35010 Foundation Mathematics

In class development

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

In class development

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

In class development

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

In class development

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

DIFFIRENTIATION

Limits

Example: consider the line

𝑦 = 2 𝑥 + 1. Imagine that an ant is walking to the left, along the 𝑥 - axis, towards 𝑥 = 6. As it
𝑓(𝑥) approaches 13 walks, it looks upwards to the line 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 + 1. As it gets close to 𝑥 = 6, the 𝑦 −values above it
get closer and closer to 13.
(6,13)

Thus we can write lim 2𝑥 + 1 = 13

𝑥→6
𝑥 approaches 6

Definition (intuitive, not strict): 𝐿 is a limit of function 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 𝑎, if as 𝑥 approaches 𝑎, 𝑓(𝑥) approaches 𝐿.

Notation: lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝐿.

𝑥→𝑎

Find the limits: 𝑙𝑖𝑚(2𝑥 2 + 3)

𝑥→4

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

𝑥 2 −1
𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→1 𝑥−1

𝑥 2 +𝑥−6
𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→2 𝑥−2

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

The Slope of a Tangent to a Curve

A tangent line (or a tangent) to a given curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a line which

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 7
touches the curve at only one point (𝑎, 𝑓(𝑎)).
Consider 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 7.
Let’s find a slope of a tangent line at 𝑥 = 2. Let 𝑃0 be the point on this curve when 𝑥 = 2: (2,7)
tangent at (2,7)

1. Consider point on the curve 𝑥 = 8 . Let the point be 𝑃1 ( ).

The slope of the line through 𝑃0 ( ) and 𝑃1 ( ) is

𝑚𝑃1 𝑃0 =

Equation of the line through 𝑃0 ( ) and 𝑃1 ( ) is

.

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

𝑃𝑖 (𝑥𝑖 , 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )) (8,55) (6,31) (4,15) 2. Let us investigate what happens as 𝑥 gets closer to 2: find slope of a line
𝑚𝑃𝑃𝑖 8 6 4 passing through a point on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 7 when 𝑥 = 6 and 𝑥 = 4.
line through 𝑦 = 8𝑥 − 9 𝑦 = 6𝑥 − 5 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 1
𝑃0 (2,7) and 𝑃𝑖 For each point 𝑃𝑖 the slope of the line through 𝑃0 (2,7) and 𝑃𝑖 is

𝑚𝑃𝑖 𝑃0 =

As 𝑥 is getting closer to 2 the line through 𝑃0 (2,7) and 𝑃𝑖 is getting closer to the tangent to the curve at 𝑥 = 2:

𝑃1 (8,55) 3. The slope of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 7 at 𝑥 = 2 is

𝑚𝑡 =
𝑃2 (6,31)

𝑃3 (4,15)

𝑃(2,7)

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

Observe, that if we replace 2 by any other value 𝑎 from the domain of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 7, the slope of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 7 at
𝑥 = 𝑎 is

𝑦𝑃𝑖 − 𝑦𝑃0 𝑓(𝑥 ) − 𝑓(𝑎)

𝑚𝑡 = lim = lim =
𝑃𝑖 →𝑃0 𝑥𝑃 − 𝑥𝑃 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎
𝑖 0

The function 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2 is so important that we give it a name. We say that 2𝑥 − 2 is the derivative of 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 7. The process that we went
through to obtain the derivative is called differentiation from the first principles. We have special symbols for the derivative, namely
𝑑𝑦
𝑓 ′ (𝑥), or or 𝑦′.
𝑑𝑥

𝒅𝒚 𝒇(𝒙)−𝒇(𝒂)
Definition: A derivative of a function 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) at 𝒙 = 𝒂 is 𝒍𝒊𝒎 , if the limit exists.
𝒅𝒙 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙−𝒂

Thus, we can interpret the derivative of a function when 𝑥 = 𝑎 as a

slope of a tangent line to the curve of the function at the point (𝑎, 𝑓(𝑎)).
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35010 Foundation Mathematics

Derivative as a Rate of change

A derivative of a function 𝑓(𝑥) can be interpreted as an instantaneous rate of change of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) when 𝑥 approaches some value 𝑎. Indeed, for
every 𝑥 the difference between 𝑥 and 𝑎 is

∆𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑎,

then 𝑥 the difference between 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓(𝑎) is ∆𝑓(𝑥 ) =

Thus, the average rate of change on the interval [𝑥, 𝑎] 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒 =.

As 𝑥 approaches 𝑎, the instantaneous rate of change of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 =.

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

𝒅𝒚
What is 𝒅𝒚 and 𝒅𝒙, and why 𝒚′ = 𝒅𝒙 ?
If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable function, then
1. The increment (or a change) of independent variable 𝑥 for the function 𝑓(𝑥) and its
tangent line 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 are the same:
𝑥 − 𝑥0 = ∆𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦

2. Differential 𝑑𝑦 represents the change of dependent variable 𝑦 for the tangent line;

𝜃 ∆𝑦

∆𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 3. ∆𝑦 represents the change of dependent variable 𝑦 for the function:

∆𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑥0

𝑑𝑦
4. As 𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 ) = 𝑚 = tan 𝜃 and tan 𝜃 = ,
𝑑𝑥

The idea of linear approximation is to approximate the function change by its differential – assuming that ∆𝑦 ≈ 𝑑𝑦 :

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 35010 Foundation Mathematics

You should be able to perform differentiation from first principles on simple functions. To find the derivatives quickly, there are rules of differentiation
which are derived by using the differentiation from the first principles:

Some rules of differentiation:

y 𝑦′
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑛 𝑦 ′ = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑦=𝑥 𝑦′ = 1
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 ′ = 𝑐𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑦=𝑐 𝑦′ = 0
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑦 ′ = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ± 𝑔′ (𝑥)

Example: differentiate
𝑦 = 4𝑥 5 − 12𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 7;

𝑦 = √𝑥,

3
𝑦 = √𝑥 2 ,

1
𝑦 = 𝑥.
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35010 Foundation Mathematics

Product Rule, Quotient Rule, and Chain Rule

When we take simple functions and multiply them, or divide them, or raise them to powers we obtain more complicated functions. We need to be
able to differentiate these complicated functions. The product rule shows us how to differentiate products, the quotient rule shows us how to
differentiate quotients, and the chain rule shows us how to differentiate powers of functions. Let 𝑢 and 𝑣 represent two functions.
More rules of differentiation:
Function Derivative Rule Used
𝑦=𝑢×𝑣 𝑦 ′ = 𝑢′ 𝑣 + 𝑣′𝑢 Product Rule
𝑢 𝑢′ 𝑣 − 𝑣′𝑢 Quotient Rule
𝑦= 𝑦′ =
𝑣 𝑣2
𝑦 = 𝑢𝑛 and 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑦′ = 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1 × 𝑢′ Chain Rule

Example : Differentiate the following with the above rules

𝑦 = (𝑥 3 + 2)(3 − 2𝑥);

𝑦 = (2𝑥 − 25)(1 − 𝑥 6 );

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

Example : Differentiate the following with the above rules

𝑥3 − 1
𝑦= ;
𝑥2 + 1

3𝑥 − 1
𝑦= ;
2 − 5𝑥

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

Example : Differentiate the following with the above rules

𝑦 = √𝑥 2 + 1

3
𝑦 = √5𝑥 + 2

1
𝑦=
(𝑥 3 + 4𝑥)2

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

Example : For the curve 𝑦 = √𝑥 2 + 12

a) Find the gradient of the tangent when 𝑥 =2;
b) Find the equation of the tangent from a)
c) Find the equation of a normal to the curve when 𝑥 =2.

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

Higher order derivatives

𝑑𝑦
As we know, for any function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) there exists derivative 𝑦′ or or 𝑓′(𝑥), We also call 𝑦′ the first derivative. If we differentiate 𝑦′, we obtain
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
the second derivative of 𝑦, denoted by 𝑦′′ or or 𝑓′′(𝑥), which is called so because we differentiated 𝑦 twice to obtain it.
𝑑𝑥 2

Example: Find the first and the second derivatives for

a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1

1
b) b) 𝑦 = 𝑥

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

Practice questions:

1. Differentiate the following functions:

a) 𝑦 = 𝑥6

b) 𝑦 = −6𝑥 12

c) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + 𝜋𝑥 7
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d) 𝑝 = 25𝑟 3 − + √𝑟;
𝑟5

6
e) 𝑠=−
𝑡6

𝑟𝜋
f) 𝜃 = 𝜋2
3

2
g) 𝑦 = 12𝑒 − 7𝑥 3 + √𝑥 3
3

h) 𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 7𝑥 5 − 7𝑥 −5

i) 𝑦 = 4𝑥 0.7 + 0.2𝑥 0.3 − 𝑥 𝜋

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

2. Differentiate the following functions:

a) 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 1)(−3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)

b) 𝑦 = (12𝑥 4 − 𝑥)(2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥)

c) 𝑦 = (3𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥 3 )(2 − 4𝑥 2 )

1
d) 𝑝 = (25𝑟 + 1)(− + √𝑟)
𝑟5

1 1
e) 𝑠 = (0.5𝑥 2 − )(−𝑥 3 + )
𝑥2 𝑥3

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

3. Differentiate the following functions:

𝑥2
a) 𝑦=
1−2𝑥

3𝑥−7
b) 𝑦=
6𝑥+5

5
c) 𝑦=
𝑟3

7−3𝑥
d) 𝑦=
5−6𝑥

𝑒2
e) 𝑦=
3−2𝑥 3

3𝑥−𝑥 3 +𝜋𝑥 7
f) 𝑦=
2−4𝑥 2

2𝑥 3 −7𝑥 2 −3𝑥
g) 𝑦=
𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 +𝑥

√2𝑥
h) 𝑦=
5−6𝑥

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

4. Differentiate the following functions:

a) 𝑦 = √(𝑥 6 + 1)

1
b) 𝑦=
(1−4𝑥 4 )5

1
c) 𝑦 = (2 − 4𝑥 2 )3

f) 𝑦 = (3𝑥 − 𝑥 3 )0.3

g) 𝑦 = √(4𝑥 0.7 + 0.2𝑥 0.3 )(𝑥 2 − 1)

𝑥−7 3
h) 𝑦=( )
𝑥+5

4 1−4𝑥
g) 𝑦=√
56𝑥

𝜋4
h) 𝑦=
√1−3𝑥 3

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

5. Find the equation of the tangent and normal for the following:

a. where 𝑥 = −2 on the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6;

b. where 𝑥 = 3 on the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)2 ;

1
c. where 𝑥 = 4 on the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = + √𝑥;
𝑥

d. where 𝑥 = −1 on the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 5.

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

6. Differentiate the following functions:

√5𝑥+1
i. 𝑦=
𝑥

𝑥+1
ii. 𝑦=
(9𝑥+1)2

iii. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 √2𝑥 + 1

2𝑥
iv. 𝑦=
√3𝑥−1

𝑥+1
v. 𝑦=
2𝑥 2 +3

1
vi. 𝑦 = + √2 − 𝑥 2
𝑥

3
vii. 𝑦 = ( √𝑥 − 𝑥)3

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

Chain Rule

Today we learn how differentiate trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions. As we seen before, a function may have an argument which is a function
itself. Thus we need to apply general chain rule:

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢); 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) = ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

Derivatives of the Trigonometric Functions

The derivatives of the trigonometric functions are:

𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= (sec 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥

Note: the angle 𝒙 in the formulas above must be measured in radians.

These formulas must be remembered. The following examples demonstrate an application of the formulas, the general chain rule and other rules of
differentiation.

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

Example: Differentiate the following:

𝑦 = cos 3𝑥

𝑦 = cos(𝑥 3 )

𝑦 = (cos 𝑥)2

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

𝑦 = sin2 (12𝑥 2 + 1)

𝑦 = √tan(7𝑥)

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

Example: Differentiate the following:

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 cos 3𝑥

𝑦 = √𝑥 sin √𝑥

𝑦 = tan(√𝑥) × 𝑥 3

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

Example: Differentiate the following:

𝑥2
𝑦=
cos 3𝑥

sin 𝑥 4
𝑦=
𝑥4

sin 4x
𝑦=
cos 4x

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35010 Foundation Mathematics
𝜋
Example: Find the equation of tangent and normal lines to the curve y = sin 3x when 𝑥 = 18.

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

Derivative of the Logarithmic and Exponential Functions

The derivatives of the logarithmic and exponential functions are as follows:

𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = log𝑎 𝑥 1
𝑦′ =
𝑥 ln 𝑎
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑦′ = 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

Example Differentiate the following:

𝑦 = ln( 3𝑥)

𝑦 = ln( 𝑥 3 )

𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛3 𝑥

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

𝑦 = ln2 (12𝑥 2 + 1)

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

𝑥−5
y = log (2−7𝑥)

5𝑥
y = log 2
5 (𝑥 +9)

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𝑦 = 𝑒 5𝑥

5
𝑦 = √e7𝑥

𝑦 = e(√𝑥)

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

2 −7
𝑦 = 4𝑥

𝑦 = 113𝑥+1

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

Example Find the equation of tangent and normal lines to the curve

a) y = ln(2x − 1) when 𝑥 = 4

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35010 Foundation Mathematics

b) 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 2 when 𝑥 = 2

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