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The document discusses the energy release rate in relation to crack growth, highlighting the Griffith relation and the impact of plasticity on energy dissipation. It introduces the concept of the energy release rate (G) proposed by Irwin in 1956, which is critical for understanding crack propagation and fracture toughness (GC). The document also outlines methods for testing energy release rates, including load and displacement control, and emphasizes that GC is a material parameter influenced by structural geometry and crack length.

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anju singh
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3 views

4-lecture

The document discusses the energy release rate in relation to crack growth, highlighting the Griffith relation and the impact of plasticity on energy dissipation. It introduces the concept of the energy release rate (G) proposed by Irwin in 1956, which is critical for understanding crack propagation and fracture toughness (GC). The document also outlines methods for testing energy release rates, including load and displacement control, and emphasizes that GC is a material parameter influenced by structural geometry and crack length.

Uploaded by

anju singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Energy release rate

• From Griffith relation we get,

• Accounting for plasticity and other energy dissipative process


during crack growth 𝛾𝑠 = 𝑤𝑓

• At σ = 𝜎𝑓

𝒢𝑐 decreases with E

IIT Ropar, Punjab 1


Energy release rate
• Energy release rate through simple experiment
– Energy is released when extending the crack as discussed earlier
– This energy primary comes from the neighbouring region of the crack
– Let us assume that the this region is denoted by triangles on both
sides of crack in given figure with l is a constant.

Total energy released (ER) by highlighted


region = volume of the region X strain
energy density

IIT Ropar, Punjab 2


Energy release rate
• Surface energy
• Crack will grow on its own when?

Why the crack is growing


when ER is lower than ES.

Critical crack length:

𝑑𝐸𝑟 𝑑𝐸𝑠
𝑑𝑎 ≥ 𝑑𝑎

Safe crack length:

IIT Ropar, Punjab 3


Energy release rate

• Irwin proposed energy release rate (G) concept in 1956 to


solve crack problems more conveniently. It is also called crack
driving force.

• G is defined as the rate of change of potential energy (P) with


crack area A (A = aXB).

IIT Ropar, Punjab 4


Energy release rate
• Crack extension occurs when G reaches a critical value GC

GC is called fracture toughness of material.

It can be noted that GC decreases as E increases.

 The concept is extended by J Rice in 1967 to formulate J – integral.


 Used in dynamic fracture later on in 1979.

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Energy release rate
• Two ways of testing
– Load control
– Displacement control

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Energy release rate
• At a fixed load P Work done
– Potential energy of an elastic body is defined as
Strain energy

IIT Ropar, Punjab 7


Energy release rate
• Displacement controlled
– F=0
– Strain energy 𝑈 = 𝑃∆
2

𝑑𝑃 𝐶 𝑑∆
=− 2
𝑑𝑎 ∆ 𝑑𝑎

Introducing compliance now, 𝑃 = 𝐶/∆

∆ = 𝐶𝑃

IIT Ropar, Punjab 8


Energy release rate
• Energy release rate is same for load and displacement
controlled mode. However, we can see

• In load control, crack extension da results in a net increase in


strain energy due to contribution from load P

• In displacement controlled, dF = 0 and thus strain energy


decreases.

IIT Ropar, Punjab 9


Example
• Energy release rate for a DCB specimen

While G depends on structure geometry,


crack length etc., GC is a material parameter.

IIT Ropar, Punjab 10

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