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CBSE G+09 Triangles Notes

This document covers the topic of triangles for Grade 09, focusing on congruence, criteria for congruence (SAS, ASA, AAS, SSS, RHS), and properties of triangles. It explains the difference between congruency and similarity, detailing how to determine if triangles are congruent based on their sides and angles. Additionally, it includes theorems related to isosceles triangles and the relationships between angles and sides.

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sunesh029
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4 views

CBSE G+09 Triangles Notes

This document covers the topic of triangles for Grade 09, focusing on congruence, criteria for congruence (SAS, ASA, AAS, SSS, RHS), and properties of triangles. It explains the difference between congruency and similarity, detailing how to determine if triangles are congruent based on their sides and angles. Additionally, it includes theorems related to isosceles triangles and the relationships between angles and sides.

Uploaded by

sunesh029
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter Notes

Triangles

Grade 09
Topics to be Covered

1. Introduction to
Congruence
• 1.1. Congruency Vs Similarity
• 1.2. Congruence of Triangles

2. Criteria for
Congruence
• 2.1. SAS Congruence Rule
• 2.2. ASA Congruence Rule
• 2.3. AAS Congruence Rule
• 2.4. SSS Congruence Rule
• 2.5. RHS Congruence Rule

3. Properties of
Triangle
• 3.1. Angles opposite to
equal sides of an isosceles
triangle are equal
• 3.2. The sides opposite to
equal angles of a triangle
are equal
1. Introduction to Congruence

1.1. Congruency Vs Similarity

Same shape Same shape


Same size Different size
In the above pictures we can observe that in Picture 1
we have two bottles of same shape and same size that
means bottle are identical and in Picture 2 we have
bottles with same shape but different size, that means
bottles are not identical.

In similar way, in geometry, when we have two identical


shapes, i.e., with same shape and same size then we say
that the figures are congruent.
If two shapes have same shape but different size then
the figures are said to be similar.

Congruent shapes Similar shapes


1. Introduction to Congruence

1.2. Congruency of Triangles

𝐀 𝐏

𝐁 𝐂 𝐐 𝐑

Consider two triangles with


• 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑃𝑄
• 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑄𝑅
• 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑃𝑅
• ∠𝐴 = ∠𝑃
• ∠𝐵 = ∠𝑄
• ∠𝐶 = ∠𝑅

Thus, the corresponding sides and angles of the given


two triangles are equal.
Hence, we say that the given triangles are congruent.
The symbol used to denote congruence of triangles is ≅.

For the given case we write the congruence as


∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅

• The order of vertices is important while denoting


congruence of triangles
• In congruent triangles corresponding parts are equal
and we write in short ‘CPCT’ for corresponding parts
of congruent triangles.
2. Criteria for Congruence

2.1. SAS Congruence Rule

If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are


equal to two sides and the included angle of the other
triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

𝐀 𝐗

𝐁 𝟒. 𝟓 𝐜𝐦 𝐂 𝐘 𝟒. 𝟓 𝐜𝐦 𝐙

We can observe that two adjacent sides of one triangle


are equal to two adjacent sides of another triangle, i.e.,
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑋𝑌 (Side)
𝐵𝐶 = 𝑍𝑌 (Side)
Further, the included angle of first triangle is equal to
included angle of second triangle. i.e.,
∠𝐶 = ∠𝑌 (Included Angle)
In such cases as per the SAS Congruence Criterion, the
triangles are said to be congruent.
∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∆𝑋𝑍𝑌
Then by CPCT it follows that
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑋𝑍
∠𝐴 = ∠𝑋
∠𝐵 = ∠𝑍
2. Criteria for Congruence

Why SSA or ASS doesn’t work?

SSA stand for side - side – angle, where 𝐴 is not the


included angle.
ASS stand for angle - side – side, where 𝐴 is not the
included angle.

𝐐 𝐑 𝑩 𝑪
𝟓 𝐜𝐦 𝟓 𝐜𝐦

In the above two triangles, ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 and ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶


𝑃𝑄 = 𝐴𝐵 = 4 cm
𝑄𝑅 = 𝐵𝐶 = 5 cm
∠𝑅 = ∠𝐶
Both the triangles have two sides and one angle equal,
where ∠𝑅 and ∠𝐶 are not included angles, we can see
that the triangles are not congruent.

Hence, we can say that SSA or ASS does not work


always.
2. Criteria for Congruence

2.2. ASA Congruence Rule

If two angles and the included side of one triangle are


equal to two angles and the included side of the other
triangle, then the two triangles are congruent by ASA
rule.

A P

≌
B C Q R

From the figure we can observe the congruent pairs,


∠𝐵 = ∠𝑄 (Angle)
𝐵𝐶 = 𝑄𝑅 (Included Side)
∠𝐶 = ∠𝑅 (Angle)

In such cases as per the ASA Congruence Criterion, the


triangles are said to be congruent.
∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅

Then by CPCT it follows that


𝐴𝐵 = 𝑃𝑄
∠𝐴 = ∠𝐵
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑃𝑅
2. Criteria for Congruence

2.3. AAS Congruence Rule

Two triangles are congruent by AAS if any two pairs of


angles and one pair of corresponding sides are equal.

A P

≌
B C Q R

From the figure we can observe the congruent pairs,


∠𝐴 = ∠𝑃 (Angle)
𝐵𝐶 = 𝑄𝑅 (Side not included)
∠𝐶 = ∠𝑅 (Angle)

In such cases as per the AAS Congruence Criterion, the


triangles are said to be congruent.
∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅

Then by CPCT it follows that


𝐴𝐵 = 𝑃𝑄
∠𝐵 = ∠𝑄
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑃𝑅
2. Criteria for Congruence

2.4. SSS Congruence Rule

Two triangles are congruent by SSS if all the three


pairs of sides are equal in length.

A E

≌
B C F G

From the figure we can observe the congruent pairs,


𝐴𝐵 = 𝐸𝐹 (Side)
𝐵𝐶 = 𝐹𝐺 (Side)
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐸𝐺 (Side)

In such cases as per the SSS Congruence Criterion, the


triangles are said to be congruent.
∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∆𝐸𝐹𝐺
Then by CPCT it follows that
∠𝐴 = ∠𝐸
∠𝐵 = ∠𝐹
∠𝐶 = ∠𝐺
2. Criteria for Congruence

2.5. RHS Congruence Rule

If one side and the hypotenuse of one right-angled


triangle are equal to one side and the hypotenuse of
another right-angled triangle, then the two triangles are
congruent by RHS rule.

M X

≌
N O Y Z

From the figure we can observe the congruent pairs,


𝑀𝑁 = 𝑋𝑌 (Side)
𝑀𝑂 = 𝑋𝑍 (Hypotenuse)
∠𝑁 = ∠𝑌 (Each 90°)

In such cases as per the RHS Congruence Criterion, the


triangles are said to be congruent.
∆𝑀𝑁𝑂 ≅ ∆𝑋𝑌𝑍

Then by CPCT it follows that


∠𝑀 = ∠𝑋
∠𝑂 = ∠𝑍
𝑁𝑂 = 𝑌𝑍
3. Properties of Triangle

Theorem: The angles opposite to equal sides of an


isosceles triangle are equal.

𝐂 𝐁
• If 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶, then ∠𝐵 = ∠𝐶.
• If 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶, then ∠𝐴 = ∠𝐶.
• If 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶, then ∠𝐴 = ∠𝐵.

Theorem: The sides opposite to equal angles of a triangle


are equal.

𝐂 𝐁
• If ∠𝐵 = ∠𝐶, then 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶.
• If ∠𝐴 = ∠𝐶, then 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶.
• If ∠𝐴 = ∠𝐵, then 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶.
Mind Map

Congruency Congruence of
vs Similarity Triangles

Introduction
to Congruence

Properties of
Triangles
Triangle

Criteria for
Congruence

AAS SAS
SSS RHS

ASA

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