Published by Pearson Education Limited, 80 Strand, London WC2R ORL ww pearsonschoolsandfecallegescouk Copies of official specifications forall Pearson qualifications may be found on the website: {qualifications pearsoncom Text © Pearson Education Limited 2018, Edited by Tech-Set Lid, Gateshead Typeset by Tech Set Ltd, Gateshead Orginal illustrations © Pearson Education Limited 2018 Cover illustration Marcus@kja-atists ‘The rights of Dave Berry, Keith Galick Susan Hooker, Michael Jennings, Jean Littlewood, Bronwen Moran, Su Nicholson, Laurence Pateman, Keith Pledger Harty Smith and Jack Willams to be Identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, First published 2018 21201918 10987654321 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data ‘Acatalogue record for this ook fs avalable from the British Library ISBN 976 1292 183329 copyright notice Allrights reserved, No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means Gicluing photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic means and whether or nat transiently or incidentally to some other use ofthis publication) without the written permission ‘of the copyright owner, except in accordance withthe provisions ofthe Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the tems of icence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Barnard Inn 86 Fetter Lane, London EC4A TEN (ww.clacauk) Applications for tne copyright ‘owner’ writen permission should be addressed tothe publisnet Printed in the UK by Bell and Bain 1d, Glasgow Acknowledgements ‘The authors and publisher would like to thank the following for thei kind permission to reproduce their photographs: (Key: b-bottom: centre; Het right; top) ‘Alamy Stock Photo: Ginter Lenz/ImageBROKER 1,124, Alvey & Towers Picture Library 36, 124, 6 Lacz/Arco Images GmbH 146, 2121 Analy Fritascho/EyeEm 171, 212, Shutterstock IT ALO 7, [2dr ‘All other images © Pearson Education ‘Anote from the publisher Inorder to ensure that this resource offers high-quality support forthe associated Pearson qualification, it has been through a review process by the awarding body This process confirms that this resource fully covers the teaching and learning content of the speciation or part, tf aspecification at which iis aimed. 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Ifyou spot an eror, please do contact us at [email protected] so we can make sure itis comrectede@ Contents Overarching themes Extra online content 1 Circular motion 1 12 13 els 1s 22 23 24 25 26 ar 28 o3 o31 o32 Angular speed Acceleration of an object moving on a horizontal circular path Three-dimensional problems with objects moving in horizontal circles Objects moving in vertical circles Objects not constrained on a circular path Mixed exercise 1 Centres of mass of plane figures Centre of mass of a set of particles on a straight line Centre of mass of a set of particles arranged in a plane Centres of mass of standard uniform plane laminas Centre of mass of a composite lamina Centre of mass of a framework Lamina in equilibrium Frameworks in equilibrium Non-uniform composite laminas and frameworks Mixed exercise 2 Further centres of mass Using calculus to find centres of mass Centre of mass of a uniform body vi u 19) 26 31 36 37 39 43 ar 54 58 68 7 7 87 Contents =Alevel only © 3.3 Non-uniform bodies 98 © 3.4 Rigid bodies in equilibrium 103 3.5 Toppling and sliding 110 Mixed exercise 3 17 Review exercise 1 124 4 Kinematics 146 4.1 Acceleration varying with time 147 ©42 Acceleration varying with displacement 155 43 Acceleration varying with velocity 161 Mixed exercise 4 166 5 Dynamics a7 ©5.1 Motion ina straight line with variable force 172 ©5.2 Newton's law of gravitation 181 ©5.3 Simple harmonic motion 184 ©5.4 Horizontal oscillation 193 ©5.5 Vertical oscillation 198 Mixed exercise 5 206 Review exercise 2 212 Exam-style practice paper (AS level) 220 © Exam-style practice paper (A level) 222 Answers 226 Index 246Overarching themes e Overarching themes The following three overarching themes have been fully integrated throughout the Pearson Edexcel AS and A level Mathematics series, so they can be applied alongside your learning and practice. 1. Mathematical argument, language and proof * Rigorous and consistent approach throughout + Notation boxes explain key mathematical language and symbols + Dedicated sections on mathematical proof explain key principles and strategies + Opportunities to critique arguments and justify methods 2. Mathematical problem solving ‘The Mathematical Problem-solving cycle © Hundreds of problem-solving questions, fully integrated r specify the problem into the main exercises ‘} * Problem-solving boxes provide tips and strategies interpret results conse + Structured and unstructured questions to build confidence * Challenge boxes provide extra stretch L process and J represent information 3. Mathematical modelling * Dedicated modelling sections in relevant topics provide plenty of practice where you need it + Examples and exercises include qualitative questions that allow you to interpret answers in the context of the model * Dedicated chapter in Statistics & Mechanics Year 1/AS explains the principles of modelling in mechanics Finding your way around the book 4 Kinematics Access an online digital edition using the code at the front of the book. Each chapter starts with a list of objectives The real world applications of the maths you are about tolearn are highlighted at the start of the chapter with links to relevant questions in the chapter The Prior knowledge check helps make sure you are ready to start the chapterOverarching themes Exercise questions are carefully graded so they increase in difficulty and gradually bring you up to exam standard Exercises are packed with exam- style questions to ensure you are ready for the exams Challenge boxes give you a chance to tackle some more difficult questions Exam-style questions . are flagged with ©) Feobemeeriae Each section begins Step-by-step Each chapter Problem-solving boxes questions areflagged _withexplanation worked examples ends witha —_ provide hints, tips and with © andkey learning focusonthekey Mixed exercise _ strategies, and Watch points types of questions anda Summary — out boxes highlight Alevel content is you'll need to of key points areas where students clearly flagged tackle often lose marks in with their exams Every few chapters a Review exercise helps you consolidate your learning with lots of exam-style questions Exam-style practice Further Mathematics Review exercise 1 ime ‘AS and A level practice papers at the back of the book help you prepare for the real thing,Extra online content e Extra online content Whenever you see an Online box, it means that there is extra online content available to support you. SolutionBank SolutionBank provides a full worked solution for every question in the book. EDD rut worked solutions are a available in SolutionBank. Download all the solutions as a PDF or quickly find the solution you need online Use of technology problems and consolidate your understanding _graphically using technology. using pre-made GeoGebra activities. GeeaGebra GeoGebra-powered interactives Interact with the maths you arelearning J using GeoGebra's easy-to-use tools all the extra online content for free at: www.pearsonschools.co.uk/fmimaths gi Of Teed the extra online content by scanning this QR code: JF = viCircular motion c= After completing this chapter you should be able to: Understand and calculate angular speed of an object moving ina circle > pages 2-4 © Understand and calculate angular acceleration of an object moving ona circular path ~> pages 5-10 © Solve problems with objects moving in horizontal circles > pages 11-18 © Solve problems with objects moving in vertical circles > pages 19-25 @ Solve problems when objects do not stay on a circular path > pages 26-30 reg ca cad A smooth ring is threaded on a light inextensible string. The ends of the string are attached to a horizontal ceiling, and make angles of 30° and 60° with the ceiling respectively. The ring is held in equilibrium by a horizontal force of magnitude 8 N. 30° 60 8N = Find a the tension in the string b the mass of the ring. ‘€ Statistics and Mechanics 2, Section 7.1 2 Abox of mass 4 kg is projected with speed 10 ms“! up the dine of greatest slope of a rough plane, which is inclined at an angle of 20° to the horizontal. The coefficient of friction between the box and the plane is 0.15. Find: a the distance travelled by the box before it comes to instantaneous rest b the work done against friction as the box reaches instantaneous rest. Further Mechanics 1, Section 2.3 Acar travelling around a bend can be modelled as a f) particle on a circular path Police use models such as this to determine likely speeds of cars following accidents. — Exercise 1¢, Q18 RTS EE IRR Rs: adChapter 1 @® Angular speed When an object is moving in a straight line, the speed, usually measured in ms~ or km h~¥, describes the rate at which distance is changing, For an object moving on a circular path, you can use the same method for measuring speed, but it is often simpler to measure the speed by considering the rate at which the radius is turning. B As the particle P moves from point A to point Bon the circumference of a circle of radius rm, the radius of the circle turns through an angle @ radians. The distance moved by P is ré’m, so if Pis moving at yms7 > ke) we know that / dis the rate at which the radius is turning about O. Itis called the angular speed of the particle about 0. The angular speed of a particle is usually denoted by w, and measured inrads. = Ifa particle is moving around a circle of radius rm with linear speed ym sand angular speed wrads~ then y =r. eno A particle moves in a circle of radius 4m with speed 2m s~!. Calculate the angular speed. 4u, 90 = O5 rads Express an angular speed of 200 revolutions per minute in radians per second. Each complete revolution is 2m radians, 20 C=ED 200 revolutions is 4007 radians per minute. Sometimes an angular speed is described in terms of the number of revolutions completed in a given time. Therefore the angular speed is 400m _ ef GOn = 20.9 rads" (3 st)Circular motion A particle moves round a circle in 10 seconds at a constant speed of 15ms~'. Calculate the angular speed of the particle and the radius of the circle. The particle rotates through an angle of 27 radians in 10 seconds, sow = 2% = 0.626rado" (3 51) y 15. Using v = rw, [Serary 1 Express: oes = 239m (3 st) a an angular speed of 5 revolutions per minute in rad s“! b an angular speed of 120 revolutions per minute in rad s“! ¢ an angular speed of 4 rad s in revolutions per minute dan angular speed of 3 rads“! in revolutions per hour. 2. Find the speed in ms“ of a particle moving on a circular path of radius 20m at: a drads b 40revmin™ 3 A particle moves ona circular path of radius 25cm at a constant speed of 2ms-!. Find the angular speed of the partie! a inrads b in revmin-! 4. Find the speed in ms“ of a particle moving on a circular path of radius 80cm at: a 2Srads"! b 25revmin~ 5 An athlete is running round a circular track of radius 50m at 7ms7!. a How long does it take the athlete to complete one circuit of the track? b Find the angular speed of the athlete in rads“. 6 A disc of radius 12cm rotates at a constant angular speed, completing one revolution every 10 seconds, Find: a the angular speed of the disc in rads“! b the speed of a particle on the outer rim of the dise in ms“! ¢ the speed of a particle at a point 8m from the centre of the disc in ms“.Chapter 1 7 A cyclist completes two circuits of a circular track in 45 seconds. Calculate: a his angular speed in rads“! b the radius of the track given that his speed is 40 km h~!, 8 Anish and Bethany are on a fairground roundabout. Anish is 3m from the centre and Bethany is 5m from the centre. If the roundabout completes 10 revolutions per minute, calculate the speeds with which Anish and Bethany are moving. 9 A model train completes one circuit of a circular track of radius 1.5 m in 26 seconds. Calculate: a the angular speed of the train in rads“ b the linear speed of the train in ms“. 10 A train is moving at 150 kmh” round a circular bend of radius 750 m. Calculate the angular speed of the train in rad s“!. ©® 11 The hour hand on a clock has radius 10cm, and the minute hand has radius 15 em. Calculate: a the angular speed of the end of each hand b the linear speed of the end of each hand. 12 The drum of a washing machine has diameter 50cm. The drum spins at 1200 rev min“, Find the linear speed of a point on the drum. 13. A gramophone record rotates at 45 rev min“, Find: a the angular speed of the record in rads“! b the distance from the centre of a point moving at 12cm s“! ©® 14 The Earth completes one orbit of the sun in a year. Taking the orbit to be a circle of radius 1.5 x 10!'m, and a year to be 365 days, calculate the speed at which the Earth is moving. ® 15 A bead moves around a hoop of radius r m with angular velocity | rad s~!. The bead moves at a speed greater than 5 ms~!, Find the range of possible values for r. mes ‘Two separate circular turntables, with different radii, are both mounted horizontally on a common vertical axis which acts as the centre of rotation for both. The smaller turntable, of radius 18 cm, is uppermost and rotates clockwise. The larger turntable has radius 20 cm and rotates anticlockwise. Both turntables have constant angular velocities, with ‘magnitudes in the same ratio as their radii. A blue dot is placed at a point on the circumference of the smaller turntable, and a red dot likewise on the larger one, Starting from the instant that the two dots are at their closest possible distance apart, it is known that 10 seconds later these dots are at their maximum distance apart for the first time. Find the exact angular velocity of the larger turntable.Circular motion @® Acceleration of an object moving on a horizontal circular path When an object moves round a horizontal circular path at constant speed, the direction of the motion is changing, If the direction is changing, then, although the speed is constant, the velocity is not constant. If the velocity is changing then the object must have an acceleration. Suppose that the object is moving on a circular path of radius r at constant speed v. Let the time taken to move from A to B be 67, and the angle AOB be 66. At A, the velocity is v along the tangent 47. At B, the velocity is v along the tangent TB. The velocity at Bcan be resolved into components: cos 40 parallel to AT’ and vsin 69 perpendicular to AT. change in velocity We know that acceleration = = time $0 to find the acceleration of the object at the instant v¢0s 50 — v4 vsin 50 — 0 ae a These will be the components of the acceleration parallel to AT and perpendicular to AT respectively. when it passes point A, we need to consider what happens to as bt +0. For a small angle 6@ measured in radians, cos 64 = 1 and sin 40 ~ 48, so the acceleration parallel to ATis zero, and the acceleration perpendicular to ATis va = Ww. Using » = rw, ww can be written as rw? or = An object moving on a circular path with constant linear speed v and constant angular speed w has acceleration 1w* or '=, towards the centre of the circle. A particle is moving on a horizontal circular path of radius 20cm with constant angular speed 2rad s. Calculate the acceleration of the particle. Pee ae ee =02x 2 &Chapter 1 A particle of mass 150 g moves in a horizontal circle of radius 50cm at a constant speed of 4m s“!, Find the force towards the centre of the circle that must act on the particle Acceleration is given by: 24 ant = Ge = 32ms? F=ma= 0.15 x 32 | een One end of a light inextensible string of length 20cm is attached to a particle P of mass 250g. ‘The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point O on a smooth horizontal table. P moves in a horizontal circle centre O at constant angular speed 3 rads“, Find the tension in the string. GED Expiore circular motion of a particle attached to a light inextensible string using GeoGebra. 0.25kg Brads Suppose that the tension in the string is TN. Then T = mru® = 0.25 x 02 x 9 = O45N ! A smooth wire is formed into a circle of radius 15cm. A bead of mass 50 g is threaded onto the wire. The wire is horizontal and the bead is made to move along it with a constant speed of 20cm s~!, Find the horizontal component of the force on the bead due to the wire. Eg be Looking tthe wie Looking the wre a question juss speed peng: eesti: ‘then it is referring to linear speed. O2ms~ 0.05 gNCircular motion Let the horizontal component of the force exerted on the bead by the wire be H. = mv? _ O05 x 0.2? r O15 A particle P of mass 10g rests on a rough horizontal disc at a distance 15 em from the centre. The disc rotates at constant angular speed of 1.2rad s“!, and the particle does not slip. Calculate the force due to the friction acting on the particle. OO13N (2 st) Pp O.0tkg 12rad Suppose that the frictional force is FN. Then F = mr? = 0.01 x 0.15 x 1.2% = O.00216N. Accar of mass M kg is travelling on a flat road round a bend which is an arc of a circle of radius 140m. The greatest speed at which the car can travel round the bend without slipping is 45 km h~!, Find the coefficient of friction between the tyres of the car and the road. R Mg Let the frictional force between the car tyres, and the road be F, and the coefficient of friction be 1. The normal reaction between the car and the road is R. 7Chapter 1 RQ): R= Mg Rl): P= Fo ! <2" > wty = AOS eee ee # “Oes = 0.11 (2 54) eseue You can cancel M from both sides of the equation. This tells you that the answer is, independent of the mass of the car. Exercise ©) Whenever a numerical value of ¢ is required take g = 9.8ms~, 1 A particle is moving on a horizontal circular path of radius 16cm with a constant angular speed of Srads“!. Calculate the acceleration of the particle. 2. A particle is moving on a horizontal circular path of radius 0.3 m at a constant speed of 2.5ms~!, Calculate the acceleration of the particle. 3A particle is moving on a horizontal circular path of radius 3m. Given that the acceleration of the particle is 75 ms~? towards the centre of the circle, find: a the angular speed of the particle b the linear speed of the particle. 4 A particle is moving on a horizontal circular path of diameter 1.2m. Given that the acceleration of the particle is 100m s~? towards the centre of the circle, find: a the angular speed of the particle b the linear speed of the particle. 5 Acaris travelling round a bend which is an arc of a circle of radius 90 m. The speed of the car is S0km hr. Calculate its acceleration. 6 Acar moving along a horizontal road which follows an arc of a circle of radius 75m has an acceleration of 6m s~? directed towards the centre of the circle. Calculate the angular speed of the car. 7 One end of a light inextensible string of length 0.15 m is attached to a particle P of mass 300g. ‘The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point 0 on a smooth horizontal table. P moves in a horizontal circle centre O at constant angular speed 4 rad s~!. Find the tension in the string.Circular motion 10 nt 12 13 14 @®s One end of a light inextensible string of length 25 em is attached to a particle P of mass 150g. ‘The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point O on a smooth horizontal table. P moves in a horizontal circle centre O at constant speed 9 ms-!. Find the tension in the string. A smooth wire is formed into a circle of radius 0.12m. A bead of mass 60 g is threaded onto the wire. The wire is horizontal and the bead is made to move along it with a constant speed of 3ms"!. Find: a the vertical component of the force on the bead due to the wire b the horizontal component of the force on the bead due to the wire. A particle P of mass 15 g rests on a rough horizontal disc at a distance 12cm from the centre. The disc rotates at a constant angular speed of 2rads~!, and the particle does not slip. Calculate: a. the linear speed of the particle b the force due to the friction acting on the particle. A particle P rests on a rough horizontal disc at a distance 20cm from the centre. When the dise rotates at constant angular speed of 1.2 rads“, the particle is just about to slip. Calculate the value of the coefficient of friction between the particle and the disc. A particle P of mass 0.3 kg rests on a rough horizontal dise at a distance 0.25 m from the centre of the disc. The coefficient of friction between the particle and the disc is 0.25. Given that P is on the point of slipping, find the angular speed of the disc. A car is travelling round a bend on a flat road which is an arc of a circle of radius 80m. ‘The greatest speed at which the car can travel round the bend without slipping is 40 km h-!. Find the coefficient of friction between the tyres of the car and the road. A car is travelling round a bend on a flat road which is an are of a circle of radius 60m. ‘The coefficient of friction between the tyres of the car and the road is 4. Find the greatest angular speed at which the car can travel round the bend without slipping. A centrifuge consists of a vertical hollow cylinder of radius 20cm rotating about a vertical axis through its centre at 90 rev s“!, a Calculate the magnitude of the normal reaction between the cylinder and a particle of mass 5 gon the inner surface of the cylinder. b Given that the particle remains at the same height on the cylinder, calculate the least possible coefficient of friction between the particle and the cylinder. A fairground ride consists of a vertical hollow cylinder of diameter $m which rotates about a vertical axis through its centre. When the ride is rotating at W rad s“! the floor of the cylinder opens. The people on the ride remain, without slipping, in contact with the inner surface of the cylinder. a Given that the coefficient of friction between a person and the inner surface of the cylinder is 3, find the minimum value for 1. (S marks) b State, with a reason, whether this would be a safe speed at which to operate the ride. (1 mark) 9Chapter 1 © 17 To particles P and Q, both of mass 80 g, are attached to the ends of a light inextensible string of length 30cm. Particle P is on a smooth horizontal table, the string passes through a small smooth hole in the centre of the table, and particle Q hangs freely below the table at the other end of the string. P is moving on a circular path about the centre of the table at constant linear speed. Find the linear speed at which P must move if Q is in equilibrium 10cm below the table. (Amarks) © 18 A cartravels travels around a bend on a flat road. The car is modelled as a particle travelling at a constant speed of yms*! along a path which is an are of a circle of radius Rm, Given that the car does not slip, a find the minimum value for the coefficient of friction between the car and the road, giving your answer in terms of Rand g. (4marks) b Describe one weakness of the model. (1 mark) £9 19 One end of a light extensible string of natural length 0.3m and modulus of elasticity 10N is @ _ tached 0 particle P of mass 250g. The other end of the string s attached to a fixed point O ona smooth horizontal table. P moves in a horizontal circle centre O at constant angular speed 3 rads“. Find the radius of the circle. /P) 20 A particle P of mass 4kg rests on a rough horizontal disc, centre O, which is rotating at wrad s, The coefficient of friction between the particle and the disc is 0.3. ‘The particle is attached to O by means of a light clastic string of natural length 1.5m and modulus of elasticity 12 N. The distance OP is 2m. Given that the particle does not slide across the surface of the disc, find the maximum possible value of w. (7 marks) Cnr A particle is moving in the horizontal x-y plane. Its x- and y-coordinates at time ¢ seconds are given by the parametric equations x=pty=qe,t20 where ris the time in seconds, and p and q are positive constants, a Sketch the path of P and write its equation in the form y = fla). b Find the acceleration of the particle and its speed, v ms~, at the origin. ¢ Find the equation of the lower half of a circle with centre (0, R) and radius R, giving your answer in the form y= gta) d_ By comparing second derivatives, find, in terms of p and q, the value of R for which this circle most closely matches the path of P at the origin, A second particle Q moves around e Find the acceleration of Q. f Comment on your answer. le with linear speed ym s-*, 10Circular motion ® Three-dimensional problems with objects moving in horizontal circles In this section you will find out how the method of resolving forces can be used to solve a problem about an object moving in a horizontal circle. A particle of mass 2kg is attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length 50cm. The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point 4. The particle moves with constant angular speed in a horizontal circle of radius 40 cm. The centre of the circle is vertically below A. Calculate the tension in the string and the angular speed of the particle. GED evpiore circular motion in three dimensions using GeoGebra. CEEEED 4s the particle moves round the circle, the string follows the surface of a cone this model is called a conical pendulum, Let the tension in the string be T; and the angular —— speed be w. Suppose that the string is inclined at angle 0 to the horizontal Then R(T): Tsin8 = 2g and R(—):T cos = | xO. Dul from the dlinensions given we know Uta cos@ = ¢ and sind = 2 80, T= 2g x $= 32.66...N 2 = Peosd _ 3266... x08 _ and w* = O08 OS = 32.66... w= 57rads (2 si) A particle of mass mm is attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length /. The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point 4. The particle moves with constant angular speed in a horizontal circle, The string is taut and the angle between the string and the vertical is 0. The centre of the circle is vertically below 4. Find the angular speed of the particle. iee 1 A me Suppose that the tension in the string is T, and that the angular speed of the particle is wt The radius of the circular path is Isin 8. R(T): Tos 0 = mg Rio => T= mks —____________|| ‘sind =m x mls? cos 8 = mg A car travels round a bend of radius 500 m on a flat road which is banked at an angle @ to the horizontal. The car is assumed to be moving at constant speed in a horizontal circle and there is no tendency to slip. If there is no frictional force acting on the car when it is travelling at 90km h-!, find the value of 0. z fees ad There is no frictional force between the car and the road. This means that the angular acceleration must be entirely due to the component of the reaction that acts towards the centre of the circle, Suppose that the mass of the car is m, and that the normal reaction is R. 12Circular motion 90 x 1000 _ 3600 R(T): Reos@ = mg 90 kmh! = 25ms! ! _mx 2! eee “ |— Resove towards the centre of thecile. aor ° a = ees ONL sete seandegitin yet ‘The diagram shows a particle P of mass m attached by two strings to fixed points 4 and R, where 4 is vertically above R- The strings are both taut and P is moving in a horizontal circle with constant angular speed 2y/3g rad s“'. Both strings are 0.5 m in length and inclined at 60° to the vertical. a Calculate the tensions in the two strings. ‘The strings will break if the tension in them exceeds 8mgN. ‘The angular speed of the particle is increased until the strings break. |= osm b State which string will break first. ¢ Find the maximum angular speed of the particle before the string breaks. y/ oSm = B R(T): Tycos GO = TycosGO + mg ———___ T,-Tp=2mg (1) R(-): Tycos 30 + Tycos 30 = mn Bry + ty =m xB x4 x 3¢ T,+T,=Gmg (2) = T, = AmgN and Ty = 2mgN IChapter 1 b The upper string will always have greater tension so will break first. At this speed, T, = Bg, so from (1), ——— Ty = Gg. ead Se 2 (Omg + Gmg) =m 2 ga Don’t repeat work from part a when answering @ part ¢ All of the working in part a up to the point 268 = wnat where wis substituted still applies, so use Wrae = V28R = 17 rads (2 5.4) Ty ~ T= 2mg and T4 C05 30° + Ty C05 30° = mr? An aircraft of mass 2 tonnes flies at 500 km h-! on a path which follows a horizontal circular arc in order to change course from due north to due east. The aircraft turns in the clockwise direction from due north to due east. It takes 40 seconds to change course, with the aircraft banked at an angle a to the horizontal. Calculate the value of a and the magnitude of the lift force perpendicular to the surface of the aircraft’s wings. cued In normal flight the lift force acts vertically and balances the weight of the aircraft. By banking the aircraft the lift force is now \ing two things: the vertical component is balancing the weight, and the horizontal component is the force which causes the acceleration towards the centre of the circular arc that the aircraft is to follow. € =5 1 = BOO x 1000 _ 5000 1 The aircraft completes one quarter of the circle in 40 seconds, so = 40 x 5000 x 2 Hs r Sox ¥ 3540 R(1): Tosa = 2000g © 19 600 10908 19600 and T = 12.800 ~ 22 400N > tana = 0.557, a 29° 14Circular motion In this question use g = 9.81 ms~. A hollow right circular cone is fixed with its axis of symmetry vertical and its vertex V pointing downwards. A particle, P of mass 25 g moves ina horizontal circle with centre C, and radius 0.27 m, on the rough inner surface of the cone. P remains in contact as it moves with constant angular speed, «, and does not slip. The angle between VP and the vertical is @, such that tan @ = 0.43. The coefficient of friction between the particle and the cone is 0.15 Find the greatest possible value of w. cue U3 Begin by drawing a cross-section showing the three forces acting on the particle whilst in motion. You are looking for the greatest possible value of w, 50 the particle is on the point of slipping up the side of the cone. This means that the frictional force acts down towards V. (RI): R sind = 0.025 x 9.81 + F.cosd (R+): R cos 0 + F sind = 0.025 x 0.2742 —— Using F = R means F = 0.15R fond 015K cos0=024525 o— [ee Rco50 + OA5R sind =0.00675u* (2) csi | Dividing (2) by (1) 080 + OAS sind sin = 0.15 cos 0.02752...u? = 2 = 140.15 tand = "tand - 0.15 w= 14rads" (3 st) Thus 0.02752. cree Whenever a numerical value of g is required take g = 9.8ms~. 1 A particle of mass 1.5 kg is attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length 60cm. ‘The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point 4. The particle moves with constant angular speed in a horizontal circle of radius 36cm. The centre of the circle is vertically below 4. Calculate the tension in the string and the angular speed of the particle.Chapter 1 2A particle of mass 750 g is attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length 0.7m. ‘The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point A. The particle moves with constant angular speed in a horizontal circle whose centre is 0.5m vertically below A. Calculate the tension in the string and the angular speed of the particle. 3. A particle of mass 1.2kg is attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length 2m. ‘The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point 4. The particle moves in a horizontal circle with constant angular speed. The centre of the circle is vertically below 4. The particle takes 2 seconds to complete one revolution, Calculate the tension in the string and the angle between the string and the vertical, to the nearest degree. 4 A conical pendulum consists of a light inextensible string 4B of length | m, fixed at A and carrying a small ball of mass 6 kg at B. The particle moves in a horizontal circle, with centre vertically below A, at constant angular speed 3.5 rad s~!. Find the tension in the string and the radius of the circle. 5 A conical pendulum consists of a light inextensible string 4B of length /, fixed at 4 and carrying a small ball of mass m at B. The particle moves in a horizontal circle, with centre vertically below 4, at constant angular speed w. Find, in terms of m, and w, the tension in the string. (S marks) 6 A conical pendulum consists of a light inextensible string 4B fixed at A and carrying a small ball of mass m at B. With the string taut the particle moves in a horizontal circle at constant angular speed w. The centre of the circle is at distance x vertically below A. Show that wx=g. (S marks) 7. A hemispherical bowl of radius rem is resting in a fixed Rue position with its rim horizontal. A small marble of mass m ‘ : : The normal reaction of the bowl is moving in a horizontal circle around the smooth inside 7 ; on the marble will act towards surface of the bowl. The plane of the circle is 3em below the centre of the sphere. the plane of the rim of the bowl. Find the angular speed of the marble. 8 A hemispherical bowl of radius 15cm is resting in a fixed position with its rim horizontal. A particle P of mass m is moving at 14rads~' in a horizontal circle around the smooth inside surface of the bowl. Find the distance d of the plane of the circle below the plane of the rim of the bowl 9 Acone is fixed with its base horizontal and its vertex 4m below the centre of the base. The base has a diameter of 8m. A particle moves around the smooth inside of the cone a vertical distance | m below the base on a horizontal circle. Find the angular and linear speed of the particle. 16Circular motion €) 10 W 12 13 @®« 15 © A particle P is moving in a horizonal circle, with centre C and radius r. P is in contact with the rough inside surface of a hollow right circular cone. The cone is fixed with its axis of symmetry vertical and its vertex V pointing downwards. The radius at the top of the cone is 6m and the cone has a perpendicular height of 2m. When r= 0.1 m, the maximum constant angular speed at which the particle can move, without slipping from its path, is 14V3 rad s"!. Find the maximum angular speed without slipping for r = 0.3 m. (10 marks) A car travels round a bend of radius 750m on a road which is banked at an angle @ to the horizontal. The car is assumed to be moving at constant speed in a horizontal circle and there is no tendency to slip. If there is no frictional force acting on the car when it is travelling at 126 km h"!, find the value of 4. A car travels round a bend of radius 300m on a road which is banked at an angle of 10° to the horizontal. The car is assumed to be moving at constant speed in a horizontal circle and there is no tendency to slip. Given that the road is smooth, find the speed of the car. A cyclist rides round a circular track of diameter 50m. The track is banked at 20° to the horizontal. There is no force due to friction and there is no tendency to slip. By modelling the cyclist and bicycle as a particle of mass 75kg, find the speed at which the cyclist is moving. A bend in the road is modelled as a horizontal circular are of radius r. The surface of the bend is banked at an angle a to the horizontal, and the friction between the tyres and the road is modelled as being negligible. When a vehicle is driven round the bend there is no tendency toslip. a Show that according to this model, the speed of the vehicle is given by \7gtana. (5 marks) b Suggest, with reasons, which modelling assumption is likely to give rise to the greatest inaccuracy in this calculation. (1 mark) A girl rides her cycle round a circular track of diameter 60m. The track is banked at 15° to the horizontal. The coefficient of friction between the track and the tyres of the cycle is 0.25. Modelling the girl and her cycle as a particle of mass 60 kg moving in a horizontal circle, find the minimum speed at which she can travel without slipping. A van is moving on a horizontal circular bend in the road of radius 75 m. The bend is banked at arctan $ to the horizontal. The maximum speed at which the van can be driven round the bend without slipping is 90 km h-!. Calculate the coefficient of friction between the road surface and the tyres of the van. (4 marks) 7Chapter 1 17 Acar moves on a horizontal circular path round a banked bend in a race track. The radius of the path is 100m. The coefficient of friction between the car tyres and the track is 0.3. ‘The maximum speed at which the car can be driven round the bend without slipping is 144 km h-!. Find the angle at which the track is banked, to the nearest degree. 18 A bend in a race track is banked at 30°. A car will follow a horizontal circular path of radius 70m round the bend. The coefficient of friction between the car tyres and the track surface is 0.4. Find the maximum and minimum speeds at which the car can be driven round the bend without slipping. (10 marks) G®) 19 An aircraft of mass 2 tonnes flies at 400 km h-! on a path which follows a horizontal circular are in order to change course from a bearing of 060° to a bearing of 015°, It takes 25 seconds to change course, with the aircraft banked at a° to the horizontal. a Calculate the two possible values of a, to the nearest degree and the corresponding values of the magnitude of the lift force perpendicular to the surface of the aircraft's wings. (4 marks) b Without further calculation, state how your answers will change if the aircraft wishes to complete its turn in a shorter time. (3 marks) 20 A particle of mass m is attached to one end of a light, inextensible string of length J. The other end of the string is attached to a point vertically above the vertex of a smooth cone. The cone is fixed with its axis vertical, as shown in the diagram. The semi-vertical angle of the cone is @, and the string makes a constant angle of @ with the horizontal, where J << Given that the particle moves in a horizontal circle with angular speed w, show that the tension in the string is given by nul + g cosec 0) (8 marks) (J 21 A light elastic string AB has natural length 2m and modulus of elasticity 30.N. The end A Gp) _ isattached to a fixed point. A particle of mass 750 gis attached to the end B. The particle is moving in a horizontal circle below A with the string inclined at 40° to the vertical. Find the angular speed of the particle. (7 marks) 18Circular motion (1.4] Objects moving in vertical circles B when an object moves ina vertical circle it gains height as it follows its circular path. if it gains height then it must gain gravitational potential energy. Therefore, using the work-energy principle it follows that it must lose kinetic energy, and its speed will not be constant. You can use vectors to understand motion in a vertical circle. If O'is the centre of the circle of radius r and Pis the particle, we can set up coordinate axes in the plane of the circle with the x-axis horizontal, and the y-axis vertical Let the unit vectors i and j be parallel to the x-axis and yraxis respectively. At time ¢ the angle between the radius OP and the x-axis is 0 and the position vector of P is r. r=(rcosMi+(rsind)j By differentiating this with respect to time we obtain the velocity vector = (-rsin 06: + (rcos )0j = rA(-sin Bi + cos6j) 8 3 a a 2 sind But Fp ( product we see that the vectors are perpendicular since (cos i + sin 69) +(-sin 81 + cos) =0. ash) =~1, so these two vectors are perpendicular. Alternatively, using the scalar This means that the acceleration has two components, one of magnitude ré* directed towards the centre of the circle, and one of magnitude rd directed along the tangent to the circle. Using 6= w gives: = For motion in a vertical circle of radius r, the components of the acceleration are ru? or "= towards the centre of the circle and ré = i along the tangent. ‘The force directed towards the centre of the circle is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the particle, so it does no work. If the only other force acting on the particle is gravity, then it follows (using the work-energy principle) that the sum of the kinetic energy and the potential energy of the particle will be constant. You will use this fact to solve problems about motion in a vertical circle. ELLED The work-energy principle states that the change in the total energy of a particle is equal to the work done on the particle, This means that where the only force acting on a patticle is gravity, the sum of its kinetic and gravitational potential energies remains constant. ‘€ Further Mechanies 1, Section 2.3 19Chapter 1 p A particle of mass 0.4 kg is attached to one end 4 of a light rod AB of length 0.3 m. The rod is free to rotate in a vertical plane about B. The particle is held at rest with AB horizontal. The particle is released. Calculate: a the speed of the particle as it passes through the lowest point of the path, b the tension in the rod at this point. & GEEDD Explore vertical circular motion using GeoGebra. OAg Let the speed of the particle at the lowest point be vms7, and the tension in the rod be TN. Toke the lowest point of the circle as the zero level for potential energy. At the lowest point the particle has fallen a distance 0.3m, 50 the FE. lost = O4 x g x 0.3, and the KE. gained = 3 x OA x 1.04% x03 =3x04 x? 06 x ¢ = 5.86, v= 2.4m" (2 5: | b At the lowest point, the force towards the centre of the circle is given by : — ———— ones Sn 04,37 niOGE. = 12g = 118N (3 st) Questions about motion in a vertical circle will often ask you to consider whether or not an object perform complete circles. The next two examples illustrate the importance of considering how the circular motion occurs. 20Circular motion Ba particle of mass 0.4kgis attached to one end 4 of a light rod 4B of length 0.3m. The rod is free to rotate in a vertical plane about B. The rod is hanging vertically with A below B when the particle is set in motion with a horizontal speed of wm s~!. Find: ‘a an expression for the speed of the particle when the rod is at an angle 0 to the downward vertical through B b the minimum value of w for which the particle will perform a complete circle. a Take the lowest point of the circle as the zero level for potential energy. At the lowest level the particle has KE = 3% 04 xu? =O02u? PE=0 When the rod is at angle 0 to the vertical the particle has KE =3x O04 x? = 0.20? PE = 04 x g x O3(1 - cos) oe eae se tea —a— v= yu? — O.6g(1 — cos 8) b If the particle is to reach to top of the circle then we require v > O when 8 = 180°. = u2 — O.6g(1 — cos 180") > O uw? > O.6g x 2 Note that if w= /7.2g then the speed of the particle at the top of the circle would be zero. u> 12g In this case the rod would be in thrust, with the force in the rod balancing the weight of the particle. 21ee B a particle 4 of mass 0.4kg is attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length 0.3m The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point B. The particle is hanging in equilibrium when it is set in motion with a horizontal speed of um s~!. Find: a_an expression for the tension in the string, in terms of u, when it is at an angle @ to the downward vertical through B b the minimum value of u for which the particle will perform a complete circle. OAg a Take the lowest point of the circle as the zero level for potential energy. At the lowest level the particle has KE =3x 04 xu? =O0.2u? FE =O When the string is at angle 8 to the vertical the particle has RES dx OA Kee FE. = 04 x @ x O.3(0 = cos) 1. O.2u? = O2v? + 0121 - cos) Resolving towards the centre of the circle: #6 — ee ae EO essen 12gcos6 +H obs b I the particle is to reach to top of the circle then we require T > O when 6 = 180°. SST In the previous example the rod could be in thrust, and could support the particle. In this example the string must remain taut for the patticle to perform a complete circle. The Condition for the string to remain taut is that the tension on the string remains positive. RA): T- 0.4gcos0 = 22Circular motion Q) Examples 17 and 18 above illustrate the difference between particles attached to strings and rods. You can use these conditions to determine whether particles moving in a vertical circle perform complete circles. = Aparticle attached to the end of a light rod will perform complete vertical circles speed > Oat the top of the circle. = Asmall bead threaded on to a smooth circular wire will perform complete vertical circles if it has speed > O at the top of the circle. ® Aparticle attached to a light inextensible string will perform complete vertical circles if the tension in the string > 0 at the top of the circle. This means that the speed of the particle when it reaches the top of the circle must be large enough to keep the string taut at the top of the circle. Exercise) ‘Whenever a numerical value of ¢ is required take g = 9.8ms~2, 1 A particle of mass 0.6 kg is attached to end A of a light rod AB of length 0.5 m. The rod is free to rotate in a vertical plane about B. The particle is held at rest with AB horizontal. The particle is released. Calculate: a the speed of the particle as it passes through the lowest point of the path b the tension in the rod at this point, it has 2. A particle of mass 0.4 kg is attached to end A of a light rod AB of length 0.3 m. The rod is free to rotate in a vertical plane about B. The particle is held at rest with A vertically above B. The rod is slightly displaced so that the particle moves in a vertical circle, Calculate: athe speed of the particle as it passes through the lowest point of the path b the tension in the rod at this point, 3 A particle of mass 0.4 kg is attached to end A of a light rod 4B of length 0.3 m. The rod is free to rotate in a vertical plane about B. The particle is held at rest with AB at 60° to the upward vertical. The particle is released. Calculate: a. the speed of the particle as it passes through the lowest point of the path b the tension in the rod at this point. 4A particle of mass 0.6 kg is attached to end A of a light rod AB of length 0.5m. The rod is free to rotate in a vertical plane about B. The particle is held at rest with AB at 60° to the upward vertical. The particle is released. Calculate: a. the speed of the particle as it passes through the point where 4B is horizontal b the tension in the rod at this point. 5 A smooth bead of mass 0.5 kg is threaded onto a circular wire ring of radius 0.7 m that lies in a vertical plane. The bead is at the lowest point on the ring when it is projected horizontally with speed 10ms~!. Calculate: a the speed of the bead when it reaches the highest point on the ring b the reaction of the ring on the bead at this point. 236 Chapter 1 6 A particle of mass 0.5 kg moves around the interior of a sphere of radius 0.7m. The particle moves in a circle in the vertical plane containing the centre of the sphere. The line joining the centre of the sphere to the particle makes an angle of @ with the vertical. The particle is resting on the bottom of the sphere when it is projected horizontally with speed wm s-!, Find aan expression for the speed of the particle in terms of wand 0 b the restriction on w if the particle is to reach the highest point of the sphere. 7 A particle A of mass 1.5 kg is attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length 2m. The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point B. The particle is hanging in equilibrium when it is set in motion with a horizontal speed of ums, Find: a an expression for the tension in the string when it is at an angle @ to the downward vertical through B (3 marks) b the minimum value of w for which the particle will perform a complete circle. (3 marks) 8 A small bead of mass 50 g is threaded on a smooth circular wire of radius 75cm which is fixed in a vertical plane, The bead is at rest at the lowest point of the wire when it is hit with an impulse of Ns horizontally causing it to start to move round the wire, Find the value of /if: a the bead just reaches the top of the circle (4marks) b the bead just reaches the point where the radius from the bead to the centre of the circle makes an angle of arctan} with the upward vertical and then starts to slide back to its original position. (3 marks) A particle of mass 50 g is attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length 75cm. ‘The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point. The particle is hanging at rest when it is hit with an impulse of /Ns horizontally causing it to start to move in a vertical circle. Find the value of Ji a. the particle just reaches the top of the circle (dmarks) b the string goes slack at the instant when the particle reaches the point where the string makes so ; an angle of arctan j with the upward vertical. (3 marks) ¢ Describe the subsequent motion in part b qualitatively. (1 mark) 10 A particle of mass 0.8 kg is attached to end A of a light rod AB of length 2m. The end Bis attached to a fixed point so that the rod is free to rotate in a vertical circle with its centre at B. The rod is held in a horizontal position and then released. Calculate the speed of the particle and the tension in the rod when a_ the particle is at the lowest point of the circle b the rod makes an angle of arctan} with the downward vertical through B. 11 A particle of mass 500 g describes complete vertical circles on the end of a light inextensible string of length 1.5m, Given that the speed of the particle is 8m s~! at the highest point, find: a the speed of the particle when the string is horizontal b the magnitude of the tangential acceleration when the string is horizontal ¢ the tension in the string when the particle is at the lowest point of the circle. 24Circular motion fy iz ® 2B A light rod AB of length | m has a particle of mass 4kg attached at 4. End Bis pivoted to a fixed point so that ABis free to rotate in a vertical plane. When the rod is vertical with A below B the speed of the particle is 6.5m s“! Find the angle between 4B and the vertical at the instant when the tension in the rod is zero, and calculate the speed of the particle at that instant. (7 marks) A particle P of mass mkg is attached to one end of a light rod of length rm which is free to rotate in a vertical plane about its other end. The particle describes complete vertical circles. Given that the tension at the lowest point of P’s path is three times the tension at the highest point, find the speed of P at the lowest point on its path. A particle P of mass m kg is attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length rm. ‘The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point O, and P describes complete vertical circles about O. Given that the speed of the particle at the lowest point is one-and-a-half times the speed of the particle at the highest point, find: a. the speed of the particle at the highest point b the tension in the string when the particle is at the highest point. A light inelastic string of length r has one end attached to a fixed point O. A particle P of mass mkg is attached to the other end. P is held with OP horizontal and the string taut. P is then projected vertically downwards with speed ygr. a Find, in terms of 8, m and g, the tension in the string when OP makes an angle 0 with the horizontal. (4 marks) b Given that the string will break when the tension in the string is 2mg N, find, to 3 significant figures the angle between the string and the horizontal when the string breaks. (3 marks) The diagram shows the cross-section of an industrial roller. ‘The roller is modelled as a cylinder of radius 4m. The cylinder is oriented with its long axis horizontal, and is free to spin about this axis. A handle of mass 0.4 kg is attached to the outer surface of the cylinder at a point S, which is 3.8m vertically above 0. ‘The cylinder is held in place by this handle, then released from rest. The handle is modelled as a particle, P. In the subsequent motion, OP moves in part of a vertical circle, making an angle 0 above the horizontal, a show that the linear speed of the handle at any point in its motion is given by \7.6g - 8g sind (5 marks) b According to the model, state the height of the handle above O at the point where the cylinder next comes to rest. (1 mark) © State, with a reason, how this answer is likely to differ in reality. (1 mark) 25Chapter 1 @® Objects not constrained on a circular path BD in some models, for example a bead threaded on a ring or a particle attached to the end of a light rod, the object has to stay on the circular path. If the initial speed is not sufficient for the object to reach the top of the circular path then it will fall back and oscillate about the lowest point of the path. Other particles may not be constrained to stay ona circular path, for example a particle moving on the convex surface of a sphere. = If an object is not constrained to stay on its circular path then as soon as the contact force associated with the circular path becomes zero the object can be treated as a projectile moving freely under gravity. A particle P of mass m is attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length /. The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point 0. The particle is hanging in equilibrium at point A, directly below O, when it is set in motion with a horizontal speed 2\/g/. When OP has turned through an angle 6 and the string is still taut, the tension in the string is 7, Find: a anexpression for T b the height of P above A at the instant when the string goes slack © the maximum height above A reached by P before it starts to fall to the ground again. GEWD expiore motion of a particle not constrained on a circular path using GeoGebra. a When ZAOP = 6, P has speed v and the tension in the string is T. Let A be the zero level for FE. At A, P has PE. = O and KE. When ZAOP = 6, P has FE. KE= ~. 2mgl = mgl(1 — cos 6) + Emv? Resolving parallel to OP: Rtn OE = T = 2mg + 2mg i + mgcos0 ngl(t — cos 6) and my? = 2mg + 3mgcos 6 26Circular motion ¢ From the energy equation, we know that when the = 2gl(t + cos) = a seamen P's now moving freely under gravity. The horizontal component of the velocity will not change. By Wire T=0, cos is It ~ cos) = 3 string becomes slack v2 At this point the horizontal component of the velocity is veos (180 - 0) ‘At the maximum height the vertical If the additional height before the particle begins to component of the velocity is zero. fall is h, then “ 2gl ‘The particle is not 50! necessarily above A when at its 2 maximum height. A smooth hemisphere with radius Sm and centre O is resting in a fixed position on a horizontal plane with its flat face in contact with the plane. A particle P of mass 4 kg is slightly disturbed from rest at the highest point of the hemisphere. When OP has turned through an angle and the particle is still on the surface of the hemisphere the normal reaction of the sphere on the particle is R. Find: a an expression for R b the angle between OP and the upward vertical when the particle leaves the surface of the hemisphere © the distance of the particle from the centre of the hemisphere when it hits the ground 4 Let the horizontal plane be the level of zero FE. ChosseazerolevelforPE ‘At the top of the hemisphere, KE. = O and FE=4 x gx 5 = 20g. When OP is at an angle 8 to the upward vertical, Kea dom? = 2v? eacclcadie ——<< FE. 27ee ®1 28 b The particle leaves the hemisphere when R = O. v2 = 10g(1 - cos 8) 4.x 10g(1 ~ cos) 5 Resolving parallel to PO: = 8g(1 — cos@) mi R\):4gcos6 — R= . . eeu 30 R = 4gcos6 - Bg + Bgcos6 = 12g.cos 6 - 8g = The particle leaves the hemisphere when there is no contact force. This is when cos mi x 8 = arcos$ horizontal distance OP = 5 sind = 2¥° 2) _ 108 a and v2 = 10g(1 - initial vertical speed = vsind 10_ [50g 4 37 \a7t* Ze ee — ee t=OA976... Horizontal distance travelled in this time = ycos0 xt 1 #1896... Total distance from O = SVS 3 +1896... = 5.6m (258) Exercise @3) Whenever a numerical value of g is required take 98ms7. A particle P of mass mis attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length 1. ‘The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point O. The particle is hanging in equilibrium at a point A, directly below O, when it is set in motion with a horizontal speed V3¢/. When OP has turned through an angle @ and the string is still taut, the tension in the string is T. Find: aan expression for T b the height of P above A at the instant when the string goes slack ¢ the maximum height above 4 reached by P before it starts to fall to the ground again.6 € Circular motion 2. A smooth solid hemisphere with radius 6m and centre Q is resting in a fixed position on a horizontal plane with its flat face in contact with the plane. A particle P of mass 3 kg is slightly disturbed from rest at the highest point of the hemisphere. When OP has turned through an angle 9 and the particle is still on the surface of the hemisphere the normal reaction of the sphere on the particle is R. Find: a anexpression for R b the angle, to the nearest degree, between OP and the upward vertical when the particle leaves the surface of the hemisphere © the distance of the particle from the centre of the hemisphere when it hits the ground. 3. A smooth solid hemisphere is fixed with its plane face on a horizontal table and its curved surface uppermost. The plane face of the hemisphere has centre O and radius r. The point 4 is the highest point on the hemisphere. A particle P is placed on the hemisphere at A. It is then given an initial horizontal speed u, where v2 =“¢. When OP makes an angle @ with OA, and while P remains on the hemisphere, the speed of P is v. Find: aan expression for ¥? b the value of cos# when P leaves the hemisphere € the value of y when P leaves the hemisphere. After leaving the hemisphere P strikes the table at B, find: d the speed of Pat B € the angle, to the nearest degree, at which P strikes the table. 4A smooth sphere with centre O and radius 2m is fixed to a horizontal surface. A particle P of mass 3 kg is slightly disturbed from rest at the highest point of the sphere and starts to slide down the surface of the sphere. Find: a the angle, to the nearest degree, between OP and the upward vertical at the instant when P leaves the surface of the sphere b the magnitude and direction, to the nearest degree, of the velocity of the particle as it hits the horizontal surface. A particle of mass m is projected with speed v from the top of the outside of a smooth sphere of radius a. In the subsequent motion the particle slides down the surface of the sphere and leaves Bga the surface of the sphere with speed 5". Find: a the vertical distance travelled by the particle before it loses contact with the surface of the sphere (4 marks) by (4 marks) ¢ the magnitude and direction, to the nearest degree, of the velocity of the particle when it is at the same horizontal level as the centre of the sphere. (5 marks) 29