↑

Constant force
Case
-
fod
Work ne
Force displacement graph

f
"/
-/
S, Xsm
Force is given as a function of0
s

position

an -
+
dw =
f.dx2
-

(2i 35- 2i)

5=
+

~ (3+Ii+ - 2
=>

6595
-
 -

ff. dy [Coy 5y2]"

- -

= +

~
(o+log) de 20 5 255. y
+ =

[zoy + 1094
/
E j
0
⑧y
=
 n -

~ ~
ff.dn
=
St =

de
(7 >
- 2x
-
-
x2)
+

=
-

3
7x -
12
2x
-
3
+
/x

R 5
-

[Ex - c +

xs] -
35 -

10 + 125
15 125
+

-
 -X-Cent K.t Cr

K.E = 1 mv² 1.6 <p3

2
-
-
--

-
-

= 1 pv 1
2
-

14.G =

4.EC
p² P-aut u
zm
P
=
-
-

2m 1.7
=

2m
-

11 -
-
=

--

%K=
Kf - Ki
x 100 % P = P f - Pi x 100
Ki Pi
-
% K = P f ² - Pi ²x 100 Kf - Ki
Pi %P= x 100
-
- Ki -
-

-
.a
4K. =
= 4D.E
 E
- -

~
ePE
- C x100
P xzmk -E L
-
=

I
-
-

- y=
x100
->

PJ =
x
I 2m 4K.E
=>

2 -
2mk.( ⑱
Pg
- -
= -
I32 K.C
-

2
e
-

Ent-it x100

⑰
 0 - - -

P 12m
=
k.t

~
msyt
=1
/
-

x -
4m/c.e

PI
---
P2
-
--
 - -
-
-

O 2

14 - E al
M
1.t=
e
-
-

2 1
LED
T
-
=

I
2: 1
K.Ez
-
-
A 2
=

-
-
Work Energy Theorem

Sum of work done by all the forces = Δ K = 1 m ( v₂² − v₁²) = W

2
KC-E
a
=

Next What --

4D.E
=-

wet +

wat-46-
 4K.t + 4D.t
N
a +
=

N
Eact

Wara = -
Gregtin)
-
-
 Resishe. 2kg
W
by Air -

dep

fact= 0
Y Resul
↓
fra
Went 0
=
10M

Ww. 4K.E + 4p.e

K C-
-
=
180J

W -
- 180 - 0 0-
+ 10 x 10
2x
WiC
- -

K.G might
 2kg
180 2us
IW
-

-
- -
N.C

205
Waz=-
-
- 10M

:
I
ngh p. G
=
=
10
2x10 x

-
- 2005
- ⑳
C-
K 180J
-
=

1.7
=)
15
=
 In
-
-
<P-G + 4k.E
N.C

↑N 13.5
e

W -c
- -
20+
--
-

4D.c 0 -mgH
=

x3
=

0 --1x10x x 2
⑧
h
20
-
1
-
**9
=>
Ak.t
1136
= -

Pto

44.z
447
=
13.55
-
-

41. 13.55
=

-
-
 1 K.t + 4P.t

·
I

N-C

Noc 0
=

-
-

+ 4pl-
0 41st
=

-47
 -

~ 4905
myh 245 1.t =

1
2455
ax10xh 4.2
=

24t
=

--- <K.E
2455

↑
=

a
-
he
=

245
<1p.z
=

x 20
-

15
⑧
-
12.25
-

p. t 0
=
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hugh- =

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⑤ 8-

xxx x
=

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am
=

Rest
-

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6
M
⑧- ⑧
-
X

y
o-
⑧
X
Rat
 los
P.E x1=
=

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p. Erg
- -
4p-G =

i
im
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=
K.G
-
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10I
=

Im
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1
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e
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&
=

ali
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-
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-

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-
y- 1
G, 1ky
=

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-

Sky
-

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-
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myc
8 -

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T= T
=

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•

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mx
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=

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+

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-

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=

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= 4
I -
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-
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 ⑳
⑧s
⑭

myx anm y
=

BY
-
-
=
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S
=

0
Py
=

-Do
-

E m x

↓
-
-

B
3mv
-

0 - 12 my
-
x=
-Y 12 m y
3/
=

-
-
 mt
! !3
BI
E
-
/

4 my
-

X
3

X
Thank you
CELL: THE UNIT OF LIFE
Chapter Weightage - ~3 questions
--

Repeatedly asked topics

-

• Cell
-- Theory
• Cell envelope
-

• Functions of organelles
-
centricle
Nucleus, -
--
 What is a Cell?

structural
-
and
functional
life.
unitof
-
/ 7
cell
all Many
single
L L
unicellular multi cellular
 Discovery of the Cell
'

>

&Dead cell -
hiking cell
- Nucleus

Barkot
-

↓ tree
the
-
- ↓
-
Robert Hooke
-
Anton
-
Vonleewenhoek
=>
-
- Robert
Brown
 Cell Theory

I
-
Mathias
-
Schleiden
↑ Theodore Schwann Rudolf
Virchow

5 stden Grass& Swansted -

-

I 1
1

-
1838 1839
1885
* ↓ E ↓
↓
3
X studied both
-O
Omni
'

-
studied plants
- plant
animal and
--
cells ceuulaea e-
cellular
-

1. All living organisms are composed of cells and products of

cells
- -

2. All cells arise from pre-existing cells

-
-
 ⑱ Types of Cells
⑧ No
⑧

developed
Prokaryotic Prive Eukaryotic
• Have membrane
No true nucleus
bound nuclei
•

• No membrane bound • Have membrane

-
bound
organelles
-
organelles
*-centrosomes
Barberig
--
- -
* Ribosome Non
I
-
membrane bound
-
-

in animal cell
organelle
.

-
-
 Shapes of Cells disc , cuboid
Columnar,
, polygonal
RBG irregular
↓
7- Um
diameter
.

- -

Longest
cell
 0.3mm
Smallest cell
Mycoplasma
- -

--
-
Bacteria -
3- 5dm
--

-
Largest Eggcell - Ostrich 's .
 cell envelope
Prokaryotic Cell
Glycocaly
·
Thick and Loose sheath
-
-
---
I trough
-
I
slime layer
-/-
--
-

~
As
->
Sad -
Mesosomes
-
-

-
 Eukaryotic Cell
genderne
Animal cell
Plant Cell

⑪ 8
•
-
-
-
-
-
r

-
-
 A

-
 Tosee

-> lipids
-
-
->
--
-
=>
Quiz Time
1. The concept of "Omnis cellula -cellula’’ regarding cell division was first
proposed by: (2019)
-

-
(a) Aristotle
(b) Rudolf Virchow
(c) Theodore Schwann
(d) Schleiden

4.12ndpare
3. Given below are two statements: (2022)
-

~
Statement I: Mycoplasma can pass through less than 1 micron filter size
-
Statement II: Mycoplasma are bacteria with cell wall in the light of the
above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options
-

given below

(a) Statement I is incorrect but statement II is correct

(b) Both statement I and statement II are correct

-(c) Both statement I and statement II are incorrect

(d) Statement I is correct but statement II is incorrect
 -i
4. Which of the following statement about inclusion bodies incorrect?(2020)
-
(a) These are involved in ingestion of food particles.
(b) They lie free in the cytoplasm.m
(c) These represent reserve material in cytoplasm.
-
(d) They are not bound by any memberane
-

p. 129-5th para
5. Inclusion bodies of blue-green, purple, and green photosynthetic bacteria
are : (2020)
-

I
- -

&
Prokaryotes
-
(a) Contractile vacuoles
(b) Gas vacuoles
(c) Centrioles
(d) Microtubules
p. 129.

Separa
de
Last
Sentence
6. Which among the following are the smallest living cells, known without a
-

definite cell wall, pathogenic to plants as well as animals and can survive
-

without oxygen?(2017)
-

(a) Bacillus
~
(b) Pseudomonas
(c) Mycoplasma
(d) Nostoc
7. Which of the following components provides sticky character to the
bacterial cell?(2017)
-
-

(a) Nuclear membrane

/
(b) Plasma membrane
1 -
8
-
-
(c) Glycocalyx
(d) Cell Wall
-
zu (2
8. Which of the following is
-
not a feature of the plasmids?(2016)

(a) Circular structure

-

stranded
-
(b) Transferable
double
~

(c) Single-stranded X
(d) Independent replication Ist para
128 - -
-
p.

State
- I Sentence
e -
or -
9. Which of the following structure is not found in a prokaryotic cell?
(2015)

~
(a) Nuclear envelope
(b) Ribosome
/

(c) Mesosome &

(d) Plasma membrane ↑

10. The structures that help some bacteria to attach to rocks and/or host
tissues are(2015) -

(a) Rhizoids
-
(b) Fimbriae
(c) Mesosomes P. K9-audpara
(d) Holdfast

last
- sentene P
=>
-
11. True nucleus is absent in(2015)
-
(a) Anabaena -anobacteria
(BG1 -
-
(b) Mucor

I Eukaryotes.
(c) Vaucheria
(d) Volvox
12. Which one of the following is not an inclusion body found in
prokaryotes?(2015) -

(a) Phosphate granule

(b) Cyanophycean granule
(c) Glycogen granule
-
(d) Polysome
13. Which structures perform the function of mitochondria in bacteria ?
(2014)

(a) Nucleoid
t
S
(b) Ribosomes
(c) Cell wall ·

-
(d) Mesosomes

Y
14. Pigment-containing membranous extensions in some cyanobacteria
are: (2013) -
-

(a) Basal bodies

(b) Pneumatophores
-
(c) Chromatophores
-

(d) Heterocysts
15. Schwann proposed a cell theory according to which
-

(a) each cell of the body possesses the same genetic information
(b) all life activities of the organisms are present in miniature form in each and
- every cell of its body
(c) bodies of animals and plants are made up of cells and their products
(d) a new cell always develops by the division of pre-existing cells
16. Cell theory was formulated by
--
(a) Schleiden and Schwann
(b) Rudolf Virchow
(c) Robert Brown
(d) Robert Hooke
17. Within the cell, ribosomes are found in
-

a) cytoplasm -

b) chloroplasts (in plants) and mitochondria ·

-
⑪
c) rough ER
d) all of the above
Ribosome

P. 126
-gt pana.
18. Which of the following represents prokaryotic cells?
-

(a) PPLO
(b) Mycoplasma

~
(c) Bacteria I Moneans
(d) All of these
19. Many bacteria have small circular DNA outside the genomic DNA.
e n -

These smaller DNA are called

~
(a) plasmids p. 128
(b) mesosome
Isra

-
(c) nucleoid I -

-pl a smi d
(d) None of these
... ⑮
↓
↑

,
DMA
-
-

alucerd
0
en
20. The four basic shapes of bacteria are
(a) amoeboid, elongated, biconcave and coccus

-(b) elongated, bacillus, biconcave and amoeboid

(c) bacillus, coccus, vibrio and spirillum p. 127.
(d) bacillus, amoeboid, elongated and coccus

er 80 B
21. A specialised differentiated form of cell membrane called ....... is the

s
characteristic of prokaryotes.
Choose the correct option to fill the blank.
(a) ribosome
-(b) mesosome
(c) microvilli
(d) vacuoles
22. Glycocalyx (mucilage sheath) of a bacterial cell may occur in the form of a
loose sheath called ...A... or it may be thick and tough called ...B.... Choose the
-

correct pair from the given option

~
(a) A-capsule; B-slime layer
(b) A-slime layer; B-capsule
(c) A-mesosome; B-capsule
(d) A-mesosome; B-slime layer
8
23. Most prokaryotic cells, mainly the bacterial cells, have

- capsule
(a) a chemically complex cell envelope
(b) a chemically simple cell envelope
(c) cell envelope only in the form of a cell membrane
slime
agai
(d) no cell envelope
Alysscalyse
-
auwall
⑧
membrane.
I - au
24. Most of the bacterial cell envelope consists of

--
(a) only glycocalyx
(b) a tightly bound three layered structure
(c) the cell membrane
(d) cell wall and cell membrane
 Polysomes
25. Polyribosomes are aggregation of
--
(a) peroxisomes
-
(b) ribosomes and rRNA
(c) several
-
ribosomes held together by a string Of mRNA
(d) rRNA and mRNA

85858
26. Which type of substance would
-
face difficulty to pass through the cell
membrane?(2022)
e

-
(a) Substance with hydrophobic moiety P. And pe
~
(b) Substance with hydrophilic moiety
(c) All substance irrespective of hydrophobic and hydrophilic moiety
(d) Substance soluble in lipids
Proking Carbohydrate
-

↑ ⑧
8

Polar-
head -
A

q ↑ III
Nonpol-
Hydrophilic I
-
2
Tale d
Hydrophobic ·Iphospholipid
ar
-

-
⑦ Polar head -

hydrophilic
✗ Non
- -
polar
tail -

hydrophobic
28. Which of the following statements with respect to Endoplasmic
Reticulum is incorrect?(2022) -
-

(a) SER are the sites for lipid synthesis

&

(b) RER has ribosomes attached to ER -

(c) SER is devoid or ribosomes

-
(d) In prokaryotes only RER are present
29. Given below are two statements : (2022)
Statement - I: Membrane-bound organelles of the endomembrane system
-
en

coordinate cellular functions.

Statement - II: Mitochondria and chloroplasts are not considered a part of
-
the endomembrane system. In the light of the above
statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the
options given below

(a) Statement - 1 is correct but Statement - II is incorrect

-
(b) Statement −I is incorrect but Statement - I is correct
(c) Both Statement - I and Statement - II are correct
(d) Both Statement - I and Statement - II are incorrect
30. The organelles that are included in the endomembrane system are: (2021)
e

(a) Golgi complex, Mitochondria, Ribosomes and Lysosomes

(b) Golgi complex, Endoplasmic reticulus, Mitochondria and Lysosomes

-
(c) Endoplasmic reticulum, Mitochondria, Ribosomes and Lysosomes
(d) Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, Lysosomes and Vacuoles
31. Match the following columns and select the correct option : (2020
-

I
->

-
(a) (1)-(ii), (2)-(i), (3)-(iii). (4)-(iv)
(b) (1)-(iii), (2)-(i), (3)-(ii), (4)-(iv)
(c) (1)-(iv), (2)-(ii), (3)-(i), (4)-(iii)
(d) (1)-(i), (2)-(ii), (3)-(iii), (4)-(iv)
32. Which of the following statements is not correct?(2019)

-
-

(a) Lysosomes are formed by the Process of packaging in the

-
endoplasmic
- X reticulum. golgiapparat
(b) Lysosomes have numerous hydrolytic enzymes
-

(c) The hydrolytic enzyme of lysosomes are active under acidic pH

e n

(d) Lysosomes are membrane bound Structure

p. 134- are
33. Which is the important site of formation of glycoproteins and glycolipids
in eukaryotic cells?(2020)
-

(a) Peroxisomes
~
(b) Golgi bodies
(c) Polysomes
(d) Endoplasmic reticulum
34. Which of the following cell organelles is present in the highest number
in -
secretory cells?(2019)

-
(a) Mitochondria
(b) Golgi complex
(c) Endoplasmic reticulum
(d) Lysosomes
35. Match the column I with column II.(2019)

-Choose the right match from options given below:

(a) (1)-(iii), (2)-(iv), (3)-(ii), (4)-(i)
(b) (1)-(iv), (2)-(iii), (3)-(i), (4)-(ii)
(c) (1)-(iii), (2)-(ii), (3)-(iv), (4)-(i)
(d) (1)-(i), (2)-(ii), (3)-(iv), (4)-(iii)
36. Which of the following pair of organelles does not contain DNA?
(2019) -

~ ~
(a) Nuclear envelope and Mitochondria

-
(b) Mitochondria and Lysosomes
(c) Chloroplast and Vacuoles
(d) Lysosomes and vacuoles
37. The Golgi complex participates in(2018)
-

(a) Fatty acid breakdown

-
(b) Formation of secretory vesicles
(c) Respiration in bacteria
(d) Activation of amino acid
38. Which of the following events does not occur in rough endoplasmic
reticulum? (2018)
- ->
(a) Protein folding
3 Ribosomes --
-

(b) Protein glycosylation

-
(c) Cleavage of signal peptide
(d) Phospholipid synthesis

t
S
-
39. A cell organelle containing hydrolytic enzyme is (2016)

--
(a) lysosome
(b) microsome
(c) ribosome
(d) mesosome
40. Which one of the following cell organelles is enclosed by a single
membrane?(2016) -

~
(a) Chloroplasts
(b) Lysosomes
(c) Nuclei
↑

(d) Mitochondria
41. Select the correct matching in the following pairs.(2015)
-

(a) Smooth ER-Oxidation of phospholipids

~
(b) Smooth ER-Synthesis of lipids
(c) Rough ER-Synthesis of glycogen
(d) Rough ER-Oxidation of fatty acids

p. 153
pane
42. Nuclear envelope is derivative of (2015)

(a) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

(b) membrane of Golgi complex
(c) microtubules
-
(d) rough endoplasmic reticulum

ex
43. Cellular organelles with membranes are (2015)
-

(a) Nucleus, ribosome and mitochondria

↑

-
(b) Chromosomes, ribosome
~ ↑ and endoplasmic reticulum
(c) Endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome
X and nuclei
(d) Lysosomes, Golgi apparatus and Mitochondria
44. The osmotic expansion of a cell kept in water is chiefly regulated by(2014)
- -

(a) Mitochondria
-
(b) Vacuoles
-
membranetransport
(c) Plastids

I
(d) Ribosomes NO ATP.
Need
AtP I
Passive.
gradientI gradient
Active
Along
High I
come water
care molce
Against
-
low-

Osmosis.
High Lower Diffusion
Low to right Higt
-
Protein dow nights
lower

⑪ T
v
T
carriers
V
semiper
Simple e
facilitated membran
 45. Which one of the following organelle in the figure correctly matches with
its function?(2013)
- -

~-
(a) Golgi apparatus- protein synthesis
(b) Golgi apparatus- formation of glycolipids
(c) Rough endoplasmic reticulum- protein synthesis
(d) Rough endoplasmic reticulum-
46. The Golgi complex plays a major role(2013
-

(a) in digesting proteins and carbohydrates

(b) as energy transferring organelles
-
(c) in post translational modification
- of proteins and
- glycosidation of lipids
(d) in trapping the light and transforming it into chemical energy

D I
Proteins
I p. 134
End para

⑤
I S
Lipids
-
C

-
2 O glyco
--> ⑧
glyo
47. A major site for synthesis of lipids is : (2013)
--
(a) SER
(b) Symplast
(c) Nucleoplasm
(d) RER
48. Fluid mosaic model was given by

(a) Beadle and Tatum

-
(b) Jacob and Monod
(c) Singer and Nicholson
(d) Watson and Crick
 49. Which of the following characteristic is correct about cell wall of plant
cells?

(a) Plays role in protection

(b) Helps in cell-cell interaction
~
(c) Provides a barrier to undesirable macromolecules
(d) All of the above

14
50. Which one is a single membrane cell organelle?

..
(a) Endoplasmic reticulum
~
(b) Mitochondria
(c) Lysosomes
(d) Chloroplast
~
51. Which of the following cell organelles is responsible for extracting
-
energy from carbohydrates to form ATP?(2017)
-

(a) Ribosome
-
(b) Chloroplast
(c) Mitochondrion
(d) Lysosome
 hug

-
Big