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HOW TO CRACK THE

WRITING
TEST W

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HOW TO CRACK THE IELTS WRITTING TEST - VOL 1

Copyright© O ng Tran Tung, 2020

Sach dU'Q'C xuat ban va phat hanh theo hqp dong hqp tac xuat ban

d<)c quyen ky ket giO,a tac gia va Cong ty Co phan Sach Alpha, 2019

Khong phan nao trong xuat ban ph m nay dU'Q'C phep sao chep hay

phat hanh dU'&i bat ky hlnh thll'c ho c phLI'ang ti n nao ma khong c6 Sl,J'

cho phep trU'&c bang van ban cua Cong ty C6 phan Sach Alpha.

Chung toi luon mong mu6n nh n dU'Q'C nhO,ng y kien d6ng g6p

cua quy vi doc gia d sach ngay cang hoan thi n han.

G6p y ve sach, lien h ve ban thao va ban

djch: [email protected]

Lien h hqp tac ve noi dung s6:

[email protected] Lien h hqp tac xuat ban &

truyen thong tren sach: [email protected]

Lien h djch Vt) tU' van, dc;1i di n & giao djch ban

quyen: [email protected]

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HOWTOCRACK

Giai md m9i d9ng bai

t ong IELTS Writing Task 2

NHA XUAT BAN

. ... ...EGl<'.11
T H

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LCJI KHEN TA• NG

"How to crack the IELTS Writing test- Vol 1 provides

idiomatic and more complex vocabulary within the
contexts of model essay. A billingual asset for Vietnamese
IELTS candidates, it uses a range
of dynamic visual and typographical features to
create an authentic and impactful resource for mid-
to-high-level learners."

T.S. Martin B. Andrew, Chuyen gia PhU'<>'ng phap

Giao dt.,1c Xuyen nganh va Xuyen qu6c gia

"How to crack the IELTS Writing test- Vol 1 c6 each truylm d t

dung tr9ng tam, de hieu va hi$u qua. NgLI'ai hQc dLI'Q'C
tiep c$n nhieu chu de da d ng va c$p nh$t thu9c cac chu
diem thU'ang g$p trong kl thi IELTS. Moi chu
de cung cap cho ngLI'ai hQc nhO,ng hLI'&ng dan ngan g9n
de tU"ng bU'&c chu n bi y tU'&ng, nang cap tU" Vl,.l'ng, cai
thi$n ngO, phap, t6 ch(rc va hoan thi$n bai viet. Toi tin tLI'&ng
cu6n sach la m6n qua y nghTa ma Tung va cac c9ng Sl,.I' d§y
tam huyet danh t$ng cho cac thf
sinh IELTS."

Co Tr n Th! Hieu Thuy, Th c si TESOL, giang vien PhU'<>'ng phap Giang d y tieng Anh,
khoa SU' ph m tieng Anh - trU"c>-ng D i h9c Ngo i ng[I' - D i h9c Qu6c gia HaN9i

"Toi dU'Q'C 9.0 IELTS Writing va dang h9c them tU'

cu6n sach nay."

Vu Hai Dang - Chevenor, 9.0 IELTS Writing

41 HOW TO CRACK THE IELTS WRITING TEST - VOL 1

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"Bf kfp bo tui khong the bo qua cho nhO,ng ai muon

gianh diem cao trong bai thi IELTS Writing. Cuon sach
cung cap nhO,ng chf dan chi tiet ve phLl'O'ng phap thl,l'c
hanh den tll' nhO,ng thf sinh IELTS thanh cong nhM Vi$t
Nam. Qua each trinh bay de hieu va de vc;1n d1,1ng, cac
tac gia da gi&i thi$u t&i ngLl'ai d9c nhieu each tiep cc;1n
m(>t chu de v&i nhieu g6c nhin
da d,,rng nhtmg van rat gan gOi v&i CUQC song. Qua d6, ngl.l'ai
d9c c6 the tl,I' tin luy$n thi IELTS Writing va dc;1t dl.l'Q'C
thanh cong tren con dl.l'cmg h9c van tl.l'O'ng lai."

Thay Nguyen Tuan Hai, Fullbrighter, Th c si Princeton, CEO tnvang Quoc te My St.
Nicholas t i Oa Nang

"Vi$c tlm cho mlnh m<)t ngll'&i hl.l'&ng dan tot va m<)t
cuon sach tham khao hO,u fch khi h9c IELTS la hai dieu
ClJ'C kl quan tr9ng quyet djnh thanh bc;ii cua vi$c
dc;it dl.l'Q'C band diem nhU' mong muon. Va How to
crack the IELTS Writing test - Vol 1 c6 du ca hai dieu
d6. TLl'ng trang sach la tam huyet va thanh qua nghien
CLl'U nghiem tuc cua cac tac gia. V&i nhO,ng ai dang cam
thay ap ll,l'c n$ng ne trong phan thi dl.l'Q'C
nhieu ngLl'ai danh gia la kh6 nhat cua IELTS - Writing Task 2
- thl day chfnh la cuon sach bc;in nen c6 tren tay."

Nguyen Ha Duy, Tn.v6'ng ban Giao d1,1c - Khoa hc;>c Kenh14.vn

LOI KHEN TANG I5

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DOI LOI TAC GIA

Viet chac la ki nang t6i dam du6i nhat trong b6n ki nang cua IELTS.

Trang qua trlnh tlm hieu ve ki nang Viet, m(>t trang nhO,ng phLI'ang phap giup t6i kh6ng chi
nang band diem Writing ma con tr& thanh m(>t nglJ'ai viet tieng Anh t6t han d6 la tham khao
cac bai van mau. Sau khi d6i chieu rat nhieu bai thu(>c nhieu chu de, dU'Q'C viet b&i nhieu tac
gia khac nhau v&i cac each tiep c n kh6ng ai gi6ng ai, t6i da hlnh thanh dU'Q'C cho mlnh
phong each rieng. Va d6 la dieu t6i hi v9ng d(>c gia cua How to crack the IELTS Writing test - Vol.
1 c6 the lam dU'Q'C sau khi dQc xong cu6n sach.

John Mayer la nghE;l si guitar ma t6i rat ham m(>. Trang m(>t video dc;1y chai bai hat do anh
sang tac, John c6 n6i m(>t cau ma toi nh& mai: "OLl'ng chi hoc chai m(>t doc;1n nhc;1c ma bc;1n
thfch, hay hQc y tU'&ng truyen cam hll'ng cho doc;1n nhc;1c d6. Bc;1n se gi6i han gap 10 Ian." Oay
thl,J'c Sl,J' la tinh thfm ma t6i mu6n truyen tai qua cu6n sach nay. Toi khong mu6n
cac bc;1n viet gi6ng toi va PhLI'ang. Toi khong mu6n cac bc;1n hoc thu(>c bai mau ma chung t6i viet
va be nguyen chung vao trang phong thi. Cai chung toi mu6n la bc;1n hieu dU'Q'C tc;1i
sao chung toi lc;1i viet nhlJ' v y, tc;1i sao chung toi dung tll' nhU' v y, va lam the nao chung toi
den.dlJ'Q'C cai dfch la m(>t bai viet hoan chinh tll' m(>t dan y tho SO'. Do d6, thay vl chi viet cac
bai van mau va xuat ban chung nhlJ' m(>t tuyen t p van hQc, PhU'ang va toi da
xay dl,J'ng m(>t hE;l th6ng bai t p di kem v&i tll'ng bai viet de cac bc;1n c6 the lam chu nhCmg tinh
hoa trang van cua chung t6i va ap d1,1ng n6 vao bai viet cua cac bc;1n. Neu cac bc;1n c6 the lam
dU'Q'C dieu d6 sau khi gap.lc;1i cu6n sach nay thl tl.l'c la chung toi da thanh cong.

Nhan day, toi mu6n cam an ngLI'ai c(>ng Sl,J' da d6ng hanh cung toi trang su6t qua trlnh lam sach,
ngLI'ai em, nglJ'ai d6ng nghiE;lp va ngLI'ai giao vien toi rat ne ph1,1c - co O ng Bfch PhU'ang. Toi
cOng mu6n gLl'i lai cam an t&i d(>i ngO Alpha Books da tin tU'&ng toi va PhLI'ang v&i dl,J' an
sach th(y hai nay trong series How to crack the IELTS test. Cam an chi Le, chi Thu, chi
PhLI'ang Anh cung nhCmg anh hung tham l ng trang team thiet ke, marketing va tat ca cac bQ
ph n ma neu khong c6 hQ, cu6n sach nay se khong the hiE;)n hlnh tren tay cua d(>c gia.

Cu6i cung, cam an Hoa, vq cua anh. Cam an em da luon luon "d(mg vien" (thuc) anh hoan
thanh cu6n sach, dlJ'a ra nhfrng g6p y hO,u fch trong qua trlnh san xuat va ph6i ket hqp gifra The
IELTS Workshop va Alpha Books de d(ya con tinh than nay c6 the ra dai."

Tac gia D ng Tran Tung

6 I HOW TO CRACK THE IELTS WRITING TEST - VOL 1

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TLI' h6i tieu h9c, t6i da c6 niem yeu thich d c bi$t v&i m6n tieng Anh va Van h9c. St,J' say me ay
van cuon lay t6i nhieu nam ve sau, khien t6i mi$t mai luy$n viet va mi$t mai tim toi nhQtng
phU'O'ng th(pc d<;ty viet hi$u qua nhat cho h9c sinh cua minh.

Trong qua trinh tim each be kh6a IELTS Writing, t6i thU'&ng d9c cac bai lu n cua nhfrng chuyen
gia IELTS va ca cac "cao thu" trong lang IELTS Vi$t. Ban dau, t6i phan tfch bai va thl.l' bat
chU'&c, dan dan tfch IOy kinh nghil;)m cho minh, rc'>i chuyen sang tlm each thoat kh6i each
hanh van bay bU'&m dai dong d€l hU'&ng t&i SI! toi gian tinh gon. Ben c,;1nh d6, t6i da luy$n
cho minh th6i quen viet thU'&ng xuyen qua vi$c giai de thi IELTS c p nh t hang tuan. Qua
thl,l'c, bai mau doc thi thay de, l<;ti tU'&ng rang minh nam kien thll'c nhU' long ban tay nhLI'ng
khi d t but viet m&i biet minh con "non va xanh" lam.

"Practice makes perfect" - chan ly chU'a bao gia loi thai. Ooi v&i How to crack the IELTS
Writing test - Vol. 1, t6i va anh Tung hi vong cuon sach se tiep them d9ng 11,l'Cde d9c gia, d c
bil;)t la cac b,;1n dang chu n bi thi IELTS, kien trl han v&i vi$c luyl;)n tc;1p. Va den m9t ngay, c6
the cac b,;1n se tl,l' kinh ng,;1c nh n ra minh da di dU'Q'C quang dU'&ng dai the nao khi nhin l<;ti
nhfrng bai viet c6 d6i phan "ng6 nghe" thu& m&i dau.

Nhan day, t6i muon to long biet an va kinh ph1,1c doi v&i ngLI'O'i c9ng SI! cua mlnh trong dl,I' an
nay, anh O ng Tran Tung. Anh vua la sep, la d6ng nghi$p, la ngLI'O'i anh, ngLI'O'i thay lu6n truylm
cam hll'ng cho t6i vi SI! het long cua anh doi v&i hoc sinh, vl tai nang va ca dam me v6 t n doi
v&i vi$c nghien CLl'U ng6n ngO, (du da 3 Ian d<;tt 9.0 IELTS nhLI'ng anh van se thi tiep nhieu Ian
nQta cho t&i khi chinh ph1,1c dU'Q'C diem 9 "tron"). Cam an nhO,ng l&i nhan xet g6p y, nhO,ng
kinh nghi$m quy gia anh chia se da giup em hoan thi$n han cac bai viet cua mlnh.

Em xin cam an thay Nguyen Tai Dien, ngLI'O'i da d,;1y em vo long ve IELTS n6i chung va
IELTS Writing n6i rieng. Cam an thay vi nhO,ng bai giang day mau IU'a va Sl,I'nhi$t huyet cua
thay da khien em them yeu nghe SU' ph<;tm cOng nhLI' them say me ren luyl;)n kT nang Writing.

Toi muon cam an ban lanh d,;10 cua The IELTS Workshop, d c bi$t la chi Hoa, da tin tU'&ng t6i
v&i dl,I' an nay. Writing da la niem dam me tll' lau cua t6i va dU'Q'Ctrao ca hQi chia se nhO,ng kien
thll'c minh due ket dU'Q'C qua nhieu nam nghien CLl'U la m9t dieu t6i v6 cung tran trong.

Cam an anh Khanh, trU'&ng phong dao t,;10 cua trung tam The IELTS Workshop va la cap
tren trl,J'C tiep cua t6i, da ho trq t6i trong c6ng tac chuyen man va het SLl'Ct,;10 dieu ki$n cho t6i
trong qua trinh viet sach. Giai do,;1n viet sach cung trung v&i thai diem trong phong dao t,;10 c6 rat
nhieu dl,I' an, va Sl,J' thau hieu, sap xep cua anh Khanh la m9t Sl,.I' giup do to l&n de t6i c6 the di
dU'Q'C t&i v,;1ch dfch.

Va cuoi cung, xin cam an cac em - nhO,ng hoc sinh than yeu cua t6i. Cac em la nguc'>n nang ll,.l'c
tich Cl,J'C khien t6i kh6ng cho phep minh ngll'ng trau d6i kT nang giang d<;ty va
boi dap kien thU'C chuyen man, khien t6i muon doc het SU'C all c6 the hoan thanh cuon
sach nay.
Tac gia E> ng Bich PhU'O'ng

001LO'I TAC GIA I 7

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HlJONG DAN SU' DU• NG SACH

How to crack the IELTS Writing test- Vol 1 se la ngu6n tham khao hO,u fch cho cac thf sinh
IELTS & trinh de) tll' 5.5 dang chu n bi bU'&c vao ki thi v&i m1,1c tieu dc;3t band diem kT nang
Writing a mll'c 6.5 tra len.

Quyen sach g6m 6 chu de thong d1,1ng, trong d6 tung chu de lc;3i dU'Q'C minh hQa v&i 4 de bai
thU'cmg g$p trong IELTS Writing Task 2.

• Opinion

• Discussion

• Pros & Cons

• Two-Part Question (Problems - Solutions & Causes - Solutions) Moi

de bai dU'Q'C chia thanh b6n phan chfnh:

1) Outline: T6m IU'Q'C bang tieng Vi t cac y chfnh dU'Q'C SU' d1,1ng trong bai, giup bc;3n dQc de
dang ghi nh& va hieu r6 dU'Q'C n(>i dung chfnh. 0e khien cac bai mau gan gOi v&i ngU'ai d9c
hO'n, cac tac gia da h,Pa ch9n nhO,ng y tU'&ng dO'n gian, de nghT ra. 0ieu nay cOng d6ng thai
giup ngU'ai dQc t$p trung hO'n vao each phat trien y cOng nhU' ng6n ngo, viet trong bai.

2) Topic Vocabulary va Topic Vocabulary Review: Trang bi cac tu Vl,l'ng can thiet v&i giai
nghTa c1,1 the, giup bc;3n dQc lam giau v6n tu Vl,l'ng nang cao cua tung chu de. Cac tu Vl,l'ng
nay se dU'Q'C highlight xanh trong bai viet.

3) Bai lu$n mau (tieng Anh va phan djch tieng Vi t):

• Phan tieng Anh: Bai lu$n mau dU'Q'C viet theo nhieu each tra lai khac nhau, th$m chf m(>t s6 de
c6 2-3 bai lu$n mau linh hoc;3t, khien cu6n sach c6 gia tri tham khao v&i nhieu d6i tU'Q'ng
bc;3n dQc.

Tuy v$y, tl,l'U chung c6 2 phU'O'ng phap tiep c$n chfnh dU'Q'C SU' d1,1ng:

- Single-idea paragraph (0oc;3n van m(>t y): T$p trung phan tfch dao sau y tU'&ng

- Multiple-idea paragraph (0oc;3n van nhieu y): Mang tfnh chtit li t ke, de ap d1,1ng

• Phan tieng Vi t: Djch sat y bai mau, ho trq bc;3n dQc hieu trQn v n bai viet va tranh dich tu
d6i tu.

8 I HOW TO CRACK THE IELTS WRITING TEST - VOL 1

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4) General Vocabulary va General Vocabulary Review: Tong hqp cac tu Vl,l'ng dat gia dU'Q'C SU'
d1,mg trong bai, c6 giai nghTa va vf dl,J Cl,J the. Cac tU' Vl,l'ng nay se dU'Q'C highlight vang
trong bai viet.

Ben CQnh d6, cac cau vf d1,1 minh hQa cOng dU'Q'C trau chu6t kT IU'ong, SU' d1,mg nhieu c1,1m
tLI' v1,mg hay va dat gia giup cac bQn ghi diem trong phan thi IELTS Writing. NhO,ng tU'/ Ct,Jm tU'
nay se dU'Q'C de mau xanh la.

Cac tip SU' d1,mg cuon sach hi u qua

V&i moi de bai, bQn hay tl,l' tlm each giai quyet (tlm hieu de, lc;1p dan y), sau d6 m&i d9c va phan
tfch bai mau - tc;1p trung vao cac diem ngO, phap, yeu t6 tLI' vvng, do mc;3ch lc;3c va each dien giai
cau tra lai - 4 tieu chf cham diem IELTS Writing. Lam kT cac bU'&c nay se giup bQn nh& lau,
hieu bai va vc;1n d1,1ng de dang hO'n.

Mot each khac la bc;3n tl,l' viet bai theo dan y da dU'Q'C len san trong sach, sau d6 d6i
chieu bai luc;1n cua bc;3n v&i bai luc;1n mau. Cach h9c nay phu hQ'p v&i nhCmg b9n dang
muon tc;1p trung cai thi$n kT nang phat trien y, ket noi cau, ngO, phap va tLI' vvng
nang cao.

Cu6i cung, dung b6 qua bai tc;1p bo trq de cung c6 v6n tLI' cua minh nhe. 06i v&i nhO,ng
bai tc;1p trong Topic Vocabulary, c6 nhO,ng bai kh6ng chf giup b 9n 6n tc;1p IQi cac tU' Vl,l'ng da
dU'a ra ma con ho trq bQn phat trien them y tU'&ng va tU' duy ve chu de d6.
Ooi v&i nhO,ng bai tc;1p trong General Vocabulary, cac tU' vvng va each dien d9t hO,u dt,Jng nhat
da dU'Q'C chat l9c de bQn c6 the luy$n tc;1p va SU' d1,mg trong nhO,ng bai viet, van canh khac.

HU'O'NG DAN SU' Dl)NG SACH I9

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MU• C LU• C
CHAPTER 01
EDUCATION................................1. 1

CHAPTER 02
ENVIROMENT..................................... 63

CHAPTER03
FAMILY......................................1. 15

CHAPTER04
HISTORY...................................1. 52

CHAPTER OS
MEDIA........................................2. 03

CHAPTER 06
TECHNOLOGY..........................249

ANSWER KEY...................2. 87

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EDUCATION

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01. Some people believe that everyone has a right to have

access to university education and that governments should make
'I it free for all students no matter what financial background they
have. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

--

CAN BANG (50/50)

VE 1 VE2
Toi dong y Toi khong dong y
[Chinh phu nen mien h9c phi d i [Vi c mien h9c phi d i h9c se
h9c.] anh hU'6'ng x§u t6'i sinh
vien va xa hc;,i.]

* Y chinh * Y chinh
C6 lqi cho ca nhan Anh hLI'cmg xau t&i sinh vien

* Giai thich * Giai thich

C& nhan dc;1i h9c, d c bil;'lt la Thi trU'ang lao d(>ng ngay cang cc;1nh
ngLI'ai c6 hoan canh kh6 khan, se tranh cao, do vfJ,.y neu c6 qua nhieu cu
de tlm dU'Q'C cong Vil;'!C va c6 nhan, tam bang dc;1i h9c dfln se kh6
cu(>c s6ng t6t han. dam bao vil;'!C lam cho h9.

* Y chinh 2
* Y chinh 2 Anh hU'&ng xau t&i xa h(>i
C6 lqi cho xa h(>i
* Giai thich
* Giai thich Chi tra toan be_'> h9c phf dc;1i h9c
Chfnh sach nay se mang lc;1i h,l'c IU'Q'ng se gay ap h)'C cho ngan sach nha
lao d(>ng chat ILI'qng cao han, tu d6 dan nU'&c, dan den tham h1,.1t ngan
t&i nen kinh te thjnh VU'Q'ng va xa h(>i sach, tang thue ho c giam phuc
van minh. lqi xa h(>i.

12 I HOW TO CRACK THE IELTS WRITING TEST - VOL 1

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TOPIC VOCABULARY
abolish tuition fees {v) mien h9c phf
* waive tuition (v): mien h9c phi
* pursue college without fee (v): hQc dQi hQc
mien phf
* cover higher education tuition (v): chi tra h9c
phf d i h9c
* tuition waiver (n): (m(>t dQng hQC bong) mien
h9c phi
* free-college policy (n): chinh sach mien h9c phf
d i hQc
* provision of free-of-charge education (n):
Vif;!C cung cap giao dt,JC mien phi

affordability of higher education {n)

kha nang chi tra cho giao dt,1c b
c cao/ giao dt,1c d9i h9c

be entitled to university {v)

dU'Q'C quyen vao d9i h9c

* be entitled to attend tertiary education (v):

dU'Q'C quyen h9c d i h9c

CHAPTER 1 - EDUCATION I 13
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-, TOPIC VOCABULARY
bachelor's degree holder (n) ngU'O'i c6 bang CU' nhan

* college qualification (n): bang d i hc;,c

* acquisition of a tertiary degree (n):
vi c gianh dU'Q'C tam bang d i hc;,c

gross enrolment rate (n)

t6ng tT I nh p hc;,c (trong bai nay n6i
ve b c d i hc;,c)

more educated workforce (n)

h) 'c IU'Q'ng lao d(>ng c6 trlnh d(> hc;,c
van cao han

socio-economic background (n)

hoan canh kinh te-xa h(>i (lien quan den
* financial status (n): tlnh tr ng
giai cap va tlnh tr ng tai chfnh)
tai chfnh

The proposal is meant to close a

growing gap among students from
different socio-economic
backgrounds.

14 I HOW TO CRACK THE IELTS WRITING TEST -VOL 1

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TOPIC
REVIEW
" VOCABULARY

Exercise: Free college education.

a) What are some alternative words for 'university education'?

- h................... e......................
- C...........................................
- t.........................................education

b) What are some alternative words for 'remove tuition'?

- w.......................tuition
- a........................tuition

c) What are some alternative words for 'university degree'?

- b..............,.... d......................
- C................... q......................
- t ................... d......................

d) What are some alternative words for 'university gradutes'?

- b................... d...................... h......................

e) What are some alternative words for 'study' in the phrase 'study university'?
- a...................

- p...................

f) What is the alternative word for 'cheap' in the phrase 'cheap university
education'?
- a...................

CHAPTER 1 - EDUCATION I 15
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'SAMPLE

As tuition fees have been inexorably increasing in recent years, the affordability of higher
education has always been a topic of interest. It is argued that the government should
abolish college tuition fees, irrespective of students' socio-economic background. While this
thinking is valid to a certain extent, I believe that waiving tuition would have an adverse
bearing on both students and society.

There are many compelling reasons why students should be allowed to pursue college
without fee. On the individual level, bachelor's degree holders, especially the
underprivileged, will stand a better chance of landing higher-paid jobs and bettering their
life quality. On the societal level, a surge in the gross enrollment rate, prompted by a free-
college policy, would give rise to a more educated workforce. This acts as a precursor to not
only a thriving economy but also a civilized society.

Despite the aforementioned benefits, I would contend that the provision of free of-
charge higher education is, in fact, can do both the beneficiaries and society a
disservice. The impact of more college graduates on employment is questionable at best.
The job market has become very competitive as it is, even for job seekers with college
qualifications. Therefore, if everyone is entitled to university, it is no longer feasible for
them to find a job, let alone the financial abundance previously so often associated with the
acquisition of a tertiary degree. In addition to this, the enormous cost incurred to cover
higher education tuition will put a strain on government coffers, leading to budget deficits,
tax hikes, or reduced welfare among others.

In conclusion, while the potential benefits of university tuition waivers make it seem like a
good idea, I believe that the government should not make it free for everyone.

290 words - written by Phuong Dang

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Vi hoc phf (d9i hoc) da va dang tang len kh6ng ngll'ng trong nhO,ng nam gan day, kha nang chi
tra cho giao d1,1c b k cao lu6n la m(>t chu de dlJ'Q'C quan tam. C6 y kien cho
rang chinh phu nen mien hoc phi & b c d9i hoc, kh6ng phan bi$t hoan canh kinh te-xa h(>i cua
sinh vien. Du suy nghT nay co gia tri & m(>t muc d(> nhat djnh, t6i tin rang vi$c mien hQc phf
se c6 anh hU'6'ng xau t&i cac sinh vien va xa h(>i.

Co nhieu ly do thuyet ph1,1c cho vi$c t9i sao sinh vien nen dlJ'Q'C t,;1O dieu ki$n de theo
hoc d<;ii hoc ma kh6ng phai tra phi. CJ cap d(> ca nhan, nhO,ng ngll'ai co bang cLI' nhan, d,;1c
bi$t la nhQ>ng nglfai bi thi$t thoi ve quyen IQ'i, se co CO' h(>i tot hO'n de co dlJ'Q'C

nhO,ng c6ng vi$c dlJ'Q'C tra IU'O'ng cao hO'n va cai thi$n chat ILI'qng cu(>c song cua hQ. 0 cap
d(> xa h(>i, S1,J' gia tang tong ti 1$ nh p hQc, dU'Q'C thuc d y b&i chinh sach mien hQC phi d<;ii
hoc, se t<;3O ra 11,J'C ILI'Q'ng lao d(>ng co trinh d(> hQC van cao hO'n. 0ieu nay
dong vai tro tien de kh6ng chi cho m(>t nen kinh te thjnh VU'Q'ng ma con cho m(>t xa h(>i van
minh.

Bat chap nhO,ng lqi ich da de c p & tren, t6i van cho rang vi$c cung cap giao d1,1c b c cao mien
phi, tren thl,J'c te, co the gay anh hlJ'&ng xau len nhQ>ng ngU'ai th1,1 hU'&ng va ca xa h(>i. Tac
d(>ng cua vi$c co nhieu sinh vien tot nghi$p d9i hQc hO'n t&i vi$c lam la dang ng<;3i nhat. Thi

trnang vi$c lam von da rat c9nh tranh, ngay ca khi nhO,ng ngU'ai tim vi$c c6 bang CU' nhan. Do

d6, neu mQi nglJ'ai deu co quyen hoc d9i hQc thi chuy$n kiem dU'Q'C vi$c se kh6ng con kha thi
v&i hQ nO,a, chll'a noi den ganh n,;1ng tai chfnh trn&c d6 thll'ang di d6i v&i vi$c gianh dll'Q'C
tam bang d9i hoc. Them vao do, chi phf khong 16 phai tra cho hoc phi giao dl,lc b c cao se gay
ap 11,J'c cho ngan sach chinh phu, dan den tham h1,1t ngan sach, tang thue hoi;lc giam phuc IQ'i
cho nhO,ng doi tll'qng khac.

Tom l<;ii, du nhO,ng IQ'i ich tiem nang cua vi$c mien hoc phi d9i hoc khien vi c nay co ve la
m(>t y tll'&ng hay, nhU'ng t6i tin rang chfnh phu kh6ng nen mien h9c phf d,;1i h9c

cho tat ca m9i ngll'ai.

CHAPTER 1-EDUCATION I 17
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I GENERAL VOCABULARY
inexorable (a) continuing without any possibility of being
stopped

Recent decades have witnessed the

inexorable technological advances.

topic of interest (n) a topic that many people want to know about

How to gain work-life balance is a topic

of general interest.

have a bad effect on

have an adverse bearing on (v)
High parental expectations can have

c::¢ an adverse bearing on student

outcomes.

strong, persuasive reason Personal

compelling reason (n)
* valid reason (n):
development is among
true, reasonable
the most compelling reasons why
explanation
* justification (n): good
students should join a club in college.
The rationale for using this teaching
reason or explanation
method is to boost student confidence.
for something
* rationale (n): good reason or
explanation for something

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I GENERAL VOCABULARY
the underprivileged (n)
poor people
* the disadvantaged (n):
poor people The charity is raising money for the
underprivileged who suffered most
from floods.

stand a chance of (v)

be likely or able to do something
* passport to sth: a certain way of successfully.
getting something you want
He doesn't stand a chance of
winning against such an
experienced player.
A degree can no longer be a passport
to job opportunities.

land a high-paid job (v)

get jobs with high salary
* secure a high-paid job (v): get
jobs with high salary It is not easy to land a high-paid job.

growing, successful economy

thriving economy (n)
* prosperity (n): the state of being Since the last 20th century, Singapore
successful and having a lot of has gone from a third world to
money developed country with a thriving
economy, continually leading most
global rankings.

tax increase
tax hikes (n)
The public raised a great hue and cry
about tax hikes.

CHAPTER 1-EDUCATIONI 19

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VOCABULARY
I GENERAL

do sb/ sth a disservice (v) to do harm to

The fans' rude behavior has done the game

a great disservice.

.
questionable at best (idm)
.....
not certain, even if the best possible result
,.. happens

Any conclusions drawn from this

-
would be questionable at best.

as it is (idm) already

I can't help. I've got too much to do

as it is.

put a strain on (v)

to put pressure on something

Financial problems have put a strain

on their relationship.

coffers (n) the financial accounts of a government or an

organization

Tourism brought $200 million into local

government coffers.

budget deficit (n)

the state when spending is much more
than income.

SPENDING-
D Many countries are suffering from
soaring unemployment, and large
budget deficits.

INCOME
reduced welfare (n) the state of less success and money

The economic crisis has led to

reduced welfare.

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" REVIEW
GENERAL
- VOCABULARY
Ex ercise: Fill in the blanks with one of the words above. You may have to

change the form of the word to match the sentence.

1. Empowering the.................................lies in assuring them that education holds the real

source of power.
Meaning: poor people

2. The workshop revolves around tips on how to best gain the attention of a headhunter and
effective strategies to help.................................a high-paid job.
Meaning: get

3. In a bizarre twist, the continuing rise in fuel taxes could force the petrol companies
themselves to.....................prices further.
Meaning: increase

4. Since costs tend to rise......................................, attempts to stabilize public spending

have essentially meant cuts in actual services.
Meaning: continue without any sign of being stopped

5. Regular consumption of red and processed meat can do a major ....................... to public
health.
Meaning: harm

6. The Christmas spending spree is under way, and just shopping for presents can put a on
budgets.
Meaning: pressure

7. Animal ...................... is a complicated issue, as confronting animal cruelty and taking

action to stop it would require a greater effort and sacrifice than most people are willing
to make.
Meaning: happiness

CHAPTER 1-EDUCATION I 21

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PHAN BU N
(60/40)

40 60

Toi khong dong y Toi khong dong y

[Vi c mien h9c phi d i h9c [Vi c mien h9c phi d i h9c se
dll'Q'C cho la co IQ'i, nhll'ng anh hll'6'ng x§u t6'i h9c
suy nghi nay khong hQ'p ly.] sinh va xa h{>i.]

* Y chinh * Y chinh
Mot s6 ngLI'ai cho r ng nen mien Anh hU'cmg xau t&i thanh tfch h9c t
h9c phf dc;1i h9c. p cua sinh vien

* Giai thich
* Giai thich
CU' nhan d<;ti h9c, d c bi$t la ngU'O'i
Hi$n nay, da s6 sinh vien phai tl)' tra h9c
c6 hoan canh kh6 khan, se de tlm
phf, nen h9 se h9c nghiem tuc. Do v y,
dU'Q'C CO' hQi Vi$C lam.
b6 h9c phf c6 the khien h9 thO' O' v&i
Vi$C h9c va mat di d(>ng ll)'c, tll' d6 dan
* Phan bi n: den ket qua h9c t p giam sut.
Suy nghT nay la sai.

* Giai thich
Qua nhieu CU' nhan c6 the lam tang tr
1$ that nghi$p tre.

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TOPIC VOCABULARY
higher education attendance (n) vi$c di hQC dc;ii hQC

* attend university (v): di hQc dc;1i h9c

* pursue teritary education (v): theo h9c dc;1i In many countries, youngsters are
h9c often encouraged a p

* embark on formal university education ea before embarking on

(v): bat d§u vi$c h9c their formal university
dc;1i h9c education.

be entitled to free university (v)

c6 quyen hQc dc;ti h9c mien phi
* pursue college without fee (v): hQc dc;1i
h9c mien phi
Whether all students should be
* subsidize college education (v): ho trq
hQC phf dc;1i hQC
entitled to free university still

* wholly subsidize tertiary education (v):

0 UC

ho trq hoan toan giao dl,JC b c cao

* make university free of charge (v):
mien hQC phi dc;1i hQC
* tuition exemption (n): vi$c mien hoc phf
* abolition of university tuition (n):
vi$c mien hQC phi dc;1i h9c

influx of graduates (n)

so ILI'Q'ng sinh vien tot nghi$p

The summer months always see a

large influx of enthusiastic
graduates, fresh from universities
and business schools across
Vietnam; looking
to esta.blish t.heir caree
and aft thai "deal i s o .

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CHAPTER 1 - EDUCATION I 23

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TOPIC VOCABULARY
students' academic performance (n)
thanh tfch hQc t p cua sinh vien
* deteriorating performance (n):
thanh tfch hQc t p giam sut There is no doubt that teachers
have substantial impacts on their
students' academic perfomance
and life-long success.

sinh vien dc;ti hQc (chLPa t6t nghi$p)

undergraduate (n)
In 2010, a full-time
undergraduate program was
started as part of the
university's planned expansion.

lam vi c gl rat nghiem tuc

do sth in earnest (v)

The race for the White House

begins in earnest today.

chuyen tam lam vi$c gl Anybody

apply oneself to sth (v)
can succeed, if they
apply themselves.

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V
TOPIC

VOCABULARY
REVIEW
Exercise 1: Find a suitable term that matches the following definitions.

1. a student who is studying for their first degree at a college or university:

2. special permission not to do or pay something: ..........................................

3. do something seriously: ..............................................................................

4. student study results: .................................................................................

5. work hard at something: .......................................................................

Exercise 2: Choose the correct alternative for the words or phrases in bold.

1. provide free university education

A. exempt B. abolish C. subsidize

2. start university education

A. embark B. attend C. pursue

3. poor study result

A. dwindle B. deteriorating C. decrease

4. a large number of undergraduates

A. amount B. influx C. data

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CHAPTER 1 - EDUCATION I 25

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Higher education attendance, undoubtedly, has been a vital determinant of economic growth.
However, the costs of attending university, which have escalated in recent years, has engendered
some valid concerns. A school of thought holds that students, irrespective of their financial
status, should be entitled to free university. This essay is going to prove that subsidizing
college education will do more harm than good.

It is understandable why some people subscribe to the view that students should be allowed
to pursue college without fee. Proponents of tuition exemption may argue that this practice
will enable more students, especially the disadvantaged, to pursue tertiary education, which
is conducive to their employment opportunities. However, this thinking is flawed, since the
larger influx of graduates into the labour market is actually a primary driving force behind
the rising youth unemployment. Therefore,
it is apparent that wholly subsidizing tertiary education is counter-productive to job
guarantee.

Another pronounced drawback is that the abolition of university tuition may take a toll on
students' academic performance. As today most undergraduates have to pay for their
education, they are inclined to study in earnest and apply themselves to getting good grades.
Therefore, were this financial obligation to be dispensed with, students could be indifferent to
their study and lose the drive to work hard. For example, they may skip classes or miss exams
because they feel that failing does not cost them anything. These behaviors obviously may
lead to deteriorating performance and students would fail to benefit from their education.

In conclusion, I believe that alloting state funding to make university free of charge does
not seem a good idea.

271 words, written by Phuong Dang

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I
Li

TRANSLATION I
- .......... - - - -- -· -·------------------------------------ """""""'-·

Vi$c hQc dc;ti h9c chac chan da va dang la m(>t quyet dinh s6ng con cua tang tm&ng kinh te.
Tuy nhien, chi phi hQc dc;1i hQc leo thang trong nhO,ng nam g n day da dan den m(>t s6
quan ngc;1i c6 CO' s&. M(>t tmang phai cho rang sinh vien, khong ke den tinh trc;1ng tai chinh,
nen dU'Q'C quyfm hQc dc;1i h9c mien phi. Tuy nhien, bai luc;1n nay se ch(mg minh rang vi$c trq
cap cho giao dl)c d9i hQc se IQ'i bat c$p hc;1i.

C6 the hieu dU'Q'C tc;1i sao m()t s6 ngLI'ai ung hQ quan diem rang sinh vien nen dU'Q'C phep
theo h9c dc;ti h9c ma khong phai tra phi. NhO,ng ngU'ai ung h(> vi$c mien hQc phi c6 the lc;1p
luc;1n rang each thuc nay se cho phep nhieu sinh vien, d$c bi$t la nhO,ng em c6 hoan canh kh6
khan, theo du6i giao dl)c dc;1i hQc, tc;10 dieu ki$n cho CO' hQi vi$c lam cua cac em. Tuy nhien,
suy nghT nay van con thieu s6t, vi IU'Q'ng sinh vien t6t nghi$p tham gia vao thi trnang lao d()ng
nhieu hO"n thvc ra lc;1i la d()ng Ive chi nh yeu dang sau tinh trc;1ng that nghi$p tre dang gia tang.
Do d6, r6 rang la vi$c ho trq hoan toan h9c phi dc;ti h9c lc;1i phan tac d1,mg d<Si v&i vi$c bao
dam vi$c lam.

M('>t nhU'Q'C diem r6 la vi$c mien h9c phi dc;ti h9c c6 the gay anh hU'6'ng xau t&i thanh Heh h9c
tc;1p cua sinh vien. Vi ngay nay h u het sinh vien dc;1i hQc phai tra tien cho vi$c hQC tc;1p cua
minh nen cac em c6 XU hU'&ng hQC m¢t each nghiem tuc va tl,J' than no ll,J'c de dc;1t diem cao.
Do d6, neu trach nhi$m tai chinh nay dU'Q'C san ra thl sinh vien c6 the tr& nen tho O' v&i vi$c
hQc va mat di d()ng ll,J'c hQc t$p cham chi. Vi dl), cac em c6 the "cup" tiet ho$c b6 bai kiem
tra vl cam thay vi$c thi tmqt chang gay mat mat 91. NhO,ng hanh vi nay r6 rang c6 the dan den
thanh Heh h9c tc;1p giam sut va sinh vien se khong dU'Q'C hU'6'ng IQ'i tU' vi$c hQC tc;1p.

T6m lc;1i, t6i tin rang vi$c phan b6 ngan sach nha nU'&c de mien hQc phi dc;1i hQc c6 ve kh6ng

phai la m(>t y tU'6'ng hay.

CHAPTER 1-EDUCATION I 27
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GENERAL VOCABULARY
determinant (n) something that controls or affects what
happens in a particular situation

Soil and climate are the main

determinants of how land is used.

engender some valid concerns (v) to cause some worries

The soaring unemployment rate has

engenered some valid concerns.

school of thought (n) set ideas or opinions that a group of people

share about a matter

One school of thought argues that

depression is best treated by drugs.

irrespective of (prep) without considering

Everyone should be treated equally,

irrespective of race.

do more harm than good (v) be damaging and not helpful

Modernizing historic buildings can often

do more harm than good.

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GENERAL VOCABULARY
subscribe to (v) to agree with or support an opinion, belief

I subscribe to the idea that voting is my

be conducive to sth (a) providing the right conditions for

something good to happen or exist

Such a noisy environment was not

conducive to

driving force behind/ for sth (n) someone or something that has the power to
make things happen

Making money is the driving force

behind most businesses.

fail to do sth (v) not to succeed in trying to do something

Many school-leavers with

qualifications fail to find jobs.

take a toll on sth (v) to cause harm to something

The constant stress takes a heavy toll

on emergency room workers.

CHAPTER 1 - EDUCATION I 29
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Ii GENERALVOCABULARY
be inclined to do sth (a) to be likely to do something

No one was inclined to help.

be indifferent to sth (a) to not thinking about or interested in

someone or something

She was utterly indifferent to his irritation.

strong determination to do or achieve something

drive (n)
He has the drive to succeed.

to give something, especially a share of

something available, for a particular
allot sth to sth/ sb (v) purpose

The museum is planning to increase the

amount of space allotted to modern art.

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GENERAL
VOCABULARY REVIE
Exercise 1: Find a better expression for the underlined parts among the words
listed above.

1. Over the long term, computer addiction can do harm to students' physical and mental
well-being.

2. Happiness will never come to those who cannot appreciate what they already have.
3. The faster the heart beats the more rapidly we may be likely to breathe and the more
oxygen we take in.
4. John will be best remembered for his determination and enthusiasm.

5. The board of management did not agree with the new marketing concept.

6. These politicians are not interested in public opinion.

7. One major factor of economic success is our ability to control inflation.
8. Consumer spending was the primary reason for economic growth in the festive season.
9. The ambience of this place is favorable for all creative activity.

10. The company will give at least 5 percent of its gross revenues to charity.

Exercise 2: Choose the correct alternative for the words or phrases in bold.

1. Learning is wealth to the poor, an honour to the rich, an aid to the young, and a support
and comfort to the aged.

A. the handicapped
B. the disadvantaged C. the disabled
2. It seems that family and peer influences play a central role in smoking uptake among
young people.

A. are determinants of
B. are determined to C. are decisive factors to

3. Schools need to ensure that all pupils, without considering their backgrounds, have an
equal opportunity to achieve the attainment targets.

A. with respect to B. regardless C. irrespective of

CHAPTER 1-EDUCATION I 31

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03. Some students prefer to take a gap year between high

'I school and university, to work or to travel. Do the

A
advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages?

[ M_ T_L_c,_1_-_M_lf._T_H_ 1 @
M T LC,I

H9c sinh c6 th c6 IQ'i tll' vi c di du H n ch cua XU hU'6'ng nay dang

ljch va di lam trong "nam nghi phep" chu y hO'n IQ'i ich

* Y chinh
* Y chinh 1
Trai nghi m song va kT nang
Mat ti,/' tin
* Giai thich
Trong m¢t nam nghi phep, h9c sinh c6 the * Giai thich
di du lich va trai nghiE;lm van h6a. De bi tvt lc;1i trong hQc t p va doi m t
v&i ap 11,l'C tlJ' bc;1n be
Vi d1:1
Khi h9c sinh song o nlJ'&c ngoai, hQ se
* Y chinh 2
Mat da va kh6 tiep tl,lC ViE;lC hQC
phai ti,/' thfch nghi v&i CUQC song
ti,/' l p va h9c ngon ngo, m&i. * Giai thich
Do da bi sao lang h9c t p qua lau

* Y chinh 2 * Y chinh 3
Xac dinh con dlJ'ang SI,/' nghiE;lp phu
Kh6 tiet ki m dlJ'Q'C nhieu tien hay
hqp
h9c dlJ'Q'C nhieu kT nang nghe nghi p
* Giai thich
* Giai thich
Nhieu trlJ'ang trung hQc kh6ng dinh H9c sinh tot nghiE;lp cap 3 chu yeu chi
hU'&ng nghe nghiE;lp cho hQc sinh, do v c6 the lam c6ng vi c capthap v&i mll'c
y danh m¢t vai thang de tlm ViE;lC ho c thu nh p ft 6i va khong mang lc;1i
hQC nghe se giup ich cho vi c nay. nhieu kien thll'C thl,l'C te.

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TOPIC VOCABULARY
high school senior (n) h9c sinh nam cu6i trung h9c

It's fairly unusual for high

school seniors to freshmen.

pursue college (v) theo hQC dc;1i hQC

* embark on higher education (v): bat
d§u vi c hQc dc;ii h9c She is the first in her family to
* enroll in university (v): nh p h9c pursue a op college.
dc;1i hQC The workshop is aimed at
students who are about to
embark on higher education.

defer university enrollment (v)

trl hoan vi c nh p h9c dc;1i hQc
* delay tertiary education for one
year (v): trl hoan 1 nam m&i h9c
When a student defers univeristy
dc;1i hQc
enrollment, they can keep and
* have a year-long break (v): nghI
defer competitive scholarship
m(>t nam
awards.

attend vocational training courses (v)

tham gia cac kh6a dao tc;10 nghe The

number of students
attending vocational training
courses in the southern province
of Ben Tre has been th since
2015.

CHAPTER 1 - EDUCATION I 33

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TOPIC VOCABULARY
gap-year taker (n) nhO,ng nglJ'ai trl hoan Vil;lC hQc dc;ii hoc

Gap year takers are less likely to

finish their degrees than more
committed students who head
straight from school to university.

formal schooling (n) giao d1,.1c chi nh quy, trlJ'ang l&p chinh quy

He had only a few years of formal

schooling.

enrich life experiences (v) lam giau trai nghil;lm song

Studying abroad would enable

students to enrich their life
experiences.

hone practical skill (n)

mai giGa kT nang thl,J'c t Students

are able hone their

practical skills through internship
projects.

cultivate relevant job skill (v) trau doi kT nang lien quan t&i c6ng Vil;lC

In order to have a well-rounded career,

graduates should cultivate not only
relevant job skills but also
interpersonal ones.

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TOPIC VOCABULARY
inadequate career guidance (n) djnh hU'&ng nght§ nghi$p khong d y du

Many students made

career choices due to inadequate
career guidance.

identify a suitable career path (v) xac dinh con dU'cmg SI! nghi$p phu hqp

Information on your strengths and

weaknesses a a <. r r
in helping you identify a suitable
career path.

intense study schedules (n)

ljch hQc cang thang

These days our lives are incredibly

busy, we might have a family to feed,
o co m1 , or
intense study schedules.

fall behind (v)

Companies that a· e o modernize

fell behind quite dramatically.

peer pressure (n) ap ll,f'C tU' b n be

There is tremendous peer pressure

to wear fashionable clothes.

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CHAPTER 1 - EDUCATION I 35

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V
Exercise 1: Gap year
TOPIC
VOCABULARY ,, REVIEW
a) What are other ways to say 'take a gap year'?
- defer .............
- delay .............
- have ..............
b) What are some better verbs to say 'get more skills'?
- C...............................

- h...............................
- e...............................
c) What is an other way to say 'academic education'?
- f.................... S..................... .

d) What is an other way to say 'non-academic education'?

- v................... t ......................

Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with one of the words above. -You may have to
change the form of the word to match the sentence.

1. They are assigned an adviser to ...... goals and how to best use the budget to buy goods
and services which will help them achieve these aims.
Meaning: recognize

2. The school offers ............................................. programs in welding, electrical work,

and building maintenance.

Meaning: skills and education for a job

3. They are looking for someone with an interest in..................................................and global

recruitment issues.

Meaning: help and advice about jobs

4. The level of Chinese automotive aftermarket still .................... compared with the
developed countries.

Meaning: not progress fast enough

5. Motivated by ....................................... or simply rebellion, teenagers may drive

aggressively, which could endanger others on the road.

Meaning: The influence that people who belong to a particular group can have on other
group members.

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Traditionally, high school seniors will either pursue college or enter the workforce after their
graduation. However, these days, a third option - gap year, where students defer university
enrollment to travel or work, is gaining traction. While there are admittedly several benefits to
students, I believe that the negative influences of this growing development are more glaring.

On the one hand, delaying tertiary education for one year is advantageous to a certain
extent. First, gap year affords new graduates time to travel and immerse themselves in alien
cultures, which helps them enrich their life experiences and hone practical skills. For
example, when living abroad, students will have to adapt quickly to their independent life
and pick up new foreign languages. Second, given that most high schools provide
inadequate career guidance, sparing several months looking for job opportunities or
attending vocational training courses will empower students to identify a suitable career
path. Such experiences would be hardly attainable if high school graduates immediately
enroll in university and become occupied with their intense study schedules.

On the other hand, I am convinced that the aforementioned advantages pale int
comparison with the significant disadvantages of having a year-long break prior to
embarking on higher education. A major drawback is that gap-year takers may fall
behind in their study as well as facing peer pressure, which could possibly drain their
self-confidence. In addition to this, high school seniors can lose momentum,
finding it hard to resume their education after a long time being distracted from formal
schooling. Last but not least, those young people are unlikely to save up a lot of money or
cultivate relevant job skills during their gap year, which can be attributed to the fact that the
jobs available to high school leavers are mainly entry-level ones that are neither pay well nor
teach them anything substantive.

In conclusion, while taking a gap year is not without certain benefits, I would contend that the
given disadvantages do not make it a worthwhile path.

276 words - Written by Phuong Dang

CHAPTER 1 - EDUCATION I 37
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I TRANSLATION

Tru&c day, hQc sinh cu6i cap trung h9c ph6 thong se theo hQc dc;1i h9c ho$c gia nhc;1p ll,l'c
ILl'Q'ng lao d(mg sau khi t6t nghiE;Jp. Tuy nhien, ngay nay, Sl,I' ll,l'a ch9n thll' ba - "nam nghi
phep", thai gian ma hQc sinh trl hoan nhc;1p hQc dc;1i h9c de di du ljch ho$c lam viE;ic, dang dan
ph6 bien. Du c6 nhieu IQ'i fch phai thll'a nhc;1n d<Si v&i h9c sinh, toi tin rang nhO,ng anh hll'6'ng
tieu Cl)'C cua XU hll'&ng dang len nay dang ngay cang tr& nen r6 rE;it han.

M(>t m$t, trl hoan giao d1,.1c dc;1i hQc trong m(>t nam c6 IQ'i 6' m(>t mll'C dQ nhat djnh. Thll' nhat,
"nam nghi phep" cho h9c sinh m&i t6t nghiE;Jp thai gian de di du lich va dam mlnh trong cac nen
van h6a khac lc;1, giup lam phong phu them trai nghiE;im s6ng va trau doi cac kT nang thl,J'c tien.
Chang hc;1n nhll' khi s6ng 6' nll'&c ngoai, hQc sinh se phai thfch nghi nhanh ch6ng v&i cu(>c
s6ng tl,J' lc;1p va h9c ngoc;1i ngO, m&i. Thll' hai, neu d$t van de rang hau het cac tmang trung
h9c khong cung cap thong tin hll'&ng nghiE;Jp day du, thl viE;JC b6 ra vai thang de tlm kiem CO'
h(>i ViE;JC lam ho$c tham gia cac kh6a dao tc;10 nghe se khuyen khfch cac em h9c sinh xac djnh
dll'Q'C con dll'O'ng Sl,J' nghiE;Jp phu hQ'p. NhO,ng kinh nghiE;im nhll' vc;1y se kh6 c6 the dc;1t
dll'Q'C neu h9c sinh t6t nghiE;ip trung hQc ngay lc;1p tll'c dang ky hQc dc;1i h9c va tr& nen bc;1n
r(>n v&i ljch trlnh hQc tc;1p cang thang cua cac em.

M$t khac, toi tin rang nhO,ng lqi the n6i tren rat ma nhc;1t so v&i nhO,ng bat IQ'i dang ke cua
ViE;JC nghi m(>t nam tru&c khi bat dau hQC giao d1,.1c bc;1c cao. M(>t nhll'Q'C diem l&n la nhO,ng
ngll'O'i trl hoan ViE;JC h9c dc;1i hQc c6 the t1,.1t hc;1u trong hQC tc;1p cGng nhll' d<Si
m$t v&i ap ll,J'c tll' bc;1n be, dieu nay c6 the lam cc;1n Sl,J' tl,J' tin cua cac em. Them vao d6, hQC sinh
cu6i cap trung hQC c6 the mat da, kh6 tiep t1,.1c Vi!;)C hQC sau m(>t thai gian dai bi sao lang khoi
viE;ic hQc chfnh quy. Cu6i cung nhll'ng khong kem phan quan tr9ng, nhO,ng ngll'O'i tre nay
thll'ang khong tiet kiE;im dll'Q'C nhieu tien ho$c trau doi cac kT nang c6 lien quan t&i cong ViE;JC
trong nam "nam nghi phep" cua hQ, dieu nay c6 the dU'Q'C cho la do thl,l'C te cong ViE;JC danh
cho nhO,ng hQc sinh m6·i rai ghe trung h9c chu yeu la nhQ>ng cong ViE;JC cap thap khong dll'Q'C
tra ILl'O'ng cao ma cGng khong dc;1y cac em dieu gl dang ke.

T6m lc;1i, du tham gia "nam nghi phep" khong phai la khong c6 IQ'i ich nhat djnh, toi van cho
rang nhQ>ng nhll'Q'C diem da neu tren khong lam cho viec nay tr& thanh m(>t hll'&ng di dang
gia.

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GENERAL VOCABULA
gain traction (v) (an idea, product, etc.) to become popular

.Like
In our , it takes less time
for new words and phrases to gain
traction than it did in the past.
.,

glaring (a)
bad and obvious

There were several glaring

inconsistencies in his report.

afford (v)

to allow someone to have something

pleasant or necessary

Her seat afforded her an uninterrupted

view of the stage.

alien (a)

strange and not familiar

He quickly adjusts to the alien

environment.

empower (v)

to encourage and support the ability to do

something

We want to empower individuals to get the

skills they need.

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CHAPTER 1-
EDUCATION I 39

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I GENERAL VOCABULARY
attainable (a}

►
occupied (a}

pale in comparison with (v}

drain (v}

resume (v}

I
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possible to achieve someone or something else

We must ensure that I thought I was badly treated but my

we do not set experiences pale in comparison with
ourselves goals that yours.
are not attainable.
to reduce or cause something to reduce

busy The long war had drained the

resources of both countries.
I was fully occupied taking
care of my elderly mother at
that time.

(an activity) to start again after a pause

Officials from the two countries

to seem much less serious or will meet again soon to resume
important when compared with negotiations.

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I GENERAL VOCABULARY
lose momentum (v) to start become less energetic,
successful

The play loses momentum by its half way

stage.

be attributed to (v) to be the result of something or someone

His success can be attributed to hard work.

jobs at the lowest level

entry-level jobs (n)
Tourism is a great way of nerating
entry-level jobs.

useful, important enough to be a suitable reward

worthwhile (a) for the time or effort spent.

If you need him on this project, you've got

to make it financially worthwhile for him.

important, serious, or related to real facts

substantive (a) Substantive conclusions are drawn from

the theories and the evidence.

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V GENERAL
VOCABULARY REVIEW
Exercise: Fill in the blanks with one of the words above. You may have to change
the form of the word to match the sentence.

1. The iPhone's colossal success can be ........................................................... many

appealing design features.

Meaning: to be the result of

2. Improved international trade, prompted by globalization, has enabled consumers to buy

foreign products that were previously ........................ .

Meaning: not able to be achieved

3. The Internet has ....................... consumers, changed the way they search and shop for
products and services by increasing the availability as well as transparency of pricing and
other comparative information.

Meaning: support

4. Tet holiday, which best epitomizes Vietnamese cultural identity, is a means to gather with
family and friends, and enjoy all the celebration activities as much as possible. The
overwhelming theme is prosperity and peace to all, a difficult but very ............ goal.

Meaning: deserving

5. E-commerce is......................................................................during the holidays, but bricks-

and-mortar shops remain popular with a host of consumers.

Meaning: become popular

6. War.....................a nation of its youth and its wealth

Meaning: reduce

7. While others may be ................ with their responsibilities or goals, you have a knack
for discovering enjoyable places where laughter, creativity, and happiness abound.

Meaning: thinking or worrying too much

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04. Some people say that schools should concentrate on

teaching students academic subjects that will be useful for
'I
their future careers. Other people say that subjects such as
music and sports are also necessary.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

CAN BANG (50/50)

VI: 1
Ti[li sao nen di[ly cac mon Ti[li sao nen di[ly cac mon nhll' th
h9c thu t? thao va am nh c?

* Y chinh * Y chinh 1
£>a ph§n m9i ngLI'ai di h9c la de c6
Cac m6n h9c nay cung c6 the giup
SI)' nghi p tot.
cac (mg vien de dlJ'Q'C tuyen dt,mg
* Giai thich han.
Vi v y. cac m6n dlJ'Q'C dc;1y tren
trnang phai ph1,1c v1,1 cho vi c h9c
* Giai thich
The thao va am nhc;1c dc;1y cho h9c
cac van bling cao han va tlm ki m vi
sinh nhO,ng kT nang nhLI' kha nang
c lam.
hoc;1t d9ng nh6m hay phat trien 6c
sang tc;10.

* Vi d1;1
* Y chinh 2
{kh6ng can thi t - vl day la vi c
Vi c dc;1y the thao va am nhc;1c &
m9ingLI'ai d u da va dang trai nghi
trlJ'ang giup phat hi n cac tai nang
m r6i!)
tre.

* Giai thich
N u kh6ng dlJ'Q'C dao tc;10 va thi d u &
cap nha trnang, cac ca nhan c6 nang khi u
se kh6ng c6 ca hQi phat trien tai nang
cua mlnh.

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..
.:I TOPIC VOCABULARY
schooling (n)
* attend school (v): di hoc
giao d1,.1c

* elementary school (n) = primary school

= grade school: trLI'ang tieu hoc
* secondary (a): (thu9c ve) giao d1,.1c trung
hoc ca s& va trung hoc ph6 thong
* tertiary (a): (thu9c ve) giao d1,.1c dc;3i hoc
* higher education institution (n): t6 chuc

*
giao d1,.1c cap cao (dc;3i hoc tr& len) □□□ □□□
vocational (a): (thu9c ve) giao d1,.1c nghe
□□□ □□□
* undergraduate (n): sinh vien chU'a
t6t nghi p dc;3i hoc
* postgraduate (n): hoc vien cao hoc
* doctorate (n): bang ti€!n sT

discipline (n)
* curriculum (n): chlJ'ang trlnh hoc
nganh hoc

* core subject (n): mon hoc chfnh

* academic subject (n): mon hoc thui;:lt
* non-academic subject (n): mon phi
hoc thui;:lt nhlJ' the d1,.1c, am nhc;3c, h9i
hoa, v.v.
* athletic and artistic field (n): ITnh Vl,!'C
the thao va ngh thui;:lt

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TOPIC VOCABUL RV
secure employment (v)
dam bao c6ng an vi c lam
* employable (n: employability): c6
kha nang c6 vi c lam
* attribute (n): pham ch.fit, d c diem
* technical expertise (n): chuyen m6n
* qualification (n): bang cflp
* adaptability (n): kha nang thich nghi
* creativity (n): kha nang sang tc;10
* collaborative skill= teamwork skill
(n): kT nang lam vi c nh6m

cultivate a quality/ skill (v)

phat trien/ trau doi m9t pham chat, kT
* be endowed with sth: dU'Q'C thien
nang nao d6
phu v&i m9t tai nang/ pham ch.fit
nao d6
* have an aptitude for sth: c6 kha \ I I

nang thien phu nao d6

* achieve sb's full potential: phat trien
het tiem nang

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CHAPTER 1 - EDUCATION I 45

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TOPIC !
VOCABULARY
REVIEW
"
:

Exercise 1: Match the words/ phrases in column A with a synonym in column

B.

A B
education aptitude
subject cultivate

quality schooling

train (a skill) attribute

innate talent discipline

Exercise 2: Fill in the blank with an appropriate word.

1. In order to excel in sport, it certainly helps if the person is........................................with

outstanding athleticism.

Meaning: given

2. From an early age, he demonstrated an ........................... for acting and a keen interest in
theater.

Meaning: an innate ability

3. Teachers play a critical role in helping students achieve their ..............................

Meaning: develop their talents

4. In addition to performing well in ................... subjects, it is important that students spend

time doing extracurricular activities.

Meaning: most important

5. Teamwork is essential in.....................................interpersonal skills.

Meaning: train, grow

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ilsAMPLE_
l_ - -· .

It is hard to overstate the importance of schooling: it decides what kind of person we

become, what kind of career we will have and ultimately what kind of life we will lead.
Therefore, what should and should not be taught at school is necessarily a perennial debate.
Some assert that schools should focus on disciplines that will be directly relevant to one's
occupation in the future, while others state that courses like sports and music should also be
included in the curriculum. Both viewpoints are justifiable, but I personally lean towards the
latter.

On the one hand, academic subjects are indeed very important. It could be said that the
foremost objective of people who attend school is to have a financial! viable career after they
finish. To this end, the bulk of the curriculum should be dedicated to core subjects like math,
science and language, whose performance is placed emRhasis by higher education
institutions and employers alike.

On the other hand, subjects like sports and music cannot be discounted altogether. While they
may not be directly helpful in securing employment, they indirectly make a candidate more
employable. Today, firms are increasingly looking beyond the technical expertise and
qualifications of applicants and attach greater mportance to attributes like adaptability,
creativity, and collaborative skills. These qualities are arguably better cultivated in
experiences like playing music or competing in team sports than in academic lessons.

Another compelling reason why non-academic subjects should be taught at school is that it
allows young talents in athletic and artistic fields to be discovered. Without the opportunity
to participate in these activities at the elementary or secondary level,
musically inclined individuals or those who are endowed with an aptitude for sport will be
denied the chance to achieve their full potential.

In conclusion, academic subjects should no doubt 6e given precedence in school, but it is

also important that students be taught other subjects like music or sports.

323 words, written by Tung Dang

CHAPTER 1-EDUCATION I 47
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I TRANSLATION

HQc hanh la Cl,l'C kl quan tr9ng: N6 quyet dinh chung ta se tr& thanh nglJ'O'i nhlJ' the nao,
chung ta se c6 nghe nghi p g] va cuoi cung CUQC song cua chung ta se ra sao. Do d6,

nhO>ng gl nen va kh6ng nen dlJ'Q'C d?Y O' tmang nhat thiet phai la m(>t cu(>c tranh luc'[m dai
hO'i. M(>t so nglJ'O'i khang dinh rang cac trlJ'ang nen tc;1p trung vao nhO>ng nganh hQc se lien
quan trl)'c tiep den nghe nghi p cua ngll'O'i h9c trong tlJ'O'ng lai, trong khi so khac cho rang
cac m6n hQc nhU' the thao va am nh9c cOng nen dlJ'Q'C dlJ'a vao chU'O'ng trlnh giang d9y. Ca
hai quan diem deu hqp ly, nhll'ng ca nhan t6i nghieng ve y kien the thao va am nh?C nen dlJ'Q'C
dlJ'a vao chU'O'ng trlnh giang d?Y-

M(>t mc)t, cac bQ m6n hQc thuc;1t thl,l'c SI)' rat quan tr9ng. C6 the n6i rang mvc tieu quan tr9ng
hang dau cua nhO>ng nglJ'O'i di hQc la c6 m(>t nghe kiem ra tien sau khi hQc xong.
Oe den dlJ'Q'C cai dfch nay, phan l&n chU'O'ng trlnh giang d9y nen dlJ'Q'C danh rieng cho cac m6n
h9c chfnh nhlJ' toan, khoa h9c va ngon ngO>. Thanh Heh cua nhO>ng mon nay dlJ'Q'C cac t6 chuc
giao dl)C d?i hQC cOng nhlJ' cac nha tuyen dvng chu tr9ng.

Mc)t khac, cac m6n nhU' the thao va am nh 9c kh6ng the bi coi nhE;! hoan toan. Du chung c6 the
kh6ng hO,u fch tn)'c tiep trong vi c dam bao c6ng an vi c lam, nhll'ng chung 19i gian tiep lam
cho ung vien c6 kha nang dlJ'Q'C tuyen dt,mg cao hO'n. Thai nay, cac c6ng
ty dang ngay cang tlm kiem nhieu thu ngoai chuyen m6n thuan tuy va bang cap cua ung vien
hO'n cOng nhlJ' coi tr9ng cac pham chat nhU' kha nang thfch ung, kha nang sang t9o va kT nang

hqp tac. NhO>ng pham chat nay r6 rang dlJ'Q'C trau doi qua nhO,ng trai nghi m nhU' chO'i nh9c
hoc)c thi dau the thao tc;1p the hO'n la cac bu6i hQc tren l&p.

M(>t ly do thuyet phl)c khac cho vi c t9i sao cac m6n phi hQC thuc;1t nen dlJ'Q'C d 9y & trlJ'ang la
vi c nay giup phat hi n nhO,ng tai nang tre trong cac ITnh Vl,l'C the thao va ngh thuc;1t. Neu
kh6ng c6 CO' hQi tham gia cac ho9t d(>ng nay & cap tieu hQc hoc)c

trung hQc thl nhO>ng ca nhan c6 khuynh hU'&ng am nh9c hoc)c nhO>ng nglJ'ai c6 nang
khieu the thao thien phu se bi choi b6 CO' h(>i d9t dlJ'Q'C tiem nang cao nhat cua hQ.

T6m 19i, khong con nghi nga gl vi c cac m6n hQc thuc;1t nen dlJ'Q'C U'U tien & tmang hQc,
nhll'ng m(>t dieu cOng quan tr9ng la hQc sinh phai dlJ'Q'C d9y cac m6n khac nhU' am nh9c
hoc)c the thao.

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I GENERAL VOCABULARY
overstate (v) to exaggerate

The benefits of breakfast are often grossly

overstated.

i use 'hard to overstate' for saying

* It is hard to overstate the crippling
that something is extremely
important or serious consequences of war.

assert (v) to claim something/ to say that something is

true

It is important that teachers be able to

assert over the classroom.

perennial (a) existing for a very long time

Crime is a perennial problem that all

societies have to address.

foremost (a) most important/ the best

It is uplifting to witness some of

Hollywood's biggest personalities become
ardent advocates of environmental causes.
Leonardo DiCaprio, one of the foremost
proponents of animal and environmental
conservation, is a case in point.

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I GENERAL VOCABULARY
financially viable (a) making a lot of money

Many business ideas sound brilliant in

theory but not very financially viable
in practice.

to this end in order to achieve this

As greater importance is attached to

looking good, people are becoming
more conscious of
their weight than ever before and
aspiring to look trimmer. To this end,
many go on fad diets or simply not eat
for an extended period of time.

the bulk of sth the majority of something

The bulk of students in Vietnamese

secondary schools attend cram classes.

to prefer something
lean towards sth {v)
More and more young people
today are leaning towards daring
choices of majors such as
agricultural engineering and
robotics instead of conservative
ones like finance or business
administration.

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I GENERAL VOCABULARY
place heavy emphasis on sth (v) to consider somthing important

Most Bachelor's programs place

heavy emphasis on applicants'
academic achievements.

compelling reason/ evidence/ convincing reason/ evidence/ argument

argument (n)
There is compelling evidence that cattle
farming is one of the most environmentally
destructive human activities.

to prioritize something (compare - take

give precedence to sth (v) precedence: to be prioritized)

The new president promises to give

precedence to the working classes.

2
3

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GENERAL
VOCABULARY REVIEW
Exercise 1: Match the verbs in column A to the nouns in column B to form
natural collocations.

A B
place attention
attach importance
give focus
devote emphasis
shift precedence

Exercise 2: Replace the common words in italics with a less common alternative
taken from the general vocabulary list.

1. The keynote speaker believes that those who want to change the world have to lose their
sanity.

2. He makes a good point that underdeveloped public transport system is the key reason
why most people in the country are unwilling to stop using private vehicles.

3. Startup entrepreneurs must come to grips with the fact that their business may not
make money in the early days.

4. Most people have the tendency to spend most of their salary in the first half of the month.
5. Learning and retaining new words is always a challenge to language learners.

6. People today are bent on being the leanest that they could be. In order to achieve this
goal, many go as far as starving themselves for days and subsisting on a diet of broth and
water.

7. It is hard to exaggerate the severity of the virus outbreak.

8. From the off, our most important objective has been to take care of our own people and
add value to our community.

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05. Online classes make conventional classrooms unnecessary.

To what extent do you agree/ disagree?
'I
•

CAN BANG (50/50)

VE 1 VE2
Hc;>c online tot hO'n hc;>c 6' 16'p hc;>c C6 nhQ>ng gi hc;>c 6' 16'p hc;>c thong
thong thll'ang nhQ>ng m t nao?
thll'6'ng c6 th giup giao vien/ hc;>c
vien d t dl.l'Q'C ma hc;>c online khong
cho phep?

* Y chinh 1 * Y chinh 1
H9c online r t tiet kii;lm.
Mot s6 m6n can SU' dt,mg dt,mg Cl,l
ph(rc tQp bat bu(>c phai h9c thl,l'C te.

* Vi d1;1
* Giai thich H6a h9c/ Ca khi
Cac dan vi cung dip kh6a h9c c6
the tiet ki m nhi u chi phi va ban
v&i gia re han.
* Y chinh 2
H9c online c6 nhCrng hQn che v
tU'ang tac giO,a giao vien va h9c
* Y chinh 2 sinh.
H9c online giup ngU'ai h9c VU'Q't qua
* Giai thich
rao can v thai gian va dja ly. H9c & l&p h9c thong thU'ang cho
• Ghi chu: Y 2 nay da kha r6, c6 phep h9c sinh cai thii;ln kT nang giao
the khong can giai thich them.) tiep thong qua lam vi c va thao lu n
nh6m, trong khi h9c online it cho
phep tU'ang tac v&i cac bQn h9c
khac.

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-I TOPIC VOCABULARY
e-learning {n) h9c online
* advent of online courses (n): Sl! ra dai
cua cac kh6a h9c online
* virtual learning (n): h9c online, h9c ao
* web-based class (n): I6'p tren nen
tang web
* online course provider (n): dan vi
cung cflp kh6a h9c online
* overcome time constraints and
geographical boundaries (v): giai quyet
cac hQn che ve thai gian va rao
can dja ly
* virtual environment (n): m6i tmang ao
* in the comfort of one's own home (n):
ngaytQinha

physical classroom {n)

* traditional classroom model (n): mo
I6'p hQC ngoai dai thl,J'C

hinh l&p h9c truyen th6ng

* being taught face to face: dlJ'Q'C dQy
trl,l'C tiep, m t d6i m t
* brick-and-mortar operation (n): quy
trinh ngoai dai thl,J'c
* physical interaction (n): tlJ'ang tac trl,J'c
tiep ngoai dai thl,l'C

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TOPIC VOCABULARY
discipline (n) (formal) nganh hQc, mon h9c

elaborate lab set-up and equipment (n)

ca s& v$t chflt va d1,mg c1,1 thf
nghiE;lm phll'C t p

classroom dynamic (n) Sl,J' tU'ang tac trong l&p hQc

* interactive activity (n): ho t d9ng
tU'ang tac
* live discussion (n): thao lu$n tn,l'c
tiep
* interpersonal skill (n): ki nang
lien nhan
* two-way interaction (n): Sl,J' tU'ang
tac hai chieu

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V TOPIC
VOCABULARY REVIEW
Exercise 1: Group the following words into two groups: (1) offline learning and (2)
online learning.

virtual in person face-to-face web-based computerized

brick-and-mortar digitally at the click of physical a conference call

button

Offline learning Online learning

Exercise 2: Find alternative words or expressions for the ones in bold.

1. Online learning is becoming increasingly popular owing to its convenience and

relatively low costs compared to the traditional brick-and-mortar counterpart.

2. Because of time limits, many people who want to learn another language cannot do so.

3. The advent of conferencing software means people can now hold discussions and
meetings at home.

4. One of the disadvantages of taking classes online is that it is difficult to meaningfully

improve social skills.

5. It is still not possible to earn a degree in certain subjects such as aerodynamics.

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lsAMPLEI

Today, as the Internet becomes more accessible than ever before, e-learning has exploded. With
the advent of online courses, some say that physical classrooms have become redundant. While
there is no denying the benefits of virtual learning over the traditional classroom model, I
believe being taught face to face by actual teachers is an experience that can never be
completely replaced.

On the one hand, learning on the Internet is superior to learning in a classroom in many
ways. First, it is extremely cost-efficient. Online classes effectively dispense with
numerous expenses that running a brick-and-mortar operation incurs such as space and
administrative staff, among others. This allows online course providers to offer them at a
price point that is accessible to the masses. Second, web-based classes help learners
overcome time constraints and geographical boundaries, which is particularly helpful for
people in rural and remote areas where schools and teachers are scarce.

On the other hand, it is hard to see the traditional classroom ever ceasing to exist. One
of the reasons is simply that certain fields inextricably require physical
interaction. For example, disciplines that involve elaborate lab set-up and equipment
like chemistry or engineering are impossible to learn in the comfort of one's own home.
Furthermore, there are elements of classroom dynamics that a virtual environment simply
cannot emulate. For instance, the interactive activities and live discussions in a physical
lecture allow students to improve their interpersonal skills
- something that is difficult to recreate in online classes where two-way interaction is rare.

In conclusion, while virtual learning is superior to conventional learning in several

aspects, the latter is by no means expendable.

271 words, written by Tung Dang

CHAPTER 1 - EDUCATION I 57
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' TRANSLATION

Ngay nay, khi Internet tr& nen de truy c$p hO'n bao gia het, h9c trl)'c tuyen da va dang bung n6.
V&i SI)' ra dai cua cac kh6a hQc trl)'c tuyen, m(>t s6 ngLI'ai n6i rang cac l&p h9c ngoai dai
thl)'c da tr& nen dlJ' thU'a. Du khong the phu nh$n IQ'i fch cua vi$c hQc ao so v&i mo hinh l&p
h9c truyen th6ng nhLI'ng toi tin rang vi$c dlJ'Q'C di;iy trl)'c tiep b&i cac giao vien th$t SI)' la m(>t
trai nghi$m khong bao gia c6 the bi thay the hoan toan.

M(>t m$t, h9c tren Internet VLI'Q't tr(>i hO'n so v&i hQc tren l&p theo nhieu each. Oau tien, n6
Cl)'C ky hi$u qua ve m$t chi phf. Cac l&p hQc trl)'c tuyen c t b6 hi$u qua nhieu chi phf ma vi$c
v$n hanh cac l&p h9c ngoai dai thl)'c phai ganh nhlJ' m$t bang va nhan vien hanh chfnh chang

hi;in. Oieu nay cho phep nhO,ng nha cung cap kh6a h9c trl)'c tuyen chao mai cac kh6a h9c d6 6'
m(>t ml.J'c de tiep c$n v&i di;ii chung. Thll' hai, l&p h9c tren nen tang web giup ngLI'ai h9c giai
quyet cac hi;in che ve thai gian va rao can dia ly. Oieu nay d$c bi$t hO,u fch cho nhO,ng nglJ'ai

6' vung nong thon va vung sau vung xa, nO'i tmang h9c va giao vien khan hiem.

M$t khac, th$t kh6 de hinh dung rang l&p h9c truyen th6ng den m(>t luc nao d6 se khong con
ton t<;3i. M(>t trong nhO,ng ly do dO'n gian la m(>t s6 ITnh Vl)'C nhat dinh doi h6i SI)' tlJ'O'ng tac
thl)'C te. Vf d1,1, cac mon hQC lien quan den CO' SO' v$t chat va d1,1ng Cl,I thf nghi$m phll'c ti;ip
nhLI' h6a h9c ho$c kT thu$t khong the h9c t<;3i nha. HO'n nO,a, c6 nhO,ng yeu t6 tLI'O'ng tac trong
l&p hQc ma moi tmang ao dO'n gian la khong the mo ph6ng dlJ'Q'C. Vi d1,1, cac ho<;3t d(>ng
tlJ'O'ng tac va thao lu$n trl)'c tiep trong m(>t bai giang v$t ly cho phep sinh vien cai thi$n kT nang
lien nhan - m(>t dieu kh6 tai t<;30 trong cac l&p hQc trl)'c tuyen hiem khi c6 tlJ'O'ng tac hai chieu.

T6m li;ii, du hQC ao VLI'Q"t tr(>i hO'n so v&i h9c truyen th6ng 6' m(>t so khia c<;3nh, nhLI'ng mo
hinh truyen th6ng khong bao gia c6 the b6 di dlJ'Q'C.

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I GENERAL VOCABULARY
accessible (a)
easy to afford/ widely available

Information on election candidates

should be m e nore accessible so that
the electorate can make informed choices
instead of casting random ballots.

something is undeniable
there is no denying sth that ...
There is no denying President Ho Chi
Minh's enduring influence on Vietnam's
political system and beliefs.

cost-efficient (a)
offering good value for money

(Q) Cost-efficiency is a recurring theme in

how products are marketed these days, but
in actual fact, most of the so-called saving
is obscure.

effectively (adv) as a result

In some countries, ride hailing applications

provide aspiring car owners with a way to
finance their vehicles, effectively fueling
demand for automobiles and worsening
pollution.

incur (v) to suffer something (cost, damage, negative

feelings, etc.)

The controversial immigration policy

incurs eo age the citizens.

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I GENERAL VOCABULARY
dispense with (v) to remove

New washing machines utilize CO2 to

clean and dry clothes, effectively
dispensing with the need for water.

among others (adv)

et cetera

The new iPhone boasts superb camera

capabilities, streamlined design,
significantly lower charging time, among
other upgrades.

the masses (n) ordinary people

In order to encourage the masses to

consider public transport, more effort must
be made to increase the efficiency and
cleanliness of buses and trains.

the former/ the latter (n)

the thing that was mentioned first/ the
thing that was mentioned later

The U.S. has been in a trade war with

China for some time now, and while from
the look of things the latter (China) seems
to have succumbed to the pressure exerted
by the former, truth be told both sides
have incurred irreparable damage to their
economy.

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I GENERAL VOCABULARY
scarce (a}
small in amount, not easy to get

Today, clothing manufacturers that

use responsibly sourced raw
materials and pay workers decently
are scarce. Most of the
time, apparels are fashioned from
cheap synthetics that are terrible for
the environment and produced by
workers who are grossly underpaid.

linked together and cannot be separated

inextricable (a}
Humans and nature have inextricable
, and the
survival of one very much depends on
the other.

to copy/ to imitate someone else's

achievement
emulate (v}
Aspiring app developers in Vietnam have
tried to emulate
of Nguyen Ha Dong, but none has
even come closer.

can be removed, not important

expendable (a} While theory is indeed very

important, part of it is expendable
and should indeed be done away with
to make the lesson more digestible.

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GENERAL
REVIEW
" VOCABULARY
Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with the suitable form of a word from the
general vocabulary list.

1. Renewable energy will be ...................... to realizing the goal of net zero carbon
emissions.
Meaning: too important, cannot be removed

2. The construction of new vehicle tracks has significantly improved.......................................to

the site.
Meaning: the ease of access

3. Manufacturing is.................................linked with environmental impact.

Meaning: in a way that is not possible to be separated

4. For the longest time, the iPhone was dubbed the ............................ of Samsung
smartphones.
Meaning: the copier

5................................of parking space is a dire problem that many megacities face.

Meaning: inadequacy

Exercise 2: Rewrite the following sentences using the words provided.

1. The impact of Mark Twain on American literature is undeniable.

(no denying) ..............................................................................................

2. Sharing a room is a common way to economize on accommodation.

(cost-efficient) ...........................................................................................

3. The fans of the movie are outraged by how lackluster the sequel was.

(incur) ......................................................................................................

4. Salah scored a critical goal early in the match. This cemented Liverpool's 6th
Champions League title.

(effectively) ...............................................................................................

5. The bassist is the weak link of the band. I think he might be kicked out soon.

(expendable) ............................................................................................

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