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The SCSI Bus
and
IDE Interface
The SCSI Bus
and
IDE Interface
Protocols, applications
and programming
Secon d edition
� Addison-Wesley
Translated from the German edition SCSI-Bus und IDE-Schnittstel/e published by Addison-Wesley
(Deutschland) GmbH.
The right of Friedheim Schmidt to be identified as author of this Work has been asserted by him in
accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1 988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted i n any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted
copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court
Road, London W l P 9HE.
The programs i n this book have been incl uded for their instructional value. They have been tested with
care but are not guaranteed for any particular purpose. The publisher does not offer any warranties or
representations nor does it accept any liabilities with respect to the programs.
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as
trademarks. Addison-Wesley has made every attempt to supply trademark information about
manufacturers and their products mentioned in this book.
The SCSI bus and IDE interface are without question the two most important inter
faces for computer peripherals in use today. The IDE hard disk interface is found
almost exclusively in the world of IBM PC compatibles. The SCSI bus, on the other
hand, is designed not only for hard drives but also for tape drives, CD-ROM, scan
ners, and printers . Almost all modern computers, from PCs to workstations to
mainframes, are equipped with a SCSI interface.
B oth SCSI and IDE are ANSI standards. However, aside from the actual ANSI
documentation, there exists almost no additional reference material to either specifi
cation. The purpose of this book is to fill that void with a clear, concise description
of both interfaces. The essential terminology is introduced, while the commands and
protocols are broken down in full. In the interest of economy the less important
details and options have been omitted in certain cases. Often a specific section in the
ANSI documentation will be cited for easy cross-referencing. After reading this
book you should be in the position to easily understand relevant technical docu
mentation, including the ANSI specifications themselves.
First and foremost, a thorough introduction to the terminology is in order.
Especially with respect to SCSI, there is a deluge of terms and definitions that are
used nowhere else or are used differently than in other computer domains. These
keywords, which include signal names and interface commands, are typeset in small
capital letters, for example FORM AT UN IT.
This book is intended for readers with a broad range of technical backgrounds and
interests. Those working on the design of mass storage devices, for example, will find
the protocol descriptions extremely useful. Readers writing software or device drivers
may have other interests. They will find the hardware descriptions, such as that of the
physical organization of a disk drive, very helpful.
This book is not meant to replace the ANSI documentation . On the other hand,
those specifications are not meant to explain the technology, rather to define it. It is
very difficult to find your way around in the original documentation without an
understanding of the subject matter. The book's thorough, in-depth descriptions,
along with index and glossary, make it the perfect tutor for IDE and SCSI, as well
as a helpful guide to the ANSI literature.
Friedheim Schmidt
February 1993
v
Preface to the secon d edition
More than four years have passed since the first edition of this book, but neverthe
less the book is still of immediate interest. In the fast-paced computer industry, this
is not a matter of course. But even the SCSI bus and the IDE interface go on devel
oping. The current version in the IDE domain is ATA-2, and work on ATA-3 is in
progress.
The SCSI-3 standard too is slowly becoming more stable; some parts of it are
already implemented in series products. Two examples are the new wide SCSI bus
with 1 6-bit transfers on only one cable and the possibility of having 16 devices on
one bus, and the Ultra SCSI bus (Fast-20) with its transmission speed doubled up to
20 mega transfers per second.
The really important change in SCSI-3 is the division of the standard into inter
face, protocol, device model and command set. This allows the use of SCSI device
models and their command sets with different physical interfaces. In particular the
Fibre Channel is currently seen as the physical interface of the future. But even with
Fast-20, the current parallel SCSI interface too has not yet reached its throughput
limit. Developers are already thinking of Fast-40 or even Fast-80.
The contents of this second edition of the book have been slightly rearranged; the
structure of the SCSI part is now oriented at the SCSI-3 standard draft. The SCSI-3
architecture model and an introduction to the new physical interfaces have been
added. Once again, the time has come to part with well-known techniques and learn
something new. Enjoy reading.
Friedheim Schmidt
May 1997
vi
Contents
Preface v
3 Computer buses 24
3.1 Characteristics of buses 25
3.2 Specialized buses 27
6 IDlE protocol 44
6.1 The register model of the I DE controller 44
6.2 Command execution 49
6.3 Power-up or hardware reset 52
vii
viii Contents
8 IDE commands 61
8.1 Mandatory commands 61
8.2 Optional commands 66
Glossary 381
Index 389
Part I
Introduction
Terminal Printer
,-----,
Main
............................J..
Serial Parallel
CPU
memory interface interface
I I I I I I
System bus
I I I
Hard drive Tape drive
controller controller
3
4 Computers and peripherals
In contrast to memory, 110 devices and mass storage are located further from the
CPU, hence the name 'peripherals ' (Figure 1 . 1 ) . Access to such devices is slower
and more complicated. Communication with the peripherals is accomplished using
an interface such as SCSI or IDE. On the other end of the interface is a controller,
which in tum communicates with the CPU and memory.
1 .1 Mass storage
A mass storage device is capable of storing data many times the size of main
memory. In addition, information stored here is nonvolatile: when the device is
turned off the data remains intact.
Hard disks
Disk drives or hard disks store information by writing it onto rotating disks . The
information is divided up into blocks of fixed length, each of which can be accessed
relatively quickly, typically around 30 milliseconds (ms). For this reason hard disks
are also referred to as random access mass storage devices. Among the different
types of mass storage devices are hard disks, exchangeable medium drives,
diskettes, optical disks and CD-ROM.
Tape devices
In contrast to hard disks, tape devices (or tape drives) write data sequentially onto
magnetic tape. The length of time needed to access a specific block of information
depends on which position is presently underneath the read/write head. If it is nec
essary to rewind or fast forward the tape a very long distance, a tape access can take
as long as several minutes. Tape drives are also known as sequential mass storage
devices. Among these are the traditional reel-to-reel drives, cassette drives, drives
that use video cassettes for recording and 4 mm digital audio tape (DAT) drives.
1/0 devices
Under the heading 110 devices are the monitor and keyboard used for communica
tion between the user and the computer. Further examples of output devices are
printers, plotters and even speakers used for outputting speech. Among the many
input devices are mice, analog to digital converters, scanners and microphones used
in speech recognition.
Miscellaneous devices
Network connections also fall into this category. This is especially so today where
mass storage is often replaced by a file server across a network. Computers with no
mass storage of their own are called diskless workstations.
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psychischen Disposition erlauben aber selten einen gänzlich
ungestörten Ablauf der psychischen Lebenstätigkeit. Äussere
Umstände und innere Disposition begünstigen sehr oft den einen
Mechanismus und beschränken oder hindern den andern. Daraus
entsteht natürlicherweise ein Überwiegen des einen Mechanismus.
Wird dieser Zustand in irgend einer Weise chronisch, so entsteht
daraus ein Typus, nämlich eine habituelle Einstellung, in welcher der
eine Mechanismus dauernd vorherrscht, allerdings ohne den andern
je völlig unterdrücken zu können, denn er gehört unbedingt zur
psychischen Lebenstätigkeit. Es kann daher niemals ein in dem Sinne
reiner Typus entstehen, dass er durchaus nur den einen
Mechanismus besässe bei völliger Atrophie des andern. Eine typische
Einstellung bedeutet immer bloss das relative Überwiegen des einen
Mechanismus.
Mit der Konstatierung der Introversion und Extraversion war
zunächst eine Möglichkeit gegeben, zwei umfangreiche Gruppen von
psychologischen Individuen zu unterscheiden. Jedoch ist diese
Gruppierung von so oberflächlicher und allgemeiner Natur, dass sie
eben nicht mehr als eine so allgemeine Unterscheidung erlaubt. Eine
genauere Untersuchung jener Individualpsychologien, die in die eine
oder andere Gruppe fallen, ergibt sofort grosse Unterschiede
zwischen den einzelnen Individuen, die doch derselben Gruppe
angehören. Wir müssen daher einen weitern Schritt tun, um
bezeichnen zu können, worin die Unterschiede der zu einer
bestimmten Gruppe gehörenden Individuen bestehen. Es hat sich
nun meiner Erfahrung gezeigt, dass ganz allgemein die Individuen
sich unterscheiden lassen, nicht nur nach der universellen
Verschiedenheit von Extra- und Introversion, sondern auch nach den
einzelnen psychologischen Grundfunktionen. In dem gleichen Masse
nämlich, wie äussere Umstände sowohl, wie innere Disposition ein
Vorherrschen von Extraversion oder Introversion veranlassen, so
begünstigen sie auch das Vorherrschen einer bestimmten
Grundfunktion im Individuum. Als Grundfunktionen, d. h. als
Funktionen, die sich sowohl genuin wie auch essentiell von andern
Funktionen unterscheiden, ergaben sich meiner Erfahrung das
Denken, das Fühlen, das Empfinden und das Intuieren. Herrscht eine
dieser Funktionen habituell vor, so entsteht ein entsprechender
Typus. Ich unterscheide daher einen Denk-, einen Fühl-, einen
Empfindungs- und einen intuitiven Typus. Jeder dieser Typen kann
ausserdem introvertiert oder extravertiert sein, je nach seinem
Verhalten zum Objekt in der Weise, wie oben geschildert wurde. Ich
habe diese hier auseinandergesetzte Unterscheidung in zwei
vorläufigen Mitteilungen[1] über die psychologischen Typen nicht
durchgeführt, sondern den Denktypus mit dem Introvertierten und
den Fühltypus mit dem Extravertierten identifiziert. Diese
Vermischung hat sich einer vertieften Bearbeitung des Problems
gegenüber als unhaltbar erwiesen. Zur Vermeidung von
Missverständnissen möchte ich daher den Leser bitten, die hier
durchgeführte Unterscheidung im Auge zu behalten. Um die in solch
komplizierten Dingen unbedingt erforderliche Klarheit zu sichern,
habe ich das letzte Kapitel dieses Buches der Definition meiner
psychologischen Begriffe gewidmet.
I
Das Typenproblem in der antiken
und mittelalterlichen
Geistesgeschichte.
I.
Das Typenproblem in der antiken und
mittelalterlichen Geistesgeschichte.
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