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Lecture 1

The document outlines the fundamentals of process control and instrumentation, including key terminology and components of a control loop. It emphasizes the importance of accuracy, stability, and safety in monitoring process variables such as temperature and pressure. Additionally, it introduces various concepts such as set points, measured variables, and control algorithms essential for effective process management.

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mbzeelah
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views

Lecture 1

The document outlines the fundamentals of process control and instrumentation, including key terminology and components of a control loop. It emphasizes the importance of accuracy, stability, and safety in monitoring process variables such as temperature and pressure. Additionally, it introduces various concepts such as set points, measured variables, and control algorithms essential for effective process management.

Uploaded by

mbzeelah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 1: Process Control and

Instrumentation

B.Mabusela
Objectives
• Basic understanding of process control
• Important process control terminology
• Major components of a process loop
• Instrumentation P&ID symbols
What is instrumentation
The use of
measuring
instruments to
monitor and control a
process variables

Instrumentation

Variables such as
temperature,
pressure, flow, level,
speed
Why Process Control?
• Accuracy
• Stability
• Ensure quality
• Increase efficiency
• Safety
Process Control Terminology

Control loop
Example of control loop
Process variables
• Is a condition of the process fluid that can change the manufacturing
process in some way. Examples:
o Pressure
o Flow
o Temperature
o Level
o Density
o pH
o Mass
o Conductivity
Controller
• Set point/reference value - is a value for a
process variable that is desired to be
maintained
• Measured variable - is the condition of the
process fluid that must be kept at the designated
set point
• Manipulated variable - The factor that is changed to
keep the measured variable at se tpoint
• Process variable -
Sometimes the measured variable is not the same as the process
variable. For example, a manufacturer may measure flow into and out
of a storage tank to determine tank level. In this scenario, flow is the
measured variable, and the process fluid level is the process variable
• Error – is the difference between the measured variable
and the set point and can be either positive or negative

• Magnitude – The magnitude of the error is simply the


deviation between the values
of the set point and the process variable

• Duration - Duration refers to the length of time that


an error condition has
existed.
• Offset- Is a sustained deviation of the process variable
from the set point. In the temperature control loop
example, if the control system held the process fluid at
100.5 °C consistently, even though the set point is 100
°C, then an offset of 0.5 °C exists
• Load disturbance - is an undesired change in one of the
factors that can affect the process variable.
• Control Algorithm - is a mathematical expression of a
control function
Open Control Loop
Closed Loop
Components of Control Loop
Instrumentation, Systems and
Automation (ISA) Symbols
Signal lines
Tag Numbers
ISA Symbol Review

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