MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI

A Project Report
On

“DIRECTORY STRUCTURE AND RAID LEVELS IN OS”

In

Third Year Computer Engineering

Submitted by

MAST. SHRIDHAR RAJENDRA SHELAR

MAST. SANSKAR SAGAR BHUIMBAR

MAST. ABHIMANYU ARJUN TIPPE

MAST. SAHIL SHIVAJI DESAI

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mr. R. B. MORE
SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ RURAL POLYTECHNIC MAHAGAON

ACADEMIC YEAR

2024 – 2025
 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai

“SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ RURAL

POLYTECHNIC”
AP/-MAHAGAON, SITE- CHINCHEWADI, TAL-GADHINGLAJ, DIST – KOLHAPUR

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the following students of Third Year Fifth semester or Diploma in
Computer Engineering of Institute Sant Gajanan Maharaj Rural Polytechnic, Mahagaon
– (code) 0965 has completed Micro Project in Subject – OPERATING SYSTEM code-
22516 for academic year 2024-2025.

AS PRESCRIBED IN THE CURRICULUM

ROLL STUDENT NAME ENROLLMENT NO.

NO.

03 SHRIDHAR RAJENDRA SHELAR 2209650004

10 SANSKAR SAGAR BHUIMBAR 2209650012
58 ABHIMANYU ARJUN TIPPE 23212210184
55 SAHIL SHIVAJI DESAI 23212210180
DATE: 06 / 04 / 2024 PLACE: MAHAGAON

Mr. R. B. MORE Mr. G.K BIRANGADDI Mrs. R.S PATIL

(Project Guide) (Head of Department) (Principal)

 INDEX

Sr. no. Topic

Part A: Micro-Project Proposal
1 Rationale
2 Intended Course Outcome
3 Literature Review
4 Proposed Methodology
5 Resource Required
6 Action Plan
Part B: Micro-Project Report
1 Rationale
2 Course outcome Addressed
3 Literature Review
4 Actual Methodology Followed
5 Actual Resources Used
6 Action Plan
6 Output of Microproject
8 Benefits of this Microproject
9 References
 PART A – Micro–Project Proposal
DIRECTORY STRUCTURE AND RAID
LEVELS IN OS

• Rationale:

In modern computing environments, efficient data management and data redundancy are
crucial for both personal and enterprise-level computing systems. Understanding the
directory structure and RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) configurations in an
operating system (OS) is essential for optimizing system performance, ensuring data security,
and providing fault tolerance.

• Intended Course Outcomes:

Apply file management technique.

• Literature Review:
The literature reviewed included textbooks and research articles that covered the evolution of
directory structures in operating systems and the development of RAID technology. Key
references include Tanenbaum (2014), which discusses file systems and directory
organization in Unix/Linux environments, and Stallings (2013), which explains the theory
behind different RAID levels and their practical applications. Additionally, research papers
from IEEE and ACM provided deeper insights into RAID performance benchmarks and
failure tolerance mechanisms.
• Proposed Methodology:
To understand and report on the directory structure and RAID levels in operating systems, the
following methodology will be followed:

 www.geeksforgeeks.org
 https://en.wikipedia.org
 Operating System Book

• Resources Required:

Sr. no Name of Resource Specifications Qty Remarks

1 Desktop PC/Laptop Intel Core i3 10th GEN Used
1
2 Internet Connection Browser Google chrome 1 Used
MS-Office
3 Software 1
(MS-word, MS-Excel, Used
MS-PowerPoint)
• Action Plan:

SR. DETAILS OF PLANN PLANN NAME OF THE

NO ACTIVITY START FINISHED RESPONSIBLE TEAM
DATE DATE MEMBER
1. Search the project. 1-08-2024 4-08-2024 Sanskar Sagar Bhuimbar

2. To select the title 04-08-2024 06-08-2024 Abhimanyu Arjun Tippe

project.

3. Collect the 06-08-2024 10-08-2024 Shridhar Rajendra Shelar

information about
project.
4. Collect the data 10-08-2024 15-08-2024 Sahil Shivaji Desai
from the entire
group member.
5. Then select the 15-08-2024 20-08-2024 Sanskar Sagar Bhuimbar
important
information from the
data with the help
guide.
6. Experiment done by 20-08-2024 25-2024 Sahil Shivaji Desai
the members.

7. Study of the 25-08-2024 28-08-2024 Abhimanyu Arjun Tippe

experiment.

8. Shown to the guide 03-09-2024 07-09-2024 Shridhar Rajendra Shelar

project

9. Then show the soft 10-09-2024 10-09-2024 Sahil Shivaji Desai

copy of project
report to the
subject teacher and
correct the
correction.
 PART B: Micro - Project Report
DIRECTORY STRUCTURE AND RAID
LEVELS IN OS

• Rationale:

In modern computing environments, efficient data management and data redundancy are
crucial for both personal and enterprise-level computing systems. Understanding the
directory structure and RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) configurations in an
operating system (OS) is essential for optimizing system performance, ensuring data
security, and providing fault tolerance.

The rationale behind this microproject is to explore the concepts of OS directory structure
and RAID levels to understand how they contribute to effective data storage and
management. This knowledge is crucial for system administrators, IT professionals, and
advanced computer science students who need to implement, troubleshoot, and optimize data
storage systems.

• Intended Course Outcomes:

Apply file management technique.

• Literature Review:

Directory Structure in Operating Systems:

The directory structure is the hierarchical organization of files and directories (folders) within
an operating system. This structure ensures that data is stored and retrieved systematically.

Key Concepts of Directory Structure

 Root Directory: The top-level directory in a file system, denoted by / in Unix/Linux
or C:\ in Windows.
 Subdirectories: Folders under the root directory or other directories that further
organize files.
 Files: The basic units of storage, which can be stored in directories and subdirectories.
Types of Directory Structures
 Single-Level Directory: All files are stored in a single directory. There is no
hierarchy.

- All files stored in same directory

- No subdirectories
- Simple structure, easy to implement
- Limited scalability
- Example: Old MS-DOS file system

 Two-Level Directory: The directory structure is divided into two levels: one for users
and another for files. Each user has their own subdirectory.

- Root directory (master directory)

- User directories (subdirectories of root)
- Each user has own directory
- Improves organization and security
- Limited nesting (one level)
 Tree-Structured Directory: This is the most common structure, where directories
are organized hierarchically, creating a tree-like structure with branches and
leaves.

- Tree-like structure
- Multiple levels of subdirectories
- Efficient file organization
- Easy file location
- Unlimited nesting levels
- Root directory at top

 Acyclic Graph Directory: Similar to tree structure but allows a directory to have
multiple parent directories. This avoids redundancy in file storage and is
commonly used in systems with shared data.

- Directed graph with no cycles

- Files can have multiple parents
- Allows shared files and directories
- Efficient file sharing
- Complex structure
Common Directory Structures in Popular OS
 Unix/Linux Directory Structure: The file system follows a tree structure where / is
the root, and there are standard directories like /bin, /etc, /home, /usr, /var, etc.
 Windows Directory Structure: Windows uses a drive-based structure, where each
drive (like C:, D:, etc.) has its own directory tree with common folders like Program
Files, Users, Windows, etc.

Example of Directory Tree in Linux

/
├── bin/
├── etc/
│ ├── ssh/
│ ├── apache2/
├── home/
│ ├── user1/
│ ├── user2/
├── usr/
│ ├── lib/
│ ├── share/
└── var/
├── log/
└── tmp/
RAID Levels in Operating Systems:
RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) is a data storage virtualization technology
that combines multiple physical disk drive components into one or more logical units for data
redundancy, performance improvement, or both.

a. Key Concepts of RAID:

 Redundancy: Protects data against hardware failure.
 Performance: Optimizes read and write operations.
 Capacity: Affects how much usable storage is available.
 Fault Tolerance: Ensures the system can continue to function even if one or more
drives fail.

b. Common RAID Levels:

1. RAID 0 (Striping):
o Description: Data is split (striped) across two or more disks.
o Advantages: Improved performance due to simultaneous read/write
operations on multiple disks.
o Disadvantages: No redundancy. If one disk fails, all data is lost.
o Minimum Disks: 2

2. RAID 1 (Mirroring):
o Description: Data is duplicated (mirrored) across two or more disks.
o Advantages: High redundancy. If one disk fails, the data is still available on
the other disk.
o Disadvantages: Storage capacity is halved, as data is duplicated.
o Minimum Disks: 2
3. RAID 2 (Striping with Parity):
o Description: Data is striped across multiple disks with parity
information distributed across all disks. Parity helps in recovering lost
data.
o Advantages: Good balance of redundancy, performance, and storage capacity.
o Disadvantages: Write operations can be slower due to the parity computation.
o Minimum Disks: 3

4. RAID 3 (Striping with Double Parity):

o Description: Similar to RAID 5 but with two sets of parity data, providing
extra fault tolerance.
o Advantages: Can tolerate the failure of two disks.
o Disadvantages: Slower write performance due to additional parity.
o Minimum Disks: 4

5. RAID 4 (1+0):
o Description: Combines RAID 1 and RAID 0. Data is mirrored (RAID 1) and
then striped (RAID 0).
o Advantages: Excellent performance and redundancy. Can survive the failure
of one disk in each mirrored pair.
o Disadvantages: Expensive in terms of storage because half of the total disk
capacity is used for mirroring.
o Minimum Disks: 4
 6. RAID 5 (5+0):
o Description: Combines RAID 5 and RAID 0, providing a balance of
redundancy and performance.
o Advantages: Improved performance over RAID 5 with more redundancy than
RAID 0.
o Disadvantages: More complex and requires at least 6 disks.
o Minimum Disks: 6

7. RAID 6 (6+0):
o Description: A combination of RAID 6 and RAID 0, offering dual parity and
performance optimization.
o Advantages: Offers excellent fault tolerance (can handle up to two disk
failures per array) and performance.
o Disadvantages: More complex and requires at least 8 disks.
o Minimum Disks: 8

c. Comparison of RAID Levels:

RAID Minimum Redundancy Performance Usable Fault Tolerance

Level Disks Capacity
RAID 0 2 None High 100% None
RAID 1 2 High Moderate 50% 1 Disk Failure
RAID 2 3 Moderate High 66% 1 Disk Failure
RAID 3 4 Very High Moderate 50% 2 Disk Failure
RAID 4 4 High Very High 50% 1 Disk per pair
RAID 5 6 Moderate Very High 66% 1Disk per RAID 5
array
RAID 6 8 Very High High 50% 2 Disk Failure
• Actual Methodology Used:
To understand and report on the directory structure and RAID levels in operating systems, the
following methodology will be followed:

 www.geeksforgeeks.org
 https://en.wikipedia.org
 Operating System Book

• Actual Resources Used:

Sr. no Name of Resource Specifications Qty Remarks

1 Desktop PC/Laptop Intel Core i3 10th GEN Used
1
2 Internet Connection Browser Google chrome 1 Used
MS-Office
3 Software 1
(MS-word, MS-Excel, Used
MS-PowerPoint)
• Action Plan:

SR. DETAILS OF PLANN PLANN NAME OF THE

NO ACTIVITY START FINISHED RESPONSIBLE TEAM
DATE DATE MEMBER
1. Search the project. 1-08-2024 4-08-2024 Sanskar Sagar Bhuimbar

2. To select the title 04-08-2024 06-08-2024 Abhimanyu Arjun Tippe

project.

3. Collect the 06-08-2024 10-08-2024 Shridhar Rajendra Shelar

information about
project.
4. Collect the data 10-08-2024 15-08-2024 Sahil Shivaji Desai
from the entire
group member.
5. Then select the 15-08-2024 20-08-2024 Sanskar Sagar Bhuimbar
important
information from the
data with the help
guide.
6. Experiment done by 20-08-2024 25-2024 Sahil Shivaji Desai
the members.

7. Study of the 25-08-2024 28-08-2024 Abhimanyu Arjun Tippe

experiment.

8. Shown to the guide 03-09-2024 07-09-2024 Shridhar Rajendra Shelar

project

9. Then show the soft 10-09-2024 10-09-2024 Sahil Shivaji Desai

copy of project
report to the
subject teacher and
correct the
correction.
• Output of the Project:

1. Hands-on experience in setting up and managing RAID arrays.

2. In-depth understanding of how directory structures work in various OS
environments.
3. Practical knowledge of RAID levels, allowing learners to make informed decisions
when designing storage solutions for different use cases.
4. Knowledge of fault tolerance mechanisms that can help in data recovery and system
uptime in critical environments.

• References:

 www.geeksforgeeks.org
 https://en.wikipedia.org
 Operating System Book