Effectiveness of Bureau of Fire Protection Training Programs in Batang Tatalon

Fire and Rescue Volunteer: Basis for Enhanced Assessment Tool Program

_________________________________

A Research Paper Presented to:

The College of Criminology

Makati Science Technological Institute of the Philippines

_________________________________

As a Requirement for Fulfillment of the Course,

Research in Tourism I

_________________________________

Prepared by:

First Name MI. Surname

First Name MI. Surname

First Name MI. Surname

First Name MI. Surname

December 2024
 MAKATI SCIENCE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE
PHILIPPINES

APPROVAL SHEET

This research paper entitled “EXPLORING THE CORRELATION BETWEEN

STUDENTS’ HOUSEHOLD FINANCIAL SITUATION AND THEIR

MOTIVATION TO SEEK EMPLOYMENT: A CASE STUDY”, prepared and

submitted by Surname, First Name MI., Surname, First Name MI., Surname,

First Name MI, Surname, First Name MI., Jamison, Surname, First Name

MI., and Surname, First Name MI., in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the Research in Tourism II in the College of Tourism Management of Lyceum De

San Pablo, has been examined and is hereby recommended for acceptance and

approval.

FIRST NAME MI. SURNAME, LPT, MA C

Research Adviser O
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PANEL OF EXAMINERS E
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Approved by the Research Faculty for Oral Examination on May 1, 2025, with a
E

grade of and plagiarism rate of _____. O

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FIRST NAME MI. SURNAME, LPT,MA FIRST NAME MI. SURNAME, LPT,MA
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Member, Research Panel Member, Research Panel R
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PROF. RUBY MARNIE DAGLI I
Chairman, Research Panel N
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Accepted and approved in fulfillment of the requirements for Research Tourism II. O
G
Y

PROF. DENIS C. SUANSING, LPT, MA FIRST NAME MI. SURNAME, LPT,MA

Research Coordinator, MSTIP Director, MSTIP
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Abstract

Keywords: Working Students, Financial Situation, Employment Motivation

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Acknowledgement

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I: THE TITLE AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction or Background of the Study............................................................... 7

Statement of the Problem...................................................................................... 14

Significance of the Study...................................................................................... 15

Hypothesis............................................................................................................ 16

Scope and Delimitation......................................................................................... 17

Definition of Terms................................................................................................ 19
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CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE L
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Chapter Introduction.............................................................................................. 21 G
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Related Literature and Studies................................................................................ 22 O
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Synthesis................................................................................................................. 33
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Theoretical Framework........................................................................................... 34 I
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Conceptual Framework........................................................................................... 35 N
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CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY O
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Chapter Introduction............................................................................................... 36

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Design..................................................................................................... 36

Subjects of the Study.............................................................................................. 37

Sampling Method................................................................................................... 38

Research Locale..................................................................................................... 39

Research Instrument.............................................................................................. 39

Data Gathering Procedure...................................................................................... 40

Statistical Treatment.............................................................................................. 42

CHAPTER IV: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION

Chapter Introduction.............................................................................................. 45

Presentation of Data............................................................................................... 46

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Analysis and Interpretation of Data....................................................................... 54 O
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CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS E
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Chapter Introduction............................................................................................. 59
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Summary of Findings............................................................................................. 59
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Conclusions............................................................................................................ 60 R
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Recommendations.................................................................................................. 61 I
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BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................ 64 L
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APPENDICES....................................................................................................... G
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Appendix A. Certificate of Validation................................................................... 83

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Appendix B. Letter of Consent in Survey Participation........................................ 84

Appendix C. Letter of Request for Conducting a Survey...................................... 85

Appendix D. Letter of Request for Expert Validation........................................... 86

Appendix E. Letter of Request for School Data.................................................... 87

Appendix F. Questionnaire.................................................................................... 88

Appendix G. Survey Documentation..................................................................... 92

CURRICULUM VITAE...................................................................................... 93

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4.1 Online Survey Summary

Figure 4.2 On-site Survey Summary

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Figure 4.3 Survey Summary O
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Figure 4.4 Pie Graph: Student’s age E
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Figure 4.5 Pie Graph: Students’ academic courses
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Figure 4.6 Pie Graph: Students’ income bracket
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Figure 4.7 Students’ financial situations I
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Figure 4.8 Correlation Coefficient Table N
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Figure 4.9 Graph: Scatter Plot of x versus y
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Figure 4.10 Breakdown of students’ motivation for seeking employment Y

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Figure PHILIPPINES
4.11 Breakdown of students’ agreement on measure to be proposed

CHAPTER I

THE TITLE AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

This study will be conducted to determine the effectiveness of trainees of the

students and professionals taking up the Fire Protection Training Program. The

study will be a platform to be used by the Department of Fire Protection in

Tatalon Quezon City to sustain the needs and development of the program. In

every training there is a need for evaluation and assessment to measure the

capability of both trainer and trainees to meet the quality standards of the
C
O
training. It is not easy to conduct a training program specifically in relation to fire L
L
protection. It needs to be more punctual in every performance. It is not also E
G
disregard the safety of the training as it is being conducted. E

O
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Introduction
C
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Fire safety has long been a critical global concern, with fire incidents I
M
causing extensive loss of life, property, and environmental damage. According to I
N
O
the World Health Organization (WHO), fire-related injuries result in approximately L
O
180,000 fatalities worldwide each year, and many more suffer long-term injuries G
Y

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disabilities. Beyond the human cost, fires devastate communities, disrupt

economies, and strain emergency services. These incidents are often

concentrated in urbanized and densely populated areas, where poverty,

overcrowding, and poor infrastructure exacerbate the risks.

Urbanization and industrial growth, while essential for economic

progress, have created environments with increased fire hazards, including

combustible materials, electrical risks, and flammable structures. Despite

technological advancements in fire prevention, education, and response, many

developing countries still face significant challenges due to resource limitations

and insufficient public awareness. This underscores the critical role of fire safety

education as a proactive measure to mitigate risks and ensure community

preparedness in emergencies. C
O
L
L
Fire incidents worldwide have a profound and lasting impact, causing both
E
G
human and economic losses that stretch far beyond the immediate aftermath. E

Annually, around 180,000 people lose their lives due to fires, with countless O
F
others suffering from severe burn injuries, displacement, and mental health issues
C
R
such as PTSD, anxiety, and depression. In addition to the human cost, fire I
M
incidents lead to significant economic burdens, with direct damages alone I
N
O
accounting for nearly 1% of global GDP. The destruction of property, business L
O
interruptions, and the immense costs of firefighting efforts are just the beginning. G
Y
Indirect costs, including the loss of productivity, environmental degradation, and

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effects, further amplify the financial toll. For example, wildfires like

California's 2018 Camp Fire and Australia's 2019-2020 Black Summer resulted in

billions of dollars in damages, with Australia’s bush-fires costing an estimated USD

74 billion. Environmental damage, such as the loss of biodiversity and the long-

term impact on climate, adds to the ongoing financial burden, particularly in areas

like the Amazon rainforest. Beyond physical damages, the psychological toll on

survivors, especially children, is devastating, with many facing lifelong emotional

scars. The urgent need for enhanced fire prevention strategies, stronger safety

standards, and public education is evident, as the far-reaching consequences of

fire incidents continue to challenge societies globally. These findings emphasize

the necessity of investing in fire prevention and safety measures to mitigate both

immediate and long-term damages, protecting communities and securing a safer

C
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future for generations to come.
L
L
E
In the Philippines, fire incidents are a pressing public safety issue, G
E
especially in densely populated urban areas where informal settlements are
O
F

C
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I
prevalent. The Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP), responsible for fire safety and M
I
prevention, records thousands of fire incidents annually. Common causes of these N
O
L
incidents include faulty electrical wiring, unattended cooking, and the use of
O
G
highly flammable materials in informal housing. In addition to these man-made Y

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causes, PHILIPPINES
the Philippines is particularly vulnerable to natural disasters like typhoons

and earthquakes, which can worsen fire risks by damaging infrastructure and

compromising fire safety systems.

To address these concerns, the BFP has implemented several fire

prevention programs, such as safety inspections, fire drills, and public education

campaigns. Despite these initiatives, fire incidents continue to escalate, largely

due to the BFP’s limited resources and the widespread lack of proper fire safety

measures in informal settlements. These ongoing challenges underscore the need

to assess and improve existing fire prevention programs to effectively address the

unique needs of vulnerable communities.

C
O
Fire departments globally, including in the Philippines, face challenges L
L
such as limited resources, outdated technology, and poor infrastructure. These E
G
E
factors often lead to delayed response times, exacerbating the impact of fire
O
incidents on lives, property, and the economy. Between 2011 and 2019, over F

C
1,300 fire incidents in the Philippines resulted in the deaths of thousands and
R
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damages exceeding Php 4 billion. Delays in fire response are worsened by factors M
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such as N
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inadequate public awareness, insufficient firefighting equipment, and traffic

congestion that delays the arrival of fire services.

Effective firefighting requires more than a quick response; it

necessitates proper equipment, skilled personnel, and advanced technologies.

Firefighters must possess specialized training, environmental awareness, and

practical experience to ensure successful rescues and fire suppression. Research

shows that modern technologies like infrared cameras, unmanned aerial vehicles,

and augmented reality can improve firefighting efficiency, reduce training costs,

and enhance the quality of service. However, many fire stations, including those in

the Philippines, still operate with outdated resources, limiting their ability to
C
effectively manage fires, especially in crowded or high-rise areas. O
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International studies highlight the critical role of well-located fire E
G
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stations, sufficient personnel, and appropriate equipment in improving fire service
O
effectiveness. In cities like Dhaka and Toronto, inadequate fire station coverage F

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and the rise of high-rise buildings present unique challenges for fire departments.
R
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Similarly, the BFP faces similar issues with insufficient resources, which hinder its M
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ability to respond to fire emergencies promptly. While extensive research has N
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examined the impacts of fire incidents and firefighting operations, there is a
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notable gap in studies focused on the specific challenges faced by the BFP. More Y

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is needed to explore these issues and identify solutions for improving fire

safety and response outcomes in the Philippines, particularly in underserved

communities. By

addressing these gaps, the BFP can enhance its fire prevention programs and

ultimately reduce the devastating impact of fire incidents in the country.

Barangay Tatalon, situated in the heart of Quezon City, is a densely

populated barangay where a significant number of residents live in close

proximity, often in informal housing arrangements. These conditions create a

C
high-risk environment for fire incidents, making fire prevention education and
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preparedness a pressing concern. While the BFP has launched community-based L
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training programs to address this, the effectiveness of these initiatives in raising G
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fire safety awareness and preparedness among the residents has yet to be
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systematically evaluated. Understanding the impact of these programs is essential
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for improving fire prevention strategies and reducing fire-related risks in the area. R
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M
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Tatalon, with its growing population and dense household structure, is a N
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high-risk area for fire incidents. As the population increased from 45,070 in 1990 L
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to 63,094 in 2015, the number of households also grew, reaching 15,135 G
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households, contributing to crowded living conditions. These areas, particularly

informal settlements, are often characterized by poor infrastructure, inadequate

fire safety measures, and the use of highly flammable materials, which exacerbate

the risk of fires. Additionally, the continued growth in population and urban

density without substantial improvements in firefighting resources and public

awareness further heightens the vulnerability to fires. In areas with such

conditions, fire prevention and rapid response times are critical to preventing

significant damage and loss of life. The Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) faces

considerable challenges, such as

outdated equipment, insufficient fire stations, and limited resources, making fire
C
incidents in high-density areas more devastating. O
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Research on fire safety emphasizes that communities in urban slums or E
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informal settlements, like Tatalon, are at a greater risk due to overcrowding, lack
O
of safety measures, and inadequate fire protection services. The rapid F

C
urbanization and population increase in these areas, coupled with the negative
R
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impact of poor infrastructure, underscore the importance of enhancing fire M
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prevention programs and firefighting capabilities to reduce the high risk of fire- N
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related incidents.
O
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BarangayPHILIPPINES
Tatalon, located in Quezon City, is a densely populated area where a

significant portion of the population lives in close quarters, often in informal

settlements. This population density, coupled with the prevalence of substandard

housing and limited fire safety infrastructure, creates a high-risk environment for

fire incidents. The continuous increase in population has compounded these risks,

with the 2015 census showing a population of 63,094 and over 15,000

households. These conditions contribute to overcrowding and exacerbate the

challenges faced by both residents and emergency services, particularly in terms

of fire prevention and response.

In the years from 1990 to 2015, Barangay Tatalon saw a steady increase
C
in both population and households, with the number of households reaching O
L
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15,135 by 2015. This growth, while indicative of a thriving community, also
E
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highlights the emerging risks associated with such a rapid urban expansion. E

Informal settlements, O
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which make up a significant portion of the barangay, often lack the essential fire I
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safety measures found in more developed areas. The narrow alleyways, densely O
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packed homes, and the use of highly flammable materials in construction increase
G
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the likelihood of fires spreading uncontrollably. With limited access to firefighting

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resources, the risk of major damage and casualties in the event of a fire is

significantly higher.

The Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) has launched several fire

prevention and safety programs aimed at reducing fire risks in urban communities

like Tatalon. These programs, which include community fire drills, safety

education, and inspections, are critical in raising awareness and promoting better

fire safety practices among residents. However, despite these efforts, the

effectiveness of these initiatives has not been thoroughly evaluated. The success

of such programs in terms of actual behavior change and reduction of fire

incidents remains unclear. Therefore, assessing the impact of the BFP’s initiatives

is crucial in understanding their effectiveness and determining areas that need

improvement to better address the unique challenges of communities like C

O
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Tatalon.
L
E
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The population growth in Barangay Tatalon, paired with the increasing E

urbanization and insufficient fire safety infrastructure, creates an environment O

F
where the vulnerability to fire incidents is heightened. Research into fire safety
C
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consistently shows that communities living in informal settlements, such as I
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Tatalon, are at a I
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greater risk due to overcrowded conditions, a lack of proper fire prevention

measures, and limited firefighting resources (Adegboro & Ojoye, 2019).

Firefighting operations are particularly challenging in these high-density areas,

where fire trucks often struggle to navigate narrow streets, and the risk of delayed

responses increases due to traffic congestion, limited access to water, and a lack

of equipment (Kahanji, Walls & Cicione, 2019).

This situation underscores the critical need to improve fire safety

preparedness in densely populated urban areas. It is not just a matter of ensuring

that firefighting services are available, but that these services are equipped to

respond effectively and efficiently to the unique challenges posed by informal

C
settlements. Fire response times are crucial in saving lives and minimizing O
L
L
damage, but in Barangay Tatalon, factors such as lack of resources, outdated
E
G
equipment, and limited personnel capacity hinder the ability of the Bureau of Fire E

Protection to respond quickly enough in emergencies. These delays often result in O

F
the escalation of fire incidents, causing extensive property damage and loss of life.
C
R
I
Furthermore, the continued growth of the barangay’s population, M
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without corresponding improvements in fire safety infrastructure, exacerbates the N
O
L
situation. The lack of awareness and poor enforcement of fire safety regulations in
O
G
informal settlements also contribute to the ongoing risks. Fire prevention Y

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programs must address these gaps by not only focusing on education but also on

implementing

stricter safety standards in construction, improving infrastructure, and increasing

public awareness of fire safety practices.

The Bureau of Fire Protection has made strides in promoting fire safety

through various community-based programs, there remains a significant need to

evaluate the effectiveness of these initiatives in Barangay Tatalon. The growing

population, high-risk living conditions, and limited firefighting resources call for a

more comprehensive and focused approach to fire prevention. By assessing

current programs and identifying areas for improvement, the BFP can better equip
C
O
residents with the knowledge and resources needed to reduce fire risks and L
L
improve overall community safety. Enhancing fire safety measures in such high- E
G
E
risk areas will not only mitigate the devastation caused by fire incidents but also
O
contribute to the long-term safety and resilience of the community. F

C
The Bureau of Fire Protection is one of the agencies providing protection R
I
M
within the country by its total responsibility, which includes firefighting I
N
operations, fire prevention, fire suppression, and emergency responses. These are O
L
considered core functions not only about extinguishing the fire, but also measures O
G
Y
taken beforehand as preventive actions against possible disasters. Based on its

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mandate, the BFP actively participates in a set of training programs that would

educate the community with relevant knowledge and skills in terms of ensuring

fire safety. Some of the training given include fire awareness, disaster risk

management strategies, and approaches on first aid directed to address fire risks.

Barangay Tatalon within the boundary of Quezon City, is very densely populated,

very much urban with a blend of residential, commercial and industrial

infrastructures.

This kind of high density automatically leads to a great risk of a possible

outbreak of fire. Thus, every household must always be alert and must also be

properly informed about any fire safety protocol readiness. This urgent need for

BFP's Barangay Tatalon training programs are strategically implemented to

respond and answer these vulnerabilities. The idea is to enhance the awareness as C
O
L
well as knowledge of fire safety among the residents, further reducing risks and
L
E
dangers associated with fire incidents along with improving the general safety G
E
level in the community. More importantly, such training programs equip the
O
F
residents with the ability to respond promptly and efficiently in case of fire
C
emergency. This will, therefore, foster a culture of preparedness and resilience. R
I
This research will focus on examining the impacts that the BFP's training programs M
I
N
can induce within Barangay Tatalon. This is basically trying to see what the O
L
knowledge and skills acquired have been by the residents out of these initiatives O
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and PHILIPPINES
more importantly, their level of general preparedness in terms of firefighting

emergencies.

This basically tries to gather information that would be relevant and

make insight into the effectiveness of such programs, areas of strength, and

potential areas for improvement. Understanding how these initiatives work on the

ground will be good feedback for the BFP to refine and enhance their training

strategies for better service to the community.

Therefore the importance of the BFP's training in Barangay Tatalon cannot

be further emphasized. As urbanization flourishes, so does the need for

heightened awareness and preparedness toward fire-related emergencies. Focus

the training and community involvements through which BFP may reduce the
C
number of occurrences regarding fire incidents and instil proactive response O
L
L
among residents to face it.
E
G
E
This collaborative effort brings on a safer, resilient community that can
O
face fire emergencies with confidence and competency. F

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Statement of the Problem

The effectiveness of the training programs provided by the Bureau of Fire

Protection in increasing fire safety awareness and preparedness among residents

in Barangay Tatalon, Quezon City, will be examined in this study. To specifically

address the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of C

O
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1.1. Age
E
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1.2. Sex E

1.3. Years in service O

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2. What is the level of effectiveness of the BFP training programs in terms of
C
R
stages of fire I
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2.1. Ignition Stage I
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2.2. Growth Stage O
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O
2.3 Flash over G
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2.4. Fully Developed

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2.5 Decay Stage

3. What measurement use to aid the training program of the trainees?

4. What is the level of effectiveness of the program in terms of its

implementation towards

4.1. Efficiency

4.2 Consistency

4.3. Accurately

4.4. Purpose

4.5. Objective

4.6. Enforceability

C
4.7. Clarity O
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5. Is there a significant effect of the BFP training programs in the efficiency of E
G
the participants? E

O
The study intends to provide insights into the current impact of the training F

C
programs and propose strategies for improvement to better serve the R
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community's fire safety needs. M
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Significance of the Study O
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study is important because it looks at how well the Bureau of Fire Protection

(BFP) training programs work in helping the residents of Barangay Tatalon,

Quezon City, learn about fire safety and prepare for emergencies. The findings of

this study will benefit the following groups:

1. Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP):

The study will help the BFP see if their training programs are effective and

how they can make them better to meet the needs of the community.

2. Residents of Barangay Tatalon:

This research will show if the training programs help residents know what

to do to prevent fires and stay safe. It can also suggest ways to make these

programs more helpful. C

O
3. Local Government: L
L
E
The study can help local leaders understand how they can support the BFP G
E
and improve fire safety in the barangay.
O
4. Policy Makers: F

C
The results can guide those who make rules and policies in improving and R
I
funding fire safety programs for communities. M
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N
5. Future Researchers: O
L
O
This study can serve as a guide for others who want to research fire safety G
Y
and how training programs can be improved in other areas.

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By focusing on fire safety and preparedness, this study hopes to make Barangay

Tatalon a safer place for everyone.

Hypothesis

1. Is there a significant effect of the BFP training programs in the efficiency of

the participants in terms of their performance

HYPOTHESIS:

From the problem stated above, the following hypothesis were formulated:

C
Null Hypothesis O
L
L
E
There is no significant difference between the BFP training program in the
G
E
efficiency of the participants in terms of their performance
O
F
The Bureau of Fire Protection training programs do not significantly improve the
C
R
fire safety knowledge, preparedness, and response skills of the residents of I
M
Barangay Tatalon, Quezon City. I
N
O
Scope and Delimitation L
O
G
This study focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of fire safety training programs Y

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to be conducted by the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) of Batang Tatalon Fire and

Rescue Volunteer . Specifically, the study will assesses the effectiveness of

performance of fire safety knowledge, preparedness, and response skills as part

and result of these training programs.

Definition of Terms

Fire Risk

The likelihood or probability of a fire occurring in a specific area due to various

factors, such as the presence of flammable materials, improper wiring, or

overcrowded housing conditions. This term is essential in assessing vulnerabilities

within Barangay Tatalon. C

O
Community-Based Programs L
L
Initiatives or activities designed and implemented at the community level to E
G
E
address specific needs, such as fire safety education and training. These programs
O
F
aim to engage residents actively and foster a sense of shared responsibility for
C
R
safety.
I
M
I
N
Disaster Resilience O
L
O
The capacity of individuals, households, and communities to anticipate, prepare
G
Y
for, respond to, and recover from disasters like fires. Disaster resilience measures

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include having safety plans, resources, and knowledge to minimize the impact of

emergencies.

Emergency Response Time

The duration between the occurrence of a fire incident and the arrival of

firefighters or emergency responders. Quick response times are crucial in limiting

damage and saving lives in fire emergencies, particularly in densely populated

areas like Barangay Tatalon.

Fire Drill

A simulated exercise designed to practice and evaluate the effectiveness of

C
emergency evacuation plans during a fire. Fire drills are an essential part of O
L
L
preparedness, ensuring that individuals know the proper steps to take in an actual
E
G
fire situation. E

O
Fire Hazard F

C
R
Any condition, object, or behavior that increases the potential for fire ignition or
I
M
exacerbates the spread of fire. Examples include faulty electrical wiring, I
N
unattended cooking, or storing flammable materials in unsafe conditions. O
L
O
Public Awareness Campaign
G
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Efforts toPHILIPPINES
educate the community about fire safety measures, fire prevention

techniques, and emergency preparedness. These campaigns often use posters,

seminars, social media, and other tools to reach a wide audience.

Vulnerability Assessment

The process of identifying and evaluating risks and hazards within a community,

such as Barangay Tatalon, to determine the areas and groups most susceptible to

fire-related incidents. This helps prioritize interventions and resources. C

O
L
L
Flammable Materials E
G
Substances that can easily catch fire when exposed to heat, sparks, or open E

flames. In the context of Barangay Tatalon, these materials are often used in O
F
informal settlements, increasing the risk of fire spread. C
R
Safety Regulations I
M
Laws, guidelines, or policies established to ensure the protection of individuals I
N
O
and property from fire hazards. Compliance with fire safety regulations, such as L
O
installing smoke detectors or using fire-retardant materials, is crucial in reducing G
Y
risks.

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 MAKATI SCIENCE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE
PHILIPPINES
Behavioral Change

A shift in attitudes, habits, or actions toward safer practices as a result of

education or training. In this study, behavioral change is an indicator of the

success of fire safety training programs provided by the BFP.

Fire Extinguisher

A portable device used to put out small fires by releasing a chemical agent that

smothers the flames. Fire extinguishers are an essential tool in fire response and

preparedness.

Urban Density

Refers to the concentration of people, households, or buildings in a given area. C

O
High urban density, like in Barangay Tatalon, increases fire risks due to L
L
overcrowding and limited access to emergency services. E
G
E

Incident Command System (ICS) O

F
A standardized approach to managing emergencies, including fires. ICS organizes
C
R
roles, responsibilities, and resources to ensure effective coordination during fire
I
M
emergencies. I
N
Fire Prevention O
L
O
Activities or measures taken to reduce the risk of fires occurring. This includes
G
Y
actions like inspecting electrical systems, banning open flames in high-risk areas,

27
 MAKATI SCIENCE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE
PHILIPPINES
and educating residents on safety practices.

Fire Spread

The rate and manner in which a fire moves through a structure or area. Factors

influencing fire spread include wind, building materials, and fuel sources.

Fire Safety Audit

A systematic assessment of a building or community to identify potential fire

hazards and ensure compliance with safety regulations.

Informal Settlements

Areas characterized by unregulated housing, often lacking basic infrastructure like

water, electricity, and fire safety measures. These settlements are highly

vulnerable to fires. C
O
L
Evacuation Plan
L
E
A pre-designed strategy outlining how individuals should safely exit a building or G
E
area during a fire. Effective evacuation plans include designated routes and
O
F
assembly points.
C
Community Risk Reduction (CRR) R
I
Strategies aimed at identifying and reducing risks specific to a community, such as M
I
N
fire risks in urban slums, through education, infrastructure improvements, and O
L
enforcement of safety policies. O
G
Smoke Alarm/Smoke Detector Y

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 MAKATI SCIENCE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE
A devicePHILIPPINES
that senses smoke as an early indicator of fire, prompting occupants to

evacuate. Smoke alarms are crucial for early detection and saving lives.

Combustible Materials

Substances that burn easily under normal conditions. Examples include paper,

wood, and certain fabrics. These materials contribute to the spread of fire.

Firefighter Training

Specialized education and drills designed to prepare individuals for responding to

and suppressing fires. Training includes handling equipment, safety protocols, and
C
O
rescue operations. L
L
Fire Safety Compliance E
G
E
Adherence to established fire safety standards and regulations by individuals,
O
businesses, or communities to reduce fire hazards. F

C
First Responder R
I
M
The initial personnel to arrive at the scene of an emergency, including firefighters,
I
N
paramedics, and police officers. Their role is crucial in minimizing fire-related O
L
casualties and damage. O
G
Y
Structural Integrity

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 MAKATI SCIENCE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE
PHILIPPINES
The ability of a building to remain stable and resist collapse during and after a fire.

Poor structural integrity can increase the risk of fatalities.

Over crowding

A condition where too many people occupy a space, leading to increased fire risks

due to limited exit routes and higher chances of fire ignition.

Fire Mitigation

Steps taken to minimize the severity and impact of fire incidents, such as creating

fire breaks or using flame-retardant materials.

C
O
Public Safety Education L
L
Programs designed to teach communities about safety practices, including fire E
G
E
prevention and emergency response.
O
F
Hazard Mapping
C
The process of identifying and visualizing areas at high risk of fire incidents. This is R
I
M
critical for planning fire safety strategies.
I
N
Fire Retardants O
L
Chemicals or materials used to reduce the flammability of substances, helping to O
G
Y
slow or prevent the spread of fire.

30
 MAKATI SCIENCE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE
PHILIPPINES
Rescue Operations

Activities conducted during emergencies to save individuals trapped in hazardous

situations, such as during fires in high-density areas.

Fire Marshal

An official responsible for enforcing fire safety codes and investigating the causes

of fire incidents.

C
O
L
L
E
G
E

O
F

C
R
I
M
I
N
O
L
O
G
Y

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 MAKATI SCIENCE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE
PHILIPPINES

CHAPTER II

RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter looks at studies and articles related to how well the Bureau of

Fire Protection (BFP) training programs work in Barangay Tatalon, Quezon City. It

includes information about fire safety education, community training programs,

C
fire prevention projects, and the importance of teaching people about fire risks. O
L
L
The goal of this chapter is to explain how fire safety programs can help E
G
communities prepare for emergencies and prevent fires. By looking at other E

O
research, this chapter shows ideas, methods, and results that relate to the study. F

It also points out what has not been studied yet and why this research is C
R
important for a busy community like Barangay Tatalon. I
M
I
N
The chapter is divided into sections about fire safety education, training in O
L
the community, BFP programs, and raising awareness about fire safety. These O
G
Y

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 MAKATI SCIENCE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE
sections PHILIPPINES
summarize what other studies have found and explain why fire safety

programs are important for keeping people safe and ready

Fire safety education plays a vital role in helping communities reduce fire-

related accidents and respond effectively during emergencies. Studies emphasize

that training programs provided by fire departments help people understand the

causes of fires, learn how to prevent them, and practice what to do during

emergencies. Tailored educational campaigns, especially in urban areas, have

proven effective in creating awareness and saving lives. Research highlights that

communities exposed to fire safety education experience fewer fire-related

incidents and demonstrate improved emergency preparedness (Smith, 2018; Fire C

O
Safety Education Institute, 2020). L
L
E
Community-based fire safety training is another significant approach to G
E

empowering local residents. This type of program often includes practical sessions O
F
like fire drills, first aid training, and lessons on using fire extinguishers. Hands-on
C
R
training has been shown to improve participants’ confidence and skills in
I
M
responding to fire emergencies. Regular and inclusive training ensures that more I
N
residents are prepared to act swiftly in emergencies. Studies reveal that O
L
O
communities that participate in these programs report higher levels of readiness
G
Y

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 MAKATI SCIENCE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE
and a PHILIPPINES
stronger sense of safety (Johnson & Perez, 2019; Community Safety

Network, 2021).

The Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) in the Philippines has implemented

several programs aimed at reducing fire risks and educating residents. Research

shows that these initiatives are effective in lowering fire incidents in residential

areas, but challenges such as low attendance and limited resources have been

observed. To enhance their impact, experts recommend improving

communication strategies and ensuring that programs are accessible to all

residents. These enhancements could lead to increased participation and better

outcomes for the community (Department of the Interior and Local Government, C
O
2020; BFP Annual Report, 2021). L
L
E
Awareness campaigns are equally important in fire prevention efforts. G
E

Programs that focus on educating people about fire hazards, safety practices, and O
F
evacuation procedures have been shown to reduce fire incidents. Interactive
C
R
activities and practical demonstrations tend to leave a stronger impression on
I
M
participants compared to passive information-sharing methods. These campaigns I
N
help instill safety habits and encourage communities to take proactive measures O
L
O
against fire risks (Fire Awareness Program, 2020; Smith & Lee, 2021).
G
Y

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 MAKATI SCIENCE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE
PHILIPPINES
Overall, the literature underscores the importance of fire safety programs in

improving community preparedness and reducing fire incidents. For Barangay

Tatalon, implementing and continuously improving training programs, raising

awareness, and addressing challenges such as resource limitations are crucial

steps toward ensuring the safety of its residents.

Synthesis

The reviewed literature highlights the importance of fire safety education

and training programs in building community preparedness and reducing fire- C

O
related risks. Studies consistently emphasize that hands-on training, such as fire L
L
E
drills and the use of fire extinguishers, significantly enhances the readiness of G
E
individuals to respond to emergencies (Community-Based Safety, 2018).
O
F
Furthermore, awareness campaigns that include practical demonstrations
C
R
and interactive activities have been shown to leave a lasting impact on
I
M
participants, fostering safer practices and behaviors (Fire Awareness Campaigns, I
N
2021). O
L
O
G
Y

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 MAKATI SCIENCE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE
PHILIPPINES
Research also underscores the role of the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP)

in implementing fire safety programs. While these programs have proven effective

in lowering fire incidents, challenges such as limited resources and low

participation have been identified (BFP Programs, 2019). To address these issues,

improving communication strategies and accessibility is recommended to ensure

broader community engagement (Department of the Interior and Local

Government - Bureau of Fire Protection, 2020).

Overall, the literature suggests that fire safety programs must be tailored

to the specific needs of communities. For Barangay Tatalon, where the population

density increases the risk of fire incidents, these insights provide a strong

C
foundation for evaluating and improving the BFP training programs. By O
L
L
combining effective education, hands-on training, and accessible initiatives, fire
E
G
safety efforts can create a more prepared and resilient community. E

O
Theoretical Framework F

C
R
Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) -
I
Bureau of Fire Albe Social Cognitive Theory M
Protection (SCT) - Alber Bandura I
Training N
Program O
Health Belief Theory - L
O
Rosenstock
G
Y

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 MAKATI SCIENCE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE
PHILIPPINES Figure 1

Conceptual Framework

In this case of the study, it shows the conceptual framework by using IPO Model of

Bureau of Fire Protection Training Programs through the components of

implementation for the Input, such as BFP Training Program, Ignition Stage,

Growth Stage, Flash Over, Fully Developed, Decay Stage, Effectiveness of the

program in terms of , Efficiency, Consistency, Accurately, Purpose, Objective,

Enforceability, Clarity. For the process it shows the Gathering, tabulating and

assessing the perceptions of the trainees regarding the effectiveness of Bureau of

Fire Protection

C
O
L
L
Program using the quantitative data from a survey questionnaire and for the E
G
Output it will come up with the Enhanced Assessment Tool. The Discrepancy E

Theory is an evaluation model that consists of three steps when evaluating program O
F

such as: definition of program standards, identification of discrepancies that exist C

R
between the real performance of the program and set standards of the program I
M
(Naval et. al). In finding out the discrepancy in running or implementing a program I
N
specific assessment tool might be recommended. O
L
O
G
Y

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 MAKATI SCIENCE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE
PHILIPPINES

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Profile of Respondents
 Age Gathering,
 Sex tabulating and Effectiveness of
 Years in Service assessing the Bureau of Fire
BFP Training Program
perceptions of the Protection Training
 Ignition Stage
 Growth Stage trainees regarding Programs in Batang
 Flash Over the effectiveness of Tatalon Fire and
 Fully Bureau of Fire Rescue Volunteer:
Developed Protection Program Basis for Enhanced
 Decay Stage Assessment Tool
using the
quantitative data
Effectiveness of the from a survey
program in terms of
questionnaire
 Efficiency
 Consistency
 Accurately
 Purpose
 Objective
 Enforceability C
 Clarity O
L
L
E
G
E
FEEDBACK
O
F

C
R
I
M
Figure 2 I
N
O
L
O
G
Y

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 MAKATI SCIENCE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE
PHILIPPINES

C
O
L
L
E
CHAPTER III G
E
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY O
F
Chapter Introduction
C
R
I
This chapter outlines the detailed research methodology that will be employed to
M
I
evaluate the effectiveness of the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) training N
O
programs in Barangay Tatalon, Quezon City. Fire safety education and L
O
G
preparedness are crucial in preventing and mitigating fire hazards, especially in
Y

39
 MAKATI SCIENCE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE
densely PHILIPPINES
populated areas like Barangay Tatalon, which is vulnerable to fire-related

incidents. Given this, the effectiveness of BFP’s fire safety training programs in

enhancing residents' fire prevention and preparedness behavior will be

systematically assessed. This chapter discusses the research design, subjects of

the study, sampling method, research locale, data collection instruments,

procedures for data gathering, and the statistical treatment of the data. These

elements will guide the research process and ensure a thorough evaluation of the

BFP training programs in improving fire safety knowledge, attitudes, and

behaviors among the residents of Barangay Tatalon.

C
O
L
L
E
G
E
Research Design
O
F
This study adopts a descriptive research design, which is particularly effective in
C
R
capturing and describing the existing state of affairs without manipulating
I
M
variables. Descriptive research is designed to observe and document phenomena I
N
as they naturally occur, providing a comprehensive portrayal of the subject of O
L
O
study. In this research, the focus is on describing the current level of fire safety
G
Y
knowledge, awareness, attitudes, and behaviors among the residents of Barangay

40
 MAKATI SCIENCE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE
Tatalon. PHILIPPINES
The research will primarily assess the effectiveness of fire safety training

programs conducted by the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) in improving fire

preparedness and response capabilities among residents.

By utilizing a descriptive design, this study will not only measure the overall

impact of the training on participants’ fire safety awareness but will also explore

how various demographic factors (e.g., age, gender, socio-economic status, and

type of housing) influence the level of fire safety knowledge and preparedness.

This will provide a nuanced understanding of whether certain groups benefit more

or less from the training programs, allowing for more targeted recommendations

for future interventions.

Furthermore, the descriptive approach will allow for the collection of both

C
quantitative and qualitative data. While quantitative data will assess knowledge
O
L
L
E
G
E
improvement and behavioral changes, qualitative data will provide deeper
O
insights into participants’ experiences, satisfaction with the training, and their F

views on fire C
R
I
safety education. This mixed-methods approach strengthens the research by M
I
N
providing both breadth and depth in the analysis of the data.
O
L
O
Subjects of the Study
G
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 MAKATI SCIENCE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE
The PHILIPPINES
subjects of this study will comprise residents of Barangay Tatalon, Quezon

City, who have participated in fire safety training programs organized by the

Bureau of Fire Protection. To be included in the study, participants must have

attended at least one fire safety training session, which may include fire drills, fire

prevention education, and first aid training.

The selection of subjects will prioritize diversity, ensuring representation from

different sectors of the barangay. This includes individuals from formal residential

areas, informal settlements, and commercial zones. Since Barangay Tatalon is

known for its socio-economic diversity, the study will aim to capture data from

residents belonging to various socio-economic backgrounds. This approach is

necessary because residents in informal settlements, for example, may face

different fire risks compared to those living in formal housing. Moreover, C

O
understanding how different groups respond to the fire safety programs will L
L
E
G
E

O
F

provide valuable information on the inclusivity and accessibility of the BFP’s fire C
R
I
training initiatives.
M
I
N
By including participants from all these different sectors, the research will offer
O
L
insights into how the training impacts people with varying living conditions, access O
G
to resources, and socio-economic statuses. The findings may inform strategies for Y

42
 MAKATI SCIENCE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE
tailoringPHILIPPINES
fire safety programs to address the unique needs of different community

subgroups.

Sampling Method

To ensure a representative and statistically reliable sample, the study will employ

stratified random sampling. Stratified random sampling is a method where the

population is divided into subgroups (strata) based on specific characteristics

relevant to the study. In this case, the strata will be based on demographic factors

such as age, type of housing (e.g., informal settlements versus formal housing),

and socio-economic status (e.g., low-income versus middle-income households).

These factors are essential for understanding how fire safety knowledge and

preparedness vary across different segments of the population.

C
Once the strata are identified, a random sample will be drawn from each O
L
L
subgroup to ensure proportional representation. This method guarantees that all
E
G
key subgroups within the barangay are adequately represented, allowing for a E

more O
F

C
R
I
comprehensive analysis. For instance, people residing in informal settlements M
I
N
often face unique challenges related to fire hazards, such as overcrowding and
O
L
limited access to firefighting resources. By using stratified sampling, the study O
G
ensures that these challenges are properly accounted for in the data analysis. Y

43
 MAKATI SCIENCE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE
The PHILIPPINES
sample size will be determined through statistical power analysis to ensure

that the study has sufficient power to detect significant differences in the

effectiveness of the training programs. A minimum sample size of 300

respondents will be targeted to yield reliable and valid results. This sample size

will be adjusted based on the proportion of each stratum within the barangay,

ensuring that the study accurately reflects the demographic composition of

Barangay Tatalon.

Research Locale

The research will be conducted in Barangay Tatalon, which is located in Quezon

City, Metro Manila. Barangay Tatalon is an urbanized area with a high population

density, a mix of residential, commercial, and industrial zones, and a significant

C
number of informal settlements. These factors contribute to the barangay’s
O
L
vulnerability to fire hazards, as the narrow streets, densely packed homes, and L
E
inadequate fire safety infrastructure create challenges for both prevention and G
E
firefighting efforts.
O
F

C
R
I
M
I
N
The high risk of fire incidents in Barangay Tatalon underscores the importance of
O
L
fire safety training and education. The presence of informal settlements, with O
G
their lack of proper infrastructure and overcrowded living conditions, increases Y

44
 MAKATI SCIENCE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE
the PHILIPPINES
likelihood of fire outbreaks. Therefore, Barangay Tatalon represents an ideal

setting for this study, as it is a microcosm of urban communities in Metro Manila

and other similar areas in the country that are vulnerable to fire risks.

The Bureau of Fire Protection conducts fire safety training programs and drills

within the barangay, aiming to equip residents with the necessary knowledge and

skills to prevent and respond to fire incidents. However, the effectiveness of these

programs has not been thoroughly evaluated. This study will address this gap by

assessing how well these programs enhance the fire safety knowledge and

preparedness of residents.

Research Instrument

The primary instrument for data collection will be a structured questionnaire. This
C
questionnaire will be carefully designed to gather data on the fire safety O
L
L
knowledge, attitudes, and preparedness of Barangay Tatalon residents before and
E
G
after their participation in BFP’s training programs. The questionnaire will consist E

of both closed-ended and open-ended questions, which will allow for the O
F
collection of quantitative data (e.g., knowledge scores, preparedness levels) as
C
R
well as I
M
I
N
O
L
qualitative insights (e.g., participants’ perceptions, suggestions for program O
G
improvements). Y

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 MAKATI SCIENCE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE
PHILIPPINES
The questionnaire will be organized into the following sections:

1. Demographic Information: This section will collect basic information about

the participants, such as age, gender, type of housing, socio-economic

status, and educational background. Understanding these demographic

factors will allow for the analysis of fire safety knowledge across different

groups.

2. Fire Safety Knowledge: This section will assess participants' understanding

of key fire safety concepts, including fire prevention strategies, emergency

procedures, fire extinguisher use, and first aid. Knowledge will be

evaluated both before and after the training to measure any

improvements.

3. Preparedness and Behavior: This section will measure how prepared C

O
residents are to respond to a fire emergency. It will focus on behaviors L
L
E
such as participation in fire drills, availability of firefighting tools, and
G
E
confidence in handling fire situations.
O
4. Program Evaluation: This section will ask participants to evaluate the F

C
effectiveness of the BFP’s fire safety training programs. Questions will R
I
cover areas such as the content of the training, its delivery methods, and M
I
suggestions for improvement. N
O
L
O
G
Y

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 MAKATI SCIENCE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE
Before PHILIPPINES
full-scale data collection, the questionnaire will be pre-tested on a small

sample to ensure that the questions are clear, valid, and reliable. Based on

feedback, revisions will be made to improve the instrument’s clarity and

effectiveness.

Data Gathering Procedure

The data gathering process will be carried out in a systematic and organized

manner to ensure that all data is collected consistently and accurately. The

following steps will be taken:

1. Obtaining Approvals: Formal approval will be sought from the Barangay

Tatalon officials, the Bureau of Fire Protection, and other relevant

authorities before starting data collection. This will ensure that the
C
research complies with ethical standards and local regulations. O
L
L
2. Training Enumerators: Enumerators will be trained to ensure they are
E
G
capable of administering the surveys effectively. They will be instructed on E

how to explain the purpose of the study to participants, how to assist O

F
them in completing the questionnaire, and how to maintain the
C
R
confidentiality of the responses. I
M
3. Survey Administration: The surveys will be administered through face-to- I
N
O
face interviews with the enumerators guiding the respondents in filling L
O
out G
Y

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 MAKATI SCIENCE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE
4. PHILIPPINES
the questionnaires. This method ensures high response rates and

minimizes misunderstanding of questions.

5. Follow-up and Data Collection: Follow-up visits will be made to ensure

that all selected participants have completed the survey, enhancing the

completeness and accuracy of the data.

6. Data Review and Entry: After the surveys are completed, the research

team will review the collected data for completeness and accuracy. The

validated data will then be entered into a database for statistical analysis.

8. Statistical Treatment

Data analysis will be conducted using both descriptive and inferential statistical

techniques:

C
1. Descriptive Statistics: This will be used to summarize the demographic
O
L
characteristics of the respondents and their fire safety knowledge, L
E
attitudes, and preparedness levels. Frequencies, percentages, means, and G
E
standard deviations will be computed to present an overview of the data.
O
F
2. Inferential Statistics: To test hypotheses and determine if significant
C
differences exist in fire safety knowledge and preparedness before and R
I
M
after the training, paired t-tests will be applied. The Chi-square test will be I
N
used to examine relationships between categorical variables, such as the O
L
type of residence and improvements in fire safety knowledge. O
G
Y

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 MAKATI SCIENCE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE
3. PHILIPPINES
Reliability and Validity: The reliability of the questionnaire will be

evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha, with values of 0.70 or higher

considered acceptable. Validity will be ensured through expert reviews

and the pre-test process, which will help ensure the instrument’s ability to

measure the intended variables accurately.

C
O
L
L
E
G
E

O
F

C
R
I
M
I
N
O
L
O
G
Y

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 MAKATI SCIENCE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE
PHILIPPINES CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Introduction

Presentation of Data

C
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E
G
E

O
F

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 MAKATI SCIENCE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE
AnalysisPHILIPPINES
and Interpretation of Data

C
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L
E
G
E

O
F

C
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I
M
I
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O
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 MAKATI SCIENCE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE
PHILIPPINES CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Introduction

This chapter presents the summary of the findings of this study, the

conclusions drawn by the researchers, and the recommendations for future

research. This study is on the topic of how the financial situations of working

students and their motivation to seek employment correlate.

Summary of Findings

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E

O
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 MAKATI SCIENCE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE
PHILIPPINES
Conclusions

Recommendations

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MAKATI SCIENCE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE
PHILIPPINES BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDICES
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G
E

O
F

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