第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

Bridge Engineering
桥梁工程

王镇(Zhen Wang)
建筑工程学院
(Civil Engineering & Architecture Department of Civil Engineering)
E-mail: [email protected]
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

 Contact Information
E-mail: [email protected]

 Course requirements
64 hours from week 1 to 16;
Structural Mechanics, Mechanics of Materials, Principles of
Structural Design

 Assessment
Final grade = 50% final exam grade + 50% regular grade
Regular grade = 50% attendance rate + 50% homework
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

Property, Purpose and Mission

（1）Property
A compulsory and basic course for civil engineering major.
（2）Purpose
To understand the bridge design and construction methods.
（3）Mission
① Understand the function, composition, and classification of bridges.
② Introduce the detail, design and calculation of beam bridge, arch
bridge, suspension bridge and cable-stayed bridge.
③ More comprehensive understanding of construction methods and
technical means for different types of bridges.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

Contents
➢ Chapter1 Introduction

➢ Chapter2 Simply supported beam bridge

➢ Chapter3 Continuous beam bridge and continuous rigid frame

bridge

➢ Chapter4 Arch bridge

➢ Chapter5 Cable stayed bridge and suspension bridge

➢ Chapter6 Bridge pier and bridge abutment

 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

Bridge Engineering
Chapter1 Introduction

王镇(Zhen Wang)
建筑工程学院
(Civil Engineering & Architecture Department of Civil Engineering)
E-mail: [email protected]
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

Chapter1 Introduction
◼ Contents
➢ 1.1 Overview to bridges
① Definition of bridge
② The meaning of bridge engineering
③ The origin and development of bridges
➢ 1.2 Composition, classification, and structural system of bridges
① Composition of bridges
② Accessory structures
③ Major terms
④ Classification of bridges
⑤ Structural systems of bridges
➢ 1.3 Achievements and current situation of bridge construction
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.1 Overview to bridges

◼ Contents
1.1.1 Definition of bridge

1.1.2 The meaning of bridge engineering

1.1.3 The origin and development of bridges

 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.1.1 Definition of bridge What is a bridge?

➢ Definition:
 Bridges are structures used by railways, roads, channels, pipelines,
vehicles, pedestrians, etc., to cross rivers, valleys, lakes, lowlands, or
other lines of communication.
 Bridge is a passage for crossing obstacles (Webster's Dictionary)
➢ Function:
 Bridges are an important component of highways, railways, and
urban roads, and the functions are as follows:
(1) the throat of transportation
(2) the needs of national economic
development Bridges are the control points for road safety. If a
bridge collapses, the road system will become
(3) the needs of people's lives paralyzed

(4) the needs of national defense

(5) landscape
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.1.2 The meaning of bridge engineering

 Refers to the entity of bridge construction.

 Refers to the scientific knowledge and technology required for

building bridges, including basic theory and research, planning,
survey design, construction and maintenance.

design construction
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.1.3 The origin and development of bridges

➢ Bridge is developed gradually with the evolution of history and
social progress. When there is a change in traffic demand, it will
generate new requirements for bridge load design, which promotes
the development of bridge engineering technology.
➢ Ancient China: The transportation tools are simple, science and
technology is not developed, people can only use nature existing
materials to build some simple bridges.
➢ China’s achievement in the history of bridge construction is glorious,
the number of ancient bridges is amazing, and the type is rich and
colorful. The building materials used are mostly natural materials:
earth, stone, wood, brick and so on.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.1.3 The origin and development of bridges

➢ The development of bridge is accompanied by the development of
productivity, science and technology.
➢ The development of bridges in China has roughly gone through the
following three stages:
Ancient Modern Contemporary
bridge bridge bridge
Before 1919 1919-1949 1949-present
Luoyang Bridge Qiantang River Bridge Sutong Bridge
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2 Composition, classification, and structural

system of bridges
◼ Contents
➢ 1.2.1 Composition of bridges
➢ 1.2.2 Accessory structures
➢ 1.2.3 Major terms
➢ 1.2.4 Classification of bridges
➢ 1.2.5 Structural systems of bridges
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.1 Composition of bridge

According to the structural characteristics, the bridge can be
divided into：
1. Superstructure
2. Bearing or support
3. Substructure Bearing

（Substructure）
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.1 Composition of bridge

1. Superstructure
refers to the bridge span structure, that is the main load-bearing
structure and other structures that enable the load-bearing structure to
function as a passage, when the line encounters obstacles, which includes
load-bearing structure, connecting structure, and bridge deck
system.
2. Bearing or support
3. Substructure L1
L

桥台 桥面铺装 Lk 栏杆
h

伸缩缝 桥跨结构

高水位 l 支座
H

设计水位
路堤 低水位 l0 锥体
护坡

Superstructure 桥墩 基础
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

Substructure
✓ Pier
The pier is located in the middle of the bridge and is
used to support adjacent two span bridge structures.
✓ Abutment
A structure supporting the bridge span and
transmitting live and constant loads to the foundation.
✓ Foundation
Its the underlaying part of a pier or abutment where
the full load is transferred to the foundation.
L1
L

桥台 桥面铺装 Lk 栏杆
h

伸缩缝 桥跨结构
Abutment
高水位 l 支座
H

设计水位
Pier l0 锥体
路堤 低水位
护坡
桥墩 基础
Substructure
Foundation
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

Bearing or support
L1
L

桥台 桥面铺装 Lk 栏杆

h
伸缩缝 桥跨结构

高水位 l 支座

H
设计水位
路堤 低水位 l0 锥体
护坡
桥墩 基础
Bearing

 Definition:
Its a force transmission device installed at the support of the
bridge span structure, piers, and abutments.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.2 Accessory structures B

B0
栏杆

沥青混凝土铺装
人行道铺装
防水层
人行道 路缘石 护栏
混凝土调平层 桥面板
i=1.5%
桥
梁
排水管 中
心
线

1. Bridge deck pavement 横隔板

边梁 中梁 现浇混凝土
✓ protect the lane panels on the main beam from direct wear and tear from vehicle
tires, prevent rainwater erosion on the main beam, distribute the vehicle load.
2. Drainage and waterproofing system
✓ Installed on the bridge to prevent the rain water accumulation on the bridge deck
and into the beam body and affect the durability of the bridge.
3. Handrail
✓ Protect people from falling off the high platform. Its generally about 1.2 meters.
4. Expansion joint
✓ Adjust the displacement and connection between the superstructure caused by
vehicle loads and bridge construction materials.
5. Lighting
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.2 Accessory structures

B
B0
栏杆

沥青混凝土铺装
人行道铺装
防水层
人行道 路缘石 桥面板 护栏
混凝土调平层 i=1.5%
桥
梁
排水管 中
心
线
Bridge deck pavement
边梁 中梁 现浇混凝土 横隔板 Bridge deck

1. Bridge deck pavement

✓ protect the lane panels on the main beam from direct wear and tear
from vehicle tires
✓ prevent rainwater erosion on the main beam, and play a certain role in
distributing the vehicle load.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.2 Accessory structures

B
B0
栏杆

沥青混凝土铺装
人行道铺装
防水层
人行道 路缘石 桥面板 护栏
混凝土调平层 i=1.5%
桥
梁
排水管 中
心
线

边梁 中梁 现浇混凝土 横隔板

2. Drainage and waterproofing system

✓ It is installed on the bridge to prevent the rain water accumulation on
the bridge deck and into the beam body and affect the durability of the
bridge
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.2 Accessory structures

B
B0
栏杆

沥青混凝土铺装
人行道铺装
防水层
人行道 路缘石 桥面板 护栏
混凝土调平层 i=1.5%
桥
梁
排水管 中
心
线

边梁 中梁 现浇混凝土 横隔板

3. Handrail
✓ Protect people from falling off the high platform.
✓ The guardrail requirement is generally about 1.2 meters.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.2 Accessory structures

4. Expansion joint
✓ Adjust the displacement and connection between the superstructure
caused by vehicle loads and bridge construction materials.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.3 Major terms of beam/arch bridges

1. span 8. construction height of bridge (h)
2. clear span(l0) 9. allowable construction height
3. computed span(l) 10. bridge height(H1)
4. total span(Σl0) 11. water level
5. standard span(lb) 12.clear rise of arch(f0)
6. total length of bridge (L) 13. computed rise of arch(f )
7. clearance of span(H) 14. rise span ratio(f /l )

L1
L

桥台 桥面铺装 Lk 栏杆
h

伸缩缝 桥跨结构

高水位 l 支座
H

设计水位
路堤 低水位 l0 锥体
护坡
桥墩 基础

Beam bridge Arch bridge

 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

The longitudinal section of the bridge

L1
L

桥台 桥面铺装 Lk 栏杆

h
伸缩缝 桥跨结构

高水位 l 支座

H
设计水位
路堤 低水位 l0 锥体
护坡
桥墩 基础
1. Span
refers to the distance between two adjacent pier supports of a bridge,
and represents the span performance of the bridge. For multi-span
bridges, the largest span is called the main span, which is an important
indicator of the technical level of the bridge.
2. Clear span (l0)
For beam bridge, it refers to the horizontal clear distance between
two adjacent piers/abutments on the design flood level line.
For arch bridge, it refers to the distance between the inner edges of
the arch foot section of each span.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

The longitudinal section of the bridge

L1
L

桥台 桥面铺装 Lk 栏杆

h
伸缩缝 桥跨结构

高水位 l 支座

H
设计水位
路堤 低水位 l0 锥体
护坡
桥墩 基础

3. Computed span(l)
➢ Computed span is often used in the mechanical calculation of bridge
span structure. The distance between the two fulcrum of a bridge
span is called the computed span.
➢ For beam bridge, it refers to the distance between the two ends of the
bridge span adjacent support center.
➢ For arch bridge, it refers to the horizontal distance between two
adjacent arch foot section centroid points.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

The longitudinal section of the bridge

L1
L

桥台 桥面铺装 Lk 栏杆

h
伸缩缝 桥跨结构

高水位 l 支座

H
设计水位
路堤 低水位 l0 锥体
护坡
桥墩 基础

4. Total span (Σl0)

➢ The sum of the clear spans of each hole is called the total span.
➢ The clear span and total span of the bridge are indicators reflecting
the flood discharge capacity and navigation standards of the bridge.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

5. Standard span (lb)

➢ For highway beam bridge，the distance between two adjacent pier
center lines, or the distance between the pier center line and the front
edge of the abutment back；
➢ For arch bridge, refers to its clear span.
➢ For railway bridge, refers to its computed span。
➢ China’s general code for design of highway bridges and culverts
stipulates that the standard span shall be adopted, when the span of
standard design or new bridges and culverts is less than 50m. The
standard span of highway bridges and culverts ranges from 0.75m to
50m, with a total of 21 spans. When the span of a single hole is less
than 5m or the total length of a multi-hole span is less than 8m, the
culvert structure is usually adopted.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

5. Standard span (lb)

➢ Culvert structure is a structure used to discharge the flow under the
embankment. Embankments at culverts are generally uninterrupted.

◼ The standard span of bridges and

culverts is shown as follows:
• 0.75 m, 1.0 m, 1.25 m, 1.5 m, 2.0
m, 2.5 m, 3.0 m, 4.0 m, 5.0 m
(culverts)
• 6.0 m, 8.0 m, 10 m, 13 m, 16 m,
20 m, 25 m, 30 m, 35 m, 40 m, 45
Culvert m and 50 m. (bridges)
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

6. Total length of bridge (L)

➢ For beam bridge, it refers to the distance between two abutment side walls
or splayed walls.
➢ Total length of bridge is the simplest technical index to measure the size of
the bridge. Generally, the distance between the side walls of the abutment at
both ends of the bridge or the end of the splay wall is called total length of
bridge.
➢ When there is no abutment, the total length of the bridge is the total length
of the carriageway slab of the bridge span structure. The size of the bridge
is divided according to the total length of the bridge span L and the single-
hole span L0 in the bridge specification.
➢ The single span of a bridge refers to the distance between the center line
of the pier or the distance between the center line of the pier and the front
edge of the abutment back. For arch bridge, it refers to its clear span.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

The longitudinal section of the bridge

L1
L

桥台 桥面铺装 Lk 栏杆

h
伸缩缝 桥跨结构

高水位 l 支座

H
设计水位
路堤 低水位 l0 锥体
护坡
桥墩 基础

7. Clearance of span (H)

the clearance under the bridge refers to the distance between the design flood
level or the design navigable water level, and the lower edge of the bridge span
structure, and the distance shall meet the requirements of safe flood discharge and
navigation.
8. Construction height of bridge (h)
refers to the height difference between the road surface (or rail top) on the bridge
and the lower edge of the bridge span structure.
Generally, the construction height of bridge should be less than its allowable
building height, that is, the difference between the bridge deck elevation and the
navigation clearance top elevation.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

The longitudinal section of the bridge

L1
L

桥台 桥面铺装 Lk 栏杆

h
伸缩缝 桥跨结构

高水位 l 支座

H
设计水位
路堤 低水位 l0 锥体
护坡
桥墩 基础

9. Allowable construction height

Highway bridge deck or railway track bottom elevation minus design flood level
minus beam bottom clearance required for navigation or flood drainage.
10. Bridge height (H)
refers to the height difference between the low water level and the bridge deck. For
overpass bridges, it refers to the height difference between the road surface under the
bridge and the bridge deck.
It is note that different bridge heights have different requirements for bridge
construction, and their construction methods and difficulties will vary greatly.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

L1
L

桥台 桥面铺装 Lk 栏杆

h
伸缩缝 桥跨结构

高水位 l 支座

H
设计水位
路堤 低水位 l0 锥体
护坡
桥墩 基础

11. Water level

➢ The water level in the river is variable, and the lowest water level in
the dry season is called the low water level;
➢ The highest water level in flood period is called high water level.
➢ The high water level computed according to the specified design flood
frequency in the bridge design is called the design flood level.
➢ In all levels of waterways, the water level that can ensure the normal
navigation of ships is called navigable water level.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

The longitudinal section of the bridge

12. Clear rise of arch (f0)

refers to the vertical distance from lower edge of the arch crown section to
lowest point of the line between lower edge of the two adjacent arch foot sections.
13. Computed rise of arch (f )
refers to the vertical distance from the centroid of the arch crown section to the
line connecting the centroids of the two adjacent arch foot sections.
14. Rise span ratio（ f / l ）
refers to the ratio of the computed rise of arch of the arch ring (or arch rib) to the
computed span in the arch bridge, also known as the arch sagittal, which is an
important index reflecting the stress characteristics of the arch bridge.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.4 Classification of bridges

Classification method Bridge and culvert type
1. By project scale/span Grand bridges, great bridges, medium bridges,
small bridges, etc
Railway bridge, highway bridge, highway and
2. By purpose railway bridge, pedestrian and agricultural
bridge, etc
Steel bridge, reinforced concrete bridge,
3. By building materials prestressed concrete bridge, masonry bridge,
wooden bridge, etc
4. By structural system beam bridge, arch bridge, suspension bridge,
cable-stayed bridge, etc
5 . According to the relative position of Top bearing, bottom bearing and middle bearing
bridge span structure and bridge deck
6. According to the plane shape of the bridge Straight bridge, skew bridge and curved bridge

7. According to the expected service time Permanent bridge, temporary bridge

 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.4 Classification by project scale/span

1、super-large bridges
2、large bridges
3、medium bridge
4、small bridge
5、culvert the spans of bridges and culverts

Classification of bridges and Total length of porous span

Single hole span lb（m)
culverts L(m）
super-large bridge L＞1000 lb＞150
large bridge 100≤L≤1000 40≤lb≤150
medium bridge 30＜L＜100 20≤lb＜40
small bridge 8≤L≤30 5≤lb＜20
culvert L＜8 lb＜5
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.4 Classification of bridges by building

materials
1、Concrete bridge

2、Steel bridge
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.4 Classification of bridges by building materials

3、Stone or brick bridge
4、Composite bridge and hybrid bridge
5、Other bridges, e.g., wooden bridge
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.4 Classification by purpose

1、railway bridge 2、highway bridge

3、highway and railway bridges 4、 foot bridge

5、other bridges, e.g., municipal bridge

 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.4 Classification of bridges

Classification method Bridge and culvert type
1. By project scale/span super-large bridge, large bridge, medium bridge,
small bridge, and culvert
railway bridge, highway bridge, highway and
2. By purpose railway bridge, pedestrian and agricultural
bridge, etc
steel bridge, concrete bridge, stone or brick
3. By building materials bridge, composite bridge and hybrid bridge,
wooden bridge, etc
4. By structural system (the focus of this beam bridge, arch bridge, suspension bridge,
course) cable-stayed bridge, etc
5.According to the relative position of bridge top bearing, bottom bearing and middle bearing
span structure and bridge deck
6. According to the plane shape of the bridge straight bridge, skew bridge and curved bridge

7. According to the expected service time permanent bridge, temporary bridge

 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.4 Classification by structural system

Superstructure can be classified into three basic systems: beam, arch,
and suspension, as well as various combinations between them.
1、Beam bridge
the action of vertical load

main beams

piers(abutments)

The beam bridge is composed of piers (abutments) and main beams, and its
a structure without horizontal reaction under vertical load.
 1、Beam bridge

Lay bridge decks on both sides of the river and place them on bridge piers
at the ends of the beams to form a simply supported beam bridge. This type of
bridge structure is simple, easy to install, and widely used.
For example, the bridge in our school (the bridge between the teaching
building and the student dormitory is a simply supported beam bridge).
1、Beam bridge

However, its load-bearing capacity, span, and length are all limited.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.4 Classification by structural system

2、Arch bridge
main arch ring
horizontal thrust
boom

longitudinal
piers(abutments) beam(tie rod)
➢ The arch bridge is composed of piers (or abutments), cables, main beams
and boom.
➢ The main load-bearing structure of arch bridge is arch ring or arch rib.
Under the action of vertical load, the piers and abutments will bear
horizontal thrust.
 2、Arch bridge

To further increase the span of the bridge, trusses can be added as the
main load-bearing structure, which is a truss beam bridge.
 2、Arch bridge

If an arch structure is set under the bridge, it can further increase the load-
bearing capacity and span of the bridge. An arch bridge can continuously
decompose the downward pressure along the tangential direction of the arch
arc and transmit it to the ground at both ends of the bridge, enabling the span
to reach several hundred meters. This kind of bridge with the deck above the
arch ring is called a through arch bridge.
 2、Arch bridge

Since most of the main structure is below the bridge deck, to a large
extent, it can avoid the erosion of sunlight and rain, and there is no
obstruction to the view on the bridge deck.
 2、Arch bridge

However, sometimes it will affect the ships passing under the bridge.
Therefore, the bridge deck is designed below the arch ring, so that there is
enough space under the bridge for ships to pass through.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.4 Classification by structural system

3、Cable-stayed bridge
tower

cables

main beams

➢ The cable-stayed bridge consists of cable-stayed cables, main beams, and

bridge towers.
➢ Under the action of vehicle loads, the cables are in tension, bridge towers are
in compression, and the main beam is the main load-bearing structure.
 3、Cable-stayed bridge

To further increase the bridge span, a cable-stayed bridge is one in

which the main girder is directly pulled by multiple stay cables onto the
bridge tower. It can transmit the dead load of the main girder and other
loads such as vehicles to the foundation through the bridge tower and piers.
At this time, the bridge span can be increased to the level of more than one
thousand meters.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.4 Classification by structural system

4、Suspension bridge
pylon
anchorage cables

boom

stiffening beam

✓ The suspension bridge is composed of piers (abutments), anchorage,

cables, stiffening beam, pylon and boom.
✓ The main load-bearing structure is the strong cables suspended on the
towers on both sides.
 Zhangjinggao Yangtze River Bridge

4、Suspension bridge

The bridge with the largest span is the suspension bridge, which is
commonly known as the hanging bridge. It suspends the bridge deck by cables
that are suspended by the cable towers and anchored on both sides of the river.
The theoretical limit span of a suspension bridge can exceed 3,500 meters.
The main span of the Zhangjinggao Yangtze River Bridge currently under
construction in Jiangsu Province, China, will be as long as 2,300 meters after
completion, making it the world's longest bridge span.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.1 Beam bridge

(1) Mechanical behavior
(2) Classification
(3) Main system and section form
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.1 Beam bridge

➢ (1) Mechanical behavior
✓ Beam bridge is a structure without horizontal reaction under
the action of vertical load. Because the action direction of
external force (dead load and live load) is nearly perpendicular
to the axis of the load-bearing structure, compared with other
structural systems with the same span, beam bridge produces
the largest bending moment.
✓ Material: Generally, it needs to be constructed with materials
with strong bending resistance and tensile capacity (steel,
reinforced concrete, steel-concrete composite structure, etc.).
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.1 Beam bridge

➢ (1) Mechanical behavior
✓ At present, the reinforced concrete simply-supported beam bridge with
standard span is the most widely used on the highway. There are two
construction methods: prefabricated assembly and cast-in-place.
✓ The structure of this beam bridge is simple and convenient, and the
requirements of simply-supported beam on the bearing capacity of the
foundation are not high. Its common span is less than 20m. When the span
is large, the prestressed concrete simply-supported beam bridge needs to be
used, but the span generally does not exceed 40m.
✓ In order to improve the stress conditions and service performance, when
the geological conditions are good, continuous beam bridges can be built
for medium and small span beam bridges. For large span bridges and
super-large bridges, prestressed concrete beam bridges, steel bridges and
steel-concrete composite beam bridges can be used.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.1 Beam bridge

➢ (2) Classification
① simply-supported beam
simply-supported beam
② cantilever beam
③ continuous beam
④ Steel bridges and steel-concrete
continuous beam
composite beam bridges

steel-concrete composite beam bridge

 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.1 Beam bridge

➢ (3) Main system and section form

Solid-web: T-shape、I -shaped、box type

Beam system

Open-spandrel: Truss type

 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

✓ Simply supported beam, for examples)

1. Zhongning Yellow River 2、Kaifeng Yellow River Bridge
Highway Bridge

3、Flying Cloud River Bridge 4、 Ziyang Hanjiang Bridge

5、Luoyang Yellow River Bridge 6、Linhai Bridge

 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.1 Beam bridge

➢ Zhongning Yellow River Highway Bridge
✓ Bridge profile
• Main Span：40m
• Designed by：Ningxia Highway Survey and Design Institute
• Constructed by：Ningxia Highway Engineering Bureau
• Type of the Bridge：beam bridge、simply supported beam
bridge
• Location：Ningxia、Zhongning、Yellow River
• Length：926.90m
• completed year：1986
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.1 beam bridge

➢ Kaifeng Yellow River Bridge
✓ Bridge profile
• Main Span：50m
• Designed by：Henan Provincial Institute of
Transportation Planning, Survey and Design
• Constructed by：Henan Provincial Highway Engineering
Bureau
• Type of the Bridge：beam bridge、simply supported
beam bridge
• Location：Henan, Kaifeng, Yellow River
• Length：4475.09m
• Completed year：1989
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

✓ The Flying Cloud River Bridge

✓ Bridge profile
• Length： 1721ｍ，maximum span 62ｍ.
• Designed by：Zhejiang Provincial Transportation Design Institute
• Constructed by：Bridge Engineering Bureau of Ministry of Railways
• Location：Ruian County, Zhejiang Province, across the Feiyun River. It is the
largest span prestressed concrete simply-supported beam bridge in China.
• The bridge deck is 13m wide and consists of 5 main beams, and the flange is
2,5m wide. After installation, a 12cm thick bottom plate is set between the
lower flange to form a section of 4 cross boxes. Each piece of beam weight
2200kN, with 3000kN bridge erection machine installation, two pieces of
frame;
• Completed year：1988.10.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.1 beam bridge

✓ Ziyang Hanjiang Bridge
✓ Bridge profile
• Main Span：50m
• Type of the bridge：beam bridge、simply supported beam bridge
• Location：Shaanxi, Han River
• Length：390m
• Completed year：1987
• The main span is 45+2×50+45 meters of prestressed concrete T-shaped
simple supported beam, the side span is 4×30 meters of prestressed concrete
T-shaped simple supported beam, the whole bridge is 390 meters, thin wall
hollow pier 58 meters high.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.1 Beam bridge

✓ Luoyang Yellow River Bridge
✓ Bridge profile
• Main Span：50m
• Type of the bridge：beam bridge、simply supported beam
bridge
• Location：Henan, Luoyang, Yellow River
• Length：3429m
• Completed year：1977
• Prestressed concrete T-shaped simply-supported beam bridge
with span arrangement of 67 × 50 meters, 3429 meters in
length, 1.4 meters and 2.1 meters in diameter of foundation
bored piles, and 32.5-37 meters in length are the first extra-
large bridge on the Yellow River.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.1 Beam bridge

✓ Linhai Bridge
✓ Bridge profile
• Main Span：32m
• Type of the Bridge： beam bridge、simply supported
beam bridge
• Location：Lingjiang, Zhejiang Province
• Length：508m
• completed year：1965
• Linhai Bridge crosses the Lingjiang River, and the
main bridge is 9 × A 32-meter prestressed concrete
T-shaped simply-supported beam bridge with a total
length of 508 meters.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.2 Arch bridge

(1) Mechanical behavior
(2) Classification
(3) Materials
(4) The main construction method
(5) Construction
main arch ring

boom

piers(abutments)

longitudinal beam(tie rod)

 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

main arch ring

1.2.5.2 Arch bridge boom

piers(abutments)
➢ (1) Mechanical behavior longitudinal beam(tie rod)
✓ The main load-bearing structure of an arch bridge is the arch ring or
rib (called the rib when the cross section of the arch ring is designed
in a separate form).
✓ Under vertical load, the pier and abutment of the arch structure will
subject to horizontal thrust. Besides, according to the principle of
action and reaction force, pier to arch ring (or arch rib) to provide a
pair of horizontal reaction, the horizontal reaction will be greatly
offset in the arch ring (or arch rib) caused by the load moment.
✓ As a result, the bending moment, shear force and deformation of an
arch are much smaller than that of a beam of the same span.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.2 Arch bridge

➢ (2) Classification
three-hinged arch

two-hinged arch

fixed (end) arch

➢ (3) Materials
✓ Since the load-bearing structure of an arch bridge is dominated by
compression masonry with strong compression resistance is usually
used.
✓ Masonry materials or composite materials with strong compressive
resistance are often used: stone, reinforced concrete, etc.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.2 Arch bridge

➢ (4) The main construction method
✓ Bracket construction
• The construction method is similar to that of beam bridge.
✓ Cantilever-construction
• A specially designed steel truss structure, which is specially designed, is used
as the working platform of cast-in-place concrete, which is more troublesome
in construction and less used.
✓ Rotation construction
• The rotating device needs to be set up in advance.
• This structure is suitable for single-span arch bridges.
✓ No-bracket construction: stiff skeleton construction
• Large amount of steel is needed.
• It is generally used for long span arch bridge engineering.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.2 Arch bridge (examples)

1. Zhuquemen Bridge 2、Taishan Bridge

（朱雀门桥) （泰山大桥)
3、Yijiang Bridge 4、 No.7 Yongding River Bridge

（弋江大桥) （永定河七号桥)

5、Zhaozhou Bridge
6、…….

（赵州桥)
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.2 Arch bridge

➢ Zhuquemen Bridge（朱雀门桥)
✓ Profile
• Type of the Bridge：Arch bridge、masonry arch
bridge
• Location：Xi’an city, Shaanxi province
• The bridge is located in the moat outside
Zhuqianmen, the ancient city of Xi 'an, Shaanxi
Province.
• It was restored and opened to traffic in 1987. It is a
part of the renovation of the ancient city wall project
of Xi 'an City. It has a total of 3 holes and is a solid
belly stone arch bridge.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.2 Arch bridge

➢ Taishan Bridge（泰山大桥）
✓ Profile
• Main Span：20m
• Type of the Bridge： Arch bridge、masonry arch bridge
• Location：Tai’an city, Shandong province
• Length：92.2m
• Completed year：1964
• Located in the urban area of Tai 'an City, Shandong Province, the bridge site is on
the original Manshui bridge. The empty stomach stone arch bridge was built in
1964, with a length of 92.2 meters and a width of 12 meters. The construction area
of the bridge is 1106 square meters, with a total of 3 holes, a span of 20 meters and
a height of 5.7 meters.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.2 Arch bridge

➢ Yijiang Bridge(弋江大桥)
✓ Profile
• Main Span：28m
• Type of the Bridge： Arch bridge、masonry arch bridge
• Location：Yijiang city, Anhuiprovince
• Length：228.34m
• Completed year：1962.12
• Located in Taoyuan Village, Taiyuan Township, She County,
Anhui Province, it is a solid belly stone arch bridge across Yi
River. The bridge is 228.34 meters long and 7 meters wide, with
7 holes and 28 meters span.
➢ Yongding River Bridge(永定河七号桥)
✓ Profile
• It is located about 4km from the dam of Beiwu Reservoir. The line
intersects the river at an oblique Angle of 20 degrees, and the water depth
is 11m. Both banks are outcrops of siliceous stone rocks, which are
protected according to the seismic intensity of 8 degrees.
• The total length is 217.98m, and the main span is a prefabricated
reinforced concrete arch with a hole of 150m. The sagittal height is 40m,
and the center distance between the two arch ribs is 7.5m.
• The arch axis adopts secondary parabolas, the arch ribs are box sections,
and the boom bars are prestressed members. The bridge deck is divided
into 15 spans, with 7 spans of continuous beams at each end and the
middle span is simply supported beam. The whole bridge is composed of
227 prefabricated components with a total quantity of 4800 cubic meters
of masonry.
• Completed year：1966.6
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1.2.5.2 Arch bridge

➢ (5) Arch bridge construction
✓ Yong‘an Bridge（永安桥）
✓ Huanghe Bridge, Donggang Town(东岗镇黄河桥)
✓ Huangshan lansheng Bridg (黄山揽胜桥)
✓ Yangtze River Bridge in Wanxian county, Sichuan Province
(四川万县长江大桥)
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.2 Arch bridge

➢ Yong‘an Bridge（永安桥）
✓ Profile
• Type of the Bridge：Ancient bridge、arch bridge、
masonry arch bridge
• Location：Shenyang city, Liaoning Province
• Completed year：1641
• The bridge is on the highway from Shenyang to
Majia. The semi-circular stone arch bridge was built
in the sixth year of Chongde in the Qing Dynasty
(1641 AD), with a total of 3 holes. The two Bridges
have a pair of stone lions and stone monuments
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

➢ The Zhaozhou Bridge(赵州桥)

✓ Profile
• Main Span：37.02m
• Designed by：Chun Li
• Type of the Bridge：Ancient bridge、 arch bridge、masonry arch bridge
• Completed year：605
• Sui Dynasty Zhaozhou Anji Bridge, also known as Zhaozhou Bridge. The
bridge is an open-shouldered circular arch with 28 parallel arches, with a net
span of 37.202 meters, a height of 7.23 meters, and a total width of 9 meters.
The main arch voucher is 1.03 meters thick, and there are protective stones on
the main arch voucher. On both sides of the main arch, two small arches with a
net span of 3.8 meters and 2.85 meters are opened respectively to release flood
water and reduce its weight. The bridge deck is curved, the sills are looking at
the pillars, and the dragon and beast are carved, and the spirit is flying. The
bridge was built in the 15th year of Sui Kaihuang (AD 595) and completed in
the first year of Sui Daye (AD 605), more than 1,400 years ago.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

➢ Huanghe Bridge, Donggang Town(东岗镇黄河桥)

✓ Profile
• The Yellow River Bridge in Donggang Town of Bao-lan Line is located in the
outskirts of Lanzhou city, Gansu Province. It is a 5-hole 53m upper bearing
reinforced concrete ribbed arch bridge with a total length of 221.9m. The form is
the same as that of Baocheng Qingjiang River.
• Design load:Lv26, according to the earthquake intensity of 8 degrees.
• Bridge height：45.24m
• Completed year：1956.6
• Designed by Bridge Design Office of Ministry of Railways，
• Constructed by the First Engineering Bureau of the Ministry of Railway。
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.3 Suspension bridge

pylon
➢ (1) Composition anchorage cables
Suspension bridge consists of
cable, pylon, anchorage and stiffening boom
beam, etc.
stiffening beam

➢ (2)Mechanical behavior
Under vertical load, the suspension cable is pulled, and the anchorage is
subjected to vertical and horizontal forces.
The longest span of any other bridge.
Another characteristic of suspension bridge is that the force is simple and
clear, and the rolled steel cable is easy to transport. After the cable is erected, a
strong and stable structural support system is formed, and the risk in the
construction process is relatively small.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.2 Suspension bridge (examples)

1. Chaoyang Bridge 2. Shantou Bay Bridge

3. Jiangyin Yangtze River Highway 4. The Tsing Ma Bridge in Hong

Bridge Kong

5. Akashi Kaikyo Bridge

 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.4 Composite system

➢ Definition
✓ Refers to the load-bearing structure of two basic structural
systems or a basic system and some components (tower,
column, diagonal cable) combined together. In the two systems,
the beam is often one of them, and the beam is combined with
the arch, tower, diagonal cable.
➢ Commonly used composite systems:
✓ combined bridges
✓ beam arch composite system
✓ cable-stayed bridge
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.4 Composite system

➢ （1）Combined bridges
✓ 1）Composition
• A bridge that is mainly rigidly connected by beams and columns or
pier columns.
✓ 2）Mechanical behavior
• Under the vertical load, the connection between the main beam and
the column will produce negative bending moment: the main beam
and the column are subjected to bending moment and axial force;
There are both vertical and horizontal reaction forces at the restraint
of the column bottom. The form of rigid bridge is mostly upright,
single-span or multi-span gate frame, and the restraint at the bottom
of the column can be hinged or fixed.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.4 Composite system

➢ （1）Combined bridges
✓ 3）Classification
• （a）T-shaped rigid frame bridges
• （b）Rigid frame bridges with inclined legs
• （c）Continuous rigid frame bridges
✓ 4）Construction
• Dongming Yellow River Bridge(东明黄河大桥)
• Shizuishan Yellow River Bridge(石嘴山黄河桥)
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.4 Composite system

➢ (a) T-shaped rigid frame bridges
✓ With the development of prestressing technology and symmetrical
cantilever construction method, rigid frame structure has appeared.
• 1）Characteristics
• 2）Examples
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.4 Composite system

➢ 1） Characteristics of T-shaped rigid frame bridge
✓ The pier has a large stiffness and is fixedly connected with the
beam. The two T-structures are connected by hinge in the span
or simply supported hanging holes.
✓ It integrates some characteristics of cantilever beam and rigid
frame bridge, belongs to statically indeterminate structure, can
reduce secondary internal force and simplify the main beam
reinforcement.
✓ It is beneficial to symmetrical cantilever construction, but the
coarse pier is discarded due to the larger bending moment and
the discontinuity of the deck line affects the running.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.4 Composite system (examples)

➢ 2） Examples of T-shaped rigid frame bridge
① Qianfu Songhua River Bridge(前扶松花江桥)
② Liuzhou Bridge, Guangxi(广西柳州桥)
③ Humen Bridge(虎门大桥)
④ Zhujiahe Bridge(朱家河桥)
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.4 Composite system

✓ Qianfu Songhua River Bridge(前扶松花江桥)
• Main Span：49m
• Type of the bridge：T-shaped rigid frame bridges, simply supported beam
bridge
• Location：Songhua River, Jilin province
• Length：138m
• Completed year：1974
• 389 meters in length, 3 on each side × 49m and 5 × 49m pre-stressed T-
shaped rigid frame bridge with 30 in the middle × 30m prestressed concrete
T-shaped simply-supported beam bridge.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.4 Composite system

✓ Liuzhou Bridge, Guangxi(广西柳州桥)
✓ Liuzhou Bridge is located in Liuzhou City, Guangxi, across the
Liujiang River.
✓ It is the first prestressed concrete T-shaped rigid frame urban bridge
built by cantilever casting method in China.
✓ The main bridge is 408.19m long and consists of three T-frames and
hanging beams, with a maximum span of 124m and a hanging beam
length of 25m. The width of the bridge is 20m, and the double-box
and double-chamber section and three-way prestressed reinforcement
are adopted. The substructure uses the piers of the 120m steel truss
continuous beam bridge originally proposed to be used.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.4 Composite system

➢ Humen Bridge(虎门大桥)
✓ The main span is T-shaped rigid frame, and the other spans
are continuous beams.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.4 Composite system

➢ Zhujiahe Bridge(朱家河桥)
✓ Zhujiahe Bridge is located in Chenjiaji, the eastern suburb of Wuhan,
Hubei Province, across the Fuhuan River.
✓ Type of the bridge: Prestressed concrete truss T-shaped highway
bridge.
✓ The total length of the bridge is 271.06m and the width of the bridge
is 19m. The truss is prefabricated in sections, and the rolled wire
anchor coarse reinforcement is used for reinforcement, and the
cantilever casting construction is carried out.
✓ Hanging holes, transition holes and side holes are prestressed
concrete simply-supported beams with a span of 25m.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.4 Composite system

➢ (b) Rigid frame bridges with inclined legs
✓ 1）Characteristics
✓ 2）Examples
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1.2.5.4 Composite system

➢ 1）Characteristics
✓ The pier column is inclined and rigidly connected with the beam, and
the stress characteristics are between beam and arch.
✓ Under vertical load, the inclined leg is mainly under pressure, and the
beam between the inclined legs is also subject to large axial force.
The bottom of the inclined leg can be hinged or fixed and subject to
large horizontal thrust.
✓ The bridge whose pier columns are V-shaped on the elevation and
fixedly connected with the beam is called V-shaped rigid frame. It
has the characteristics of continuous beam and inclined leg rigid
frame. It can increase the span and reduce the beam height, and has a
beautiful appearance.
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1.2.5.4 Composite system

➢ 2） Examples
① Hanjiang Bridge (安康汉江桥)
② Zhuozhang River Bridge(浊漳河桥)
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1.2.5.4 Composite system

➢ (c) Continuous rigid frame bridges
✓ 1）Characteristics
✓ 2）Examples
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.4 Composite system

➢ 1）Characteristics
✓ Prestressed concrete continuous rigid frame bridge is a
composite system of continuous beam bridge and T-shaped rigid
frame bridge.
✓ Continuous rigid frame bridges are often used in long-span and
high-pier structures. The longitudinal stiffness of piers is
relatively small. Under the action of vertical loads, they basically
belong to a non-thrust structure, while the superstructure has the
general characteristics of continuous beams and has good
technical and economic benefits.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.4 Composite system (Examples)

✓ Zhongxiao Bridge(忠孝桥)
• the continuous rigid frame bridge of mountain freeway with the largest
span and the highest distance from the ground in China.
• Main Span：80m
• Designed and constructed by：Lin Tongyan Engineering Consulting Co.,
Ltd
• Type of the Bridge：beam bridge, continuous rigid frame bridge
• Location： Taipei city, Taiwan
• Dimensions: the bridge is 1145m long, 31.5m wide, 80m between holes,
2.6m high beam, 1/30 height-span ratio, and the building height is very
small, which is convenient for transportation and lifting, and also increases
the clearance under the bridge. It is light and stylish.
• Completed year：1981
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.4 Composite system

The continuous rigid frame bridge of mountain expressway
with the largest span and the highest distance from the
ground in China
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1.2.5.4 Composite system

➢ （2）Beam arch composite system
① Composition
② Mechanical behavior
③ Classification
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.2.5.4 Composite system

① Composition of the beam arch composite system
✓ Arch composite system bridges are generally composed of arch
ribs, tie rods, suspenders (or columns), carriageway beams (slabs)
and arch bridge deck systems.
✓ The arched composite system bridge combines the two basic
structures of beam and arch to jointly bear the deck load and
horizontal thrust, give full play to the structural characteristics of
beam bending and arch compression and their combined
functions, and achieve the purpose of saving materials.
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1.2.5.4 Composite system

② Mechanical behavior
✓ The tension of the beam is used to bear and offset the horizontal
thrust generated by the arch under the vertical load. It not only has
the shape and bearing characteristics of the arch, but also is not
subject to large horizontal thrust, and has low requirements for the
foundation.
③ Classification
✓ Non-thrust composite system arch
✓ Combined system arch with thrust
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1.2.5.4 Composite system

➢ c) Classification
✓ ① Non-thrust composite system arch
• Non-thrust arch composite system bridge is an external statically
determinate structure, which has two major characteristics: the large
span capacity of arch bridge and the strong adaptability of
simply supported beam bridge to the foundation.
• The thrust of the arch is borne by the tie bar, which means a
horizontal member that connects the two arch feet together, so the
pier and abutment do not bear the horizontal thrust.
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1.2.5.4 Composite system

➢ c) Classification
✓ ① Non-thrust composite system arch
• According to the relative rigidity of arch rib and tie bar (beam), and
the arrangement type of suspender, it can be divided into:
• Flexible tied rigid arch with vertical suspender - called tied arch.
• Rigid tied flexible arch with vertical suspender - called Langel arch.
• Rigid tied rigid arch with vertical suspender - called Luoyi arch
diagram.
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1.2.5.4 Composite system

➢ c) Classification of the beam arch composite system
✓ ②Combined system arch with thrust
• This kind of composite system arch has no tie bar, and is jointly
stressed by a single beam and arch. The thrust of the arch is still
borne by the pier and abutment.
• Rigid beam flexible arch (inverted Langer arch).
• Rigid beam rigid arch (inverted Luoze arch).
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1.2.5.4 Composite system

➢ （3）Cabled-stayed bridges
1) Composition
2) Mechanical behavior
3) Examples
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

tower
➢ （3）Cabled-stayed bridges
cables
1) Composition of the cabled-stayed bridges
• Composite system bridge mainly composed of
beams, towers and cables. main beams
• Basic mechanical behavior: the tensioned cable lifts the main beam at
multiple points, and transmits the dead load of the main beam and other loads,
such as vehicles to the tower column, and then to the foundation through the
tower column foundation. The tower column is basically compressed.
• The main beam with large span works like a continuous beam with multi-point
elastic support (lifting), which greatly reduces the bending moment in the main
beam. Because of the horizontal component of the stay cable, the basic stress
characteristics of the main beam section are eccentric compression members.
• Cable-stayed bridges are highly statically indeterminate structures. The
bending moment of the main beam is closely related to the initial tension of the
cables. There is a certain optimal cable force distribution to minimize the
bending moment (or stress) of the main beam under various conditions.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

tower
1.2.5.4 Composite system cables
➢ （3）Cabled-stayed bridges
✓ 2) Mechanical behavior main beams

• Under the vertical load, the main beam is mainly under bending, the tower
is mainly under compression, and the cable is under tension.
• The beam body is fastened at multiple points by the stay cable, which
shows the characteristics of elastic support continuous beam. Therefore, the
load bending moment of the beam body is reduced, the height of the beam
body is reduced, the dead weight of the structure is reduced, and the
material is saved.
• The material properties of tower and cable can also be fully developed.
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1.2.5.4 Composite system

➢ （3）Cabled-stayed bridges
✓ 3) Examples of the cabled-stayed bridges
① Yangpu Bridge(杨浦大桥)
② Xiangjiang North Bridge(湘江北桥)
③ Nanhai Jiujiang Bridge(南海九江桥)
④ Yunyang Hanjiang Bridge(郧阳汉江桥)
⑤ Wuhan Yangtze River Highway Bridge(武汉长江公路桥)
⑥ Tatara bridge(多多罗大桥)
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1.2.5.4 Composite system

➢ Yangpu Bridge(杨浦大桥)
✓ Main Span：602m
✓ Designed by：Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design Institute, Tongji University,
Shanghai Urban Construction Design Institute
✓ Constructed by：Shanghai Huangpu River Bridge Construction Headquarters
✓ Type of the bridge：Cable-stayed bridge, composite beam cable-stayed bridge
✓ Section of Road including the Bridge：Puxi - Pudong Highway
✓ Location：Huangpu River,shanghai city
✓ Length：8354m
✓ Completed year：1993
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1.2.5.4 Composite system

➢ Yangpu Bridge(杨浦大桥)
✓ The total length of the bridge is 8354m (including main bridge, approach bridge,
ramp and approach road). The total length of the main bridge is 1178m, and the
span combination is: transition hole 45m+side hole (99m+144m)+main hole
602m × Side hole (144m+99m)+transition hole 45m. One river-crossing scheme
is adopted for the main hole, with a span of 602m, side holes on both sides of
243m, and auxiliary piers in the middle. The total width of the main bridge deck
is 30.35m.
✓ The main bridge is a double-tower space double-cable plane steel-concrete
composite beam cable-stayed bridge structure, the tower pier is consolidated, the
superstructure is a longitudinal suspension system, and the lateral limit and anti-
seismic devices are set. The main reinforced concrete tower is 200m high, and the
tower is diamond-shaped. The main tower foundation adopts steel pipe piles. The
auxiliary pier, anchor pier and side pier are all column piers and reinforced
concrete precast pile foundation.
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1.2.5.4 Composite system

➢ Xiangjiang North Bridge(湘江北桥)
✓ Main Span：210m
✓ Designed by：Hunan Provincial Transportation Planning Survey and Design Institute
✓ Constructed by：Hunan Provincial Highway and Bridge Construction Company
✓ Type of the Bridge：Cable-stayed bridge, concrete cable-stayed bridge
✓ Section of Road including the Bridge：National Highway 319-107
✓ Location：Xiangjiang, Changsha city, Hunan province
✓ Length：3616.66m
✓ Completed year：1990
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1.2.5.4 Composite system

➢ Nanhai Jiujiang Bridge(南海九江桥)
✓ Main Span：160m
✓ Designed and constructed by：Guangdong Hunan Jiujiang Bridge Engineering
Contracting Company
✓ Type of the Bridge：Cable-stayed bridge, concrete cable-stayed bridge
✓ Section of Road including the Bridge：Guangzhou-Zhanjiang Highway
✓ Location：Xijiang, Guangdong province
✓ Length：1370m
✓ completed year：1988
✓ Nanhai Jiujiang Bridge is located between Nanhai County and Heshan County in
Guangdong Province, crossing the Xijiang River. It is a super-large highway bridge
on Guangzhou-Zhanjiang Highway, with a total length of 1682m.
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1.2.5.4 Composite system

➢ Nanhai Jiujiang Bridge(南海九江桥)
✓ The main bridge is composed of two 160m single-tower concrete cable-stayed
bridges and 21x50m continuous box beams, with a total length of 1370m. The
approach bridge is composed of 20x16 m pretensioned prestressed concrete
hollow slabs, with a total length of 320 m. The clear width of the bridge deck is
16m.
✓ Main technical features of the bridge:
• 1. 3m large-diameter, variable-section, deep-water bored rock-socketed pile
foundation is adopted, and the maximum pile length is 70m;
• 2. The tower column structure with H section and horizontal partition is adopted;
• 3. The main beam is directly cantilever assembled by floating crane section by
section;
• 4. Hot-extruded polyethylene anti-corrosion sleeve is used for the cable;
• 5. The continuous box beam with a length of 690m is constructed by multi-point
jacking method on the flexible pier;
• 6. The large-displacement expansion joint device with expansion capacity of
56cm is adopted.
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1.2.5.4 Composite system

➢ Yunyang Hanjiang Bridge(郧阳汉江桥)
✓ Main Span：414m
✓ Designed by：Hubei Provincial Transportation Planning and Design Institute
✓ Constructed by：Sichuan Bridge Engineering Company
✓ Type of the Bridge：Cable-stayed bridge, concrete cable-stayed bridge
✓ Location：Danjiangkou, Yunyang city, hubei province
✓ Length：601m
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1.2.5.4 Composite system

➢ Wuhan Yangtze River Highway Bridge(武汉长江公路桥)
✓ Main Span：400m
✓ Designed and constructed by：Bridge Engineering Bureau of the Ministry
of Railways
✓ Type of the Bridge：Cable-stayed bridge, concrete cable-stayed bridge
✓ Location：Yangtze River, wuhan city, hubei province
✓ Length：4687.73m
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1.3 Achievements and current situation of

bridge construction

➢ Contents
✓ 1.3.1 Bridge construction in China
✓ 1.3.2 Foreign bridge construction
✓ 1.3.3 Prospect of bridge engineering
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.3.1 Bridge construction in China

① Shiping Bridge(石平桥)
② Yongji Bridge(永济桥)
③ Dongqiao(洞桥)
④ Xianmen Bridge(仙门桥)
⑤ Stalagmite bridge(石笋桥)
⑥ Taohua Bridge(桃花桥)
⑦ Bridge on bridge(桥上桥)
⑧ Jade belt bridge(玉带桥)
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1.3.1 Bridge construction in China

➢ Shiping Bridge(石平桥)
✓ Type of the bridge ： Ancient bridges, beam bridges and simply
supported beam bridges
✓ Location：putian city, Fujian province
✓ Length：219m
✓ Completed year：1064
✓ The dam gate was built in the first year of Song Zhiping located on
Mulan Mountain, Nanpotou Village, and is the largest ancient water
conservancy facility in Fujian Province. Shipingqiao is built for paving
stone slabs on the dam gate. 219 meters long, 33 gate piers and 7.5
meters high.
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1.3.1 Bridge construction in China

➢ Yongji Bridge(永济桥)
✓ Main Span：4m
✓ Type of the Bridge：beam bridges and simply supported beam bridges
✓ Location：Yunshan city, guangxi province
✓ Length：36m
✓ Located in Yunshan County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, it is
said that it was built solely by a squire in the Qing Dynasty.
✓ The bridge is 36 meters long and 2 meters wide, with a total of 4 holes
and a span of 4 meters, consisting of 6×40. The 30cm square stones
form the bridge deck, and the piers are olive shaped.
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1.3.1 Bridge construction in China

➢ Dongqiao(洞桥)
✓ Type of the Bridge：Ancient bridges, beam bridges and simply supported
beam bridges
✓ Location：nantang river, Zhejiang province
✓ Length：26.76m
✓ Completed year：960
✓ Located in Dongqiao Township, Yinxian County, Zhejiang Province, across
the Nantang River, it was built in the first year of Jianlong in the Song
Dynasty. There are 2 holes in total. The stone pier wooden deck bridge is
26.76 meters long and 8.1 meters wide. There are stone steps on both sides.
There are nine houses on the bridge. It has been repaired from generation to
generation and is still in good condition.
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1.3.1 Bridge construction in China

➢ Xianmen Bridge(仙门桥)
✓ Type of the Bridge ： Ancient bridges, beam bridges and simply
supported beam bridges
✓ Location：Ouhai city, Zhejiang province
✓ Length：56m
✓ Located in Ouhai County, Zhejiang Province, it has a history of more
than 200 years. It is a 9-hole stone slab bridge with a length of 56
meters. There are only 4 piers built by block stones, and the rest have
been replaced by reinforced concrete bent piers.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.3.1 Bridge construction in China

➢ Stalagmite bridge(石笋桥)
✓ Type of the Bridge：Ancient bridges, beam bridges and simply supported
beam bridges
✓ Location：Jinyuncity, Zhejiang province
✓ Length：86m
✓ Located in Xiandu Scenic Spot, Jinyun County, Zhejiang Province. The
bridge is located under the rock wall of the stalagmite, across the river, built
in the Ming Dynasty, 86 meters long, with a total of 43 holes, each with
different spans. In order to enhance the ability to resist mountain torrents,
diagonal bracing is added at the downstream side of the pier.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

➢ Taohua Bridge(桃花桥)
✓ Main Span：7.2m
✓ Type of the Bridge： Ancient bridges, arch bridges, Masonry arch bridge
✓ Location：hebi city, henan province
✓ Length：15m
✓ Completed year：751
✓ Located in Zhanggongyuan Village, Hebi City, Henan Province.
✓ The single-span semi-circular stone arch bridge is 15 meters long, 7.2 meters long,
7.6 meters high and 5 meters wide. It is said that the bridge was first built in the
tenth year of Tianbao in the Tang Dynasty, and collapsed in 1917 AD due to the
flood. The bridge was repaired the next year, and the height of the bridge was
increased by 3 feet.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

➢ Bridge on bridge(桥上桥)
✓ Main Span：3m
✓ Type of the Bridge： Ancient bridges, arch bridges, Masonry arch bridge
✓ Location：hebi city, henan province
✓ Length：20m
✓ Completed year：617
✓ Located in Hebi City, Henan Province, on the tributary of Tanghe River. According
to the records of the remnant stele, this bridge should be built in Dayejian of Sui
Dynasty, with a span of 3 meters, a platform height of 0.6 meters, a platform base
paved with bricks and stones, a longitudinal mortar arch of sandstone, and a closed
arch of cyan gray stone of 35 × 20 cm, with a water animal head built in the
middle. The bridge is 20 meters long and 4 meters wide.
✓ In 1963, due to the establishment of water conservancy facilities, a semi-circular
stone arch bridge with a span of 2.2 meters was built on the basis of this bridge.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

➢ Jade belt bridge(玉带桥)

✓ Main Span：11.38m
✓ Type of the Bridge： Ancient bridges, arch bridges, Masonry arch bridge
✓ Location：Summer Palace, Beijing city
✓ Completed year：1795
✓ Located on the Kunming Lake Causeway of the Summer Palace in Beijing, it was
built during the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty. The bridge has a
single clear span of 11.38 m and a rise height of about 7.5 m, all of which are
made of jade. The bridge deck is a double reverse curve, forming a wavy line
bridge type, equipped with refined white stone balustrade, which is particularly
magnificent. The egg-shaped arch is particularly high, like a jade belt. The old
name of this bridge is "Dome Bridge", commonly known as Hump Bridge, which
is named after the image. The shape of the Jade Belt Bridge has the style of the
stone arch bridge in the Yangtze River Delta region of China, which is
characterized by its elegance, straightness and lightness.
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

1.3.2 Foreign bridge construction

➢ Revolving bridge
✓ The world's first revolving bridge has been completed in the northern
part of the UK. This historic moment has attracted more than 10000
curious viewers. This unique revolving bridge was named "Millennium
Bridge".
✓ It weighed 850 tons and was placed on the Thames River by a huge
crane on the same day. Since then, it has crossed both sides of the Tai
River, connecting the downtown of Newcastle with the city of
Gateshead. The bridge, which costs millions of dollars, is mainly for
pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists to and from both sides of the Tai
200375511-001

River.
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1.3.2 Foreign bridge construction

➢ Hangford Pedestrian Bridge
✓ The pedestrian bridge with a width of 4 meters and a length of 315
meters was built between Waterloo Station and Chalincross.
✓ This is the second pedestrian bridge on the Thames.
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1.3.3 Prospect of bridge engineering

1. Bridge span structure continues to develop towards large span
2. Prestressed concrete bridge span structure has gradually become
the main body of development in China
3. Diversified development of structural forms and structures
4. Bridge design theory is more perfect and reasonable
5. Bridge CAD technology is more widely used
6. Bridge building materials are developing towards high strength,
light weight and multi-function
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Chapter1 Introduction
◼ Contents
➢ 1.1 Overview to bridges
① Definition of bridge
② The meaning of bridge engineering
③ The origin and development of bridges
➢ 1.2 Composition, classification, and structural system of bridges
① Composition of bridges
② Accessory structures
③ Major terms
④ Classification of bridges
⑤ Structural systems of bridges
➢ 1.3 Achievements and current situation of bridge construction
 第一章 总论 建筑工程学院 王镇

 Homework 1
1. What are the components of a bridge and the functions of each
component ?
2. What are the types of bridges that can be classified based on
their superstructure ?
3. What are the types of bridge substructure included ? And what
are the connections and differences between each part?
4. What are the main construction methods of arch bridges ?
5. What is the classification and mechanical behavior of combined
bridges?
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END !