Scribd
Upload
2 views

Unit-10.2_Basic-Calculus

This document provides a lesson on the integration of rational functions using partial fractions, aimed at enhancing students' understanding of antiderivatives. It outlines the process of partial fraction decomposition, including examples of different types of factors, and explains how to evaluate integrals of rational functions. Additionally, it includes practice problems and a bibliography for further reading.

Uploaded by

heesehatdig
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Unit-10.2_Basic-Calculus

This document provides a lesson on the integration of rational functions using partial fractions, aimed at enhancing students' understanding of antiderivatives. It outlines the process of partial fraction decomposition, including examples of different types of factors, and explains how to evaluate integrals of rational functions. Additionally, it includes practice problems and a bibliography for further reading.

Uploaded by

heesehatdig
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

Integration of Rational

Functions Using Partial


Fractions
Capstone
Basic Project
Calculus
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Learning Competency
This lesson serves as an enrichment for the following DepEd competency:

Compute the antiderivative of a function using


substitution rule and table of integrals (including
those whose antiderivatives involve logarithmic
and inverse trigonometric functions).
(STEM_BC11I-IVb-c-1)

2
Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

● Illustrate partial fraction


decomposition.
● Compute the antiderivative of rational
functions by partial fraction
decomposition.
3
Partial Fractions

A partial fraction decomposition is


the reverse process of adding two
fractions. Given a rational fraction,
we express it as a sum of two or
more fractions.
4
Partial Fractions

5𝑥+1
The fraction can be expressed as the
𝑥 2 −1
2 3
sum of and . The two fractions are
𝑥+1 𝑥−1
5𝑥+1
the partial fractions of .
𝑥 2 −1

5
Partial Fractions

In performing partial fraction decomposition, we


should check if the rational function is proper.

A proper rational function is a rational function


where the degree of the numerator is less than
the degree of the denominator.
6
Partial Fractions

Another thing that we should consider are


the factors of the denominator of the
rational function. Here are the different
classifications of factors that we should
consider.
7
Nonrepeated Linear Factors

Non-repeated Linear Factors


If a linear factor 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 occurs once as a factor of
the denominator, then there corresponds a
𝑨
partial fraction for this factor, where 𝐴 is a
𝒂𝒙+𝒃
nonzero constant.

8
Nonrepeated Linear Factors

Example 1:
2𝑥+1
Decompose into partial
𝑥 2 −1
fractions.

9
Nonrepeated Linear Factors

Example 1:
2𝑥+1
Decompose into partial fractions.
𝑥 2 −1

𝟏 𝟑
+
𝟐(𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟏)
10
Repeated Linear Factors

Repeated Linear Factors


If a linear factor 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 occurs 𝑛 times as a factor of
the denominator, then there corresponds 𝑛 partial
𝑨 𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝒏
fractions + + ⋯+ for this factor,
𝒂𝒙+𝒃 (𝒂𝒙+𝒃)𝟐 (𝒂𝒙+𝒃)𝒏
where 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , …, 𝐴𝑛 are nonzero constants.

11
Repeated Linear Factors

Example 2:
𝑥
Decompose into partial
(𝑥−1)2
fractions.

12
Repeated Linear Factors

Example 2:
𝑥
Decompose into partial fractions.
(𝑥−1)2

𝟏 𝟏
+ 𝟐
𝒙−𝟏 𝒙−𝟏
13
Nonrepeated Quadratic Factors

Non-repeated Quadratic Factors


2
If a quadratic factor 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 occurs once as
a factor of the denominator, then there
𝑨𝒙+𝑩
corresponds a partial fraction for this
𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄
factor, where 𝐴 and 𝐵 are constants and 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
≠ 0.
14
Nonrepeated Quadratic Factors

Example 3:
3 2
𝑥 −𝑥 +1
Decompose 2 2 into partial
𝑥 (𝑥 +1)
fractions.

15
Nonrepeated Quadratic Factors

Example 3:
3 2
𝑥 −𝑥 +1
Decompose into partial
𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 +1)
fractions.
𝟏 𝒙−𝟐
𝟐
+ 𝟐
𝒙 𝒙 +𝟏 16
Repeated Quadratic Factors

Repeated Quadratic Factors


If a quadratic factor 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 occurs 𝑛 times as a factor
of the denominator, then there corresponds 𝑛 partial
𝑨𝟏 𝒙+𝑩𝟏 𝑨𝟐 𝒙+𝑩𝟐 𝑨𝒏 𝒙+𝑩𝒏
fractions 𝟐 + 𝟐 𝟐 + ⋯+ 𝟐 𝒏 for this
𝒂𝒙 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄 𝒂𝒙 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄 𝒂𝒙 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄
factor, where 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , … , 𝐴𝑛 and 𝐵1 , 𝐵2 , … , 𝐵𝑛 are constants
and 𝐴𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑛 ≠ 0.

17
Repeated Quadratic Factors

Example 4:
3
2𝑥 +2𝑥+1
Decompose 2 2 into partial
𝑥 +1
fractions.

18
Repeated Quadratic Factors

Example 4:
3
2𝑥 +2𝑥+1
Decompose into partial
𝑥 2 +1 2
fractions.
𝟐𝒙 𝟏
+
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟐
19
Remember

Note that the denominator may have a


combination of linear and quadratic
factors.
Example:
3𝑥 + 4 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸
2 2
= + 2 + 2
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1)2

20
What kind of factors
should you check in
decomposing a rational
function into partial
fractions?
21
Integration of Rational Functions

Rational functions are functions of the form


𝑔 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = , where 𝑔(𝑥) and ℎ(𝑥) are polynomials
ℎ(𝑥)
and ℎ(𝑥) ≠ 0. We can evaluate the integral of rational
functions using algebraic or trigonometric
substitution, but not all rational functions can be
integrated this way.
22
Integration of Rational Functions

To evaluate the integral of rational


functions, we can decompose the
rational function into partial fractions
and then apply integration rules and
techniques.
23
Integration of Rational Functions

Example 5:
𝑥−11
Evaluate න 2 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥 −𝑥−2

24
Integration of Rational Functions

Example 5:
𝑥−11
Evaluate න 2 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥 −𝑥−2
𝟒 𝐥𝐧 |𝒙 + 𝟏| − 𝟑 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 − 𝟐 + 𝑪
25
Let’s Practice!

𝟓𝒙−𝟏𝟗
1. Evaluate න 𝟐 𝒅𝒙.
𝒙 −𝟔𝒙+𝟗

26
Let’s Practice!

𝟓𝒙−𝟏𝟗
1. Evaluate න 𝟐 𝒅𝒙.
𝒙 −𝟔𝒙+𝟗

𝟒
𝟓 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 − 𝟑 + +𝑪
𝒙−𝟑
27
Try It!

𝟔𝒙+𝟑𝟐
1. Evaluate න 𝟐 𝒅𝒙.
𝒙 +𝟖𝒙+𝟏𝟔

28
Let’s Practice!

𝟏𝟐𝒙+𝟏𝟏
2. Evaluate න 𝟐 𝒅𝒙.
𝟐𝒙 +𝟕𝒙+𝟑

29
Let’s Practice!

𝟏𝟐𝒙+𝟏𝟏
2. Evaluate න 𝟐 𝒅𝒙.
𝟐𝒙 +𝟕𝒙+𝟑

𝐥𝐧 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝟓 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟑 + 𝑪
30
Try It!

𝟏𝟎𝒙−𝟐
2. Evaluate න 𝟐 𝒅𝒙.
𝟑𝒙 +𝟏𝟎𝒙+𝟑

31
Check Your Understanding

Decompose the following into partial fractions.


18𝑥+46
1.
2𝑥 2 −3𝑥−35
3𝑥 2 +9𝑥−6
2.
(𝑥+3)(𝑥 2 +3𝑥−1)
56𝑥+34
3.
64𝑥 2 +80𝑥+25
𝑥 3 −2𝑥 2 −18𝑥+21
4.
(𝑥 2 −7)(𝑥 2 +5𝑥+4)
32
Check Your Understanding

Evaluate the following integrals.


3−7𝑥
1. න 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +3𝑥
2
6𝑥 +4𝑥+8
2. න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−7 𝑥 2 +2𝑥+3

33
Bibliography
Edwards, C.H., and David E. Penney. Calculus: Early Transcendentals. 7th ed.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2008.

Larson, Ron H., and Bruce H. Edwards. Essential Calculus: Early Transcendental
Functions. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008.

Leithold, Louis. The Calculus 7. New York: HarperCollins College Publ., 1997.

Smith, Robert T., and Roland B. Milton. Calculus. New York: McGraw Hill, 2012.

Tan, Soo T. Applied Calculus for the Managerial, Life, and Social Sciences: A Brief
Approach. Australia: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, 2012.

34

You might also like