TRENDS, NETWORKS AND CRITICAL THINKING IN THE 21ST CENTURY - 12

Third Quarter

FIRST WEEK

I. OBJECTIVES A. Content Standard

The learner understands the meaning and dimensions of democracy.
B. Performance Standard
The learner will be able to explain creatively the ill effects of undemocratic
practices related to factors such as gender biases, poverty, political
marginalization, racial inequality, cultural domination, crisis of representation and
politics of recognition.
C. Learning Competencies/Objectives
MELC No. 8 - Identify democratic
practices
MELC No. 9 - Explain the importance of participation in democracy
MELC No. 10 - Differentiate participatory from representative democracy

II. CONTENT Topic: Democracy

III. LEARNING RESOURCES

A. References: Trends, Networks and Critical Thinking in the 21st Century

First Edition 2017; Gladys P. Mangiduyos.
Trends, Networks, and Critical Thinking in the 21st century Culture
for Senior High School 2018; Leander P. Marquez

IV. Procedures

A. Reviewing previous lesson or presenting the new lesson

What are your ideas about the democracy in the Philippines? Are you in favor
with this form of government? Explain your answer.

B. Establishing a purpose of the lesson

Specific Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
a. understand what democracy is by identifying its elements and typology,
b. describe the relationship between the emergence and progression of
trends and democracy.

C. Presenting Examples/Instances of the new lesson

Philippines is a democratic country and Filipinos can always practice

democratic actions. In the past years, there were many complaints wherein
democracy is stripped away not only in our country but also in foreign land where
democracy is expected.

Write your basic idea on what democracy is and present some examples or actions that
you did to manifest democratic actions.
D. Discussing new concepts and practising new skills #1

The concept of democracy can be attributed to the ancient Greeks between

500400 B.C. The term came from the Greek words demos, which means "the
people" and kratein, which means "to rule." Thus, democracy literally means "rule by
the people." It is important to note that originally, democracy was not perceived to
be the "best" form of government. The Greek philosopher, Plato, argued that
democracy — having popularity as its criterion — has the tendency to result in
tyranny while his student, Aristotle, claimed that democracy is one of the three
acceptable degenerate forms of government. It was only during the Enlightenment
period that the perception on democracy transformed into a positive tone.
Today, many countries, including the Philippines, have adopted the
democratic form of government. The United States, for instance, waged a number
of wars under the banner of democracy. In the following discussions, you will be
introduced to the concept of democracy as well as its various aspects.

Elements of Modern Democracy

Modern-day democracy, as practiced in many countries all over the world, is

comprised of six fundamental elements, namely, rule of law, separation of powers,
basic rights and freedoms, suffrage, freedom of speech, and pluralism.

Rule of law
The rule of law is the heart of any democratic government. The remaining five
fundamental elements of democracy are derived from this core element. The rule of
law ensures that the rights and freedoms of citizens are protected and that "no one
is above the law," In this sense, all citizens stand as equals in the eyes of the law.

Separation of powers
Since the rule of law safeguards equality within the State, it only follows that
powers should be distributed within the government as well to make provisions for
checks and balances and to curb the tendency for democracy to regress into
dictatorship. In this light, the three separate powers of a democratic government are
the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary.
The executive power is responsible for the implementation of laws.
The legislative power is responsible for the creation of laws.
The judiciary is responsible for the interpretation of laws.

It is also worth mentioning that democratic governments can be patterned after two
different systems — presidential and parliamentary — or a combination of both.

a. Presidential System
In a Presidential system, the citizens elect a President who serves as the
head of state and of government. The legislative power is distinct from the executive
power since the people also elect members of the Legislature. The Legislature
passes bills that the President signs into law; approves the national budget; and
decides on national policies, among others. Meanwhile, some of the functions of the
Executive include ensuring that laws and policies are enforced; acting as the
Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces; and collaborating with other heads of
government for international peace and stability. The Philippines is an example of a
nation that subscribes to the Presidential system.

b. Parliamentary System
In a Parliamentary system, the citizens elect the members of the Parliament.
The party that wins the majority seat in the Parliament elects the Prime Minister from
among themselves. The Prime Minister serves as the head of government and is
distinct from the head of state. For instance, in England, the head of the royal family
serves as the head of state while the Prime Minister is the head of the government.
The head of state only has ceremonial functions while the head of the government
presides over the Parliament in making important administrative decisions.

Mixed System
Some nations employ a mixed system that draws the best features of both the
Presidential system and the Parliamentary system. It may also be referred to as a
SemiPresidential System. In a mixed system, the citizens elect a President that does
not only have ceremonial functions but shares executive powers with the Prime
Minister. For instance, the President is responsible for the appointment of members
of the Cabinet. The Prime Minister, on the other hand, aside from his/her executive
functions, also works with the Cabinet. Both the President and the Prime Minster are
responsible for legislature. Examples of nations that employ the mixed system are
France and Russia.

Basic rights and freedoms

Another implication of the rule of law is the acknowledgement of the fact that
citizens have basic rights and freedoms. These rights can be broadly categorized
into human rights, civil rights and political rights. Examples of human rights include
the right to life, the right to be secured in one's person and right to live freely. Civil
rights include the right to own property and the right to enjoy the privileges accorded
to being a citizen of a particular country. Political rights include the right to run for
elective office and the right to suffrage. Meanwhile, some of the basic freedoms
recognized by the rule of law are freedom of speech, freedom of worship, and
freedom of association.

Suffrage
Derived from the civil and political rights of the citizens, as recognized under
the rule of law, is the right to suffrage. The right to suffrage means that every citizen,
within the recognized legal age, has the right to participate in elections by casting a
vote. Since democracy is the rule of the people, it implies that the people should be
the ones to choose the leaders of the State. This right expressly underscores the
equality of the citizens in the eyes of the law since every citizen, regardless of sex,
religion, political affiliation, educational attainment, and socio-economic Status is
entitled to cast only a single vote.

Freedom of speech
As one of the freedoms acknowledged under the rule of law, freedom of
speech ensures that the citizens are able to voice out their agreement,
disagreement, affirmations, criticisms, and proposals to their government.
Highlighting the notion of rule of the people in a democracy, freedom of speech
shows that it is still the people who decide what they want to happen within the State
and how they want to be led. The government's function is to make sure that the
decisions of the people are enacted and implemented.

Concurrent to the freedom of speech is the freedom of the press. Information

is crucial for the citizens to formulate well-informed opinions and the mass media is
the fastest and most effective way to disseminate information. The press also serves
as a means for those who are in government to speedily communicate with the
general public and vice-versa.
However, in the Philippines, one of the impediments to fully realizing these
freedoms is the existence of libel. Libel is a crime broadly characterized by
maliciously publishing an article or write up that may be detrimental to a person's
character or may cause dishonor.

Pluralism
Genuine democracy is characterized by pluralism. Since the rule of law
recognizes the basic rights and freedoms of citizens, this entails that the people are
entitled to diverse beliefs and opinions, which may result in them becoming part of
different organizations with varying thrusts and advocacies. Pluralism within the
State may be indicated by the presence of different religions, political groups, and
associations. In the government, the uninhibited presence of two camps —
administration and opposition — is indicative of pluralism.
E. Discussing new concepts and practising new skills #2

Types of Democracy
Direct Democracy
Direct democracy is also referred to as pure democracy. In a direct democracy
the citizens come together to decide on issues or pass laws through a vote. This
may be considered as the ideal democracy since every person is able to participate
in the voting process and it ensures that the will of the people is really followed.
The advantage of a direct democracy is that each citizen has a voice in
making important decisions for the community. On the other hand, the disadvantage
is the difficulty to implement this in societies with huge populations because of the
amount of time needed just to gather each citizen's vote and opinion on issues.
Direct democracy is currently practiced in the Cantons of Switzerland. In the
Philippines, the only trace of direct democracy can be found in the provisions of the
Constitution on "initiative and referendum."

Indirect Democracy
An indirect democracy is also called representative democracy. In an indirect
democracy, such as in the Philippines, the people elect leaders to act as their
representatives in the government. During elections, the citizens vote for members
of the executive and the legislative branches at the same time. The elected officials,
who "represent" the will of the citizens, are responsible for passing laws and
implementing them.
The advantage of an indirect democracy is that it is relatively easier to decide
on issues, pass laws and carry out their implementation, as compared to a direct
democracy, especially when there are numerous policy areas to decide on, apart
from the size of the population. However, the disadvantage is that it is very difficult
for representatives to consider the will of every citizen, hence, they must resort to
intelligent guesses to decide what they think their constituents need.

F. Developing Mastery (Leads to Formative Assessment)

Create a Cloud Map about Democracy with the help of the people around you.
To identify how big the words are for the Cloud Map, follow the procedures. Start by
identifying 10 words you can associate with democracy. Then ask at least 5 people
to rate which among the 10 words associated with democracy is the most significant
for them. After conducting the survey tally the results and identify which among the
words are rated to be significant. Use the results as your basis to create your Cloud
map.

I. List of names who participated in the survey

II. List of 10 words associated to democracy
III. List of 10 words arranged from the most significant to the least
significant

G. Finding practical application of concepts and skills in daily living

There are talks for a possible change in the form of government in the Philippines.
For a very long time, the country has embraced the Presidential System but would
a different system like Parliamentary System be more effective? Does the
Presidential System not enough to give the Philippines its needed boost.

Do a research about the Presidential and Parliamentary System. Try to figure out
the advantages and disadvantages of the two systems. After which write your
proposal in an essay form addressed to the Filipino people on which system do you
think is best for the country. Does Presidential System can still manage and a fit in
the country or
Parliamentary System must be implemented in the country for our progress? (15
points)

H. Generalization

The term "democracy" means "rule by the people." Modern democracy has
six fundamental elements, namely, rule of law, separation of powers, basic rights
and freedoms, suffrage, freedom of speech, and pluralism. Democracy can either be
direct or indirect. In a direct democracy, the citizens gather together to debate and
vote on issues concerning the State while in an indirect democracy, the citizens elect
representatives in the government. Instead of the citizens directly participating in
debates to decide on issues concerning the State, the elected representatives
themselves assume this function.
I. Evaluating learning

Democracy has enabled people to create and innovate. Definitely, it is not a

surprise that it brought various ideas to society as well.

Write an essay on how democracy can lead to the emergence of trends.

Present 3 different elements of democracy that paved way to trends in the society
and explain how these elements triggered emerging trends. (15 points)
 TRENDS, NETWORKS AND CRITICAL THINKING IN THE 21ST CENTURY - 12
Third Quarter

SECOND WEEK

I. OBJECTIVES
A. Content Standard
The learner understands how ICT enslaves, emancipates, and empowers
individuals.
B. Performance Standard
The learner organizes and mobilizes an event that deals with a significant
global issue, using ICT.
C. Learning Competencies/Objectives
MELC No. 11 - Assess democratic interventions prevailing in political and
social institutions.
MELC No. 12 - Formulate a viable alternative to undemocratic practices.

II. CONTENT Topic: Democracy

III. LEARNING RESOURCES

A. Reference: Trends, Networks and Critical Thinking in the 21st Century

First Edition 2017; Gladys P. Mangiduyos.
Trends, Networks, and Critical Thinking in the 21st century Culture
for Senior High School 2018; Leander P. Marquez

IV. Procedures

A. Reviewing previous lesson or presenting the new lesson

Before you go deeper in the discussion of democracy, try answering the

following to recall the important concepts mentioned in your last lesson. Arrange the
jumbled words which are important concepts and ideas in democracy and write them
down on a piece of paper.

1.
GEFUSFAR -
2.
MISLLURAP
-
3.
TIREDC -
4.
REDCITI
N-

B. Establishing a purpose of the lesson

Specific Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
a. demonstrate awareness of the difference between democracy and
other forms of government through comparative analysis and
b. describe the relationship between the emergence and progression of
trends and democracy.

C. Presenting Examples/Instances of the new lesson

 The Philippines has a democratic form of government for some centuries. The
country is proud to be one of the Asian countries to have practiced democracy and
its people have been enjoying this form of government.
Search for a picture that depicts democracy in the Philippines. Read some history
or reason about the picture and how democracy is manifested.
D. Discussing new concepts and practising new skills #1

The Dimensions of Democracy

1. The People
As previously pointed out, democracy is etymologically defined as "rule by the
people," thus, the concept of "people" is central in any discussion of democracy. The
question before us is, "Who are the people or what does the phrase the people mean
in the definition of democracy as rule by the people?"
Obviously, "the people" here does not refer to just a single group of individuals
making up a tribe, a political party or a religious denomination, but to a collective
group of individuals with varying political and religious beliefs who freely decided to
live together in a particular geographical area and mutually consented to form a
democratic nation. We may simply refer to this group of people as citizens of a nation
wherein these citizens are regarded as equals. However, not all citizens have the
same interests. And with respect to interests, there is the majority and there is the
minority. In a democracy where issues are decided through a voting process, if the
vote of the majority puts the minority at a disadvantage, can this still be called a rule
by the people? Is the majority the people? Hopefully this is not the case, otherwise,
democracy will just be a fancy term for mob-rule.
How about in the case of individuals in elective office? Suppose that after
being elected to become the peoples representative, an elected official proceeds to
do what s/he wants with utter disregard for what his/her constituents want, is it still a
rule by the people since they were the ones who conferred on the official the
authority to decide and act on their behalf? When former President Benigno Aquino
Ill turned down various bills that aim to lower the income tax rates in the country
during the last quarter of 2015 to the dismay of many Filipinos, was it rule by the
people?

2. Equality
Another dimension of democracy is equality. But are we really equal? Some
people are born with better genes than others, while others are born with different
kinds of sickness. Some are born into wealthy families, while others are born into
poor ones. Some are born naturally smart or beautiful or athletic, while others have
to work extra hard to develop themselves to be on a par with those with natural
talents. If we are equal, then why do our laws try so hard to put up a system where
all of us may be treated as equals? Yes, we are equals in the eyes of the law (moral
equality), not necessarily because we are naturally equal in every respect, but
because we have to be placed in a status of equality so that we may be governed
fairly and receive the equal protection of the laws (legal equality). Thus, equality is
vital for democracy. However, what is equality?
The principle of equality in a democracy can be interpreted as the people of
a democratic nation having an equal right to rule and an equal right to vote (political
equality). This is expressly stated in Article V, Sec. 1 of the 1987 Philippine
Constitution, which states that "Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the
Philippines not otherwise disqualified by law..." Furthermore, equality can also be
understood as sovereignty being founded on the people. The Preamble of our
Constitution begins with the words, "We, the sovereign Filipino people..." which
means that all of us are giving the right, power and authority to the State, through
the Constitution, to govern us and our affairs as a nation. It does not say, "We, the
richest among the Filipinos..." or "We, the members of the labor force..." that is the
source of the sovereign power of the State. This is why during elections, which is
supposedly the most democratic exercise in a democracy, each citizen who is
eligible to vote is given only one vote as a sign that each of us has an equal right
before the law.
In addition, equality may also be construed in terms of accountability. Being
elected or appointed to fill a government post does not mean that officials are in a
superior Status compared to ordinary citizens. Hence, democratic governments are
organized in such a way that there will be checks and balances among different
branches of the government to ensure that they do not abuse the power entrusted
to them by the people. In this sense, government officials are accountable to the
citizens for their actions especially those that tend to harm the common good.
In this light, if, for instance, we are a family of three and you are a family of
eight, and the government gives each of us a bag of relief goods containing one kilo
of rice, two packs of noodles, one liter of bottled water, and two cans of sardines
after both our families suffered a natural calamity, would this be equality? Or for
instance, when senior citizens, persons with disabilities (PWD), and pregnant
women are being prioritized in the cashier lanes of supermarkets or have dedicated
seats in buses and trains, are these practices of equality? Or the fact that there are
laws that deal with violence against women committed by men whereas there is none
that concerns violence against men committed by women, is this equality in a
democracy?

3. Common Good
Ensuring that the common good is always upheld is a very important task of
any democratic government. But, what does common good mean in a democracy?
Since sovereignty belongs to the people, the government, then, is by the people and
for the people. Thus, elected officials are, in effect, servants of the people. In this
regard, every action done by these public servants, in relation to their respective
offices, should be done for the well-being of the people and not for their personal
well-being nor only for the benefit of a particular majority, since, as pointed out
earlier, what may be good for the many may be bad for the few. It is, therefore, the
responsibility of the leaders of any democratic government to ensure that there are
safeguards that will protect the minority from being overwhelmed, overpowered or
bullied by the majority just because they have the numbers.
Furthermore, since the common good speaks of what is good for "the people",
this inevitably raises various questions. If, for instance, a new superhighway will be
constructed to ease the traffic in EDSA, which is in Metro Manila, how is this
beneficial to those Filipinos living in Sulu or in Tawi-Tawi? Does this contribute to
the common good or only to the good of those who are passing through EDSA?
Obviously, this is only beneficial to the well-being of those who use EDSA. If this is
the case, do laws passed and projects endorsed by our representatives in the
government that only benefit a particular province, region or group of people result
to the common good?
To answer this question, we must first be able to determine whether the
common good is aggregate or non-aggregate. By aggregate, this means that the
common good is the combined well-being of all the members of the group whereas
non-aggregate refers to what is good for the group regardless of the individual well-
being of its members. If I am a member of a basketball team and I have to save the
ball from going out of bounds or else my team would lose possession of the ball, I
would risk diving for the ball and possibly injure myself in the process for the good
of my team. In this case, my personal wellbeing as well as that of my other team
members are only second to the well-being of the team. This is what is meant by
common good being non-aggregate. Meanwhile, my being healthy, fit, athletic and
well-trained contributes to my personal well-being in playing basketball. The same
is true with respect to my teammates and their personal well-being. Thus, our
individual well-being, when taken together, contributes to the well-being of the whole
team during the game. This, on the other hand, is what is meant by common good
being aggregate.
In this light, is common good aggregate or non-aggregate? Or is it, perhaps,
a combination of both? If it is aggregate, then how do we account for those laws or
projects that benefit a specific region or group of people but do not benefit other
regions or other groups of people? Does this violate the principle of equality of
democracy? Meanwhile, if it is non-aggregate, does it mean that it does not matter
if some sectors are worse off while others are better off or some regions are
progressive while other regions are left behind as long as the State is experiencing
progress? However, if it is a combination of both, when should the common good be
considered aggregate? When should it be considered non-aggregate? Take the
case of our claims in the West Philippine Sea, for instance. Our relationship with
China is strained. Tension in the West Philippine Sea is high and there is a risk that
this could start a war. How do the policies and actions of our elected representatives,
in this case, contribute to our common good?

4. Representation
Representation is another key dimension in a democracy. 'Whether in a direct
democracy wherein citizens represent themselves or in an indirect democracy
wherein representatives are elected, the concept of representation is at work.
Theoretically, representatives are the ones who are authorized to take the
appropriate and necessary actions within the government that would be beneficial
for the common good of the people. Nonetheless, in today's practice, how does
representation work in a democracy?
On the one hand, aspiring representatives may present platforms during
campaigns while the voting public selects which platforms they want to be
implemented and who they want to implement them. Once elected, the chosen
representatives are expected to act on their platforms. On the other hand, aspiring
representatives can also opt to choose platforms that will most likely help them to be
re-elected for another term since voters have the tendency to exact payback from
representatives who did not serve them well by not voting for them when they run
for re-election. However, in both cases, representation is problematic since: 1)
elected representatives have minds of their own; and 2) there is relatively little
information for citizens to use in evaluating the performance of their representatives.
The citizens do not have control over their elected representatives, who can
either keep their promises or do a lot of other things but serve the people who put
them in power. In addition, theses representatives are able to do many things that
the citizens do not know and cannot continuously monitor. Thus, the people cannot
objectively determine whether or not their elected representatives are actually doing
what they are supposed to do or just putting up appearances to make the public
believe that they are doing their job.
Another problem is the lack of alternatives to choose from which is very
apparent in the Philippines. Oftentimes, members of the same political families run
for different positions in the government during elections. Oftentimes, too, these
people are elected, especially in local governments, because there are no other
candidates to choose from. Although it may appear remarkable that a candidate is
gunning for a post uncontested, it is actually bad sign for democracy. It may be the
case that no one challenges the candidate because doing so might put the
challenger's life at risk. Instances of election— related violence in the country are
numerous. It may also be the case that the candidate or the candidate's family has
a wide influence over the voting public in their area and anyone not endorsed by the
candidate has a slim chance at winning the elections.
Or, it is also possible that nobody else, apart from the candidate, has the
resources to mount a campaign. Or perhaps, the citi7ßns arc simply apathetic to
even consider making an effort to run against the candidate in order to render service
to others.

In light of these, we can say that representation, although a very important

dimension of democracy, cannot be guaranteed by democracy. We may elect
representatives who will not represent our interests but would pursue their own. We
may also be "forced" to elect a particular representative because we do not have
any other alternatives to choose from and the position has to be filled. Ultimately,
unless proper safeguards are established, the people will be at a disadvantage.
 Given everything that were discussed and the questions that were raised, do
you still want the Philippines to continue with a democratic form of government? Or
are you willing to consider other, maybe better, options? An array of choices is in
store for you in the next section.

E. Discussing new concepts and practising new skills #2

Democracy and Other Forms of Government

Let us begin our discussion on democracy and the different forms of
government by looking at these types of government from the position of anarchy.
Anarchy is a state of affairs wherein no existing government in a group, organization
or nation takes charge in implementing laws and administering the affairs of its
members. From the point of view of anarchy, governments may be identified
depending on whom the power to rule resides or the criteria for selecting those who
are fit to rule. Listed below are 18 different forms of government.

1. Aristocracy
Aristocracy is a form of government wherein the people are ruled by members
of the nobility or those who belong to the upper class of society. These rulers who
come from "high families" are the wealthy and educated members of society. The
ancient Greek philosopher Plato, in the Republic, perceived aristocracy as a rule of
the best that will look out for the best interest of the society. This is the kind of
government that he was developing for his ideal city-state. He considered other
forms of government as degenerate forms of aristocracy, the latter being the
degenerate form of the former. These are timocracy whose criterion for selection of
leaders is being honorable; oligarchy whose criterion is wealth; democracy whose
criterion is popularity; and tyranny whose criterion is power, in that order.

2. Capitalism
Capitalism is a form of government wherein the people are allowed to own
properties or businesses for purposes of profit insofar as these owners pay taxes to
the government. The United States is an example of a capitalist nation.

3. Communism
Communism is a form of government wherein the idea is to arrive at a
classless society through the equal sharing of goods by the people. In a communist
government, private ownership of capital or property is prohibited and the affairs of
the State are governed by a single ruling party. According to Karl Marx, communism
is the result of socialism. The People's Republic of China is an example of a
communist government.

4. Constitutional Monarchy
Constitutional monarchy is a form of government wherein a democratic
government exists side by side with a monarchy and the responsibilities in ruling are
divided between two heads. The United Kingdom is an example of a constitutional
monarchy where the Prime Minister of the Parliament serves as the Head of
Government while the Monarch serves as the Head of State.

5. Democracy
Democracy is a form of government wherein the power to rule resides in the
people. Plato considered democracy as a degraded version of oligarchy. Meanwhile,
for Aristotle, among the three degenerate forms of government, namely, democracy,
oligarchy and tyranny, democracy is what he considered most tolerable. Many
countries around the world today have adopted a democratic form of government
including the Philippines.
6. Despotism
Despotism is a form of government wherein the people are governed by a
single individual who treats the people as slaves. Ivan the Terrible, the first czar of
Russia, can be considered as a despot.

7. Dictatorship
Dictatorship is a form of government wherein the people are governed by an
individual who has absolute governing power and assumes the roles of the three
branches of the government—executive, legislative, and judiciary. Nazi Germany
under Hitler is an example of a dictatorship.

8. Federalism
Federalism is a form of government wherein the governing power is shared
between a central government and a group of regional or local governments. The
United States is an example of federalism.

9. Monarchy
Monarchy is a form of government wherein the people are ruled by a Monarch
(a King or a Queen) and this power to rule is passed on as inheritance to the
Monarch's children (a prince who will be king or a princess who will be queen). A
monarch who has managed to expand one's kingdom to an empire is called Emperor
or Empress. For Aristotle, monarchy is one of the three acceptable forms of
government, the other two being aristocracy and polity. Versions of monarchy are
emirates and sultanates, which apply to Muslim societies such as the United Arab
Emirates and the Sultanate of Brunei, respectively.

10. Oligarchy
Oligarchy is a form of government wherein the people are ruled by a few
people. These few may be wealthy or powerful, thus having the power to rule.
Oftentimes, oligarchs may share the same interests or even be relatives. Plato
considered oligarchy as a distorted form of timocracy while Aristotle regarded it as a
perverted form of aristocracy.

11. Regional or Local

A regional or local government is a form of government wherein people in a
specific locale are ruled by a small group of leaders whose ruling power is only
limited within the confines of the locales they serve. A country may have several
regional or local governments and these governments are overseen by the central
government of the country.

12. Republic
A republic is a form of government wherein the people are not ruled by a
monarch but by an elected president, in most cases. The government of the
Philippines is an example of a republic.

13. Revolutionary
A revolutionary government results in a situation wherein the existing
government is forcibly overthrown by revolutionary forces. Bonifacio and Aguinaldo's
respective governments can be considered as revolutionary.

14. Socialism
Socialism is a form of government wherein businesses that are involved in
the production and distribution of goods and basic utilities such as electricity and
water are administered by the government and not by capitalists. In a socialist
government, the proletariat or laborers are the ones who hold the power to rule
because they control production. Socialism is also regarded as dictatorship of the
proletariat and leads to communism according to Marx. What used to be the Soviet
Union is an example of socialism.
15. Timocracy
Timocracy is a form of government wherein leaders are chosen on the basis
of being honorable. Solon introduced this form of government in Athens at around
6th century B.C.

16. Totalitarian
A totalitarian government is a form of government wherein only a single
political party is recognized. The party controls the affairs of the state and imposes
limits on the citizens in terms of what they should believe, the values they should
uphold and the attitudes they should espouse, among others.

17. Transitional
A transitional government exists when a country is undergoing transition from
one form of government to another.

18. Tyranny
Tyranny is a form of government wherein the people are ruled by a wealthy
person who wields the power to rule by overthrowing those who are in power through
means that are not prescribed by law. It is important to note that tyrants are not
necessarily ruthless and may, in fact, be helpful and considerate of the people. The
ancient Greeks saw a number of tyrants who were considered good, such as
Peisistratos of Athens.

These are just some of the forms of government and there are others that are
not included in this list. You may observe that in the Philippines, the government that
we have is a combination of various forms, such as democracy, capitalism, regional
or local, and republic. This goes without saying that these forms of governments may
be mixed and matched to suit the needs and desires of the people to be governed.
Thus, it is important for you, as future leaders of our nation, to understand these
forms of government to be able to decide if our existing government setup is really
the type that we need.

F. Developing Mastery (Leads to Formative Assessment)

Among the different forms of government mentioned, choose 2 which you

think is most appealing and choose another 2 which you think is the least appealing.
Give a short reason for your answer.

Most appealing Least appealing

1.
2.

Explanation:
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

G. Finding practical application of concepts and skills in daily living

Let us put your learnings to practice. For this activity, you must have a sense
of social awareness. The Philippines has received different comments on how
democracy is being practiced. There are always opposing ideas which most of the
times contradict. Try to rate the current status of our country if it is practicing well
the different dimensions of democracy. Encircle your chosen score after the
dimension of democracy and give a very brief explanation. (20 pts.)
 Rate the following, 5 being the highest and 1 being the lowest score.
1. People Score: 5 – 4 – 3 – 2 – 1
Explanation:

2. Equality Score: 5 – 4 – 3 – 2 – 1
Explanation:

3. Common Good Score: 5–4–3–2

– 1 Explanation:

4. Representation Score: 5–4–3–2

– 1 Explanation:

H. Generalization

The four basic dimensions of democracy are the people, equality, common good,
and representation. The people are the source of the sovereign power of the State and the
ones rule in a democracy. Equality is the underlying principle that makes it possible for the
people to be the source of sovereignty by the State because the people, as a whole, freely
and willingly allow the State, through the Constitution, to govern them and decide on their
behalf in the context of a democratic government that the people mutually consented to
establish. Meanwhile, the common good is that which a democracy always tries to achieve.
This refers not only to the good of the majority, but to the collective good of the people.
Finally, representation is the freedom of participating citizens to represent themselves or
elect their representatives, who will decide and act for the interest and benefit of the common
good of the people.

I. Evaluating learning

After being familiar with the different forms of government, try exploring the other
forms aside from what the Philippines is following. Among the different forms of
government, which do you think is appropriate in handling the Filipinos (except for
Democracy and Republic)? Write your desired form of government and give 5
pointers on why this form best suit the Filipinos. (25 pts.)

Five Pointers
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
 TRENDS, NETWORKS AND CRITICAL THINKING IN THE 21ST CENTURY - 12
Third Quarter

THIRD WEEK

I. OBJECTIVES A. Content Standard

The learner understands how ICT enslaves, emancipates, and empowers
individuals.
B. Performance Standard
The learner organizes and mobilizes an event that deals with a significant
global issue, using ICT.
C. Learning Competencies/Objectives
MELC No. 13 - Identify the dimensions of technology that are enabling and
inhibiting
MELC No. 14 - Discuss the benefits of technology

II. CONTENT Topic: Information and Communication Technology

III. LEARNING RESOURCES

A. Reference: Trends, Networks and Critical Thinking in the 21st Century

First Edition 2017; Gladys P. Mangiduyos.
Trends, Networks, and Critical Thinking in the 21st century Culture
for Senior High School 2018; Leander P. Marquez

IV. Procedures

A. Reviewing previous lesson or presenting the new lesson

The previous lesson was all about the dimensions of democracy. It is

important to note that democracy greatly influence the start of trends. It ignites new
ideas and starts something to the society.
This new lesson also aids in helping create new trends. In our present time, ICT has
boosted the spread of ideas. It has become part of the daily lives of the modern man
as if you cannot separate them from one another.

B. Establishing a purpose of the lesson

Specific Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
a. understand the history, development and effects of the advancement
of ICT by explaining its nature and value,
b. demonstrate awareness of the relationship between the emergence
and progression of trend and information and communication technology
by describing the links between the former and the latter, and
c. construct a plan that will feature ICT innovations to solve a national or
global problem.

C. Presenting Examples/Instances of the new lesson

Do a thorough search in your house and identify the oldest existing technology
you have. Identify the specific item and ask the members of the family for its purpose,
when it was bought or had and if it still has a purpose today.
D. Discussing new concepts and practising new skills #1

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)

Information and Communication Technology enables the various forms of
communication that we enjoy today, for instance, the internet, which paved the way
for social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, and Linkedln. According to the United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural.
Organization (UNESCO), Information and Communication Technology or ICT
is the collective term that refers to: the tools and the processes to access, retrieve,
store, organise, manipulate, produce, present and exchange information by
electronic and other automated means. These include hardware, software and
telecommunications in the forms of personal computers, scanners, digital cameras,
phones, faxes, modems, CD and DVD players and recorders, digitised video, radio
and TV programmes, database programmes and multimedia programmes.
(UNESCO Bangkok, 2003, p. 75, in Anderson, p. 5)
Simply put, ICTs are mechanisms that help us in transmitting, receiving,
storing, accessing, and processing information through electronic media. This
definition enables us to include computers and telecommunication devices while
conveniently excluding printed media such as books, magazines and newspapers,
yet admits their digital versions such as e-books and e-journals, among others.
Developments in ICT have put most part of the world within reach in terms of
information dissemination and connectivity. This enables us to relatively fast-track
many research procedures and processes that need real-time and up-to-date
information to accomplish which results in us having a lot of the things that we are
able to enjoy today and make our lives easier. From cures to common illnesses, day-
to-day weather forecasts, stock market predictions foreign films, global news, to the
most viral YouTube video to-date; ICT has influenced our lives in numerous ways.

The History of ICT

In laying out a brief history of the development of ICT, we will not go as far
back as when the abacus was invented around 3000 B.C., although that was how it
all started. The calculators that we are familiar with today were first developed during
the early 19th century -- long after the discovery of electricity in the 1780s. In 1833,
Charles Babbage produced the initial designs of the computer but it was not until
1931 that the first electronic calculator was assembled by Konrad Zuse.
In 1894, Guglielmo Marconi invented "wireless telegraphy" which paved the
way for the development of the radio in the 20th century.
Commercial radio broadcasts for entertainment became widespread in the
Americas during the 1920s. Television had its origins from early transmission
systems developed in the late 19th century. The earliest television transmissions
were made in the 1920s. Color television was developed in the 1940s, and became
prevalent in the 1960s.
The telephone was invented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell. The
technology became widespread in the 1930s with the creation 0 telephone sets.
Mobile phone technology was introduced in the 1970s and the earliest mobile
phones were sold in the 1980s, Advancements in digital technology led to the greater
popularity of mobile phones, gaining widespread use during the early 2000s.
The late 20th century was the high time for computer development. The first
microprocessor was introduced by Intel in 1971 and the initial versions of the
computers that we see today were manufactured by IBM in 1981. A decade after,
what can be regarded as the defining moment for ICT was the creation of the World
Wide Web what we know today as the Internet --- in 1991 by Tim Lee.
Recent developments in ICT are basically characterized by improvements on
existing technology. Desktop computers were made more mobile through laptops
and tablets. Mobile phones, aside from being just tools for communication, are able
to integrate other ICT innovations such as internet access, camera, AM/FM radio,
television, data storage, and calculator, among others, apart from being capable of
using various software applications to augment their features. Computers, mobile
phones and televisions now have touch screen features and can be connected to
each other wirelessly. In the Philippines, you can watch the news and discussion
that you hear over the radio in television programs such as Teleradyo. Ultimately,
twenty-first century development in ICT focuses more on how ICT can be used to
produce positive impact to society.

E. Discussing new concepts and practising new skills #2

The Digital Divide

The natural consequence of advancements in ICT is what is referred to as the
digital divide, which refers to the discrepancy in people's access and skill related to
ICT. This may be caused by a number of factors such as geographical location,
economy, income, age, education, race, and government support, among others.
According to the World Youth Report, the notion of digital divide can be applied in
three different levels of disparity:
First is the notion of the global digital divide, which relates to the disparities in
ICT use between people living in different parts of the world. One dividing line in this
context can be drawn between the developed and developing countries. In terms Of
economic activity, ICT is expected to significantly increase accessibility to potential
customers in terms of both marketing and direct sales. The Internet appears to be
benefiting the development of public services, particularly in areas and sectors such
as administration, health care and education. The problems contributing to the digital
divide are currently being addressed through hundreds of projects implemented by
a multitude of governmental and nongovernmental organizations around the world.
The second interpretation relates to unequal opportunities for ICT use within
countries. Important factors in this respect include an individual's socio-economic
position, level of education, and place of residence. The lower a person's income
and educational levels, the farther away he/she is from the capital and centre of
activity, and the more likely he or she is to be excluded from information flows and
networks.
The third type of divide is one pertaining to participation in a democracy and
the possibilities that may develop after the digital revolution. The digital divide is
particularly significant in relation to the civic engagement of young people.
Opportunities for children and youth to express their ideas and opinions about
different issues in society have traditionally been very limited. Typically, the only
means they have had available to influence the world around them have been peer
relationships, rebellion against the boredom of school, or resistance expressed at
home. The digital revolution is opening doors to increased communication and
involvement, but other doors may be closing. Some researchers claim that cell-
phone-based interaction between adolescents and their parents tends to diminish
productive conflicts between them, robbing adolescents of the opportunity to develop
the better defined sense of self that generally evolves through such interaction.
(World Youth Report, 2003)
In order for everyone to maximize the potentials and benefits of ICT, the gap
caused by the digital divide must be filled. This can be done in a variety of ways but
will only come so far without government support. Thus, it is vital that governments
dedicate resources to put up ICT infrastructures within their respective countries and
empower the public to use them through training and education as well as enabling
the citizens to access ICT equipment by providing them better economic and social
conditions to make it possible for them to acquire these equipment. One example is
the disparity between the neighbors North and South Korea. In the democratic
South, majority of the citizens have internet access, use mobile phones and are able
to watch foreign movies through DVDs and computers at home. On the other hand,
the communist North, access to the internet is mostly limited to the government and
few wealthy families who are supportive the government. Furthermore, their internet
accessibility is limited only to a number of websites. For the most part, citizens do
not have access to foreign entertainment and only limited households have
computers at home.
However, we cannot expect individual governments to be able to do this alone
especially those who belong to poor and developing countries. The reality is that
many of these ICT resources, especially those which are state-of the-art, are
expensive and limited and cannot be afforded by poor governments. Thus, richer
and more developed nations can help close the gap by providing solutions and
assistance to enable poor nations to access affordable, useful, and sufficient JCT
resources. In other words, the task of bridging the digital divide is not a lone
endeavor for countries who are on the far side of the gap but a consolidated effort
among the members of the international community.

F. Developing Mastery (Leads to Formative Assessment)

Create a mind map of the discussion on ICT. Write down important ideas and
connect them with the others.

G. Finding practical application of concepts and skills in daily living

Choose any item or invention which you can trace its evolution. Name the
object and look for its earliest version and present the different innovations or
evolutions it had up to the present time. Make a creative timeline of the object and
place pictures, dates and captions. (30 pts.)

Rubric
10 8 5 3

Relevant to The essay written is The essay written The essay is really just There is no
complete the Theme related to the theme. The made an attempt but random words and or essay.
Sentences do
reader can easily identify it’s not quite clear. sentences and not much not make sense
from the beginning, middle, and Most of the of an essay. one sentence to end of
the essay. sentences are another.
uncertain.

Creativity Creative ideas are directly Creative ideas Creative ideas neither Creative ideas
chosen related to the theme. And somehow can relate clearly nor related to the neither
related nor do can present the ideas on to the theme; theme. Ideas presented not
make sense.
other perspective however some ideas
are presented are
vague. Unclear.

Transcript Texts are well written and Texts make sense Texts are not congruent to Text doesn’t
make linked to produce and there are the theme and there are sense and there are
complete thought, and minimal errors. various errors. crucial errors. clearly express
ideas.

H. Generalization

The development of ICT began with the invention of the abacus an ancient
tool used for computing more than 5,000 years ago. The 19th century saw the advent
of electronic calculators while the 20th century brought us the computers that we
know today as well as the Internet.
The 21st-century development in ICT revolves around improving existing ICT
resources and focuses on applying them in order to impart positive contribution to
society.

Advancements in ICT have naturally resulted the digital divide. The concept
of digital divide, which is the discrepancy in access and skill related to ICT can be
applied to three different levels: 1) to the disparities in ICT use between people living
in different parts of the world; 2) to unequal opportunities for ICT use within countries;
3) to participation in a democracy and the possibilities that may develop after the
digital revolution. Ultimately, it is a global endeavor to close the gap created by the
digital divide.
I. Evaluating learning

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
 TRENDS, NETWORKS AND CRITICAL THINKING IN THE 21ST CENTURY - 12
Third Quarter

FOURTH WEEK

I. OBJECTIVES A. Content Standard

The learner understands how ICT enslaves, emancipates, and empowers
individuals.
B. Performance Standard
The learner organizes and mobilizes an event that deals with a significant
global issue, using ICT.
C. Learning Competencies/Objectives
MELC No. 16 - Explain how information communication technology can
facilitate social relationships and political movements
MELC No. 17 - Propose a creative intervention to improve human life using
ICT

II. CONTENT Topic: Information and Communication Technology

III. LEARNING RESOURCES

A. Reference: Trends, Networks and Critical Thinking in the 21st Century

First Edition 2017; Gladys P. Mangiduyos.
Trends, Networks, and Critical Thinking in the 21st century Culture
for Senior High School 2018; Leander P. Marquez

IV. Procedures

A. Reviewing previous lesson or presenting the new lesson

The Philippines is a developing country and it is in a race in obtaining good

quality in terms of ICT. Do a research on any news about how the country is
improving ICT in the Philippines.

B. Establishing a purpose of the lesson

Specific Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
a. understand the history, development and effects of the advancement
of ICT by explaining its nature and value,
b. demonstrate awareness of the relationship between the emergence
and progression of trend and information and communication technology
by describing the links between the former and the latter, and
c. construct a plan that will feature ICT innovations to solve a national or
global problem.

C. Presenting Examples/Instances of the new lesson

The acronym ICT stands for Information, Communication and Technology. ICT
has been proven to have an impact in our society. Use the letters I, C and T to come
up with your own understanding of ICT and its impact.

D. Discussing new concepts and practising new skills #1

THE EFFECTS OF ADVANCEMENTS IN ICT
According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the
effects of ICT in a country are influenced by three factors, namely,
1. existing ICT infrastructure;
2. level of education, skills and income in the country; and
3. ICT policy and regulation of the government and the level of e-
government.

These aforementioned factors influence the supply and demand of ICT in a given
country that in turn influence the impacts of ICT.
The illustration shows that the various impact areas of ICT supply and demand
include citizen participation, economic performance, education, employment and
poverty alleviation, health, individuals and communities, innovation and research,
and privacy and security, which, in one way or another, also affect the economy, the
environment, and the society.

Effects on Citizen Participation

ICT has become a very potent tool in increasing citizen participation in the
affairs of a country. One cannot expect citizens to react and participate in issues
concerning their countries if they are not informed about what is happening around
them. Through technologies such as computers, mobile phones, and the Internet,
information has never become more accessible to citizens who have access to these
technologies.
In the U.S., for example, the confidential information divulged online by
WikiLeaks regarding a number of operations conducted by the government inside
and outside the country brought mixed reactions from the citizens and prompted
investigations by various levels of the U.S. government. Meanwhile, in the
Philippines, ICT has arguably improved the citizens' confidence in the election
process when the country shifted from manual to automated elections in 2010.
Comments, feedbacks and inquiries on government services are also
transmitted to concerned government offices much faster through dedicated
government websites. In many instances, e-government can also facilitate
transactions conducted by the citizens with government branches. Faster and more
efficient communication between government agencies is also enabled by ICT
infrastructures, which encourage more citizens to avail of government services,
given that the processes are expedited through ICT innovations.

Effects on Economic Performance

The application of ICT has brought considerable economic advantage to
many countries today, in an era when access to information is of paramount
importance. The various aforementioned impact areas of ICT, which benefit from the
utilization of ICT equipment and infrastructure contribute to the growth of the
economy of a given country. In this light, ICT has an effect, either directly or indirectly
on a nation's economic performance.
Since the availability of goods and services is promptly communicated to
consumers while the needs of consumers are also swiftly relayed to manufacturers
and service providers, any discrepancy between supply and demand is more or less
immediately addressed. Thus, small and big businesses alike as well as the
consumers benefit from the innovations brought by ICT. Basically and for the most
part, ICT has brought a great deal of benefits that contribute positively to the
improvement of economic performance.

The downside, aside from increased reliance on ICT to improve the economy,
is the use of ICT equipment and infrastructure for non-work related endeavors such
as watching videos on YouTube or checking Facebook during office hours; crimes
such as theft, cyber-attacks, and hacking, among others; and losses due to system
failures, to name a few.
Effects on Education
In the field of education, ICT has provided avenues that enhance
communication of knowledge and facilitate the learning process. ICT also influences
recent developments in contemporary approaches to instruction as well as
conducting inquiries, correspondences, and transactions between the school and
current and prospective students, alumni, parents, and benefactors, among others.
In the University of the Philippines, for example, class enlistment is done
through the University's online enlistment and registration portal so that students can
select their desired subjects at the convenience of their own homes and to speed up
the enrolment process. During the course of the semester, professors are able to
upload their syllabi, readings, homeworks, and class requirements to the UVLE
(University Virtual Learning Experience) which is also an interactive platform where
students and teachers can communicate with one another. This is especially
beneficial in cases when the class discussion has to be conducted but incidents such
as typhoons make it impossible for classes to meet in the University. This is also
useful for UP's Open University Program, which is basically the University's distance
learning mechanism. Basically, ICT has become useful in furnishing l) information
resources, tools and portals for schools, educators, students, alumni, and parents,
among others; 2) supplements to activities in the classroom; and 3) tools for distance
learning.
However, ICT also brings certain disadvantages particularly in the attitude
that students develop having such easy access to information. There is a risk that
students may not be able to differentiate between reliable and dubious information
when conducting research for homework, term papers or reports. For instance,
students sometimes use Wikipedia as reference for research papers. Since
Wikipedia entries can be edited by users, there is not much credibility as to the
quality of information found in the website.
Another downside is that students may get used to information being spoon-
fed to them and readily accessible through online sources. There is the risk that
students may not bother to conduct any form of verification and accept the
information at face value. The same is true when teachers hand down information to
them during class lectures. The students may trust that both their teachers and
online sources have conducted due diligence in verifying the truth of the information
that they disseminate which can have detrimental effects to their education. This
may hinder them from developing their research skills through reading books,
conducting studies and doing thought or scientific experiments.

Effects on Employment and Poverty Alleviation

The emergence and spread of definitive effects on employment because of
the jobs that it has created. On the one hand research, development, and
manufacturing of ICJ-related infrastructure and equipment involve hiring of
employees ranging from construction laborers to scientists and engineers. On the
other hand, the businesses generated from the applications of ICT such as online
retail stores, BPO and KPO firms, and ICJ distribution centers, among others, in
different parts of the world also require thousands of skilled workers year in and year
out. However, developments in ICT have also spawned a number of crimes such as
piracy, copyright infringement, child pornography, cybersex, and theft, among
others, which are considered as sources of employment by some.
Consequently, there has been a relative improvement in poverty alleviation
due to the advent of ICT. In countries such as the Philippines and India, BPOs and
KPOs are being set up to cater to various businesses in the areas of food and
beverages, telecommunications, banking and finance, research, and retail, just to
name a few. Thus, ICT-related courses are still being pursued by many college
students because of the wide range of employment opportunities and lucrative
compensation packages in many ICTbased firms.

E. Discussing new concepts and practising new skills #2

Effects on Health
Apart from bringing enormous benefits in health research, ICT has also been
of great value through practical health-related applications. For example, the use of
mobile phones and devices such as the Samsung S Gear to monitor pulse, calories
burned during exercise, nutritional intake per meal, and reminders for meds, to name
a few' has been very helpful in maintaining a healthy lifestyle for a number of people.
Keeping an access to patient medical records have also been revolutionized by ICE.
The amount of filing cabinets required then to keep hospital records can now be
reduced to the storage memory of a laptop or, better, the records can be stored in
the cloud.
Nonetheless, there are also health risks related to the use of ICC Excessive
playing of both offline and online games have resulted in a number of illnesses
including visual impairment, problems on posture, and gaming addiction, among
others. Pornography consumption also has adverse psychological effects. And the
improper disposal of ICT equipment also has accompanying health risks.

Effects on Individuals and Communities

The positive and negative effects of ICT are very evident on individuals and
communities. In terms of connectivity, friends and families are able to communicate
over long distances through cellular phones, e-mail, video calls, and social
networking. Paying utility bills and doing bank transactions are now easily done
online. Shopping for clothes, books, gadgets, appliances, and whatnot can also be
accomplished through online stores. Thus, people are able to accomplish more
things in less time which saves, times energy and money, which can in turn be spent
on other things such as bonding with the family, among others.
On the other hand, this has also caused unprecedented reliance on ICT and
its benefits. There are times that individuals are even more alienated from one
another despite the connectivity that ICT offers. For instance, a person would rather
spend the entire day in front of a computer chatting, checking social networking
accounts, or playing online games than go out with friends. The rare occasions that
s/he is with friends are often spent on the phone or tablet than engaging in actual
conversations.
Furthermore, the Internet has also become an avenue for children to get
access to contents that are not appropriate for their age, Recent reports reveal that
extremist groups have successfully recruited teenagers in Europe and the US.
through online videos and the parents of these teenagers have no idea that their kids
have been radicalized through the Internet.

Effects on Innovation and Research

Among the areas discussed here, the ones on which perhaps ICT has the
most effect would be innovation and research. Innovation is characterized by
introducing something new with the result of improving that onto which the innovation
is introduced. Apparently, developments in ICT would not prosper without the
application of innovation in the field of ICT itself.
In addition, ICT is perceived as an important innovation, in itself. It does not
only improve the processes done in the fields of, for instance, business, education
health, and security, but more importantly, facilitates the efficient conducting of
research by people involved in these areas in relation to the effective performance
of their responsibilities. For instance, doctors can quickly access studies that may
help them treat the conditions of their patients or decision-makers can readily acquire
information that may have enduring effects on the economy or national security.

Effects on Privacy and Security

In terms of privacy and security, the application of ICJ* has had its fair share
of positive and negative effects. With regard to the positive, installation of
surveillance cameras on the streets and inside homes and business establishments
has increased the security of citizens and has helped law enforcers, in many
instances, to capture those who violate the Jaw. In military operations, computers
can be used to manipulate drones and tanks from a safe distance. ICT has also
made it possible to monitor ongoing crimes or calamities through radio and mobile
phone communication, media coverage, and social media platforms that enable
concerned government agencies to respond much faster.
On the other hand, as regards the negative effects, ICT has also made it
relatively easier to invade privacy or subvert security in many ways. For instance,
leaked private photographs or videos of people is common on the Internet today.
Mobile phones can be used to detonate bombs remotely. Identity theft, hacking,
phishing, cyber bullying, and espionage are some other examples. On top of
everything, the increasing reliance of the globalized world on ICT has put many of
our resources at risk because of the ever-present possibility that ICT equipment and
infrastructures may fail to function anytime.

F. Developing Mastery (Leads to Formative Assessment)

After learning more about the effects of ICT, you are now asked to do an in depth
research about the use of ICT in the improvement of humanity. Read more about it
on the internet to learn the current practices and advancement. Make a summary of
the read resources and share your thoughts about it.

G. Finding practical application of concepts and skills in daily living

Choose 3 among the Effects of ICT and make a self-check on how ICT has
affected you. Fill the table below and answer the following columns as honestly as
possible. (15 pts.)

Effects of ICT Good Effect NOT so Good Effect

1. 2. 3.

H. Generalization

The various factors affecting the supply and demand of ICT within a country
include l) existing ICT infrastructure; 2) level of education, skills and income in the
country; and 3) ICT policy and regulation of the government and the level of e-
government.
Meanwhile, the different impact areas affected by the supply and demand of
ICT are citizen participation, economic performance, education, employment and
poverty alleviation, health, individuals and communities, innovation and research,
and privacy and security. These impact areas affect the economy, the environment,
and the society in one way or another.
I. Evaluating learning

ICT advances the innovation in our society. Many people are not fully aware
of what it can bring to us. In your most creative way, make a poster showing the
Effects of
ICT. You can use pictures/ cut outs or even make your own drawing for your
performance task. (20 pts.)