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How to Think in Chess Jan Przewoznik Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): Jan Przewoznik; Marek Soszynski
ISBN(s): 9781888690101, 1888690100
Edition: Paperback
File Details: PDF, 8.09 MB
Year: 2001
Language: english
How to Think
in Chess

Jan Przewoznik
and
Marek Soszynski

Foreword by
Jon Levitt

2001
Russell Enterprises, Inc.
Milford, CT USA
 How to Think in Chess

© Copyright 200 I

Jan Przewoznik and Marek Soszynski

All Rights Reserved

ISBN: l-888690-10-0

Published by:
Russell Enterprises, Inc.
P.O. Box 30
Milford, CT 06460 USA

http://www.chesscafe.com
[email protected]

Cover design by OutExcel! Corp., Al Lawrence, President; Jami Anson,

Art Director.

Printed in the United States of America

 Table of Contents

Foreword

Preface 111

I Introduction

11 Solo Analysis 9
1. Positions for solo analysis 9
2. Analysis of training positions - solutions 11
3. How t o analyze the protocols o f thinking aloud 24
4. Example of protocol analyses 28
5. Exercises 33
6. Solutions to the exercises 60

Ill Solving Methods 76

1 . Analysis of critical positions 77
2. Grouping forcing and non-forcing possibilities 87
3 . Combining moves, grouping possibilities 88
4. Forming the possibilities into three groups 89
5. Plan formation 90
6. A preference for some move or plan 94
7. The basic variation 96
8 . Anticipation 97
9. Progressive deepening 1 00
1 0. Checking 1 07
1 1 . Securing 1 08
12. Conflict analysis 108
1 3 . Trying out 1 10
1 4. Clarification 111
1 5 . Strengthening 111
1 6. Confirmation 1 13
1 7 . Non-execution of moves 1 14
1 8. Calculating only one's own moves 115
1 9. Methodical doubt 1 17
20. Aiming for partial liquidation or elimination 1 20
2 1 . Methodical return to more general problems 1 22
IV Test Your Chess Fantasy 123
I. Test construction 123
2. How to solve the problems and assess performance 126
3. Problems 131
4. Answers 191
5. Full Solutions 193
6. Problem classification and scoring 236
7. Favorable conditions for creative solving 243
8. Are you a creative thinker? 246

V Psychological Training 248

l. Setting goals 249
2. Positive thinking 253
3. Stress management 257
4. Character development 266
5. Positive self-image 269

Selected Bibliography 271

Index of Players and Composers 273

II
 Foreword

The game of chess is fascinating on many different levels. From the logic
oftactical calculation to the depth ofstrategic conceptions, from the beauty
of refined play in an endgame study to the cut and thrust of competitive
play, from the evolution of opening theory to the idiosyncrasies of the
World Champions ...it is all part of what goes underneath the umbrella
term of "chess."

But whatever we find intriguing about chess ...whatever captures our

imagination . .. does so because of the way our individual brains work.
For this reason the psychology of chess is always going to be a complex
and compelling subject.

"Psychology" is, of course, another term that can encompass a very wide
range of issues. At one moment in Jan Przewoznik and Marek Soszynski 's
book you might be reading what seems like a self-help text, learning to
overcome mental blocks or reading advice on how to deal with competi­
tive stress. At another moment you might be examining the thinking "pro­
tocols" of strong players as they analyse a critical position in depth.

As an improving player many years ago (sadly I cannot describe myself

in those terms any more) I remember being very critical of my own think­
ing process in chess. Indeed, any serious player must examine with great
care the way he or she thinks at the board. Sometimes to improve perfor­
mance you have to observe yourself objectively and find something to
"tweak." Then you can observe the way your game changes as a result
and try the same process all over again. If a teacher does not give you the
necessary feedback, then you can always generate some for yourself.
Tournament results and the happiness or suffering they induce also give
you valuable feedback, even if not always pleasant.

From the perspective of improving one's own game, it can be very help­
ful to see how other players think and to understand the typical processes
that make up chess thinking. Leaming about "anticipation" or "progres­
sive deepening" might even benefit your game. Stepping back for a few
minutes and taking a wider perspective of yourself as one of many hu­
man brains struggling to master the complexities of our game might be
more rewarding to you as a player than analysing Ivanchuk's 18.§.dgl !?
against the Najdorf Sicilian. Maybe. It depends on the sort of person you
are and how you like to tackle things.

iii
You should be warned however that this is not an entirely normal chess
book and certain parts of it have more the feel of academic esoterica.
Some of the protocol analysis, for example, is very detailed and may not
seem at all helpful to the improving player (it might of course be of inter­
est to a psychologist or a computer programmer). The section on sports
psychology is of more practical value and may help players freshen up
their approach or introduce a touch more creativity into their play.

A book such as this can reveal a great deal to the intelligent reader, be he
a player who wants to improve, a chess teacher who wants somebody
else to improve or even a psychologist who just wants to observe the
thinking brain in action. There is something for everybody, even if cer­
tain parts of it may not appeal to all.

As someone who has written on chess psychology myself (in the book
Genius in Chess published by Batsford), I know how much is owed by
anyone working in this field to the great pioneer of chess psychology,
Adriaan De Groot. You will see his name and methods crop up again and
again here ... a sure sign that Przewoznik and Soszynski are following the
time-honoured method of building on what has gone before by "standing
on the shoulders of giants." The authors have their own contribution to
make too, as I am sure readers will discover for themselves.

Jon Levitt
London
February 2001

IV
 Preface

This book grew out of Jan Przewoznik's writings on the subject of chess
thinking that first appeared in various Polish magazines, journals, and
books. That material was translated into English by Marek Soszynski,
and then much amended, rewritten and expanded by us both.

We should like to thank the many people who made this book possible.
Primarily, grateful recognition must be paid to the dozens and dozens of
chessplayers, both adults and juniors, male and female, with or without
titles, who agreed to take part in various psychological tests and training
experiments. They helped to ensure that this book is not merely empty
theorizing, but is empirically based. Our further thanks go to Jon Levitt
for providing a foreword and to Taylor Kingston, Warren Clarke, Mike
Donnelly and others, who made useful suggestions and comments on
drafts of the English text. Due acknowledgment is also given here of the
permission granted by the Mouton de Gruyter publishing house to quote
from Adriaan de Groot's classic work, Thought and Choice in Chess.

We realize that we have only scratched the surface of chess psychology,

and only scratched it at a few, convenient places. However, our aim has
been not an exhaustive volume of academic reference, but a book that
while unusual or demanding in places, is ultimately of intelligent, practi­
cal help. We firmly believe that absolutely anyone who is willing to train
systematically in order to improve his chess, is receptive to psychologi­
cal examples and therapeutic advice, but above all is prepared to think
about the game and his own approach to it, will certainly benefit from
this book.

Jan Przewoznik
Marek Soszynski
February 2001

v
 I Introduction

How to think in chess? This question has the broadest possible range. At
one extreme it refers to the immediate problem facing every chessplayer
with an ounce of fight left in him- what move to play next on the board.
At the other extreme it refers to the lifelong problem facing every player
with an ounce of ambition left in him - what move to make next in one's
development.

If you want to get better, you have to change. And you have to change
because some of what you do now is flawed or second-best. But which
part of your thinking is not quite right? Know thyself is a developmental
principle familiar since the days of Socrates, and its worth is repeatedly
proved in many walks of life. It is obligatory in chess training, when it is
worthwhile noting not only what you do, but also how you are doing it,
how you think, and how you solve problems. This very necessary self­
knowledge applies both to minute details (of individual moves, and im­
mediate game plans) and to the overall picture (of your character, and
your future chess career). Unless you know where you are, and where
you want to go, progress is impossible.

Let us begin with the thinking that takes place during a game. The moves
on a chessboard can be praised or criticized in isolation, but they are the
result of thought processes that can and must themselves be investigated.
Here we draw on the classic research of the Dutch psychologist and
chessplayer, Adriaan de Groot. Around the time of the famous AVRO
tournament in 1938, and later, he was able to question several of the
world's top players (Alexander Alekhine, Max Euwe, Reuben Fine, Salo
Flohr, Paul Keres, and Saviely Tartakower) subject them to various chess
tests and then compare their responses and results with those of weaker
players (such as two female Dutch champions). One outcome was unex­
pected. To put it very briefly, when deciding on a move, the stronger
players did not calculate any deeper than the weaker ones. The Grand­
masters could memorize positions from typical games very well indeed,
and seemed to have a huge internal store of arrangements and patterns of
pieces (or "chunks"), but de Groot did not find that they analyzed more
or longer variations than the others. This finding still has the power to
surprise even today.

Please do not misunderstand this. Strong players can calculate deeper -

and faster, with fewer errors - than weaker players, but that cannot be the
entire explanation for some top Grandmaster rapidly annihilating strong
opposition in a simultaneous display. Just because titled players can cal­
culate deeply, does not mean that they do that all the time in all their
games, nor can their calculatory ability alone be the reason for their suc­
cess. Take a quick glance at the following examples.

Najdorf-Pilz, Warsaw, 1934

1.d4 4)f6 2.c4 e6 3.4)c3 .Q.b4 4.'ltfc2 c5 5.dxc5 Axc5 6.4)f3 d5

7.Ag5 dxc4 8.e3 0-0 9..Q.xc4 4)bd.7 10.0-0 h6 11 ..Q.h4 t'/a5 12.a3
.Q.e7 13.b4 t'/b6 14.!Udl a5 15 . .§.abl axb4 16.axb4<1t>h8 17.4)b5
4)b8 18.Jlg3 4)a6 19.Ad6 4)g8 20.4)e5 g6 21.A xe7 4) x e7
22 . .§.d6 4)c6 23.4) xg6+ fxg6 24.t'/xg6 4)axb4 25.t'/xh6+ <lt>g8
26. .§.xe6 .Q.xe6 27. .Q.xe6+ .§.f7 28.t'/g6+ <lt>h8 29 . .Q.xf7 1-0.

"This game was awarded the first brilliancy prize and nobody was more
surprised than me since I can remember at no time seeing more than two
moves ahead." Thus reported Miguel Najdorf (Chess Monthly, Septem­
ber 1 992).

Nunn-Tai, Wijk aan Zee, 1982

1.e4 c5 2.4)f3 e6 3.d4 cxd4 4.4) xd4 4)c6 5.4)c3 a6 6.g3 '/bc7
7.Jlg2 4)f6 8.0-0 h6 9.4)b3 .Q.e7 10.a4 d6 11.f4 0-0 12.g4 .Q.d7
13.h4 b5 14.g5 4)h7 1 5.Ae3 b4 16.4)e2 d5 17.exd5 exd5
18.'/bxd5 .§.ac8 19.a5 4)b8 20.4)ed4 Ag4 21 . .§.ael .§.fd8 22.'/be4
.§.e8 23 . .ilf2 .Q.d7 24.'/bd5 '/bd6 25.4)f5 '/bxd5 26.4) xe7+ .§.xe7
27.Axd5 .§.xel 28 . .§. xel .§. xc2 29 . .§.e7 .Q.c6 30 . .Q.xf7+ <lt>f8
31..§.c7 hxg5 32.Ac5+ 1-0.

"So far as I can remember," wrote the winner in his Secrets of Grand­
master Chess, "I hardly calculated a single variation more than a couple
of moves deep during the entire course of the game." (Admittedly, this
was not typical for the tactically oriented John Nunn.)

There is another important finding by de Groot, which has been con­

firmed again and again by later researchers. Chessplayers, including the
very best, do not as a rule immediately make a short and neat mental list
of candidate moves that they then consider one at a time, just the once.

2
This is simply not how people approach most problems, nor is there any
reason why they should approach all problems that way. It is just one
solving method among many; we give examples of more practical ones
in Chapter III.

Why so many approaches to the problem of which move to play next?

Why not a single, "true" way? Well, since many of the tactical and posi­
tional features of a position persist, what is discovered when weighing
one line in detail may be relevant to the analysis of another line consid­
ered earlier; that other line will then deserve a second look. Inevitably,
the same lines will be reconsidered; rightly, the human player will re­
check his conclusions. These are not defects in a chessplayer's thinking
that ought to be criticized and trained out. And often when studying a
specific strategy or a combination, some thought has to be given as to
which move will initiate the whole thing, whereas the general idea or
theme is already clear. In other words, a prior selection had been made
from among candidate plans rather than moves. A player may quite rea­
sonably have decided that his best prospects in a particular game lie ei­
ther in central consolidation, or in a queenside minority attack, for in­
stance. Clearly, this was not simply a choice between two next moves.

In Chapter II, four positions will be presented for solo analysis using the
method of thinking aloud. Detailed analyses of these positions will be
given, and then a specific way of analyzing chess thinking will be pre­
sented, according to which the reader will be able to evaluate his own
thinking during the solving of problems, and decide the direction of fur­
ther self-developmental work.

Of course, de Groot was aware that the method of thinking aloud creates
certain difficulties, due to the need to think and verbalize simultaneously.
In general, though, the subjects acknowledged that their decision-mak­
ing process in the experiment corresponded to that of the tournament
situation.

De Groot's studies were not widely discussed in the literature of either

chess or psychology, but this seminal work deserves wider attention among
chessplayers and psychologists interested in research into cognitive pro­
cesses. It appears that the method of thinking aloud, although time-con­
suming and hard to carry out, can serve as a valuable complement to
chess training.

3
 The advantages of thinking aloud and protocol analysis

1. The method of thinking aloud, along with subsequent verbal proto­

col analyses, can develop in the chessplayer a habit of efficient, or­
ganized thought consciously applied in playing a chess game.
2. I n critical positions, a t decisive moments o f the battle, the player can
initiate a fixed procedure of thought, thereby becoming independent
of his emotions or other factors that could disturb the thought pro­
cess.
3. The trainer can gain an insight into the thought process o f his young
charge and discover how it progresses, something he would not dis­
cover if he concentrated only on the results of analysis.
4. The implementation of a certain methodological rigor during play,
particularly at critical moments, can prevent time trouble (or cure it).
5. Using certain patterns o f organized thinking does not a t all curb cre­
ativity - quite the opposite. Skillfully put to good use, it can foster
the discovery of original ideas.

Chapter IV is devoted to the application of the method of thinking in

chess. The reader will be able to apply the recognized ways of thinking
during the solving of the problems. The guiding watchword for all of the
problems is fantasy.

Fantasy will never disappear from chess. There will always be innova­
tors in this field gifted at finding unconventional means of unraveling
problems that arise on the chessboard - eliciting admiration from impar­
tial and knowledgeable observers. Such creativity lies in the very nature
of chess. Whether we like it or not, amid the tournament scoreboards,
rating points, categories, and norms of our chess world a prominent place
is occupied by the aesthetic, artistic and truly creative.

In order to bring our own creativity to ever higher levels, we carefully

study opening theory, the middle- and endgame; we examine a countless
number of standard positions; we try to learn and memorize as many
general principles as possible; we acquaint ourselves with the games of
Grandmasters.

Imitation is desirable in acquiring chess knowledge. It is also very natu­

ral and ubiquitous in life. But we do not trouble ourselves with all these
profitable things, developing our intellect, merely to copy long-estab­
lished patterns of play and rehearse cliched examples. What is required

4
of us is creativity! An original approach to recurrent problems, linked
with the ability to set new ones. Much space in chess manuals is devoted
to matters of a technical nature. A lot is said about isolated pawns, the
"hanging center," the domination of the bishop pair, the "good" and "bad"
knight, and so forth. The conclusions become generalized. But so little is
written about exceptions to the rule, about paradoxes.

It is precisely this somewhat neglected topic that is taken up in this sec­

tion. We are not interested here in the situation where the player repeats
and reproduces his previous experience and customary play. In the course
of solving standard problems on the board, you make your way along
familiar paths, sticking to well-known tried and tested procedures. Here
we are not particularly concerned with this kind of imitative thinking, or
"reproductive thinking" as psychologists put it.

What attracted us was the situation where a player looks for solutions
hidden in "the depths," in which workable options are in fact obscured
by standard, entrenched patterns of thought. And the eventual outcome,
the correct solution, at first seemed too improbable to be true. Which is
why it was hard to foresee.

We searched for the right word to express best this state of affairs: it is
fantasy. Fantasy in this context means the ability to imagine situations,
incidents, whole series of events (let these be moves in a chess game)
which are transformations, enrichments, of earlier experiences. The pic­
turing to oneself of completely new situations or events. What is vital in
fantasy is paradox, the conspicuous presentation of contradictions.

Fantasy is one of the essential conditions for creativity, whether literary,

musical, artistic, or on the chessboard. With its help we can attack our
fixed dogmas.

When first we encounter signs of chess fantasy, we experience cognitive

dissonance. Here we come face to face with something alien to our previ­
ous views. In our eyes, basic principles of chess have been undermined.
We stand amazed before the fact that a "short-legged" knight catches a
"long-legged" bishop on the long diagonal; that a humble pawn, at a
certain moment, proves to be stronger than a queen; and that a king in the
opening, instead of hiding himself behind the last rampart, heads victori­
ously into battle, straight into the fire of the foreign army.

5
Yet after deeper analysis of each such individual case, we invariably come
to the conclusion that what seemed irrational is really rational after all.
Moves, strategies, and ideas that according to popular opinion go against
principle and common sense, are actually guided by the different - ini­
tially imperceptible - demands of chessboard logic. One could say, to
paraphrase the American philosopher John Dewey, that where old and
familiar things take on the mark of the new, there we encounter fantasy.
But when something new occurs, then distant and strange things become
obvious and inevitable. And there is always a certain sense of adventure
in intellectual contact with the world, and that adventure is what we here
call fantasy.

There are opportunities for fantasy, originality, enterprise, artistry, ad­

venture, creativity, ingenuity - call it what you will - or merely some­
thing "a bit different," at all stages of a chess game, ifyou are prepared to
look for them. That is the case even in the very, very simplest of circum­
stances.

White could just queen with check, but in place of that there is 1.<it'f6!
<it'h7 2.f8 � <it'h6 3.�h8 *. This is not just being "flashy," it is actu­
=

ally the quickest way to win.

A certain line of the solid, "boring" Caro-Kann Defense was known to

1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.�d2 dxe4 4.� xe4 �d7 5.�g5 �gf6
theory :
6.Ad3 e6 7.� lf3 Ad6 8.�e2 h6 9.�e4 � xe4 10.�xe4 �f6
11.�h4. Surely nothing out of the ordinary could happen here, as early
as this? (See diagram top of next page.)

Since 1 1 . . .0-0? is answered by 1 2.�xh6 gxh6 13.�xh6 followed by g2-

g4-g5, Black has to content himself with the mundane 1 1 . . .�c7, or
l l . . '1¥¥a 5+ 1 2._g_dz '1¥¥h 5. Or so it had been thought. And then in one
.

6
game Anatoly Karpov came up with 11 ... �e7!?, which threatens ... g7-
g5 embarrassing the white queen (Kamsky-Karpov, Dortmund, 1993).

Next, a case of what we are stressing throughout- seek and ye shallfind.

Black to move.

At first glance White's kingside formation appears somewhat vulnerable

to a piece sacrifice on h3, but we imagine that Adolf Anderssen looked
again to find something far stronger. 1 ... 4) xg2!! 2.�xg2 � xf3+!
3.�gl 4)xd4 4.�e4 b5? A pity. This also required a second look be­
cause it allows 5 ..ildS
�xe4 6 . .§xe4 when White would soon be only one
pawn down. 5 . .Q.d3? f5 6.� xd4 .Q.b7 0-1 (Saalbach-Anderssen,
Leipzig, 1858).

To give the encounter with chess fantasy the character of an adventure,

we decided on a chapter partly in the form of a test, forcing the reader to
grapple with unusual problems.

For whom is that chapter intended? Above all, we hope it will interest a
very broad group of self-taught chessplayers. Those more advanced may
be bored at first with exercises none too difficult for them. They may not
see any signs of fantasy in the solutions. But remember that the exercises
were arranged from the easiest to the hardest. What is already obvious to

7
them, the less advanced have the chance to discover only now.

And those less advanced? They should cope well with the initial exer­
cises, but later it will get tougher and tougher. Let them not lose heart!
Through it they can determine their present stage of development, and
what journey awaits them. In time they will be able to solve ever more
exercises. And that can be a yardstick, a confirmation of progress.

We feel confident that this is the chapter for those who would rather not
count the squandered points after a tournament, but instead encourage
themselves with every brilliant, startling idea realized on the chessboard.
Would this be the chapter then, for every fortunate chessplayer? With no
losers amongst them? In the world of paradoxes everything is possible.

In the final chapter we propose the basic elements for self-improvement

work in chess, incorporating psychological methods applied in sport and
elsewhere. The principal directions for chess development will be con­
sidered.

First of all, there will be the skills of setting goals, and of positive think­
ing. If you want to be a winner, you have to think like one! You have to
know where you are heading, and you have to realize, early on, that it is
especially important how far you plan on going.

Secondly, not only awareness of the goal itself is important, but also
awareness of the road to it. And here questions of character formation,
and coping with stress, already arise. One must learn the skills to over­
come obstacles, to maintain persistence, to extract satisfaction even from
the smallest successes, and to correct one's direction when thrown off
course.

Thirdly, on the road to one's goals, belief in oneself, in one's potential, in

one's internal reserves, is of great significance to the chessplayer. The
ability to construct a positive self-image is required here.

We hope that this book will make it easier for the chessplayer or his
coach to work systematically at raising his own or his student's standard
of play, and give him an opportunity to delve into the deeper question,
how do I actually think?

8
 II Solo Analysis

1. POSITIONS FOR SOLO ANALYSIS

Instructions

These are your instructions. You will be presented with four positions.
With each one, you are allowed half an hour to set it up on a full-sized
board, and to come up with a single best move, along with some plans
and variations, etc.

It is very important to keep in mind that your task will be not only to
select a move in each position, but also to express your thoughts aloud
during its selection. These thoughts should be recorded on audio tape.
The value of the examination depends to a large extent on reporting your
thoughts precisely, especially the moves and variations considered. It is
vital that you say out loud everything that comes to mind during selec­
tion of a move. We emphasize, all your thoughts about the position are
important. Try to think as if it was a normal tournament game, but other­
wise please speak about everything that you look at, that you verify or
plan. Later, you will be able to subject your recorded thoughts to a thor­
ough appraisal - that is the whole idea.

You should also note that these are not all tests of your skill at finding
winning combinations. The situation is not necessarily "White to play
and win - find the solution." Whether the situation is really "positional"
or "tactical," and whether the game may be won, drawn, or lost remains
for you to discover. The circumstances are close to tournament condi­
tions: you have arrived at a certain position and play has to continue.

To get used to the novel situation of voicing your thoughts while study­
ing a position, it is worthwhile practicing with some examples before­
hand. If the method of thinking aloud causes you difficulties at first, prac­
tice with a few further examples in order to gain proficiency in reporting
what you are thinking. Once you are satisfied that simultaneous analyz­
ing and speaking does not cause you difficulties, we can start on the
actual playing-out of a game.

In each position White is to move; you will always be playing as White.

9
The thirty minutes you have per position to select a move is longer than
may be practical in an actual game, but:

i) in a game you will have seen the position being reached, and to
that extent be already familiar with it;
ii) speaking your thoughts out loud will probably slow your think­
ing somewhat. You still may not need the full time to decide, but
remember that this is not a rapidplay or blitz!
Let us embark on the practical training then.

Position #1

Position #2

Position #3

10
 Position #4

You will now be able to compare your own recorded analyses with those
quoted below, which are based mostly on the much-amended protocols
(i.e., transcripts) from co-author Jan Przewoznik's own researches car­
ried out in the 1980s on a group of three dozen Polish chessplayers rang­
ing from Category I to Grandmaster strength.

POSITION #1

l .�xh8
In Position #1 it is not possible to take the rook on h8 since after
§bS White soon gets mated, e.g. 2.b4 § xb4+ 3.axb4 �xb4+ 4.<t!tal �a3+
5.<t!tbl �a2 * . White also loses after the peaceful l .�xb7 �xb7 2 .Axb7
§b8 3.Ac6 §b6 4 . ..lle4 §ab5 and Black's threats down the b-file are
decisive. After l .�e5 c4 a counterattack down the f-file saves White:
2.§ xf7+! �xf7 3.g6+! hxg6! 4.Axg6+ �e7 5.�xg7+ �d6 6.�xh8 c3
7.�b8+ �e7 8.�e8+; a draw by perpetual check ends the game.

It appears that White has difficulties. His king is threatened by dangers

connected with the moves 1 . . .§bS, 2 . . . § xb2+, 3 . . . §a2 * . Besides which

11
his queen is en prise, so there is no time for the defense <it>al, !:!bl. So
one could have the impression that White's position is difficult. First let
us see the game's conclusion.

1.�e5 c4 2 . .§.xf7+! '3Jxf7 3.g6+ '3Je8 4.�b8+ �d8 5.�xb7 �c8

6.Ac6+ '3Jd8 7.�xg7 .§.gS 8.�xd4+ c:Jc7 9.gxh7 .§.dS 10.�c3
'3Jb6 1 1.Ah7! �b8 12.dxc4! �e5 13.�b4+ c:Ja7 14.Ad5! .§.axd5
15.cxd5 �xd5 16.�xa4+ 1-0. (This is a colors-reversed version of
Lutikov-Taimanov, USSR, 1 969, i.e., Taimanov won the actual game as
Black.)

From the initial position the best move is l ..§xf7+!! - an immediate strike
down the f-file. After l . . .®xf7? White instantly solves all problems with
the help of a counterattack, e.g., 2.!:!fl + ®e7 3.�xh8 §b5 4.�xg7+ <i!td6
5.�f8+ ®d7 (if5 . . . ®c7 6.�f4+ ®d8 7. �cl!). Now White has draws by
repetition starting with either 6.®a l § xb2 7.!:!f7+, or 6.!:!f7+ .iil x f7
7.�xf7+. In fact, in the latter line White can probably put his faith in his
superb bishop and extra pawns, and try for more. In that event the pres­
sure on b2 can be relieved by the queen exchanging herself, or by her
giving check on f4 and dropping back to c I.

The real fight starts afterl .§ xf7+!! .iilx f7 2 .�e5+ (but not 2.�xh8 !:!b5
with a win for Black, e.g. 3.®al !:!xb2 4 . .lld5 .ll x d5 5.�xg7+ .llf7 ). Now
Black has several possibilities. We shall consider each of them in turn.

The most threatening looks to be the blocking 2 . . . �e6 with the idea of
giving mate after 3.�c7+ ®e8 4.�xa5 �a2 # . Which is why White does
not take the rook but looks for perpetual check: 2 . . . �e6 3.�c7+ ®e8
(3 . . .�d7 4.'lWxa5 with advantage to White since mate is no longer threat­
ened; likewise after 3 . . . <it>f8 4.�d8+ �e8 5.�xa5 White maintains the
advantage.) 4.�b8+ ®d7 5 .�xb7+ (Black pushed the queen off the im­
portant d8-a5 diagonal, but his king in the center is constantly exposed to
checks.) 5 . . . <i!fd8 6.�b8+ �c8 (White forced Black into a partial with-
drawal of his forces. If 6 ... ®e7 then 7.�c7+ ®e8 8 . .llc6+, or 7 . . .�d7
8.�xa5 both winning; or 6 . . . ®d7 7.�b7+ with a repetition of position.)
7.�d6+ �d7 (But not 7 . . . ®e8?? because of 8 . .llc 6+ and White wins
straight away.) 8.�b8+ ®e7 (8 . . . �c8 9.�d6+ drawing.) 9.�xh8 �e6
(Otherwise White will play 10.�xg7 and l l .�f6+.) 10.c4 dxc3 l l .§ xc3
�a2+ 1 2.®cl �al + 1 3.®d2 �xb2+ 14.!:!c2 �e5 1 5.�c8 �xg5+ 1 6.e3
�e5 or 16 . . . §bS, but by now White has no difficulty in defending his
king, and the position guarantees a draw. So perhaps in the 2 . . . �e6 varia-

12
Other documents randomly have
different content
 FALL ELECTION.

State of New York, }

Office of the Secretary of State, }
Albany, August 2, 1858. }

To the Sheriff of the County of New York:

S IR—NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, THAT AT THE GENERAL, Election to be held in

this State on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in November next, the
following officers are to be elected, to wit:
A Governor, in the place of John A. King;
A Lieutenant Governor, in the place of Henry R. Selden;
A Canal Commissioner, in the place of Samuel B. Ruggles, appointed in place of
Samuel S. Whallon, deceased;
An Inspector of State Prisons, in the place of William A. Russell;
All whose terms of office will expire on the last day of December next.
A Representative in the Thirty-sixth Congress of the United States, for the Third
Congressional District, composed of the First, Second, Third, Fifth and Eighth
Wards in the city of New York.
A Representative in the Thirty-sixth Congress of the United States, for the Fourth
Congressional District, composed of the Fourth, Sixth, Tenth and Fourteenth Wards
in the city of New York;
A Representative in the Thirty-sixth Congress of the United States, for the Fifth
Congressional District, composed of the Seventh and Thirteenth Wards of the city
of New York, and the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth Wards of
Brooklyn;
A Representative in the Thirty-sixth Congress of the United States, for the Sixth
Congressional District, composed of the Eleventh, Fifteenth and Seventeenth
Wards in the City of New York;
A Representative in the Thirty-sixth Congress of the United States, for the
Seventh Congressional District, composed of the Ninth, Sixteenth, and Twentieth
Wards in the City of New York;
And also, a Representative in the Thirty-sixth Congress of the United States for
the Eighth Congressional District, composed of the Twelfth, Eighteenth,
Nineteenth, Twenty-first, and Twenty-second Wards in the City of New York.
 COUNTY OFFICERS ALSO TO BE ELECTED FOR SAID COUNTY.
Seventeen Members of Assembly;
A Sheriff, in the place of James C. Willett;
A County Clerk, in the place of Richard B. Connolly;
Four Coroners, in the place of Frederick W. Perry, Edward Connery, Robert
Gamble and Samuel C. Hills;
All whose terms of office will expire on the last day of December next.
The attention of Inspectors of Election and County Canvassers is directed to
Chapter 320 of Laws of 1858, a copy of which is printed, for instructions in regard
to their duties under said law, “submitting the question of calling a Convention to
revise the Constitution and amend the same to the people of the State.”

Chap. 320.
AN ACT to submit the question of calling a Convention to revise the Constitution
and amend the same, to the People of the State:
Passed April 17, 1858—three-fifths being present.
The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do
enact as follows:
Section 1. The Inspectors of Election in each town, ward, and election district in
this State, at the annual election to be held in November next, shall provide a
proper box to receive the ballots of the citizens of this State entitled to vote for
members of the Legislature at such election. On such ballot shall be written or
printed, or partly written and printed, by those voters who are in favor of a
Convention, the words: “Shall there be a Convention to Revise the Constitution
and amend the same? Yes.” And by those voters who are opposed thereto, the
words: “Shall there be a Convention to Revise the Constitution and amend the
same? No.” And all citizens entitled to vote as aforesaid shall be allowed to vote by
ballot as aforesaid, in the election district in which he resides, and not elsewhere.
§2. So much of the articles one, two and three, of title four, of chapter one
hundred and thirty, of an act entitled “An act respecting elections other than for
militia and town officer,” passed April fifth, eighteen hundred and forty-two, and
the acts amending the same, as regulates the manner of conducting elections and
challenges, oaths to be administered, and inquiries to be made, of persons
offering to vote, shall be deemed applicable to the votes to be given or offered
under the act: and the manner of voting and challenges, and the penalties for
false swearing, prescribed by law, are hereby declared in full force and effect in
voting or offering to vote under this act.
§3. The said votes given for and against a convention, in pursuance of this act,
shall be canvassed by the Inspectors of the several election districts or polls of the
said election in the manner prescribed by law, and as provided in article four, of
title four, of chapter one hundred and thirty of the said act, passed April fifth,
eighteen hundred and forty-two, and the acts amending the same, as far as the
same are applicable; and such canvass shall be completed by ascertaining the
whole number of votes given in each election district or poll for a convention, and
the whole number of votes given against such convention, in the form aforesaid;
and the result being found, the inspectors shall make a statement in words, at full
length, of the number of ballots received in relation to such convention, and shall
also state in words, at full length, the whole number of ballots having thereon the
words, “Shall there be a Convention to revise the Constitution and amend the
same? No.” Such statements as aforesaid shall contain a caption, stating the day
on which, and the number of the district, the town or ward, and the county at
which the election was held, and at the end thereof a certificate that such
statement is correct in all respects, which certificate shall be subscribed by all the
inspectors, and a true copy of such statement shall be immediately filed by them
in the office of the clerk of the town or city.
§4. The original statements, duly certified as aforesaid, shall be delivered by the
inspectors, or one of them to be deputed for that purpose, to the supervisor, or, in
case there be no supervisor, or he shall be disabled from attending the board of
canvassers, then to one of the assessors of the town or ward, within twenty-four
hours after the same shall have been subscribed by such inspectors, to be
disposed of as other statements at such election, are now required by law.
§5. So much of articles first, second, third, and fourth, of title fifth, of chapter
one hundred and thirty, of the act entitled, “An act respecting elections other than
for militia and town officers,” and the acts amending the same, as regulates the
duties of County Canvassers and their proceedings, and the duty of County Clerks,
and the Secretary of State, and the Board of State Canvassers, shall be applied to
the canvassing and ascertaining the will of the people of this State in relation to
the proposed convention; and if it shall appear that a majority of the votes or
ballots given in and returned as aforesaid are against a convention, then the said
canvassers are required to certify and declare that fact by a certificate, subscribed
by them; and filed with the Secretary of State: but if it shall appear by the said
canvass that a majority of the ballots or votes given as aforesaid are for a
convention, then they shall by like certificates, to be filed as aforesaid, declare that
fact; and the said Secretary shall communicate a copy of such certificate to both
branches of the Legislature, at the opening of the next session thereof.
Yours, respectfully,

GIDEON J. TUCKER, Secretary of State.

Sheriff’s Office, }
New York, August 4, 1858. }
 The above is published pursuant to the notice of the Secretary of State, and the
requirements of the Statute in such case made and provided.
JAMES C. WILLET,

Sheriff of the City and County of New York.

☞ All the public newspapers in the county will publish the above once in each
week until the election, and then hand in their bills for advertising the same, so
that they may be laid before the Board of Supervisors, and passed for payment.
See Revised Stat, vol. 1, chap. 6, title 3, article 2d, part 1st, page 140.

F RANCIS B. BALDWIN, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL CLOTHING &

FURNISHING WAREHOUSE, No. 70 and 72 Bowery, between
Canal and Hester streets, New York. Large and elegant assortments
of Youths’ and Boys’ Clothing.
F. B. BALDWIN,
J. G. BARNUM.
F. B. BALDWIN has just opened his New and Immense
Establishment. THE LARGEST IN THE CITY! An entire New Stock of
GENTLEMEN’S, YOUTH’S and CHILDREN’S CLOTHING, recently
manufactured by the best workmen in the city, is now opened for
inspection. Also, a superior stock of FURNISHING GOODS. All articles
are of the Best Quality, and having been purchased during the crisis,
WILL BE SOLD VERY LOW! The Custom Department contains the
greatest variety of CLOTHS, CASSIMERES, and VESTINGS.
Mr. BALDWIN has associated with him Mr. J. G. BARNUM, who has
had great experience in the business, having been thirty years
connected with the leading Clothing Establishments of the city.

J AMES DONNELLY’S COAL YARD—TWENTY-SIXTH street and

Second Avenue. I always have all kinds of coal on hand, and of
the very best quality, which I will sell as low as any other coal dealer
in the United States.
 JAMES DONNELLY.

W ILLIAM COULTER, CARPENTER.—I HAVE LONG been engaged

as a Carpenter, and I assure all who will favor me with their
patronage, that I will build as good houses, or anything else in my
line, as any other carpenter in the city of New York. I will also be as
reasonable in charges for my work as any other person.
WILLIAM COULTER, Carpenter,
Rear of 216 East Twentieth street, New York.

W. W. OSBORN, MERCHANT TAILOR, 9 CHAMBER street, near

Chatham street, New York.

S OLOMON BANTA, ARCHITECT, NO. 93 AMOS STREET, New York.

I have built as many houses and stores as any Architect in this
city, or the United States, and I can produce vouchers to that effect;
and I flatter myself that I can build edifices that will compare
favorably, in point of beauty and durability, with those of any
Architect in this country. I am prepared to receive orders in my line
of business at No. 93 Amos street, New York.
SOLOMON BANTA.

R OBERT ONDERDONK.—THIRTEENTH WARD Hotel, 405 and 407

Grand street, corner of Clinton street, New York.

W ILLIAM M. TWEED, CHAIR & OFFICE FURNITURE Dealer and

Manufacturer, No. 289 Broadway, corner of Read street, New
York, Room No. 15.

F ASHION HOUSE—JOSEPH HYDE PROPRIETOR, corner Grand and

Essex street. Wines, Liquors, and Cigars of the best brands. He
invites his friends to give him a call. Prompt and courteous attention
given his patrons.

W ILLIAM A. CONKLIN, ATTORNEY AND COUNSELLOR at Law,

No. 176 Chatham street, New York. Any business entrusted to
his charge from citizens of this city or any part of the country, will
receive prompt and faithful attention, and be conducted on
reasonable terms.
WILLIAM A. CONKLIN.

G EO. KNAPP & CO., WHOLESALE AND RETAIL Dealers in Butter,

Cheese, Eggs, Poultry and country produce, No. -- Clinton
Market, opposite Page’s Hotel, New York.
GEO. KNAPP.
H. D. ALBERS.

H. JONES & HOFF, whose place of business is in front of the Astor

House, keep all the latest publications of the day, including all
the Daily and Weekly Newspapers. The public patronage is most
respectfully solicited.

E DMUND FOWLER, CARPENTER AND BUILDER, No. 74 Reade

street, near Broadway, New York.
 N. B.—All kinds of Jobbing done at short notice.

B OWERY NEWS DEPOT, NO. 177 BOWERY.—CONSTANTLY on

hand, Daily, Sunday, and Weekly Papers, Monthly Magazines,
Play Books, Stationary, &c., &c. English Papers per Steamers. All
orders punctually attended to.
BENNET & CARROLL.

A MERICAN GLASS COMPANY, MANUFACTURE AND keep

constantly on hand at their Warehouse, Plain, Moulded and Cut
Flint Glass Ware, in all its varieties. Also Druggists’ and Perfumers’
Ware of all Kinds. Wholesale Warehouses, No. 168 Pearl street, New
York, and No. 54 Kilby street, Boston. (Factories at South Boston.) D.
Burrill & Co., Agents, New York.

J NO. WARD, JR., REAL ESTATE AGENT, OFFICES No. 5 Tryon Row,
corner Chatham street, (opposite the Park,) New York, and 4th
Avenue, near 126th street, Harlem.

P. C. GODFREY. STATIONER, BOOKSELLER, AND General News

dealer, No. 831 Broadway, New York, near 13th street.

A UGUST BRENTANO, CORNER OF HOUSTON STREET and

Broadway, has all the latest Publications, and receives all the
Foreign Papers by every steamer. He also has the back numbers of
almost every paper published, including Branch’s “Alligator.”

C
C LINTON LUNCH, OYSTER AND DINING SALOON, No. 19
Beekman street. The best of Liquors and Cigars.
GEO. W. WARNER.
SAMUEL M. MILLER.

D AVID WILLIAMS, ATTORNEY AND COUNSELLOR at Law, No. 15

Centre street, New York.

J. W. MASON, MANUFACTURER, WHOLESALE AND Retail dealers in

all kinds of Chairs, Wash Stands, Settees, &c., No. 377 and 379
Pearl street, New York.
Cane and Wood Seat Chairs, in Boxes, for Shipping.

B ENJAMIN JONES, COMMISSION DEALER, IN REAL Estate,

Houses and Stores and Lots for sale in all parts of the City. Office
at the junction of Broadway, Seventh avenue, and Forty-sixth street.
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STEPHEN H.
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