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Computers Software Engineering and Digital Devices
Richard C. Dorf Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Richard C. Dorf
ISBN(s): 9780849373404, 0849373409
Edition: Kindle
File Details: PDF, 4.78 MB
Year: 2005
Language: english
# 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
 Preface

Purpose
The purpose of The Electrical Engineering Handbook, 3rd Edition is to provide a ready reference for the
practicing engineer in industry, government, and academia, as well as aid students of engineering. The third
edition has a new look and comprises six volumes including:
Circuits, Signals, and Speech and Image Processing
Electronics, Power Electronics, Optoelectronics, Microwaves, Electromagnetics, and Radar
Sensors, Nanoscience, Biomedical Engineering, and Instruments
Broadcasting and Optical Communication Technology
Computers, Software Engineering, and Digital Devices
Systems, Controls, Embedded Systems, Energy, and Machines
Each volume is edited by Richard C. Dorf, and is a comprehensive format that encompasses the many
aspects of electrical engineering with articles from internationally recognized contributors. The goal is to
provide the most up-to-date information in the classical fields of circuits, signal processing, electronics,
electromagnetic fields, energy devices, systems, and electrical effects and devices, while covering the emerging
fields of communications, nanotechnology, biometrics, digital devices, computer engineering, systems, and
biomedical engineering. In addition, a complete compendium of information regarding physical, chemical,
and materials data, as well as widely inclusive information on mathematics is included in each volume. Many
articles from this volume and the other five volumes have been completely revised or updated to fit the needs
of today and many new chapters have been added.
The purpose of this volume, Computers, Software Engineering, and Digital Devices, is to provide a ready
reference to subjects in the fields of digital and logical devices, displays, testing, software, and computers. Here
we provide the basic information for understanding these fields. We also provide information about the
emerging fields of programmable logic, hardware description languages, and parallel computing.

Organization
The information is organized into three sections. The first two sections encompass 20 chapters and the last
section summarizes the applicable mathematics, symbols, and physical constants.
Most articles include three important and useful categories: defining terms, references, and further infor-
mation. Defining terms are key definitions and the first occurrence of each term defined is indicated in boldface
in the text. The definitions of these terms are summarized as a list at the end of each chapter or article.
The references provide a list of useful books and articles for follow-up reading. Finally, further information
provides some general and useful sources of additional information on the topic.

Locating Your Topic

Numerous avenues of access to information are provided. A complete table of contents is presented at the
front of the book. In addition, an individual table of contents precedes each section. Finally, each chapter
begins with its own table of contents. The reader should look over these tables of contents to become familiar
with the structure, organization, and content of the book. For example, see Section II: Computer Engineering,

# 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

then Chapter 17: Parallel Processors, and then Chapter 17.2: Parallel Computing. This tree-and-branch table
of contents enables the reader to move up the tree to locate information on the topic of interest.
Two indexes have been compiled to provide multiple means of accessing information: subject index and
index of contributing authors. The subject index can also be used to locate key definitions. The page on which
the definition appears for each key (defining) term is clearly identified in the subject index.
The Electrical Engineering Handbook, 3rd Edition is designed to provide answers to most inquiries and direct
the inquirer to further sources and references. We hope that this handbook will be referred to often and that
informational requirements will be satisfied effectively.

Acknowledgments
This handbook is testimony to the dedication of the Board of Advisors, the publishers, and my editorial
associates. I particularly wish to acknowledge at Taylor & Francis Nora Konopka, Publisher; Helena Redshaw,
Editorial Project Development Manager; and Richard Tressider, Project Editor. Finally, I am indebted to the
support of Elizabeth Spangenberger, Editorial Assistant.

Richard C. Dorf
Editor-in-Chief

# 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 Editor-in-Chief

Richard C. Dorf, Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of California, Davis,
teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in electrical engineering in the fields of circuits and control
systems. He earned a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, an M.S. from
the University of Colorado, and a B.S. from Clarkson University. Highly concerned with the discipline of
electrical engineering and its wide value to social and economic needs, he has written and lectured
internationally on the contributions and advances in electrical engineering.
Professor Dorf has extensive experience with education and industry and is professionally active in the fields
of robotics, automation, electric circuits, and communications. He has served as a visiting professor at the
University of Edinburgh, Scotland; the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Stanford University; and the
University of California, Berkeley.
Professor Dorf is Fellow of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and a Fellow of the
American Society for Engineering Education. Dr. Dorf is widely known to the profession for his Modern
Control Systems, 10th Edition (Addison-Wesley, 2004) and The International Encyclopedia of Robotics (Wiley,
1988). Dr. Dorf is also the co-author of Circuits, Devices and Systems (with Ralph Smith), 5th Edition (Wiley,
1992), and Electric Circuits, 7th Edition (Wiley, 2006). He also is author of Technology Ventures (McGraw-
Hill, 2005) and The Engineering Handbook, 2nd Edition (CRC Press, 2005).

# 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

# 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
 Advisory Board

Frank Barnes William Kersting Richard S. Sandige

University of Colorado New Mexico State University California Polytechnic State
Boulder, Colorado Las Cruces, New Mexico University
San Luis Obispo, California
Joseph Bronzino
Trinity College Vojin Oklobdzia
Hartford, Connecticut University of California Leonard Shaw
Davis, California Polytechnic University
Wai-Kai Chen Brooklyn, New York
University of Illinois
Chicago, Illinois
John V. Oldfield John W. Steadman
Syracuse University
Delores Etter University of South Alabama
Syracuse, New York
United States Naval Academy Mobile, Alabama
Annapolis, Maryland

Lyle Feisel Banmali Rawat R. Lal Tummala

State University of New York University of Nevada Michigan State University
Binghamton, New York Reno, Nevada East Lansing, Michigan

# 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

# 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
 Contributors

M. Abdelguerfi James M. Feldman Paul C. Jorgensen

University of New Orleans Northeastern University Grand Valley State University
New Orleans, Louisiana Boston, Massachusetts Rockford, Michigan

Cajetan M. Akujuobi Tse-yun Feng Miro Kraetzl

Prairie View A&M University Pennsylvania State University Defence Science and Technology
Prairie View, Texas University Park, Pennsylvania Organisation
Salisbury, Australia
Carl A. Argila James F. Frenzel
Dhammika
Software Engineering Consultant University of Idaho
Kurumbalapitiya
Pico Rivera, California Moscow, Idaho Harvey Mudd College
Claremont, California
B.R. Bannister Raphael Finkel
University of Hull (retired) University of Kentucky Peter A. Lee
Hull, U.K. Lexington, Kentucky East of England Development Agency
Cambridge, U.K.
Bill D. Carroll James M. Gilbert
University of Texas University of Hull Young Choon Lee
Arlington, Texas Hull, U.K. University of Sydney
Sydney, Australia
Michael D. Ciletti Peter Graham
University of Colorado University of Minnesota Ted G. Lewis
Colorado Springs, Colorado Saint Paul, Minnesota Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California
George A. Constantinides Chris G. Guy
Imperial College of Science University of Reading Albert A. Liddicoat
London, U.K. Reading, U.K. California Polytechnic State University
San Luis Obispo, California
J. Arlin Cooper Carl Hamacher
Sandia National Laboratories Queen’s University
Jay Liebowitz
Johns Hopkins University
Albuquerque, New Mexico Kingston, Canada
Rockville, Maryland
Edward W. Czeck H.S. Hinton
M. Mansuripur
Chrysatis Symbolic Design Utah State University
University of Arizona
North Billerica, Massachusetts Logan, Utah Tucson, Arizona

Bulent I. Dervisoglu Barry W. Johnson Johannes J. Martin

Silicon Graphics, Inc. University of Virginia University of New Orleans
Mountain View, California Charlottesville, Virginia New Orleans, Louisiana

R. Eskicioglu Anna M. Johnston James E. Morris

University of Alberta Sandia National Laboratories Portland State University
Edmonton, Canada Albuquerque, New Mexico Lake Oswego, Oregon

# 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Gregory L. Moss Michaela Serra Zvonko Vranesic
Purdue University University of Victoria University of Toronto
West Lafayette, Indiana Victoria, Canada Toronto, Canada

Franco P. Preparata Mostafa Hashem Sherif Larry F. Weber

Brown University AT&T The Society for Information
Providence, Rhode Island Tinton Falls, New Jersey Highland, New York

W. David Pricer Solomon Sherr D.G. Whitehead

Pricer Business Services Westland Electronics University of Hull
Charlotte, Vermont Old Chatham, New York Hull, U.K.

Jacques Raymond Lynne A. Slivovsky Phillip J. Windley

University of Ottawa California Polytechnic State University Brigham Young University
Ottawa, Canada San Luis Obispo, California Provo, Utah

Evelyn P. Rozanski John Staudhammer S.N. Yanushkevich

Rochester Institute of Technology University of Florida University of Calgary
Rochester, New York Gainesville, Florida Calgary, Canada

Matthew N.O. Sadiku Ronald J. Tallarida Safwat Zaky

Prairie View A&M University Temple University University of Toronto
Prairie View, Texas Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Toronto, Canada

Richard S. Sandige Charles W. Therrien Albert Y. Zomaya

California Polytechnic State University Naval Postgraduate School University of Sydney
San Luis Obispo, California Monterey, California Sydney, Australia

Nan C. Schaller Richard F. Tinder

Rochester Institute of Technology Washington State University
Rochester Center, New York Pullman, Washington

# 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 Contents

SECTION I Digital Devices

1 Logic Elements
1.1 IC Logic Family Operation and Characteristics Gregory L. Moss
1.2 Logic Gates (IC) Peter Graham
1.3 Bistable Devices Richard S. Sandige and Lynne A. Slivovsky
1.4 Optical Devices H.S. Hinton

2 Memory Devices
2.1 Integrated Circuits (RAM, ROM) W. David Pricer
2.2 Magnetic Tape Peter A. Lee
2.3 Magneto-Optical Disk Data Storage M. Mansuripur

3 Logical Devices
3.1 Combinational Networks and Switching Algebra Franco P. Preparata
3.2 Logic Circuits Richard S. Sandige and Albert A. Liddicoat
3.3 Registers and Their Applications B.R. Bannister, D.G. Whitehead,
and James M. Gilbert
3.4 Programmable Arrays George A. Constantinides
3.5 Arithmetic Logic Units Bill D. Carroll
3.6 Programmable Logic Albert A. Liddicoat and Lynne A. Slivovsky

4 Microprocessors
4.1 Practical Microprocessors John Staudhammer
4.2 Applications Phillip J. Windley and James F. Frenzel

5 Displays
5.1 Light-Emitting Diodes James E. Morris
5.2 Liquid-Crystal Displays James E. Morris
5.3 Plasma Displays Larry F. Weber

6 Data Acquisition Dhammika Kurumbalapitiya

7 Testing
7.1 Digital IC Testing Michaela Serra
7.2 Design for Test Bulent I. Dervisoglu

# 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

SECTION II Computer Engineering

8 Organization
8.1 Number Systems Richard F. Tinder
8.2 Computer Arithmetic S.N. Yanushkevich
8.3 Architecture Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, and Safwat Zaky
8.4 Microprogramming Jacques Raymond

9 Programming
9.1 Assembly Language James M. Feldman and Edward W. Czeck
9.2 High-Level Languages Ted G. Lewis
9.3 Data Types and Data Structures Johannes J. Martin
9.4 The Use of Hardware Description Languages in Computer Design Michael D. Ciletti

10 Input and Output Solomon Sherr

11 Secure Electronic Commerce Mostafa Hashem Sherif

12 Software Engineering
12.1 Tools and Techniques Carl A. Argila
12.2 Software Testing Paul C. Jorgensen

13 Computer Graphics Nan C. Schaller and Evelyn P. Rozanski

14 Computer Networks Matthew N.O. Sadiku and Cajetan M. Akujuobi

15 Fault Tolerance Barry W. Johnson

16 Knowledge Engineering
16.1 Databases M. Abdelguerfi and R. Eskicioglu
16.2 Rule-Based Expert Systems Jay Liebowitz

17 Parallel Processors
17.1 Parallel Processors Tse-yun Feng and Miro Kraetzl
17.2 Parallel Computing Young Choon Lee and Albert Y. Zomaya

18 Operating Systems Raphael Finkel

19 Computer and Communications Security J. Arlin Cooper and Anna M. Johnston

20 Computer Reliability Chris G. Guy

SECTION III Mathematics, Symbols, and Physical Constants

Introduction Ronald J. Tallarida

Greek Alphabet
International System of Units (SI)

# 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 Conversion Constants and Multipliers
Physical Constants
Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities
Credits
Probability for Electrical and Computer Engineers Charles W. Therrien

Indexes
Author Index

Subject Index

# 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 I
Digital Devices
1 Logic Elements G.L. Moss, P. Graham, R.S. Sandige, L.A. Slivovsky, H.S. Hinton
IC Logic Family Operation and Characteristics *
Logic Gates (IC) *
Bistable Devices *

Optical Devices

2 Memory Devices W.D. Pricer, P.A. Lee, M. Mansuripur

Integrated Circuits (RAM, ROM) *
Magnetic Tape *
Magneto-Optical Disk Data Storage

3 Logical Devices F.P. Preparata, R.S. Sandige, A.A. Liddicoat,

B.R. Bannister, D.G. Whitehead, J.M. Gilbert, G.A. Constantinides,
B.D. Carroll, L.A. Slivovsky
Combinational Networks and Switching Algebra Logic Circuits Registers and Their
* *

Applications Programmable Arrays Arithmetic Logic Units Programmable Logic

* * *

4 Microprocessors J. Staudhammer, P.J. Windley, J.F. Frenzel

Practical Microprocessors *
Applications

5 Displays J.E. Morris, L.F. Weber

Light-Emitting Diodes *
Liquid-Crystal Displays *
Plasma Displays

6 Data Acquisition D. Kurumbalapitiya

Introduction The Analog and Digital Signal Interface Analog Signal Conditioning
* * *

Sample-and-Hold and A/D Techniques in Data Acquisition The Communication Interface of a

*

Data Acquisition System Data Recording Software Aspects

* *

7 Testing M. Serra, B.I. Dervisoglu

Digital IC Testing *
Design for Test

# 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 1
Logic Elements
Gregory L. Moss
Purdue University 1.1 IC Logic Family Operation and Characteristics
Peter Graham IC Logic Families and Subfamilies TTL Logic Family CMOS
* *

University of Minnesota Logic Family ECL Logic Family Logic Family Circuit
* *

Parameters Interfacing between Logic Families

*

Richard S. Sandige
1.2 Logic Gates (IC)
California Polytechnic State
Gate Specification Parameters Bipolar Transistor Gates
* *

University
Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Logic *

Lynne A. Slivovsky CMOS Design Considerations Choosing a Logic Family

*

California Polytechnic State 1.3 Bistable Devices

University Latches Flip-Flops
*

H.S. Hinton 1.4 Optical Devices

Utah State University All-Optical Devices Optoelectronic Devices
*

1.1 IC Logic Family Operation and Characteristics

Gregory L. Moss
Digital logic circuits can be classified as belonging to one of two categories, either combinational (also called
combinatorial) or sequential logic circuits. The output logic level of a combinational circuit depends only on
the current logic levels at the circuit’s inputs. Conversely, sequential logic circuits have a memory
characteristic, making the sequential circuit’s output dependent not only on current input conditions but also
on the current output state of the circuit. The primary building block of combinational circuits is the
logic gate. The three simplest logic gate functions are the inverter (or NOT), AND and OR. Other basic logic
functions are derived from these three. See Table 1.1 for truth table definitions of the various types of logic
gates. The memory elements used to construct sequential logic circuits are called latches and flip-flops.
The integrated circuit switching logic used in modern digital systems generally comes from one of three
families: transistor-transistor logic (TTL), complementary metal oxide semiconductor logic (CMOS) or
emitter coupled logic (ECL). Each logic family has its advantages and disadvantages. The three major families
are divided into various subfamilies derived from performance improvements in IC design technology. Bipolar
transistors provide switching action in both the TTL and ECL families, while enhancement-mode MOS
transistors form the basis for the CMOS family. Recent improvements in switching-circuit performance are
also attained using BiCMOS technology, the merging of bipolar and CMOS technologies on a single chip.
A particular logic family is usually selected by digital designers based on criteria such as:
1. Switching speed
2. Power dissipation
3. PC board-area requirements (level of integration)
4. Output drive capability (fan-out)
5. Noise immunity characteristics
6. Product breadth
7. Sourcing of components

# 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

TABLE 1.1 Defining Truth Tables for Logic Gates
1-Input Function 2-Input Functions

Input Output Inputs Output Functions

A NOT A B AND OR NAND NOR XOR XNOR

0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1

IC Logic Families and Subfamilies

Integrated circuit logic families actually consist of several subfamilies of ICs that differ in performance
characteristics. The TTL logic family has been the most widely used family type for applications employing small
scale integration (SSI) or medium scale integration (MSI) integrated circuits. Lower power consumption and
higher levels of integration are the principal advantages of the CMOS family. The ECL family is generally used in
applications requiring high-speed switching logic. Today, the most common device-numbering system used in
the TTL and CMOS families has a prefix of 54 (generally used in military applications and having an operating
temperature range from 55 to 125–C) and 74 (generally used in industrial/commercial applications and having
an operating temperature range from 0 to 70–C). Table 1.2 identifies various logic families and subfamilies.

TTL Logic Family

The TTL family has been the most widely used logic family for many years in applications employing SSI and
MSI. It is moderately fast and offers a great variety of standard chips, but it is a mature technology that is
generally no longer used in new circuit designs.

TABLE 1.2 Logic Families and Subfamilies

Family (Subfamily) Description

TTL Transistor-Transistor Logic

74xx Standard TTL
74Lxx Low power TTL
74Hxx High speed TTL
74Sxx Schottky TTL
74LSxx Low power Schottky TTL
74Asxx Advanced Schottky TTL
74ALSxx Advanced low power Schottky TTL
74Fxx Fast TTL
CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
4xxx Standard CMOS
74Cxx Standard CMOS using TTL numbering system
74HCxx High speed CMOS
74HCTxx High speed CMOS – TTL compatible
74FCTxx Fast CMOS – TTL compatible
74Acxx Advanced CMOS
74ACTxx Advanced CMOS – TTL compatible
74AHCxx Advanced high speed CMOS
74AHCTxx Advanced high speed CMOS – TTL compatible
ECL (or CML) Emitter Coupled (Current Mode) Logic
10xxx Standard ECL
10Hxxx High speed ECL

# 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 The active switching element used in all TTL family circuits is the NPN (not pointing in) bipolar junction
transistor (BJT). The transistor is turned on when the base is approximately 0.7 volts more positive than the
emitter and there is a sufficient flow of base current. The turned-on transistor (in non-Schottky subfamilies) is
said to be in saturation and, ideally, acts like a closed switch between collector and emitter terminals. The
transistor is turned off when the base is not biased with a high enough voltage with respect to the emitter. In
this condition, the transistor acts like an open switch between the collector and emitter terminals.
Figure 1.1 illustrates the transistor circuit blocks used in a standard TTL inverter. Four transistors are used
to achieve the inverter function. The gate input connects to the emitter of transistor Q1, the input-coupling
transistor. A clamping diode on the input prevents negative input-voltage spikes from damaging Q1. The
collector voltage (and current) of Q1 controls Q2, the phase-splitter transistor. Q2 in turn controls the Q3 and
Q4 transistors, forming the output circuit called a totem-pole arrangement. Q4 serves as a pull-up transistor,
pulling the output high when it is turned on. Q3 does the opposite to the output, acting as a pull-down
transistor. Q3 pulls the output low when it is turned on. Only one of the two transistors in the totem pole can
be turned on at a time. This is the function of the phase-splitter transistor.
When a high-logic level is applied to the inverter’s input, Q1’s base-emitter junction will be reverse-biased
and the base-collector junction will be forward-biased. This circuit condition will allow Q1 collector current
to flow into the base of Q2, saturating Q2 and providing base current into Q3, and turning on Q3 as well.

V
CC

VB4 pull-up
(to VCC)
VC2 Q4

VE1 input VC1 VB2 phase- VE4

input coupling splitter output
Q1 Q2 VC3
VE2 VB3 pull-down
(to GND)
Q3

VCC

R4
R1 R2

Q4
Q1
D2
input Q2
output
D1 Q3
R3

input VC1 Q2 VC2 VE2 Q3 VC3 Q4 VE4 output

hi hi on low hi on low off open low

low low off hi low off open on hi hi

FIGURE 1.1 TTL inverter circuit and operation.

# 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

The collector voltage of Q2 is too low to turn on Q4, so that it appears as an opening in the top part of the
totem pole. A diode between the two totem-pole transistors provides an extra voltage drop, in series with
the base-emitter junction of Q4, to ensure that Q4 will be turned off when Q2 is turned on. The saturated Q3
transistor brings the output near ground potential, producing a low-output result for a high input into the
inverter.
When a low logic level is applied to the inverter’s input, Q1’s base-emitter junction will be forward-biased
and the base-collector junction will be reverse-biased. This circuit condition will turn on Q1, shorting the
collector terminal to the emitter and, therefore, to ground (low-level). This low voltage also acts on the base of
Q2 and turns Q2 off. With Q2 off, insufficient base current flows into Q3, turning it off also. The Q2 leakage
current is shunted to ground with a resistor to prevent the partial turning on of Q3. The collector voltage of
Q2 is pulled to a high potential with another resistor and then turns on Q4, making it appear as a short in the
top of the totem pole. The saturated Q4 transistor provides a low-resistance path from VCC to the output,
producing high output for a low input into the inverter.
A TTL NAND gate is similar to the inverter circuit. The only exception is that the input-coupling transistor
Q1 is constructed with multiple emitter-base junctions and each input to the NAND is connected to a separate
emitter terminal. Any of the transistor’s multiple emitters can turn on Q1. The TTL NAND gate thus functions
in the same manner as the inverter, in that if any of the NAND gate inputs are low, the same circuit action will
take place as with a low input to the inverter. Therefore, any time a low input is applied to the NAND gate, it
will produce high output. Only if all the NAND gate inputs are simultaneously high, will it produce the same
circuit action as the inverter, with its single input high and the resultant output low. Input coupling transistors
with up to eight emitter-base junctions and, therefore, eight-input NAND gates are constructed.
Storage time (the time it takes for the transistor to come out of saturation) is a major factor of propagation
delay for saturated BJT transistors. A long storage time limits switching speed of a standard TTL circuit.
Propagation delay can be decreased and the switching speed increased by placing a Schottky diode between the
base and collector of each transistor that might saturate. The resulting Schottky-clamped transistors then will
not go into saturation, effectively eliminating storage time, since the diode shunts current from the base into
the collector before the transistor can achieve saturation. Digital circuit designs implemented with TTL logic
almost exclusively use one of the Schottky subfamilies to take advantage of a significant improvement in
switching speed.

CMOS Logic Family

The vast majority of new circuit designs today utilize CMOS family devices. The active switching element in all
CMOS family circuits is the metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET). CMOS stands for
complementary MOS transistors and refers to both types of MOSFET transistors, n-channel and p-channel,
used to design this type of switching circuit. While the physical construction and internal physics of a
MOSFET differ from the BJT, the circuit switching action of the two transistor types is quite similar. The
MOSFET switch is essentially turned off and has a very high channel resistance by applying the same potential
to the gate terminal as to the source. An n-channel MOSFET is turned on and has a very low channel
resistance when a high voltage with respect to the source is applied to the gate. A p-channel MOSFET operates
in the same fashion but with opposite polarities; the gate must be more negative than the source to turn on the
transistor.
A block diagram and schematic for a CMOS inverter circuit is shown in Figure 1.2. Note that the circuit has
a simpler and more compact design than that for the TTL inverter. That is a major reason why MOSFET
integrated circuits have a higher circuit density than BJT integrated circuits and is one advantage that
MOSFET ICs have over BJT ICs. As a result, CMOS is used in all levels of integration, from SSI through Very
Large Scale Integration (VLSI).
When a high logic level is applied to the inverter’s input, the p-channel MOSFET Q1 will be turned off and
the n-channel MOSFET Q2 will be turned on. This causes the output to be shorted to ground through the
low-resistance path of Q2’s channel. The turned-off Q1 has a very high channel resistance and acts almost like
an open channel.

# 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 VDD
+VDD

VG1 pull-up
(p-channel)
Q1 Q1

VD1
input output input output
VD2
VG2 pull-down Q2
(n-channel)
Q2

input Q1 VD1 Q2 VD2 output

hi off open on low low

low on hi off open hi

FIGURE 1.2 CMOS inverter circuit and operation.

VDD VDD

Q1 Q2
(p-chan) (p-chan)
X
X

A
Q3
A
(n-chan)

B
Q4
B
(n-chan)
inputs transistors output
A B Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 X
low low on on off off hi
low hi on off off on hi
hi low off on on off hi
hi hi off off on on low

FIGURE 1.3 CMOS two-input NAND circuit and operation.

When a low logic level is applied to the inverter’s input, the p-channel MOSFET Q1 will be turned on and
the n-channel MOSFET Q2 will be turned off. This causes the output to be shorted to VDD through the low-
resistance path of Q1’s channel. The turned-off Q2 has a very high channel resistance and acts almost like an
open channel.
CMOS NAND gates are constructed by paralleling p-channel MOSFETs, one for each input, and putting in
series an n-channel MOSFET for each input, as shown in the block diagram and schematic of Figure 1.3.

# 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

The NAND gate will produce a low output only when both Q3 and Q4 are turned on, creating a low-resistance
path from the output to ground through the two series channels. This can be achieved by having a high input on
both A and B. This input condition will also turn off Q1 and Q2. If either input A or input B or both are low, the
respective parallel MOSFET will be turned on, providing a low resistance path for the output to VDD. This will
also turn off at least one of the series MOSFETs, resulting in a high resistance path for the output to ground.

ECL Logic Family

ECL is the highest-speed logic family available. While it does not offer as large a variety of IC chips as are
available in the TTL or CMOS families, it has been popular for logic applications requiring high-speed
switching, although its power consumption is also relatively high. ECL power consumption, however, does not
increase as the switching frequency increases. At frequencies above 20 MHz, the dynamic power consumption
of CMOS gates will continue to increase and exceed the per-gate consumption of ECL devices. Newer ECL
family devices are available that can be switched at a rate faster than 3GHz.
The active switching element used in ECL family circuits is also the NPN BJT. But unlike the TTL family,
which switches the transistors into saturation while turning them on, ECL switching is designed to prevent
driving the transistors into saturation. Whenever bipolar transistors are driven into saturation, their switching
speed will be limited by the charge-carrier storage delay, a transistor operational characteristic. Thus, the
switching speed of ECL circuits will be significantly higher than that for TTL circuits. ECL operation is based
on switching a fixed amount of bias current, which is less than the saturation amount between two different
transistors. The basic circuit found in the ECL family is the differential amplifier. A bias circuit controls one
side of the differential amplifier, while the other is controlled by the logic inputs to the gate. This logic family is
also referred to as current-mode logic (CML), due to its current switching operation.

Logic Family Circuit Parameters

Digital circuits and systems operate in only two states, logic 1 and 0, usually represented by two different
voltage levels, a HIGH and a LOW. The two logic levels consist of a range of values with numerical quantities
dependent upon the specific family used. Minimum high-logic levels and maximum low-logic levels are
established by specifications for each family. Minimum device output levels for a logic high are called
VOH(min), and minimum input levels are called VIH(min). The abbreviations for maximum output and input

Volts Volts
Output Input
Output Input
5 Hi 5
VOHmin
VNH Hi
4 4
Hi
Hi VIHmin
3 3
VOHmin Disallowed
VNH Range Indeterminate
2 VIHmin 2 Range
Disallowed
Indeterminate
Range
Range
1 1 VILmax
VILmax VNL
VOLmax VNL
Lo
Lo Lo VOLmax
0 Lo 0
TTL family CMOS family (VDD = 5V)

FIGURE 1.4 TTL and CMOS family logic levels.

# 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Other documents randomly have
different content
harm, shot down with deliberate and unerring aim whomsoever they
would. Four hours of the battle had now passed, and though but one
man had been hurt within the fortress, a hundred and seventy-one
of the citizens had been either killed or wounded. The French
soldiers now raised a flag of truce upon the towers, while the Swiss
continued firing below. This movement plunged De Launey into
despair. One hundred thousand men were beleaguering his fortress.
The king sent no troops to his aid; and three fourths of his garrison
had abandoned him and were already opening communications with
his assailants. He knew that the people could never pardon him for
the blood of their fathers and brothers with which he had crimsoned
their streets—that death was his inevitable doom. In a state almost
of delirium he seized a match from a cannon and rushed toward the
magazine, determined to blow up the citadel. There were a hundred
and thirty-five barrels of gunpowder in the vaults. The explosion
would have thrown the Bastille into the air, buried one hundred
thousand people beneath its ruins, and have demolished one third of
Paris.[172] Two subaltern officers crossed their bayonets before him
and prevented the accomplishment of this horrible design.
Some wretches seized upon a young lady whom they believed to be
the governor's daughter, and wished, by the threat of burning her
within view of her father upon the towers, to compel him to
surrender. But the citizens promptly rescued her from their hands
and conveyed her to a place of safety. It was now five o'clock, and
the assault had commenced at twelve o'clock at noon. The French
soldiers within made white flags of napkins, attached them to
bayonets, and waved them from the walls. Gradually the flags of
truce were seen through the smoke; the firing ceased, and the cry
resounded through the crowd and was echoed along the streets of
Paris, "The Bastille surrenders." This fortress, which Louis XIV. and
Turenne had pronounced impregnable, surrendered not to the arms
of its assailants, for they had produced no impression upon it. It was
conquered by that public opinion which pervaded Paris and which
vanquished its garrison.[173]
The massive portals were thrown open, and the vast multitude, a
living deluge, plunging headlong, rushed in. They clambered the
towers, penetrated the cells, and descended into the dungeons and
oubliettes. Appalled they gazed upon the instruments of torture with
which former victims of oppression had been torn and broken.
Excited as they were by the strife, and exasperated by the shedding
of blood, but one man in the fortress, a Swiss soldier, fell a victim to
their rage.
The victorious people now set out in a tumultuous procession to
convey their prisoners, the governor and the soldiers, to the Hôtel
de Ville. Those of the populace whose relatives had perished in the
strife were roused to fury, and called loudly for the blood of De
Launey. Two very powerful men placed themselves on each side of
him for his protection. But the clamor increased, the pressure
became more resistless, and just as they were entering the Place de
Grève the protectors of the governor were overpowered—he was
struck down, his head severed by a sabre stroke, and raised a
bloody and ghastly trophy into the air upon a pike.
In the midst of the great commotion two of the Swiss soldiers of the
Bastille, whom the populace supposed to have been active in the
cannonade, were seized, notwithstanding the most strenuous efforts
to save them, and hung to a lamp-post. A rumor passed through the
crowd that a letter had been found from the mayor, Flesselles, who
was already strongly suspected of treachery, directed to De Launey,
in which he said,
"I am amusing the Parisians with cockades and promises. Hold out
till the evening and you shall be relieved."[174]
Loud murmurs rose from the crowd which filled and surrounded the
hall. Some one proposed that Flesselles should be taken to the Palais
Royal to be tried by the people. The clamor was increasing and his
peril imminent. Pallid with fear he descended from the platform, and,
accompanied by a vast throng, set out for the Palais Royal. At the
turning of the first street an unknown man approached, and with a
pistol shot him dead. Infuriate wretches immediately cut off his
head, and it was borne upon a pike in savage triumph through the
streets.
The French Guards, with the great body of the people, did what they
could to repress these bloody acts. The French and Swiss soldiers
took the oath of fidelity to the nation, and under the protection of
the French Guard were marched to places of safety where they were
supplied with lodgings and food. Thus terminated this eventful day.
The fall of the Bastille broke the right arm of the monarchy,
paralyzed its nerves of action, and struck it a death blow. The
monarch of France, from his palace at Versailles, heard the distant
thunders of the cannonade, and yet inscribed upon his puerile
journal "Nothing!"[175]
 FOOTNOTES:
[152] "Thus Paris, without courts of justice, without police,
without a guard, at the mercy of one hundred thousand men who
were wandering idly in the middle of the night, and for the most
part wanting bread, believed itself on the point of being besieged
from without and pillaged from within; believed that twenty-five
thousand soldiers were posted around to blockade it and cut off
all supplies of provisions, and that it would be a prey to a starving
populace."—Memoirs of Marmontel.
[153] Hist. Phil. de la Rev. Fr., par Ant. Fantin Desodoards, t. i., p.
148.
[154] Professor William Smyth, in his very able and candid
lectures, delivered at the University of Cambridge, England,
though his sympathies are with the court in this conflict, writes:
"On the whole, it appears to me that there can be no doubt that
a great design had been formed by the court for the dissolution
of the National Assembly and the assertion of the power of the
crown. That military force was to have been produced, and
according to the measure of its success would, in all probability,
have been the depression of the spirit of liberty, even of national
liberty, then existing in France. Less than this can not well be
supposed; much more may be believed."—Lectures on the French
Revolution, vol. i., p. 251.
[155] The Old Régime and the Revolution, by M. de Tocqueville,
p. 190.
[156] Michelet, vol. i., p. 136.
[157] "They were going to make payments with a paper money,
without any other guarantee than the signature of an insolvent
king."—Michelet, vol. i., p. 137.
[158] "A list of the proscribed had been drawn up in the
committee of the queen. Sixty-nine deputies, at the head of
whom were placed Mirabeau, Sièyes, and Bailly, were to be
imprisoned in the citadel of Metz, and from thence led to the
scaffold, as guilty of rebellion. The signal agreed upon for this St.
Bartholomew of the representatives of the people was the change
of the ministry."—Histoire des Montagnards, par Alphonse
Esquiros, p. 15.
[159] Lectures on the French Revolution, by Wm. Smyth, vol. i.,
p. 241.
[160] Louis, Viscount of Noailles, was a deputy of the nobles.
With La Fayette, Rochefoucault, and others he warmly espoused
the cause of popular liberty. He voted in favor of uniting with the
National Assembly, and was the first to exhort the clergy and the
nobility to renounce their privileges, as injurious to the common
weal. When the Revolution sank degraded into the hands of low
and worthless men, he retired from the public service; but when
Napoleon came to the rescue, he again entered the army, and
was subsequently killed in a battle with the English.—Enc. Am.,
Art. Noailles.
[161] "The better part of the Assembly," writes Ferrières,
"strangers to all the intrigues which might be going forward, was
filled with alarm at the sad reports that were circulating, and
terrified at the designs of the court, which they were assured
went to the seizing of Paris, the dissolution of the Assembly, and
the massacre of the citizens. In the mean time the partisans of
the court concealed their joy under an appearance of
indifference. They came to the sittings to see what turns the
deliberations would take, to enjoy their triumph, and the
humiliation of the Assembly. The Assembly they looked upon as
annihilated."
[162] Michelet, vol. i., p. 38; Geo. Long, Esq., vol. i., p. 28.
[163] "This heroic man was the Abbé Lefebvre d'Ormesson. No
man rendered a greater service to the Revolution and the city of
Paris."—Michelet, vol. i., p. 140.
"A patriot, in liquor, insisted on sitting to smoke on the edge of
one of the powder-barrels. There smoked he, independent of the
world, till the Abbé purchased his pipe for three francs, and
pitched it far."—Carlyle, vol. i., p. 191.
[164] Louis Blanc, Histoire de la Revolution Française, vol. ii., p.
365.
[165] Michelet, vol. i., p. 156.
[166] Histoire des Montagnards, par Alphonse Esquiros, p. 16.
[167] M. Rabaud de St. Etienne, vol. i., p. 66.
[168] "Its walls, ten feet thick at the top of its towers, and thirty
or forty at the base, might long laugh at cannon-balls. Its
 batteries, firing down upon Paris, could in the mean time
demolish the whole of the Marais and the Faubourg St. Antoine.
Its towers pierced with windows and loop-holes, protected by
double and triple gratings, enabled the garrison in full security to
make a dreadful carnage of its assailants."—Michelet, vol. i., p.
143.
[169] Thiers, vol. i., p. 69.
[170] "Old men," says Michelet, "who have had the happiness
and the misery to see all that has happened in this
unprecedented half century, declared that the grand and national
achievements of the Republic and the Empire had, nevertheless,
a partial non-unanimous character. But that the 14th of July alone
was the day of the whole people."—Michelet, vol. i., p. 144.
[171] Histoire Des Montagnards par Alphonse Esquiros, p. 17.
[172] Michelet, vol. i., p. 156.
[173] "Properly speaking the Bastille was not taken, it
surrendered. Troubled by a bad conscience, it went mad, and lost
all presence of mind."—Michelet, vol. i., p. 156.

CHAPTER XIV.
THE KING RECOGNIZES THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY.

Rout of the Cavalry of Lambesc.—Tidings of the Capture of the

Bastille reach Versailles.—Consternation of the Court.—Midnight
Interview between the Duke of Liancourt and the King.—New
Delegation from the Assembly.—The King visits the Assembly.—
The King escorted back to his Palace.—Fickleness of the
Monarch.—Deputation sent to the Hôtel de Ville.—Address of La
Fayette.—La Fayette appointed Commander of the National
Guard.

WHILE these scenes were transpiring in Paris, the court, but poorly
informed respecting the real attitude of affairs, were preparing, on
that very evening, with all the concentrated troops of the monarchy,
to drown the insurrection in Paris in blood, to disperse the Assembly,
consigning to the dungeon and the scaffold its prominent members,
and to rivet anew those shackles of despotism which for ages had
bound the people of France hand and foot.
M. Berthier, one of the high officers of the crown, aided by his
father-in-law, M. Foulon, under minister of war, was intensely active
marshaling the troops, and giving orders for the attack. Conscious of
the opposition they must encounter, and regardless of the carnage
which would ensue, they had planned a simultaneous assault upon
the city at seven different points. Entertaining no apprehension that
the Bastille could be taken, or that the populace, however desperate,
could present any effectual resistance to the disciplined troops of the
crown, they were elated with the hope that the decisive hour for the
victory of the court had arrived.
The queen could not conceal her exultation. With the Duchess of
Polignac, one of the most haughty of the aristocratic party, and with
others of the court, she went to the Orangery, where a regiment of
foreign troops were stationed, excited the enthusiasm of the soldiers
by her presence, and caused wine and gold to be freely distributed
among them. In the intoxication of the moment the soldiers sang,
danced, shouted, clashed their weapons, and swore eternal fidelity
to the queen.[176]
But these bright hopes were soon blighted. A cloud of dust was
seen, moving with the sweep of the whirlwind through the Avenue
of Paris. It was the cavalry of Lambesc flying before the people.
Soon after a messenger rushed breathless into the presence of the
court, and announced that the Bastille was taken, and that the
troops in Paris refused to fire upon the people. While he was yet
speaking another came with the tidings that De Launey and
Flesselles were both slain. The queen was deeply affected and wept
bitterly. "The idea," writes Madame Campan, "that the king had lost
such devoted subjects wounded her to the heart." The court party
was now plunged into consternation. The truth flashed upon them
that while the people were exasperated to the highest pitch, the
troops could no longer be depended upon for the defense of the
court.
The masses, enraged by the insults and aggressions of the privileged
classes, still appreciated the kindly nature of the king, and spoke of
him with respect and even affection. Efforts were made by the court
to conceal from Louis the desperate state of affairs, and at his usual
hour of eleven o'clock he retired to his bed, by no means conscious
that the sceptre of power had passed from his hands.
The Duke of Liancourt, whose office as grand master of the
wardrobe, allowed him to enter the chamber of the king at any hour,
was a sincere friend of Louis. He could not see him rush thus blindly
to destruction, and, accordingly, entering his chamber and sitting
down by his bedside, he gave him a truthful narrative of events in
Paris. The king, astonished and alarmed, exclaimed, "Why, it is a
revolt!" "Nay, sire," replied Liancourt, "it is a revolution!"
The king immediately resolved that he would the next morning,
without any ceremony, visit the National Assembly, and attempt a
reconciliation. The leading members of the court, now fully
conscious of their peril, were assembled in the saloons of the
Duchess of Polignac, some already suggested flight from the realm
to implore the aid of foreign kings. The Assembly was still, during
these midnight hours, deliberating in great anxiety. Many of the
members, utterly exhausted by their uninterrupted service by day
and by night, were slumbering upon the benches. It was known by
all that this was the night assigned for the great assault; and a
rumor was passing upon all lips that the hall of the Assembly had
been undermined that all the deputies might be blown into the air.
Paris at this hour presented a scene of awful tumult. It was
momentarily expected that the royal troops would arrive with cavalry
and artillery, and that from the heights of Montmartre bomb-shells
would be rained down upon the devoted city. Men, women, and
children were preparing for defense. The Bastille was guarded and
garrisoned. The pavements were torn up, barricades erected, and
ditches dug. The windows were illuminated to throw the light of day
into the streets. Paving stones and heavy articles of furniture were
conveyed to the roofs of the houses to be thrown down upon the
assailing columns. Every smith was employed forging pikes, and
thousands of hands were busy casting bullets. Tumultuous throngs
of characterless and desperate men swept through the streets,
rioting in the general anarchy. The watch-words established by the
citizen patrols were "Washington and Liberty." Thus passed the night
of the 14th of July in the Chateau of Versailles, in the hall of the
Assembly, and in the streets of Paris.
At two o'clock in the morning of the 15th the Assembly ceased its
deliberations for a few hours, and the members, though the session
was still continued, sought such repose as they could obtain in their
seats. At eight o'clock the discussions were resumed. It was resolved
to send a deputation of twenty-four members, again to implore the
king to respect the rights of the people, and no longer to suffer
them to be goaded to madness by insults and oppression. As the
deputation was about to leave, Mirabeau rose and said, "Tell the
king that the foreign hordes surrounding us received yesterday the
caresses, encouragement, and bribes of the court; that all night long
these foreign satellites, gorged with money and wine, in their
impious songs have predicted the enslavement of France, and have
invoked the destruction of the National Assembly; tell him that in his
very palace the courtiers have mingled dancing with these impious
songs, and that such was the prelude to the massacre of St.
Bartholomew."
He had hardly uttered these words ere the Duke of Liancourt
entered and announced that the king was coming in person to visit
the Assembly. The doors were thrown open, and, to the
astonishment of the Assembly, the king, without guard or escort and
accompanied only by his two brothers, entered. A shout of applause
greeted him. In a short and touching speech the king won to himself
the hearts of all. He assured them of his confidence in the Assembly;
that he had never contemplated its violent dissolution; and that he
sincerely desired to unite with the Assembly in consulting for the
best interests of the nation. He also declared that he had issued
orders for the withdrawal of the troops both from Paris and
Versailles, and that, hereafter, the counsels of the National Assembly
should be the guide of his administration.[177]
This conciliatory speech was received by the mass of the deputies
with rapturous applause. The aristocratic party were, however,
greatly chagrined, and, retiring by themselves, with whispers and
frowns gave vent to their vexation; but the general applause
drowned the feeble murmurs of the nobles. Nearly the whole
Assembly rose in honor of the king as he left, and, surrounding him
in tumultuous joy, they escorted him back to his palace. A vast
crowd from Paris and Versailles thronged the streets, filling the air
with their loyal and congratulatory shouts. The queen, who was
sitting anxiously in her boudoir, heard the uproar and was greatly
terrified. Soon it was announced to her that the king was returning
in triumph: she stepped out upon a balcony and looked down upon
the broad avenue filled with a countless multitude. The king was on
foot; the deputies encircled him, interlacing their arms to protect him
from the crowd, which was surging tumultuously around with every
manifestation of attachment and joy.
The people really loved the kind-hearted king; but they already
understood that foible in his character which eventually led to his
ruin. A woman of Versailles pressed her way through the deputies to
the king and, with great simplicity, said,
"Oh, my king! are you quite sincere? Will they not make you change
your mind again?"
"No," replied the king, "I will never change."
The feeble Louis did not know himself. He was then sincere; but in
less than an hour he was again wavering, being undecided whether
to carry out his pacific policy of respecting the just demands of the
people, or to fly from the realm, and invoke the aid of foreign
despots, to quench the rising flame of liberty in blood. It was well
known that the queen, the brothers of the king, and the Polignacs,
were the implacable foes of reform, and that it was through their
councils that the Assembly and the nation were menaced with
violence.[178]
As soon as the queen was seen upon the balcony, with her son and
daughter by her side, the shouts of applause were redoubled. But
now murmurs began to mingle with the acclaim. A few execrations
were heard against the obnoxious members of the court. Still the
general voice was enthusiastic in loyalty; and when the queen
descended to the foot of the marble stairs and threw herself into the
arms of the king, every murmur was hushed, and confidence and
happiness seemed to fill all hearts.[179]
A cabinet council was immediately held in the palace to deliberate
respecting the next step to be taken. The Assembly returned to their
hall and immediately chose a deputation of one hundred members,
with La Fayette at their head, to convey to the municipal
government at the Hôtel de Ville in Paris the joyful tidings of their
reconciliation with the king. A courier was sent in advance to inform
of the approach of the delegation.
It was now two o'clock in the afternoon. The deputation left
Versailles accompanied by an immense escort of citizen-soldiers, and
followed by a crowd which could not be numbered. They were
received in Paris with almost delirious enthusiasm. Throughout the
whole night the citizens, men, women, and children, had been at
work piling up barricades, tearing up the pavements, and preparing
with every conceivable weapon and measure of offense and defense
to meet the contemplated attack from the artillery and cavalry of the
crown. Fathers and mothers, pallid with terror, had anticipated the
awful scenes of the sack of the city by a brutal soldiery.
Inexpressible was the joy to which they surrendered themselves in
finding that the king now openly avowed himself their friend and
espoused the popular cause. Windows and balconies were crowded,
the streets were strewn with flowers, and the deputies were greeted
with waving of handkerchiefs and cheers.
At the Place Louis XV. the deputies left their carriages and were
conducted through the garden of the Tuileries, greeted by the music
of martial bands, to the vestibule of the palace. There they were met
by a committee of the municipality, with one of the clergy, the Abbé
Fauchet, at its head, who accompanied them to the Hôtel de Ville.
La Fayette addressed the electors, informing them of the king's
speech, and describing the monarch's return to his palace in the
midst of the National Assembly and of the people of Versailles,
"protected by their love and their inviolable fidelity." Lally Tollendal,
who was remarkable for his eloquence, then addressed the electors
and the assembled multitude. He spoke of the king, whom he loved,
in the highest terms of eulogy, and in a strain so persuasive and
spirit-stirring that he was immediately crowned with a wreath of
flowers, and, in a tumult of transport, was carried in triumph to the
window to receive the applause of the thousands who filled the
streets. Love for the king seemed to be an instinct with the
populace. Shouts of "Vive le Roi!" rose from the vast assembly,
which were reverberated from street to street through all the
thronged thoroughfares of the metropolis.
The king had authorized the establishment of the National Guard,
but the guard was yet without a commander-in-chief. The
government of Paris also, by the death of Flesselles, had no head.
There was in the hall of the Assembly a bust of La Fayette which had
been presented by the United States to the city of Paris. It stood by
the side of the bust of Washington. As the momentous question was
discussed, who should be intrusted with the command of the
National Guard, a body which now numbered hundreds of thousands
and was spread all over the kingdom, Moreau de St. Mèry, Chairman
of the Municipality, rose, and, without uttering a word, silently
pointed to the bust of La Fayette. The gesture was decisive. A
general shout of acclaim filled the room. He who had fought the
battles of liberty in America was thus intrusted with the command of
the citizen-soldiery of France. M. Bailly was then chosen successor of
Flesselles, not with the title of Prévôt des Marchands, but with the
more comprehensive one of Mayor of Paris.
On the 27th of September the banners of the National Guard, each
one of which had been previously consecrated in the church of its
district, were all taken to the Cathedral of Nôtre Dame, and there,
with the utmost pomp of civil, military, and religious ceremonies,
were consecrated to the service of God and the nation.

BLESSING THE BANNERS.

FOOTNOTES:
[174] It has not subsequently appeared that there was any
conclusive evidence of the existence of this letter.
[175] Histoire Des Montagnards, par Alphonse Esquiros, p. 17.
[176] The Duchess of Polignac was the most intimate friend of
the queen. Though enjoying an income from the crown of two
hundred and ninety thousand francs ($58,400) annually, she was
deemed, when compared with others of the nobles, poor. The
queen had assigned her a magnificent suite of apartments in the
Palace of Versailles at the head of the marble stairs. The saloons
of the duchess were the rendezvous of the court in all its
plottings against the people. Here originated that aristocratic club
 which called into being antagonistic popular clubs all over the
kingdom.—Madame Campan, vol. i., p. 139; Weber, vol. ii., p. 23.
[177] Hist. Phil. de la Rev. Fr., par Ant. Fantin Desodoards, vol. i.,
p. 165; M. Rabaud de St. Etienne, vol. i., p. 69; Hist. Parlem., vol.
ii., p. 117.
[178] Necker, speaking of the plots of the court, writes, "I could
never ascertain certainly what design was contemplated. There
were secrets and after-secrets, and I am convinced that the king
himself was not in all of them. It was intended, perhaps,
according to circumstances, to draw the monarch into measures
which they did not dare to mention to him beforehand."—Vol. ii.,
p. 85.
[179] Madame Campan's Memoirs of Marie Antoinette, vol. ii., p.
48.

CHAPTER XV.
THE KING VISITS PARIS.

Views of the Patriots.—Pardon of the French Guards.—Religious

Ceremonies.—Recall of Necker.—The King visits Paris.—Action of
the Clergy.—The King at the Hôtel de Ville.—Return of the King
to Versailles.—Count d'Artois, the Polignacs, and others leave
France.—Insolence of the Servants.—Sufferings of the People.—
Persecution of the Corn-dealers.—Berthier of Toulon.—M.
Foulon.—Their Assassination.—Humane Attempts of Necker.—
Abolition of Feudal Rights.

THE new government was now established, consolidated with

power which neither the court nor the people as yet even faintly
realized. The National Assembly and the municipality of Paris were
now supreme. A million of men were ready to draw the sword and
spring into the ranks to enforce their decrees. The king was
henceforth but a constitutional monarch; though by no means
conscious of it, his despotic power had passed away, never to be
regained. The Revolution had now made such strides that nothing
remained but to carry out those plans which might be deemed
essential for the welfare of France. The Revolution thus far had been
almost bloodless. And had it not been for the interference of
surrounding despots, who combined their armies to rivet anew the
chains of feudal aristocracy upon the French people, the subsequent
horrors of the Revolution, in all probability, never would have
occurred. Men of wisdom and of the purest patriotism were at the
head of these popular movements. Every step which had been taken
had been wisely taken. The object which all sought was reform, not
revolution—the reign of a constitutional monarchy, like that of
England, not the reign of terror.
A republic was not then even thought of. A monarchy was in
accordance with the habits and tastes of the people, and would
leave them still in sympathy with the great family of governments
which surrounded them. La Fayette, Talleyrand, Sièyes, Mirabeau,
Bailly, and all the other leaders in this great movement, wished only
to infuse the spirit of personal liberty into the monarchy of France.
But when all the surrounding despotisms combined and put their
armies in motion to invade France, determined that the French
people should not be free, and when the aristocracy of France
combined with these foreign invaders to enslave anew these millions
who had just broken their chains, a spirit of desperation was roused
which led to all the woes which ensued. We can not tell what would
have been the result had there not been the combination of these
foreign kings, but we do know that the results which did ensue were
the direct and legitimate consequence of that combination.
It will be remembered that the French Guards, espousing the
popular side, had refused to fire upon the people. This disobedience
to the royal officers was, of course, an act of treason. The Duke of
Liancourt, speaking in behalf of the king, said, "The king pardons the
French Guards." At the utterance of the obnoxious word pardon, a
murmur of displeasure ran through the hall. Some of the guards who
were present immediately advanced to the platform, and one, as the
organ of the rest, said, firmly and nobly,
"We can not accept a pardon. We need none. In serving the nation
we serve the king; and the scenes now transpiring prove it."
The laconic speech was greeted with thunders of applause, and
nothing more was said about a pardon. The lower clergy, who were
active in these movements, were not unmindful of their obligations
to God. The whole people seemed to sympathize in this religious
sentiment. At the suggestion of the Archbishop of Paris a Te Deum
was promptly voted, and the electors, deputies, and new
magistrates, accompanied by an immense concourse of citizens, and
escorted by the French Guards, repaired to the Cathedral of Nôtre
Dame, where the solemn chant of thanksgiving was devoutly
offered. La Fayette and Bailly then took the oath of office.
Upon the return of the deputation to the Assembly at Versailles, Lally
Tollendal reported that the universal cry of the Parisians was for the
recall of Necker, with which minister the popular cause was held to
be identified. A motion was immediately introduced to send a
deputation to the king soliciting his recall. They had but just entered
upon the discussion of this question when a message was received
from Louis announcing the dismissal of the obnoxious ministers,
accompanied by an unsealed letter addressed to Necker, summoning
him to return to his post. Inspired by gratitude for this act, the
Assembly immediately addressed a vote of thanks to the king.
The populace of Paris had expressed the earnest wish that the king
would pay them a visit. During the afternoon and evening of the
16th, the question was earnestly discussed by the court at Versailles,
whether the king should fly from the kingdom, protected by the
foreign troops whom he could gather around him, and seek the
assistance of foreign powers, or whether he should continue to
express acquiescence in the popular movement and visit the people
in Paris. The queen was in favor of escape. She told Madame
Campan that, after a long discussion at which she was present, the
king, impatient and weary, said, "Well, gentlemen, we must decide.
Must I go away, or stay? I am ready to do either." "The majority,"
the queen continued, "were for the king's stay. Time will show
whether the right choice has been made."[180]
The king was very apprehensive that in going powerless to Paris he
might be assassinated. In preparation of the event, he partook of
the sacrament of the Lord's Supper, and nominated his brother,
subsequently Louis XVIII., Lieutenant of France, in case of his
detention or death. Early the next morning, the 17th of July, he took
an affecting leave of his weeping, distracted family, to visit the
tumultuous metropolis. His pale and melancholy countenance
impressed every observer. The queen, who was bitterly hostile to the
movement, was almost in despair. She immediately retired to her
chamber, and employed herself in writing an address to the
Assembly, which she determined to present in person in case the
king should be detained a prisoner.[181]
It was ten o'clock in the morning when the king left Versailles. He
rode in an unostentatious carriage, without any guards, but
surrounded by the whole body of the deputies on foot.[182]
It was three o'clock in the afternoon before the long procession
arrived at the gates of the city. Thus far they had proceeded in
silence. M. Bailly, the newly-appointed mayor, then, met him and
presented him with the keys of the city, saying "These are the keys
presented to Henry the Fourth. He had reconquered his people. Now
the people have reconquered their king."
Two hundred thousand men, now composing the National Guard,
were marshaled in military array to receive their monarch. They lined
the avenue four or five men deep from the bridge of Sevres to the
Hôtel de Ville. They had but 30,000 muskets and 50,000 pikes. The
rest were armed with sabres, lances, scythes, and pitchforks. The
Revolution thus far was the movement, not of a party, but of the
nation. Even matrons and young girls were seen standing armed by
the side of their husbands and fathers. The clergy, lower clergy, and
some of the bishops, not forgetting that they were men and citizens,
were there also in this hour of their country's peril, consecrating all
their influence to the cause of freedom. They did not ingloriously
take refuge beneath their clerical robes from the responsibilities of
this greatest of conflicts for human rights. Shouts were continually
heard swelling from the multitude of "Vive la Nation!" As yet not a
voice had been heard exclaiming "Vive le Roi!" The people had again
become suspicious. Rumors of the unrelenting hostility of the court
had been circulating through the crowd, and there were many fears
that the ever-vacillating king would again espouse the cause of
aristocratic usurpation. Passing through these lines of the National
Guard, with the whole population of Paris thronging the house-tops,
the balconies, and the pavements, the king at length arrived, at four
o'clock in the afternoon, at the Hôtel de Ville, the seat of the new
government. He alighted from his carriage and ascended the stairs
beneath a canopy of steel formed by the grenadiers crossing their
bayonets over his head. This was intended not as a humiliation, but
as a singular act of honor.[183]
The king took his position in the centre of the spacious hall, which
presented an extraordinary aspect. It was crowded with the
notabilities of the city and of the realm, and those near the centre
with true French politeness dropped upon their knees, that those
more remote might have a view of the king. Bailly then presented
the king with the tricolored cockade. He received it, and immediately
pinned it upon his hat. This was the adoption of the popular cause.
It was received with a shout of enthusiasm, and "Vive le Roi!" burst
from all lips with almost delirious energy. Tears gushed into the eyes
of the king, and, turning to one of his suite, M. de Cubieres, he said,
"My heart stands in need of such shouts from the people."
"Sire," replied Cubieres, "the people love your majesty, and your
majesty ought never to have doubted it."
The king rejoined, in accents of deep sensibility, "The French loved
Henry the Fourth; and what king ever better deserved to be
beloved?"
The king could not forget that the affection of the people did not
protect Henry from the dagger of the assassin. Moreau de St. Mèrry,
president of the Assembly of Electors, in his address to the king,
said, "You owed your crown to birth; you are now indebted for it
only to your virtues."[184] The minutes of the proceedings of the
municipality were then read, and the king, by silence, gave his
assent to the appointment of La Fayette as Commander of the
National Guard, of Bailly as Mayor of Paris, and to the order for the
utter demolition of the Bastille. It was also proposed that a
monument should be erected upon its site to Louis XVI., "the
Regenerator of public liberty, the Restorer of national prosperity, the
Father of the French people." These were, to the monarch, hours of
terrific humiliation. He bore them, however, with the spirit of a
martyr, struggling in vain to assume the aspect of confidence and
cordiality.

ARRIVAL OF THE KING AT THE HÔTEL DE VILLE, JULY 17, 1789.

When Bailly led him to the balcony, to exhibit him to the people with
the tricolored cockade upon his hat, and shouts of triumph, like
thunder-peals, rose from the myriad throng, tears flooded the eyes
of the king, and he bowed his head in silence and sadness, as if
presenting himself a victim for the sacrifice. Some one whispered to
the monarch that it was expected that he would make an address.
Two or three times he attempted it, but his voice was choked with
emotion, and he could only, in almost inarticulate accents, exclaim,
"You may always rely upon my affection!"
As the king returned through the vast throng to Versailles, the tide
of enthusiasm set strongly in his favor. Shouts of "Vive le Roi!"
almost deafened his ears. The populace bore him in their arms to his
chariot. A woman threw herself upon his neck and wept with joy.
Men ran from the houses with goblets of wine for his postillions and
his suite. A few words from his lips then would have re-echoed
through the crowd, and might have saved the monarchy. But Louis
was a man of feeble intellect, and of no tact whatever. He was
pleased with the homage which was spontaneously offered him,
and, stolid in his immense corpulence, sat lolling in his chariot, with
a good-natured smile upon his face, but uttered not a word. It was
after nine o'clock in the evening when he returned to the palace at
Versailles. The queen and her children met him on the stairs, and,
convulsively weeping, threw themselves into his arms. Clinging
together, they ascended to the saloon. There the queen caught sight
of the tricolored cockade, which the king had forgotten to remove
from his hat. The queen recoiled, and looking upon it
contemptuously, exclaimed, "I did not think that I had married a
plebeian." The good-natured king, however, forgot all his
humiliations in his safe return, and congratulated himself that no
violence had been excited.
"Happily," he said, "no blood has been shed; and it is my firm
determination that never shall a drop of French blood be spilled by
my order."[185]
While these scenes were transpiring on this the 17th of July, the
Count d'Artois, second brother of the king, the Condés, the
Polignacs, and most of the other leaders of the aristocratic party fled
from France. The conspiracy they had formed had failed, the nation
had risen against them, and no reliance could be placed on the
vacillating king. Their only hope now was to summon the combined
energies of foreign despotisms to arrest the progress of that liberty
in France which alike threatened all their thrones. The palace was
now forsaken and gloomy as a tomb. For three days the king sadly
paced the deserted halls, with none of his old friends to cheer or
counsel him but Bensenval and Montmorin. His servants, conscious
that he had fallen from his kingly power, became careless even to
insolence. Even the French Guard mounted guard at Versailles only
on orders received from the Electors at Paris.[186]
On the 19th Bensenval presented an order for the king to sign. A
footman entered the cabinet, and looked over the king's shoulder to
see what he was writing. Louis, amazed at such unparalleled
effrontery, seized the tongs to break the head of the miscreant.
Bensenval interposed to prevent the undignified blow. The king
clasped the hand of his friend, and, bursting into tears, thanked him
for the interposition. Thus low had fallen the descendant of Louis
XIV. in his own palace at Versailles.[187]
There was now, in reality, no government in France. The kingly
power was entirely overthrown, and the National Assembly had
hardly awoke to the consciousness that all power had passed into its
hands. Even in Paris, the municipality, now supreme there, had by
no means organized an efficient government. Famine desolated the
kingdom. Ages of misrule had so utterly impoverished the people
that they were actually dying of starvation. "Bread! bread!" was
every where the cry, but bread could not be obtained. Many boiled
grass and fern-roots for sustenance. Every where the eye met wan
and haggard men in a state of desperation. The king, constitutionally
humane, felt deeply these woes of his subjects. With a little
apparent ostentation, quite pardonable under the circumstances, he
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