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Mathematics
Quarter 4 – Module 1
The Six Trigonometric Ratios: Sine,
Cosine, Tangent, Secant, Cosecant, and
Cotangent

ABEGAEL C. MEJIA, Writer

Teacher III, Urbiztondo Integrated School
 What I Need to Know

Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that studies relationships between side lengths

and angles of triangles. Trigonometry was pioneered by the Greeks to help them with their
studies about movements of the planets and other heavenly bodies known as astronomy.
This module will solely talk about triangles and its measurement. Activities and examples
were provided in a simple manner for you to easily comprehend the lesson. In addition, this
module was designed to provide you with meaningful opportunities for independent learning
at your own pace and time.

The most essential learning competency aligned in this module is:

1. Illustrates the six trigonometric ratios: sine, cosine, tangent, secant, cosecant,
and cotangent. (M9GE -IVa - 1)
Primarily, the scope of this module is to develop your skill in finding side(s) and angle(s) of a
triangle by applying trigonometric ratios. While going through this module, you are expected
to:
1. Enumerate and illustrate the six trigonometric ratios.
2. Apply the definition of the six trigonometric ratios in finding the unknown side(s)
and angle(s) of a right triangle.

What I Know

Let us determine how much you already know about the six trigonometric
ratios: sine, cosine, tangent, secant, cosecant, and cotangent. If you answer all the test items
correctly, skip studying this learning material and proceed to the next learning module.

DIRECTION: Choose the letter of the correct answer then write it on your answer sheet.

1. What is the ratio of the opposite side to the hypotenuse with respect to the given angle?
a. sine b. cosine c. tangent d. secant
For item number 2-4, use the figure below:

2. In ∆ABC, a = 15 and c = 20, what is the measure of B to the nearest degree?

a. 410 b. 450 c. 500 d. 550
3. Find the value of the side c to the nearest unit in ∆ABC if B is 30 and a = 10.
0

a. 12 b. 13 c. 14 d. 15
4. In ∆ABC, AB = 13cm and BC = 5 cm. What is cosB?
12 5 5 12
a. 13 b. 13 c. 12 d. 5
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 5. In a right triangle, the ratio of the lengths of the adjacent side of an acute angle to the
hypotenuse is called ______.
a. sine b. cosine c. tangent d. cosecant

In ∆ABC, AB = 26, BC = 10 B

10 26

C A
6. Find sinA.
13 5 26 10
a. b. c. d.
5 13 10 26
7. Find cosB.
13 5 26 10
a. b. c. d.
5 13 10 26
8. Find AC.
a. 20 b. 22 c. 24 d. 26
9. Find tanA.
5 5 12 15
a. 12
b. 13
c. 13
d. 13
10. Find cscB.
5 13 13 13
a. b. c. d.
12 5 12 15
11. What is the value of secB?
5 13 13 13
a. b. c. d.
12 5 12 15
12. Find cotA.
12 13 13 15
a. b. c. d.
5 5 12 13
13. In the triangle, what is the value of x?

a. 7.0 c. 8.0
b. 7.5 d. 8.5

14. ∆ABC is right-angled at C. If m A = 490, what is m B?

a. 410 b. 430 c. 450 d. 490
15. Triangle ABC is right-angled at C, find b if a = 15 and c = 23.
a. 17.44 b. 16.32 c. 15.21 d. 14.37

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 The Six Trigonometric Ratios: Sine,
Lesson
Cosine, Tangent, Secant, Cosecant,
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and Cotangent

WHAT’S IN
The word trigonometry comes from the two Greek words: trigonon (triangle) and
metron (to measure). So, we can say that trigonometry is about triangle measurements.
Moreover, it is the study of the relationships among the sides of a right triangle.

Definition

Ratio – a relationship between two numbers of the same kind.

Opposite Side – the side across the reference angle in a right triangle.
Adjacent Side – the side next to the reference angle in a right triangle.
Hypotenuse - the longest side of a right triangle.

Those definitions above will guide you to answer the following activity. It will help you identify
the opposite side, adjacent side, and the hypotenuse of a right triangle.

Activity 1. Locate Me!

Given the acute angle, name the opposite side, adjacent side, and the hypotenuse of each
right triangle below.

Opposite side = _____

Adjacent side = _____
Hypotenuse = _____

Opposite side = _____

Adjacent side = _____
Hypotenuse = _____

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 What’s New
In this section, you will learn how to find the values of the trigonometric ratios
of θ in a right triangle. Let us have the definition below:

Definition
PRIMARY TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS SECONDARY TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
sin θ = csc θ =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
cos θ = sec θ =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
tan θ = cot θ =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒

Speaking Mathematically:
Given trigonometric ratio Read as
sin θ sine theta
cos θ cosine theta
tan θ tangent theta
csc θ cosecant theta
sec θ secant theta
cot θ cotangent theta
Notice that the three ratios at the right are the reciprocals of the ratios on the left.

Example 1. With respect to the acute angle given, find the six trigonometric ratios using the
figure below.
opposite side = 4; adjacent side = 3; hypotenuse = 5
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 4 4
sin θ = = sin θ =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 5 5
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 3 3
cos θ = = cos θ =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 5 5
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 4 4
tan θ = = tan θ =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 3 3
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 5 5
csc θ = = csc θ =
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 4 4
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 5 5
sec θ = = sec θ =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 3 3
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 3 3
cot θ = 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
= 4
cot θ =
4

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Example 2. Solve for the value of the third side and find the value of the six trigonometric
ratios of the given figure.
Use the Pythagorean Theorem SIX TRIGONOMETRIC VALUES
to find the missing side.
12 13
c2 = a2 + b2 sin θ = csc θ =
13 12
c2 = (12)2 + (5)2
5 13
c2 = 144 + 25 cos θ = sec θ =
13 5
c2 = 169
12 5
√𝑐 2 = √169 tan θ = cot θ =
5 12
c = 13
Tip: A mnemonic device for remembering the definition of the primary trigonometric ratios
is
SOH – CAH – TOA
𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒂𝒅𝒋𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆
Where SOH is an acronym for sin θ = , CAH means cos θ = ,
𝒉𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒉𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆
𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆
and TOA means tan θ = .
𝒂𝒅𝒋𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆

What Is It
So far, you have determined the values of trigonometric ratios using the sides of a
right triangle. Now, you will apply these concepts to find the missing parts of a right triangle.
Study the example below. It will serve as your guide in creating a formula to find the unknown
parts of a right triangle.
Illustrative Example 1: Determine the equation or formula to find the missing part of the
triangle.
θ = 150
opposite side = n
adjacent side = p
hypotenuse = 17
a. Solve for p.
Solution: θ = 150; Hypotenuse = 17; Adjacent side = p
To solve for p, the adjacent side and hypotenuse should be in the formula.
Hence, use CAH.
adjacent side
cos θ =
hypotenuse
p
cos 150 =
17
p = 17 cos150 p = 16.42
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 b. Solve for n.
Solution: θ = 150; Hypotenuse = 17; Opposite side = n
To solve for n, the opposite side and hypotenuse must be in the formula.
Therefore, use SOH.
opposite side
sin θ =
hypotenuse
n
sin 150 =
17
n = 17 sin150 n = 4.40

c. Find m P.
Solution: The sum of all the interior angles of a triangle is 1800.

m P + m M + m N = 1800
m P + 90 + 15 = 180
m P = 180 – 105
m P = 750
Illustrative Example 2: Solve the right triangle given the length of one leg and the measure
of one acute angle.

= 570θ
opposite side = 9
adjacent side = a
hypotenuse = c

a. Solve for c.
Solution: θ = 570; Hypotenuse = c; Opposite side = 9
opposite side
sin θ =
hypotenuse
9
sin 570 =
c
9
c =
𝑠𝑖𝑛 570
c = 10.73
b. Solve for a.
Solution: θ = 570; Adjacent side = a; Opposite side = 9
opposite side
tan θ = adjacent side
9
tan 570 =
a
9
a = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 570
a = 5.84
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 c. Find m A.
Solution: The sum of all the interior angles of a triangle is 1800.

m A+ m C+ m B = 1800
m A + 90 + 57 = 180
m A = 180 – 147
m A = 330

Activity 2. Try This!

Given the measure of one acute angle and the length of one leg of a right triangle, find
the indicated missing parts.

Right Triangle a b c A B

5 430

12 230

8 350

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 What’s More
You have just learned the definitions of the six trigonometric ratios as well as
solving problems involving the measures of the sides of a right triangle using the
trigonometric ratios. Now, let us use the knowledge you have acquired to find the missing
angles of a right triangle.

Illustrative Example 1: Solve the right triangle given the length of the two legs.

a. Find A.
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
θ=A tan θ = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
8
opposite side = 8 tan A = 9
adjacent side = 9 A = 8 ÷ 9 = shift tan =

A = 41.630

b. Find B.
Solution: The sum of all the interior angles of a triangle is 1800.

m A + m C + m B = 1800
41.63 + 90 + m B = 180
m B = 180 – 131.63
m B = 48.370
c. Find side c.
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the missing side.
c2 = a2 + b2
c2 = (8)2 + (9)2
c2 = 64 + 81
c2 = 145
√𝑐 2 = √145
c = 12.04
Activity 3. Find Me!
Given the measure of the legs of a right triangle, find the remaining parts of the
given triangle.

1. 2.

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 What I Have Learned
Well done! You have reached this part of the module. This lesson was about the six
trigonometric ratios. Activities were provided to help you illustrate and define the six
trigonometric ratios. You have also learned how to use them in finding the missing sides and
angles of a right triangle. To ensure full understanding of the concepts related to the six
trigonometric ratios, answer the questions that follow given that ∆ABC is right-angled at C.

a. What trigonometric ratio will you use to solve for angle B if sides b and c are given?
b. How will you solve for c if angle B and side b are given?
c. Angle A and side c are given. How will you solve for angle B?

What I Can Do
It is time for you to apply the concepts you have learned in this module. The following activity
lets you solve and find the missing parts of a right triangle using appropriate trigonometric
ratios.

Activity 4. Let’s do this!

Complete the table below if A, B, and C are vertices of a right triangle and angle C is the right
angle.
No. A B a b c

1. 520 19

2. 14 26

3. 350 32

4. 220 18

5. 5 7

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 Assessment
Let us determine how much you have learned from this module. Read and
understand each item, then choose the letter of your answer and write it on your answer
sheet.

1.In a triangle, all the angles add up to _______

a. 900 b. 1350 c. 1800 d. 3600
2.In a right triangle, what do you call the ratio of the lengths of the adjacent side of an acute
angle to the opposite side?
a. sine b. secant c. cotangent d. cosecant
3. In the triangle, what is the formula to obtain the value of b?
𝑏 𝑏
a. sin 520 = c. tan 520 =
15 15
𝑏 15
b. cos 520 = d. sin 520 =
15 𝑏
4. In the figure item #3, what is the value of b?
a. 10.80 c. 12.01
b. 11.82 d. 13.52
For item nos. 5-8, use the figure at the right.
3
5. If sinA = , find tanA.
5
3 4 3 4
a. b. c. d.
5 5 4 3
12
6. Find cosB if sinA = .
13
12 5 12 5
a. b. c. d.
13 13 5 12
4
7. In tanB = , find cotB.
3
3 4 3 4
a. b. c. d.
5 5 4 3
13
8. Given that secA = , what is the value of cosA?
5
12 5 13 5
a. b. c. d.
13 13 5 12
9. Which trigonometric ratio best solved the triangle below?
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
a. sin θ =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
b. cos θ =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
c. tan θ =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
d. cannot be determined
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10. In the figure item #9, what is m B?
a. 350 b. 450 c. 550 d. 650
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11. In ∆ABC, tanA = , find the length of the hypotenuse.
3
a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6

For item nos. 12-14, use the figure below.

12. Find A.
a. 63.610 b. 53.500 c. 51.010 d. 48.250
13. Find B.
a. 26.390 b. 36.500 c. 38.990 d. 41.750
14. Find a.
a. 8.06 b. 7.89 c. 6.78 d. 5.36
15. Find the measure of the angle A.

a. 52.500 c. 63.100
b. 59.250 d. 64.190

Additional Activities
In this section, you will make use of clinometer. A clinometer is a tool that is
used to measure an angle. You can use clinometer to measure the height of tall things. Below
are the directions on how to create your own clinometer. Feel free to browse and search videos
online to guide you in making a DIY clinometer.

A. To make a DIY clinometer

Materials:
protractor
cardboard
string or thread
weight -such as a metal nut or paper clip
small pipe or drinking straw https://images.app.goo.gl/JfQ3gU33R7eR8HdH9

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Procedure:
1. Attach a protractor on a cardboard ad fix a viewing tube (straw or pipe) along the
diameter.
2. Punch a hole (o) at the center of the semicircle.
3. Suspend a weight from a small nail fixed to the center.
4. Ensure that the weight at the end of the string hangs below the protractor.
5. Mark degrees (in sexagecimal scale with 00 at the lowest and 10 to 900 proceeding
both clockwise and counterclockwise)
B. Determine the height of an object.
Steps:
1. Measure the distance of the object from you. Let the distance be d.
2. Look through the straw or pipe at the top of the object. Make sure you can clearly see
the top of the object.
3. Hold the clinometer steady and have someone record the angle the string makes on
the scale of the clinometer. Let this angle be θ.
4. Determine the height of the object by applying the concepts of the trigonometric ratios.

Key Answers

References:
Mathematics Learner’s Material 9
Nivera, Gladys C., Advanced Algebra, Trigonometry and Statistics: Patterns and Practicalities, Salesiana
Publishers, Inc., 2007
Enojado, Malyn B., Ec-Math (Advanced Algebra, Trigonometry, Statistics and Intoduction to Calculus),
Magallanes Publishing House Inc., 2011
https://www.that quiz.org>previ…Ch.9.8SixTrigRatios-ThatQuiz
https://nrich.maths.org/make-a-clinometer

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