‘θ’ is given by

θ=

The lines are and

Here p = 3 , q = 5 , r = 4 and l = 1 , m = 1 , n = 2

θ= =

θ= = =

θ=

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

The angle between the

lines and

is

Q 18.

We know that for the lines = = and = =

the angle between them ‘θ’ is given by

θ=

The lines and .

Here p = 7 , q = -5 , r = 1 and l = 1 , m = 2 , n = 3

θ= =

θ= = = 90°
θ = 90°

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

The Lines and are at right angles.

Q 19.
We know that if (l,m,n) are the direction ratios of a given line then

direction cosines are given by , ,

Here l = 2 , m = 6 , n = -9
Direction cosines of the line with direction ratios 2, 6 , -9 is

, ,

= , , = , ,

= , ,
Direction cosines of the line with direction ratios 2, 6, -9

is , ,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q 20.
If a line makes angles αo, βo and γo with the positive directions of x-
axis, y-axis and z-axis respectively. then direction cosines are given
by , ,
α = 90o, β = 135o and γ = 45o

Direction cosines of the line is

, ,
, ,

0, ,

Direction cosines of the line is 0, ,

Q 21.
If a line makes angles αo, βo and γo with the positive directions of x-
axis, y-axis and z-axis respectively. then direction cosines are given
by , ,
y-axis makes 90 o with the x and z axes
α = 90o, β = 0 o and γ = 90 o
Direction cosines of the line is

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

 , ,
0, 1, 0
Direction cosines of the line is 0, 1 , 0

Q 22.
We know that if (l,m,n) are the direction ratios of a given line then

direction cosines are given by , ,

Here l = 2 , m = 1 , n = -2
Direction cosines of the line with direction ratios 2, 1, -2 is

, ,

= , , = , ,

= , ,

Direction cosines of the vector is , ,

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q 23.

For the vector l + m + n and x-axis then the angle between the
lines ‘θ’ is given by

θ=
Here l = 4 , m = 8 , n = 1

θ= =

θ= =

θ=

The angle between the vector and the x-axis is

Objective Exercise
Q 1.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

The negative sign does not affect anything in cosine as cosine is
positive in the fourth quadrant.

Q 2.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q 3.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Negative sign does not affect anything in cosine as cosine is
positive in fourth quadrant

Q 4.
If the lines are perpendicular to each other, then the angle between
these lines will be 900, then

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q 5.
For the equation of the line

Parallel vector=

Using fixed point is 2î -ĵ +4k̂

Equation

Or

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q 6.
For

Q 7.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q 8.
If a line is perpendicular to two given lines we can find out the
parallel vector by cross product of the given two vectors.

the direction cosines are given by

Direction cosine are

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q 9.

For fixed point and parallel vector

Equation is

Q 10.

For fixed point (1,-2,5) and the parallel vector

Equation is (î -2ĵ +5k̂ )+α ( )

Q 11.

For fixed point is and the parallel

vector

Equation is

Q 12.

Taking fixed point as and the parallel vector will

be
equation of the line in cartesian form

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Assuming

In y-z plane x-coordinate is zero,

Solving for y and z

The coordinate where the line meets y-z plane is

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q 13.
For Vector equation we require a fixed point and a parallel vector.
For x-axis fixed point can be anything ranging from negative to
positive including origin and parallel vector is î
Hence equation is λ î

Q 14.

For point and the vector

Equation is

Q 15.

For

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Q 16.
For cos90° = 0 angle made by it with z-axis is 900

Q 17.

=1

Q 18.
For two parallel lines then their direction ratios must have a relation

Q 19.

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions

Class XII www.vedantu.com RS Aggarwal Solutions