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Yarn Testing Ppt for Class

The document discusses the distinctions between quality, testing, quality control, and quality assurance in the textile industry. It emphasizes the importance of testing for monitoring production, assessing final products, investigating faults, and product development. Various sampling techniques such as simple random, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling are also outlined to ensure representative testing of materials.

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Hayelom Girmay
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23 views

Yarn Testing Ppt for Class

The document discusses the distinctions between quality, testing, quality control, and quality assurance in the textile industry. It emphasizes the importance of testing for monitoring production, assessing final products, investigating faults, and product development. Various sampling techniques such as simple random, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling are also outlined to ensure representative testing of materials.

Uploaded by

Hayelom Girmay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

INTRODUCTION
Difference between quality , testing, quality control and quality
assurance ?

Quality:
 Confirmation to the standard
 Customer satisfaction
 Degree of excellence of something
 fitness for intended use/purpose/

Testing:
 evaluating material against quality
standards
 To exhibit a given characteristic when su
bjected to a test
Why textile materials testing?
Testing is not a production process; rather it is a process of identification,
checking, developing and standardizing.
-Some of the reasons for textile testing are:

2. Monitoring production:
1. Checking the raw material: known as quality control. Its aim
textile is a processing industry: what is to maintain, within known
is considered to be a raw material tolerances, certain specified
depends on the stage in processing at
properties of the product at the
which the testing takes place.
level at which they have been set.
The incoming material has to be
checked for the required properties so A quality product for these
that unsuitable material can be purposes is defined as one whose
rejected or appropriate adjustments properties meets or exceeds the set
made to the production conditions. specifications.
3. Assessing the final product
Cont .
In this process the bulk production is
4. Investigation of faulty material …
examined before delivery to the customer
If faulty material is discovered either
to see if it meets the specifications.
at final inspection or through a
 By its nature this takes place after the
customer complaint it is important
material has been produced. It is therefore
that the cause is isolated. This enables
too late to alter the production conditions.
In some cases selected samples are tested steps to be taken to eliminate faulty

and in other cases all the material is production in future and so provide a
checked and steps taken to rectify faults. better quality product.
For instance some qualities of fabric are Investigations of faults can also
inspected for faulty places which are then involve the determination of which
mended by skilled operatives; this is a
party is responsible for faulty
normal part of the process and the
material in the case of a dispute
material would be dispatched as first
between a supplier and a user
quality.
Cont. …
5. Product development and research

In the textile industry technology is changing all the time, bringing modified
materials or different methods of production. Before any modified product reaches
the market place it is necessary to test the material to check that the properties have
been improved or have not been degraded by faster production methods. In this way
an improved product or a lower-cost product with the same properties can be
provided for the customer.
Cont…
The amount of material that is actually tested can represent a
very small proportion of the total output. It is therefore
important that this small sample should be truly
representative of the whole of the material.

which the proportions of, for instance, the different fiber


lengths in the sample are the same as those in the bulk.

being chosen for the sample


Selection of samples;

The sampling methods are governed to a large extent by


factors such as:

The form of the material

Amount of material available

the nature of the test

type of testing instrument

information required
Sampling Techniques;
The four major types of sampling techniques are;.

1. simple random sampling


2. systematic sampling
3. stratified sampling
4. cluster sampling
Simple random sampling;

members of the population have equal and independent


chance of being included in the sample

Example 1- A garment factory manager wants to export


5000 T-shirts as per specification he got from the customer
and he wants to check the conformance of his product with
his customer specification after production of T- shirts .
Here is how he did it:
i. the population is 5000 (the batch of T-shirt )
ii. the desired sample size is 5% or 250 T-shirts
iii. then 250 T-shirts are randomly selected from 5000
T-shirts placed in organized way for convenience
accessing individual member of population
Systematic sampling
th
• Systematic sampling is one in which every K

subject on a list is selected for inclusion in the sample.


• The “K” refers to sampling interval, and may be 3rd (K=3) or 10th
(K=10) subject.

• The value of K is determined by dividing the population size by the


sample size.

Example -2 :Let say that you have 36-meters of 1000 rolls fabric. If
you decided to use a sample size of 100,hence

K=1000/100=10 ,then if you choose every 10th of roll of


fabric you will get a sample of 100.
Stratified Sampling (SS)

-groups within a
Population and create a sample w/c mirrors these sub-groups
by randomly choosing subjects from each stratum.

across the sub-groups than a simple random sample would be.


- groups in the sample can either be of equal size or
proportional to the population size.
y random selecting the
same number of subjects from each population
subgroup.
-groups are formed by selecting subjects so
that the sub-group percentages in the population.
Example 3: The following is a proportionally stratified sample:

population =9000 trousers

the desired sample size is = 3%=270

recording and leveling all 9000 trousers and classifying 9000


trousers say:

• 65% -medium size (M) =5850

• 20% -small size (S) = 1800

• 15 % -large size (L) = 1350

• therefore 65 % of the sample = 176

20% of the sample = 54

15 % of the sample = 40

Therefore, a sample of 270( 176+ 54+ 40) trousers, which


is representative of the 9000 and which reflects
proportionally each size category of trousers
Cluster Sampling (CS)

CS involves randomly selecting groups, not individuals.


It is often impossible to obtain a list of individuals w/c make up target
population, any intact group with similar characteristics is a cluster .

one selected through random sampling


nd
draw back is that commonly used inferential statistics are not
appropriate for analyzing data from a study using cluster sampling .
Examples of cluster include : Classrooms in the college , schools,
hospitals and counseling centers in district.
11.
Quality control in
spinning
• Definitions of quality
meaning of the term quality is elusive: everybody
has their own idea of what is meant by it but it is
difficult to express the idea in a concrete form.
However, manufacturers need to have a definition
of quality which will allow them to measure how far
their products meet the requirements.
• Transcendent
• Product based
• User based
• Manufacturing based
• Value based
• Transcendent - the product has an elusive something that
makes the product better than all the competing products.
• problem with this approach is that quality cannot be
defined in a way that can be used for quality management
• Product based- viewed as a quantifiable attribute based on
the product's performance in fields such as durability or
reliability.
• quality can be determined objectively
• User based- considered to be an individual matter and the
highest quality products are those that best satisfy the
customer's preferences
• The drawback of this definition is that consumer
preferences vary widely so that it is difficult to aggregate
these preferences into products that have sufficiently wide
appeal
Manufacturing based- concerned with engineering
and manufacturing practices based on conformance
to requirements or specifications.
• Excellence is not necessarily in the eye of the
beholder but rather in the standards set by the
organization
Value based- defined in terms of costs and prices as
well as a number of other attributes.
• The consumer's decision is then based on quality
at an acceptable price the 'best buy' is not
necessarily the cheapest or the one with the
highest 'quality‘ but the one that offers the best
combination of the two

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