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Strategic Management
Strategic Management
State of the Field and Its Future
Editors
Irene M. Duhaime
Michael A. Hitt
Marjorie A. Lyles

1
 3
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education
by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University
Press in the UK and certain other countries.

Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press

198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.

© Oxford University Press 2021

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in

a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
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rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above.

You must not circulate this work in any other form

and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.

Library of Congress Cataloging-​in-​Publication Data

Names: Duhaime, Irene M., editor. | Hitt, Michael A., editor. |
Lyles, Marjorie A., editor.
Title: Strategic management : state of the field and its future / editors,
Irene M. Duhaime, Michael A. Hitt, Marjorie A. Lyles.
Description: New York, NY : Oxford University Press, [2021] |
Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2021008277 (print) | LCCN 2021008278 (ebook) |
ISBN 9780190090890 (paperback) |
ISBN 9780190090883 (hardback) | ISBN 9780190090913 (epub) |
ISBN 9780190090920
Subjects: LCSH: Strategic planning.
Classification: LCC HD30.28 .S729286 2021 (print) | LCC HD30.28 (ebook) |
DDC 658.4/012—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021008277
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021008278

DOI: 10.1093/​oso/​9780190090883.001.0001

1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2
Paperback printed by LSC Communications, United States of America
Hardback printed by Bridgeport National Bindery, Inc., United States of America
 To Walter for your constant love and support. To my wonderful family, lifelong
friends, and outstanding colleagues in the field of strategic management. To my
doctoral faculty and fellow graduate students at the University of Pittsburgh,
especially John H. Grant, for providing a learning environment both challenging
and nurturing for the start of an academic career.
I.M.D.

To my professors and mentors during my graduate education at the Leeds School

of Business, University of Colorado (PhD), and the Rawls College of Business, Texas
Tech University (MBA), who prepared me for my career as an academic researcher
and teacher. I was honored to receive a Distinguished Alumni Award from both
institutions in recent years.
M.A.H.

To my fellow co-​editors and chapter authors for their lifelong dedication to

encouraging innovative and thoughtful work that has allowed the field of strategic
management and SMS to flourish. Also to my professors and fellow doctoral
students at the University of Pittsburgh for their love and patience with me—​
especially Ian Mitroff. I congratulate them for encouraging a young single mom to
get a PhD in Business when other schools suggested she would be a great secretary.
To my faculty at Carnegie-​Mellon University who provided a basis for my research
on organizational learning.
M.A.L.
Table of Contents

List of Contributors  xi
Editor Bios  xv
Introduction  1
Irene M. Duhaime, Michael A. Hitt, and Marjorie A. Lyles

PART 1: EVOLUTION OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT RESEARCH

Robert E. Hoskisson and Jeffrey S. Harrison, Leads
1.0. Keep the Conversation Going: Theory and Method in Strategic
Management  19
Robert E. Hoskisson and Jeffrey S. Harrison

Evolution of Theory in Strategic Management  41

1.1. The Organizational View of Strategic Management  43

Henrich R. Greve

1.2. The Economic View of Strategic Management  61

Constance E. Helfat

Evolution of Research Methods in Strategic Management  81

1.3. Evolution of Quantitative Research Methods in Strategic

Management  83
J. Myles Shaver

1.4. Evolution of Qualitative Research Methods in Strategic

Management  99
Melissa E. Graebner

PART 2: CORPORATE STRATEGY

Sea-​Jin Chang, Lead
2.0. Corporate Strategy: Overview and Future Challenges  117
Sea-​Jin Chang

2.1. Corporate Growth and Acquisition  137

R. Duane Ireland and Michael C. Withers

2.2. Restructuring and Divestitures  153

Emilie R. Feldman
viii Table of Contents

PART 3: STRATEGIC ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND TECHNOLOGY

Kathleen M. Eisenhardt, Lead
3.0. Strategy in Nascent Markets and Entrepreneurial Firms  169
Kathleen M. Eisenhardt

3.1. Industry Emergence: A Markets and Enterprise Perspective  187

Rajshree Agarwal and Seojin Kim

3.2. Technology Entrepreneurship, Technology Strategy,

and Uncertainty  205
Nathan R. Furr

PART 4: COMPETITIVE AND COOPERATIVE STRATEGY

John Child, Rodolphe Durand, and Dovev Lavie, Leads
4.0. Competitive and Cooperative Strategy  223
John Child, Rodolphe Durand, and Dovev Lavie

4.1. Competitive Advantage = Strategy, Reboot  243

Rodolphe Durand

4.2. Alliances and Networks  261

Dovev Lavie

PART 5: GLOBAL STRATEGY

Stephen Tallman and Alvaro Cuervo-​Cazurra, Leads
5.0. Global Strategy  279
Stephen Tallman and Alvaro Cuervo-​Cazurra

5.1. MNCs and Cross-​Border Strategic Management  301

D. Eleanor Westney

5.2. Emerging Economies: The Impact of Context on Global

Strategic Management  319
Peter J. Williamson and José F.P. Santos

PART 6: STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP

Donald C. Hambrick and Adam J. Wowak, Leads
6.0. Strategic Leadership  337
Donald C. Hambrick and Adam J. Wowak
 Table of Contents ix

6.1. Top Management Teams  355

Margarethe F. Wiersema and Joshua S. Hernsberger

6.2. CEO Succession  369

Yan (Anthea) Zhang

PART 7: GOVERNANCE AND BOARDS OF DIRECTORS

Ruth V. Aguilera, Lead
7.0. Corporate Governance  389
Ruth V. Aguilera

7.1. Boards of Directors and Strategic Management in Public

Firms and New Ventures  411
James D. Westphal and Sam Garg

7.2. Ownership and Governance  427

Brian Connelly

PART 8: KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION

Henk W. Volberda, Tatjana Schneidmuller, and Taghi Zadeh, Leads
8.0. Knowledge and Innovation: From Path Dependency
toward Managerial Agency  445
Henk W. Volberda, Tatjana Schneidmuller, and Taghi Zadeh

8.1. Organizational Learning  467

Mary Crossan, Dusya Vera, and Seemantini Pathak

8.2. Management of Innovation and Knowledge Sharing  485

Michael Howard

PART 9: STRATEGY PROCESSES AND PRACTICES

Robert A. Burgelman, Steven W. Floyd, Tomi Laamanen, Saku
Mantere, Eero Vaara, and Richard Whittington, Leads
9.0. Strategy Processes and Practices  503
Robert A. Burgelman, Steven W. Floyd, Tomi Laamanen, Saku
Mantere, Eero Vaara, and Richard Whittington

9.1. Strategic Decision-​Making and Organizational Actors  525

Rhonda K. Reger and Michael D. Pfarrer

9.2. Strategic Change and Renewal  539

Quy N. Huy and Daniel Z. Mack
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x Table of Contents

PART 10: MICROFOUNDATIONS AND BEHAVIORAL STRATEGY

Nicolai J. Foss, Lead
10.0. Microfoundations in Strategy: Content, Current Status,
and Future Prospects  559
Nicolai J. Foss
10.1. Strategic Human Capital: Fit for the Future  579
Russell Coff and Marketa Rickley
10.2. Extending the Microfoundations of Capability
Development and Utilization: The Role of Agentic
Technology and Identity-​Based Community  595
David G. Sirmon

PART 11: CRITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING STRATEGY

IN THE FUTURE
Phanish Puranam, Lead
11.0. Critical Factors Affecting Strategy in the Future  613
Phanish Puranam
11.1. Artificial Intelligence in Strategizing: Prospects and
Challenges  625
Georg von Krogh, Shiko M. Ben-​Menahem, and Yash Raj Shrestha
11.2. Sustainability Strategy  647
Michael L. Barnett, Irene Henriques, and Bryan W. Husted
11.3. What Would the Field of Strategic Management Look Like If It
Took the Stakeholder Perspective Seriously?  663
Jay B. Barney and Alison Mackey
11.4. Business Model Innovation Strategy  679
Raphael Amit and Christoph Zott

Name Index  699

Subject Index  737
List of Contributors

Agarwal, Rajshree University of Maryland, USA

Aguilera, Ruth V. Northeastern University, USA

Amit, Raphael University of Pennsylvania, USA

Barnett, Michael L. Rutgers University, USA

Barney, Jay B. University of Utah, USA

Ben-​Menahem, Shiko M. ETH Zurich, Switzerland

Burgelman, Robert A. Stanford University, USA

Chang, Sea-​Jin National University of Singapore, Singapore

Child, John University of Birmingham, UK

Coff, Russell University of Wisconsin, USA

Connelly, Brian Auburn University, USA

Crossan, Mary University of Western Ontario, Canada

Cuervo-​Cazurra, Alvaro Northeastern University, USA

Duhaime, Irene M. Georgia State University, USA

Durand, Rodolphe HEC Paris, France

Eisenhardt, Kathleen M. Stanford University, USA

Feldman, Emilie R. University of Pennsylvania, USA

Floyd, Steven W. University of Massachusetts, USA

Foss, Nicolai J. Copenhagen Business School, Denmark

Furr, Nathan R. INSEAD, France

Garg, Sam The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong

Graebner, Melissa E. University of Illinois, USA

Greve, Henrich R. INSEAD, Singapore

Hambrick, Donald C. Pennsylvania State University, USA

Harrison, Jeffrey S. University of Richmond, USA

Helfat, Constance E. Dartmouth College, USA

Henriques, Irene York University, Canada

xii List of Contributors

Hernsberger, Joshua S. University of California, Irvine, USA

Hitt, Michael A. Texas A&M University, USA

Hoskisson, Robert E. Rice University, USA

Howard, Michael Texas A&M University, USA

Husted, Bryan W. Technologico de Monterrey, Mexico

Huy, Quy N. INSEAD, Singapore

Ireland, R. Duane Texas A&M University, USA

Kim, Seojin University of Maryland, USA

Laamanen, Tomi University of St. Gallen, Switzerland

Lavie, Dovev Bocconi University, Italy

Lyles, Marjorie A. Florida International University, USA

Mack, Daniel Z. Singapore Management University, Singapore

Mackey, Alison Clarkson University, USA

Mantere, Saku McGill University, Canada

Pathak, Seemantini University of Missouri–​St. Louis, USA

Pfarrer, Michael D. University of Georgia, USA

Puranam, Phanish INSEAD, Singapore

Reger, Rhonda K. University of North Texas, USA

Rickley, Marketa University of North Carolina–​Greensboro, USA

Santos, José F.P. INSEAD, France

Schneidmuller, Tatjana LUISS Business School, Italy

Shaver, J. Myles University of Minnesota, USA

Shrestha, Yash Raj ETH Zurich, Switzerland

Sirmon, David G. University of Washington, USA

Tallman, Stephen University of Richmond, USA

Vaara, Eero University of Oxford, UK

Vera, Dusya University of Houston, USA

Volberda, Henk W. University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

von Krogh, Georg ETH Zurich, Switzerland

Westney, D. Eleanor Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA, and York

University, Canada
 List of Contributors xiii

Westphal, James D. University of Michigan, USA

Whittington, Richard University of Oxford, UK

Wiersema, Margarethe F. University of California, Irvine, USA

Williamson, Peter J. University of Cambridge, UK

Withers, Michael C. Texas A&M University, USA

Wowak, Adam J. University of Notre Dame, USA

Zadeh, Taghi University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Zhang, Yan (Anthea) Rice University, USA

Zott, Christoph IESE Business School, Spain

Editor Bios

Irene M. Duhaime is Professor Emeritus of the Robinson College of Business at

Georgia State University, where she held the Robinson Distinguished Leadership
Professorship and served as Senior Associate Dean. She received her PhD from the
University of Pittsburgh. Her research has been published in the leading journals of
the field. She has held leadership positions in professional associations, including
the Strategic Management Society’s Board of Directors, and led its 25th Anniversary
Conference, first SMS Doctoral Workshop, and Entrepreneurship and Strategy
Interest Group. She has served the Academy of Management as Chair of the Career
Achievement Awards Committee and the Business Policy and Strategy Division, and
as panelist and faculty resource on consortia and other developmental activities for
doctoral students and junior faculty. She is deeply committed to the Ph.D. Project
as a doctoral student mentor and frequent presenter at their annual conference. She
was elected as a member of the SMS Fellows in 2010 and served as the elected Dean
of the SMS Fellows group for 2017 and 2018. She received the Trailblazer Award from
the Management Doctoral Student Association of the Ph.D. Project in 2015, and the
Distinguished Service Award of the Academy of Management in 2014 and Strategic
Management Society in 2017.

Michael A. Hitt is a University Distinguished Professor Emeritus at Texas A&M

University. He received his PhD from the University of Colorado. His work has been
published in many of the top scholarly journals, and the Times Higher Education
listed him among the top scholars in economics, finance, and management. An article
in the Academy of Management Perspectives lists him as one of the top two manage-
ment scholars in terms of the combined impact of his work both inside (i.e., citations
in scholarly journals) and outside of academia. He is a former editor of the Academy
of Management Journal, a former co-​editor of the Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,
and the current editor-​in-​chief of the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Business
and Management. He is a Fellow in the Academy of Management, the Strategic
Management Society, and the Academy of International Business. He is a former
President of both the Academy of Management and the Strategic Management
Society. He has received honorary doctorates from the Universidad Carlos III
de Madrid and Jönköping University. He has received the Irwin Outstanding
Educator Award from the BPS Division and the Distinguished Service Award and
the Distinguished Educator Award from the Academy of Management. He has been
listed as a Highly Cited Researcher in the Web of Science (top 2 percent in citations)
each year since 2014.
xvi Editor Bios

Marjorie A. Lyles is International Business Distinguished Research Fellow at the

Florida International College of Business. She graduated from Carnegie-​Mellon
University and received her PhD from the University of Pittsburgh. She is Past
President of the Strategic Management Society. She’s an Emeritus Professor of Global
Strategic Management at Indiana University Kelley School of Business and Adjunct
Professor IU Lilly Family School of Philanthropy. She was given the John W. Ryan
Award for exceptional contributions to IU’s international programs. She received an
Honorary Doctorate from Copenhagen Business School. She is a Fellow of both SMS
and the Academy of International Business. Her teaching and research focused on
emerging economies since the mid-​1980s. She did projects, teaching, and work in
China since 1985 when she was a consultant with the U.S. Department of Commerce
in the Dalian programs. Her research includes mixed methods, which required her to
seek research grants and includes two from National Science Foundation. Her work
has helped the development of organizational learning and the knowledge-​based per-
spectives. Her research has appeared in top journals such as SMJ, ASQ, JIBS, AMR,
AMJ, OSci, and JMS. Lyles has also worked with governmental, nonprofit, and corpo-
rate entities. She has consulted with the USIS, World Bank, and UNDP.
INTRODUCTION
Irene M. Duhaime, Michael A. Hitt, and Marjorie A. Lyles

In 1977, a conference titled “Business Policy and Planning Research: The State-​of-​
the-​Art” was held at and hosted by the University of Pittsburgh, followed in 1979 by
the publication of Schendel and Hofer’s edited book, Strategic Management: A New
View of Business Policy and Planning. That conference and the publication of the asso-
ciated Schendel-​Hofer book are widely viewed as landmark events that were turning
points from what was referred to as “Business Policy and Planning,” largely viewed in
academia as a teaching field and area of management practice (Whittington, 2019), to
the research-​based discipline of Strategic Management we know today.
The Schendel-​Hofer book, published by Little, Brown and Company, captured the
field of Strategic Management as it existed in 1979, spanning the major areas envi-
sioned as the scope of “Strategic Management.” With primary contributions and
commentaries enriched by the discussions and debates of the nearly 100 academics,
business executives and consultants attending the conference, the book addressed
what were then seen as the major issues encompassed by strategic management, and
how research on those issues could develop the field as a scholarly discipline as well
as enhance teaching in the field. It laid out a fairly comprehensive and well-​organized
representation of what was then known in the field and the major debates on the is-
sues in the field. It concluded with an extensive set of research questions on each of
those areas, providing a rich research agenda for then-​current and future researchers
in the fledgling field of Strategic Management.
Following the conference and book publication, a number of developments led to
a flourishing field. The founding in 1980–​1981 of the Strategic Management Journal
(SMJ) and the Strategic Management Society (SMS), both through the efforts of Dan
Schendel, provided strategic management researchers opportunities for presentation,
discussion, and broad dissemination of their research. These in turn led to the rapid
growth in numbers of doctoral programs in strategic management, faculty positions
devoted to the discipline, and theoretical and empirical research to advance the field.
The Schendel-​Hofer book had significant impact on the development of the field of
Strategic Management because it was widely used in doctoral seminars, influencing
the research agendas of generations of strategic management scholars. The high im-
pact of that edited book was attributable in large part to (1) the breadth of the book’s
coverage of the field as it was known at that time, and (2) the reputations, visibility,
and quality of the editors and of the scholars who authored the sections and subsec-
tions of the book.
2 Introduction

Over the last four decades, strategic management research has advanced signif-
icantly in a number of important areas, resulting in a field that is richer and more
developed but is also more fine-​grained in its focus. At the same time, the growing
breadth of the field and the increasingly specialized nature of research can result in
fragmentation, thus slowing the progress of critically important research contribu-
tions by limiting intradisciplinary research conversations and the identification of ex-
citing and promising research directions.
After many years of development, there is a need to reassess the field of Strategic
Management: to examine the current state of the field and to consider its future. As
such, the need also arises to define the content and boundaries of the field. There are
limited alternatives for obtaining a comprehensive overview of the field as it exists
today and to identify promising directions for the field’s further development. This
volume assesses progress of the field, the content and boundaries of the field after
more than 40 years of research, and the areas with the most promise for fruitful re-
search to advance our knowledge in the future. Our purpose is to help scholars in
the field, new and more established, by integrating the significant knowledge that has
been created and by providing a base for research in the Strategic Management field
over the coming decades.
In this book we address the major streams of research and major research
approaches that have helped to develop the field to its current state. But perhaps the
book’s highest potential value is the extensive and insightful discussion of promising
future opportunities and research agendas. Many chapter authors have devoted nearly
half of their space to the discussion of promising pathways for future research, and
have identified numerous research questions that, when addressed, will add signifi-
cant value to research knowledge and to the strategic management of firms. We be-
lieve that the discussion of historical roots and the analysis of the field’s development
to its current state will be important resources for doctoral students and for young
scholars whose careers began in recent decades without benefit of an up-​to-​date re-
source like this book, and that the extensive discussion of future research opportuni-
ties will benefit all. Another extremely helpful aspect of the book is that the chapters
have extensive reference lists that can help the readers find the major past writings on
the topics. In its examination of the future of strategic management, the book offers
the perspectives of scholars who are widely regarded as leaders in the field. We hope
that readers will be assisted in theory building and in identification and pursuit of
new areas of exploration.
The book has 11 Parts, along with this introductory chapter by the editors. Each
of the book’s Parts covers a major topic area and is led by one or more prominent
scholars whose research is specialized in the area on which the Part focuses. Those
scholars have provided lead chapters on the primary research focus for their Parts
of the book. In those lead chapters, the authors present an overview of that research
(Part), including major theoretical perspectives present in the work to date, and com-
mentary on the future of research in that area, identifying new directions as well as
exciting interdisciplinary opportunities. Each Part also includes chapters on more
 Introduction 3

focused topics, representing some of the major streams of research related to the pri-
mary foci in that Part. The chapters are authored by a mix of well-​established scholars
and scholars who are rising stars whose work is already well known and respected in
their area.
The model for this book has been designed to consider the current breadth and
depth of the field, both significantly greater than when the Schendel-​Hofer book was
published in 1979. In 1979, the research agenda being outlined and research ques-
tions suggested had the objective of defining Strategic Management as a research
discipline and establishing its structure as a field. By contrast, this book examines
theoretical perspectives and research methods for a field of far greater breadth and
depth, with the challenge of assessing what possible avenues are likely most prom-
ising for research efforts in the coming decades. We believe that the works contrib-
uted by leading scholars can provide a blueprint for the future, offering significant
value for readers seeking to make meaningful and valuable contributions to stra-
tegic management research and to have important and positive impacts on the field.
By provoking creative thinking about productive future research agendas, these
chapters are thus likely to have a major impact on the scholarly field of Strategic
Management.

Overview of the Book

Evolution of strategic management research: theory
and methods

In Part 1, the book begins with an examination of the major theoretical streams
and research methods used in strategic management research. In their lead chapter,
Hoskisson and Harrison emphasize the importance of conversation in strategic
management—​especially across disciplines, because the field draws on multiple
disciplines. They argue that such interaction has advanced research in the field by
moving from the broader “swings of the pendulum” between an internal firm focus
and a focus on the external environment of the firm observed a few decades ago
(Hoskisson et al., 1999) to narrower swings of the pendulum by applying external
perspectives to internal questions, and vice versa. They argue that research inte-
grating multiple theoretical perspectives (i.e., at the middle of the pendulum) is most
promising for strategic problem solving and to advance knowledge in the field. Their
overview is followed by two chapters presenting the evolution of major theoretical
perspectives and future theoretical foci in strategic management research and two
chapters addressing a variety of important research methods (quantitative and qual-
itative) that have been used in strategy research and/​or are promising for future re-
search development.
In his chapter on organizational perspectives, Greve discusses institutional theory,
network theory, learning theory, and resource dependence theory in relation to
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Other documents randomly have
different content
 empty stomach, reading the bills posted up, to while away the
time. Plats à barbe, ears, “wattles, lugs, hearing cheats.”
Le nez s’appelle un “piton;” la bouche, un “four;” l’oreille un “plat à barbe;” les
dents des “dominos,” et les yeux des “quinquets.”—Les Locutions Vicieuses.
(Restaurants’) Plat du jour, dish which is got ready specially for
the day, and which consequently is generally the most palatable in
the bill of fare.
Ce que le restaurateur appelle dans son argot un plat du jour, c’est-à-dire un
plat humain, possible, semblable à la nourriture que les hommes mariés trouvent
chez eux.—Th. de Banville, La Cuisinière Poétique.
(Military) Plat, gorget formerly worn by officers.
Platane, m. (familiar), feuille de ——, rank cigar, “cabbage-leaf.”
Plateau, m. (freemasons’), a dish.
Plato. See Filer.
Plâtre, m. See Essuyer. (Printers’) Plâtre, for emplâtre, bad
compositor. (Thieves’) Plâtre, silver; silver coin. Possibly an
allusion to the colour and shape of the face of a watch. Je viens
de dégringolarer un bobinot en plâtre, I have just stolen a silver
watch. Etre au ——, to have money.
Platue, f. (thieves’), a kind of flat cake.
Plein, m. and adj. (popular), avoir son ——, to be intoxicated, “to
be primed;” —— comme un œuf, comme un sac, drunk, “drunk as
Davy’s sow.” See Pompette. Gros —— de soupe, a stout, clumsy
man.
Pleine, adj. (popular), lune, breech, or “Nancy.” See Vasistas.
(Familiar) Faire une —— eau, to dive into a river or the sea from a
boat, and swim about in deep water.
Plette, f. (thieves’), skin, “buff.”
Pleurant, m. (thieves’), onion. From pleurer, to weep. The allusion
is obvious. Du cabot avec des pleurants, a mess of dogfish and
onions.
Pleurer (popular), en filou, to pretend to weep, crocodile fashion.
Faire —— son aveugle, to void urine, “to pump ship.”
Pleut (popular), il ——! ejaculation of refusal; silence! be careful!
The expression is used by printers as a warning to be silent when
the master or a stranger enters the workshop.
Pleuvoir (thieves’), des châsses, to weep, “to nap a bib.” Termed
also “baver des clignots.” (Military) Pleuvoir, to void urine.
Pli, m. (familiar), avoir un —— dans sa rose, to have something that
mars one’s joy or disturbs one’s happiness.
La Martinière avait un “pli dans sa rose” comme il le disait lui-même.—H. France,
A Travers l’Espagne.
Pliant, m. (thieves’), knife, or “chive.” Termed also “vingt-deux,
surin, or lingre.” Jouer du ——, to knife, “to chive.”
Plier (popular), ses chemises, to die. “to snuff it.” See Pipe. Plier
son éventail, to make signals to men in the orchestra stalls.
Plis, m. pl. (popular), des ——, derisive expression of refusal; might
be rendered by, Don’t you wish you may get it? or by the
Americanism, “Yes, in a horn!” See Nèfles.
Plomb, m. (restaurants’), entremets. Probably from plum pudding;
(popular) venereal disease. Laver la tête avec du ——, to shoot
one. Manger du ——, to be shot. Le ——, the throat, or “red lane;”
the mouth. Termed also “l’avaloir, le bécot, la bavarde, la
gargoine, la boîte, l’égout, la babouine, la cassolette, l’entonnoir,
la gaffe, le mouloir, le gaviot.” In the English slang, “mug, potato-
trap, rattler, kisser, maw-dubber, rattle-trap, potato-jaw, muns,
bone-box.” Ferme ton ——, hold your tongue, “put a clapper to
your mug, mum your dubber, or hold your jaw.”
—D’où sort-elle donc celle-là? Elle ferait bien mieux de clouer son bec.
—Celle-là ... celle-là vaut bien Madame de la Queue-Rousse. Ferme ton plomb
toi-même.—H. France, Le Péché de Sœur Cunégonde.
Jeter dans le ——, to swallow.
 Qui qu’a soif? qui qui veut boire à la fraîche?
Sur mon dos au soleil ma glace fond.
De crier, ça me fait la gorge rèche.
J’ai le plomb tout en plomb. Buvons mon fond!
Richepin, La Chanson des Gueux.

Plombe, f. (thieves’), hour. An allusion to the weights of clocks,

formerly “plomées.” Six plombes se décrochent, it is six o’clock.
Luysard estampillait six plombes, it was six o’clock by the sun.
Voilà six plombes et une mèche qui crossent ... tu pionces encore.—Je crois
bien, nous avons voulu maquiller à la sorgue chez un orphelin, mais le pantre était
chaud; j’ai vu le moment où il faudrait jouer du vingt-deux et alors il y aurait eu du
raisinet.—Vidocq. (It is half-past six ... sleeping yet?—I should think so; we wanted
to do a night job at a goldsmith’s, but the cove was wide-awake. I was very near
doing for him with my knife.)
Plomber (popular and thieves’), to emit a bad smell. From plomb,
sink.

Birbe camard,
Comme un ord champignon tu plombes.
Richepin.

Plomber de la gargoine, to have an offensive breath. Plomber, to

strike the hour. La guimbarde ne plombe pas, the clock does not
strike the hour. Etre plombé, to be drunk, or “lumpy,” see
Pompette; to suffer from a venereal disease.
Plombes, f. pl. (thieves’), money, “pieces.” See Quibus.
De vieux marmiteux de la haute lui ont offert de l’épouser. Mais ils n’avaient que
le titre (elle veut, dit-elle, le titre avec les plombes).—Louise Michel.
Plonger (thieves’), les pognes dans la profonde, or fabriquer un
poivrot, to pick the pockets of a drunken man who has come to
grief on a bench.
Plongeur, m. (thieves’), poverty-stricken man, or “quisby;”
tatterdemalion; (popular) scullery man at a café or restaurant.
Plotte, f. (thieves’), purse, “skin, or poge.” Termed, in old English
cant, “bounge.” Faire une ——, “to fake a skin.”
Plouse, f. (thieves’), straw, “strommel.”
Ployant, or ployé, m. (thieves’), pocket-book, “dee,” or “dummy.”
J’étais avec lui à la dinée au tapis, lorsque les cognes sont venus lui demander
ses escraches et j’ai remarqué que son ployant était plein de tailbins d’altèque.—
Vidocq. (I was with him at dinner in the inn when the gendarmes came to ask him
for his passport, and I noticed that his pocket-book was full of bank-notes.)
Pluc, m. (thieves’), booty, “regulars,” or “swag.”
Plumade, f. (obsolete), straw mattress.
Plumard, m. (popular), bed, “doss,” or “bug-walk.” Termed also
“panier, pagne, pucier.”
Plumarder (military), se ——, to go to bed.
Plume, f. (thieves’), false key; a short crowbar which generally
takes to pieces for the convenience of housebreakers. Termed
also, “Jacques, sucre de pommes, l’enfant, biribi, rigolo.”
Denominated by English housebreakers, “the stick, Jemmy, or
James.” Passer à la ——, to be ill-treated by the police. Plume de
Beauce (obsolete), straw, or “strommel.”
Quand on couche sur la plume de la Beauce (la paille), des rideaux, c’est du
luxe.—Vidocq.
Piausser sur la —— de Beauce, to sleep in the straw. (Popular)
Plumes, hair, or “thatch.” Termed also “tifs, douilles, douillards.” Se
faire des plumes, or paumer ses plumes, to feel dull, to have the
“blues.” (Familiar) Ecrire ses mémoires avec une —— de quinze
pieds was said formerly of galley slaves. An allusion to the long
oar which such convicts had to ply on board the old galleys.
(Military) Plume! an ejaculation to denote that the soldier referred
to will spend the night at the guard-room or in prison. An ironical
allusion to the expression “coucher dans la plume,” to sleep in a
featherbed, and to the hard planks which are to form the culprit’s
 couch. (Journalists’) Gen de ——, literary man. The term is used
disparagingly.
C’est comme ça! continue le gen de plume. X... a osé m’envoyer son ouvrage en
vers ... oh! la! la! quelle guitare!—Louise Michel.
Plumeau, m. (popular), va donc vieux ——! get along, you old fool,
or “doddering old sheep’s head.”
Plumepatte, m., synonymous of Dache (which see).
Plumer (thieves’), le pantre, or faire la grèce, is said of rogues who,
having formed an acquaintance with travellers whom they fall in
with in the vicinity of railway stations, take them to a neighbouring
café and induce them to play at some swindling game, with the
result that the pigeon’s money changes hands. (Popular) Plumer,
to sleep. Se ——, to go to bed.
Plumet, m. (familiar and popular), avoir son ——, to be drunk, or
“tight.” Termed also “avoir son petit jeune homme, être paf, s’être
piqué le nez.” For other synonyms see Pompette. One day, in
1853, Alfred de Musset, who then had become a confirmed tippler
of absinthe, called on M. Empis, the manager of the Théâtre
Français, and asked one of the officials of the theatre to introduce
him into his presence. The official entered the directorial office,
says Philibert Audebrand, when the following dialogue took place:
—
—Monsieur le directeur ...
—Quoi? qu’y a-t-il?
—Eh bien, c’est M. Alfred de Musset.
—Mais, monsieur le directeur....
—Quoi donc?
—C’est qu’il a son “petit jeune homme.”
—Qu’est-ce que ça fait, Lachaume? Faites entrer M. Alfred de Musset avec son
petit jeune homme.
Le plus piquant de l’histoire, c’est que M. Empis ne savait pas ce que voulaient
dire ces mots: “avoir son petit jeune homme.”
The expression led to the following conversation between two
savants:—
 Un Grammairien. Eh bien, “avoir son petit jeune homme,” qu’est-ce que ça veut
dire?
Un Philologue. C’est “avoir son plumet.”
Le Grammairien. Bon! me voilà bien avancé! Qu’est-ce qu’avoir son plumet?
Le Philologue. Monsieur, c’est “être paf.”
Le Grammairien. De mieux en mieux. Qu’est-ce donc qu’ “être paf”?
Le Philologue. Selon le dictionnaire de la langue verte, le mot se dit de ceux qui
“se piquent le nez.”
Le Grammairien. Je ne comprends toujours pas.
Le Philologue. Eh bien, traduisez: ceux qui se saoulent.
Le Grammairien. Pour le coup, j’y suis!
Faux ——, wig, “flash, or periwinkle.”
Plumeuse, f. (popular), woman who draws so largely on a man’s
purse as not to leave him a sou.
Plus (popular), n’avoir —— de fil sur la bobine, —— de crin sur la
brosse, —— de gazon sur le pré, —— de paillasson à la porte, to
be bald, “to be stag-faced, to have a bladder of lard,” &c. See
Avoir. (Familiar and popular) Ne —— pouvoir passer sous la Porte
Saint-Denis. See Passer. Plus que ça de chic! how elegant! ——
que ça de toupet! what “cheek!” N’avoir —— de mousse sur le
caillou, to be bald. See Avoir.
Plus de mousse sur le caillou, quatre cheveux frisant à plat dans le cou, si bien
qu’elle était toujours tentée de lui demander l’adresse du merlan qui lui faisait la
raie.—Zola.
C’est —— fort que de jouer au bouchon, words meant to express
the speaker’s astonishment or indignation, “it is coming it rather
too strong.”
Moi? exclama le fourrier stupéfait, j’aurai huit jours de salle de police? Eh ben,
vrai, c’est plus fort que de jouer au bouchon!—G. Courteline.
Plus souvent (familiar and popular), certainly not; never.
C’est moi qui me chargerai de toi.—Plus souvent, va! c’est encore toi qui sera
bien aise de revenir manger mon pain.—E. Monteil.
Pocharder (general), se ——, to get drunk, “to get screwed.” See
Sculpter.
Pocharderie, f. (general), drunkenness.
Pochards. Signe de la croix des ——. See Ménilmuche.
Poche, adj. and subst. (popular), être ——, to be drunk, to be
“screwed.” See Pompette. (Thieves’) Une ——, a spoon, or
“feeder.” Termed by Rabelais “happesoupe.”
Poche-œil, m. (popular), blow in the eye. Donner un ——, to give a
black eye, “to put one’s eyes in half-mourning.”
Pocher (printers’), better explained by quotation.
Prendre trop d’encre avec le rouleau et la mettre sur la forme sans l’avoir bien
distribuée.—Boutmy.
Pocheté, m. (popular), dunce, or “flat.” Used sometimes as a
friendly appellation.
Pochetée, f. (popular), en avoir une ——, to be dull-witted.
Pochonner (popular), to give one a couple of black eyes, “to put
one’s eyes in mourning.”
Poèle à châtaignes, f. (popular), pock-marked face, “cribbage-
face.”
Poétraillon, m. (familiar), poet who writes lame verses.
Pogne, f. (thieves’), thief, “prig,” see Grinche; hand, or “duke.”
Plonger les pognes dans la profonde, or dans la valade, to pick a
pocket, “to fake a cly.” See Grinchir.
Pogne-main (popular), à ——, heavily, roughly.
Pognon, or poignon, m. (popular), money, or “dimmock.” For
synonyms see Quibus.
 Elle dit: je te régale,
Et aussi tes compagnons,
Je vas vous lester la cale,
Mais gardez votre pognon.
Richepin, La Mer.

Poignard, m. (tailors’), the act of touching up some article of

clothing.
Poigne, f. (popular), hand, “daddle.”
J’ai la poigne solide ... je vous étrangle.—E. Lemoine.
Donne-moi ta ——, “tip us your daddle.” Ergot de la ——,
fingernail. Avoir de la ——, to be strong; energetic.
Poignée, f. (popular), foutre une —— de viande par la figure à
quelqu’un, to box one’s ears, “to warm the wax of one’s ears.”
Poigneux, adj. (popular), strong, vigorous, “spry.”

De vieux pêcheurs venus à l’âge

Où la poigne n’est plus poigneuse aux avirons;
Mais, tout de même, encor larges des palerons,
Ayant toujours un peu de sève sous l’écorce,
Râblés, et, s’il le faut, bons pour un coup de force.
Richepin, La Mer.

Poignon, m. (popular), money, “tin.”

Dis donc, l’enflé, si t’as du poignon, remuche-moi la môme. Elle est rien gironde.
—Richepin.
Poil, m. (popular), avoir un —— dans la main, to be lazy; to feel
disinclined for work, or “Mondayish.”
Gervaise s’amusa à suivre trois ouvriers, ... qui se retournaient tous les dix pas
... ah! bien! murmura-t-elle, en voilà trois qui ont un fameux poil dans la main.—
Zola, L’Assommoir.
Avoir du —— au cul, to have courage, “spunk.” Faire le ——, to
surpass. Flanquer un ——, to reprimand, to give a “wigging.”
Tomber sur le ——, to thrash, “to wallop.” See Voie. Un bougre à
 poils, a sturdy fellow, a “game” one. (Sailors’) Un cachalot bon
——, a good sailor. Un terrien à trois poils, a swell landsman.
(Picture dealers’) Cuir et poils, at a high price.
Il vend son Corot très cher, “cuir et poils,” comme on dit dans ce joli commerce;
et c’est son droit; car ta valeur d’un objet d’art est facultative.—A. Daudet.
(Familiar and popular) Prendre du —— de la bête, to take a
“modest quencher” on the morning following a debauch, “to take
a hair of the dog.” When a man has tried too many “hairs of the
dog that bit him,” he is said to be “stale drunk.” If this state of
things is too long continued, it is often called, “same old drunk,”
from a well-known nigger story. The nigger was cautioned by his
master for being too often drunk within a given period, when the
“cullud pusson” replied, “Same old drunk, massa, same old drunk.”
(Students’) Le faste en ——, the garden of the Palace of
Luxembourg, by synonyms on the words luxe en bourre. Faire son
petit ourson au faste en ——, to stroll in the Luxembourg garden.
Poins (Breton cant), theft.
Poinsa (Breton cant), to steal.
Poinser (Breton cant), thief.
Point, m. (popular), one franc; —— de côté, a nuisance. Properly a
stitch in the side; creditor, or “dun;” police-officer whose functions
are to watch prostitutes. (Ecole Polytechnique) Point gamma,
yearly examination. See Pipo. Jusqu’au —— M, up to a certain
point; in a certain degree. Le —— Q, breech. Tangente au —— Q,
sword.
Pointe, f. (familiar), avoir sa ——, to be slightly in drink, or
“elevated.” See Pompette.
Pointeau, m. (popular), clerk who keeps a record of the working
hours in manufactories.
Pointer (popular), to thrash, “to give a walloping.” See Voie.
Si ta Dédèle est gironde, faut la gober, si elle est rosse, faut la pointer ferme.—
Le Cri du Peuple, Feb., 1886. (If your little woman is a nice one you must love her,
if she is a shrew you must thrash her well.)
Pointu, m. (popular), or bouillon ——, clyster; bishop. (Military) Un
—— carré, a slow fellow, “stick in the mud.”
Eh bien! et les “bleus,” ils ne descendent pas? Ils n’ont donc pas entendu sonner
le demi-appel, ces “pointus-carrés!” Tas de carapatas, va!—C. Dubois de Gennes.
Pointue, f. (thieves’), the Préfecture de Police. Ballonné à la ——,
imprisoned in the lock-up of the Préfecture.
Poire, f. (cads’ and thieves’), head, or “tibby.” See Tronche.
Tambouriner la —— à quelqu’un, to slap one’s face, “to fetch one
a wipe in the mug,” or “to give a biff in the jaw” (Americanism).
(Familiar and popular) Faire sa ——, to give oneself airs; to have
an air of self-conceit, to look “gumptious.” Synonymous of “faire sa
tête,” and, in the elegant language of cads, “faire sa merde.”
Poireau, m. (popular). Properly leek. Faire le ——, to be kept
waiting at an appointed time or place, “to cool, or to kick one’s
heels.” Surtout ne me fais pas faire le ——, mind you don’t “stick
me up.”
Il est comme les poireaux, he is ever young and “spry.” The
expression is old.
Tu me reproches mon poil grisonnant et ne consydere point comment il est de la
nature des pourreaux esquels nous voyons la teste blanche et la queue verte,
droicte et vigoureuse.—Rabelais.
(Familiar and popular) Un ——, a rogue who extorts money from
Sodomites under threats of disclosures.
Par malheur le poireau, le chanteur, connaît aussi ce signe de reconnaissance. Si
ces deux antiphysiques ont derrière eux cette araignée, toujours prête à tendre sa
toile pour les surprendre c’en est fait du douillard.—Mémoires de Monsieur Claude.
Poireauter (popular), to wait a long while at an appointed place,
“to cool, or to kick one’s heels.” Fielding uses the latter expression
in his Amelia:—
In this parlour Amelia cooled her heels, as the phrase is, near a quarter of an
hour.
Poirette, f. (thieves’), face, or “mug.” Laver la ——, to kiss.
Poirier, m. (dancing halls’), a variety of pas seul included in the
cancan, a rather questionable sort of choregraphy.
L’orchestre joue et l’on répète le “canard qui barbote,” la “tulipe orageuse,” le
“poirier” avec un ensemble parfait.—Gil Blas, Janvier, 1887.
Poiroté, m. (police and thieves’), rogue who is being watched by
the police.
Poiroter (police and thieves’), to watch, “to give a roasting,” or “to
dick.”
Pois, f. pl. (popular), coucher dans le lit aux —— verts, to sleep in
the fields.
Poison, f. (familiar and popular). insulting epithet applied to a
woman.
Poisse, f. (popular and thieves’), thief, “prig.” For synonyms see
Grinche.
Voilà comment on devient grinche, l’homme pauvre devient gouêpeur, on
l’envoie à la Lorcefé, il en sort poisse.—Vidocq. (That is how one takes to thieving;
a poor man becomes a vagrant, he is sent to La Force, when he leaves he is a
thief.)
Une —— à la détourne, a shoplifter, or “sneaksman,” termed
formerly “buttock-and-file.” “Robbing a shop by pairs is termed
‘palming’—one thief bargaining with apparent intent to purchase,”
says the Slang Dictionary, “whilst the other watches his
opportunity to steal. The following anecdote will give an idea of
their modus operandi. A man once entered a ‘ready-made’ boot
and shoe shop, and desired to be shown a pair of boots, his
companion staying outside and amusing himself by looking in at
the window. The one who required to be fresh shod was
apparently of a humble and deferential turn, for he placed his hat
on the floor directly he stepped into the shop. Boot after boot was
tried on until at last a fit was obtained, when in rushed a man,
snatched up the customer’s hat left near the door, and ran down
the street as fast as his legs could carry him. Away went the
 customer after his hat, and Crispin, standing at the door, clapped
his hands, and shouted, ‘Go it, you’ll catch him?’ little thinking that
it was a concerted trick, and that neither his boots nor the
customer would ever return.” Detectives occasionally learn
something from thieves, as appears from the stratagem resorted
to by a French member of the Sûreté some time ago, who, himself
a small man, and having a warrant for the arrest of an herculean
and desperate scoundrel, proceeded as follows. He dogged his
man, who pretended to hawk chains and watches, and, watching
his opportunity, when the man had laid down his merchandise on
the table of a wine-shop, he suddenly caught up one of the
articles, and made off in the direction of the police station,
followed thither by his quarry in hot pursuit, and crying out, “Stop
thief!” Needless to say that the result was quite the reverse of that
anticipated by the burly malefactor. (Dandies’) La ——, the world
of cads, of “rank outsiders.”
Poissé, adj. (thieves’), stolen; caught. Au bout d’un an —— avec
une pesée de gigot que j’allais fourguer. After one year nabbed
with some leg of mutton which I was taking away to sell.
Poisser (popular and thieves’), to catch; to steal, “to cop, to clift, or
to claim;” —— les philippes, or l’auber, to steal money. See
Grinchir.

Il fait nuit, le ciel s’opaque.

Viens-tu? J’vas poisser l’auber...
Au bagn’ j’aurai eun’ casaque!
C’est pas rigolo, l’hiver.
Richepin.

Se ——, to get drunk. See Sculpter. Se faire —— la gerce, to be

guilty of unnatural offences.
Poisseur, m. (popular and thieves’), thief, or “prig.” See Grinche.
Poisseuse, f. (familiar), dressy, stylish woman, a “blooming tart.”
Poisseux, m. (familiar), dandy, or “masher.” For list of synonyms
see Gommeux.
Les petits jeunes gens, les poisseux, les boudinés ... étaient à leur poste.—A.
Sirven, Au Pays des Roublards.
Dandies used to apply the epithet to a cad, a “rank outsider.”
Poisson, m. (familiar and popular), one who lives on the earnings
of a prostitute, whom he terms “sa marmite,” as providing him
with his daily bread.
Seulement ... tout souteneur qui ne venge pas sa largue est considéré comme
un fainéant. Il est condamné par la bande des poissons.—Mémoires de Monsieur
Claude.
Bullies frequent all parts of Paris, but principally the outer
Boulevards and Quartier Montmartre. Those of the lower sort are
recognizable by their vigorous appearance, kiss-curls, tight light-
coloured trousers, and tall silk cap. These degraded creatures,
who are the bane of the outer quarters, readily turn murderers
when “business” is slack. Léo Taxil says: “Every day the
newspapers are full of the exploits of these wretches, who ply the
knife as jugglers do their balls. The police are powerless against
them.” In a curious pamphlet, written in 1830, as a protest of the
Paris bullies against a police order, forbidding prostitutes from
plying their trade in public places, we have a marlou’s portrait
painted by himself:—
Un marlou, monsieur le Préfet, c’est un beau jeune homme, fort, solide, sachant
tirer la savate, se mettant fort bien, dansant le chahut et le cancan avec élégance,
aimable auprès des filles dévouées au culte de Vénus, les soutenant dans les
dangers éminents (sic), sachant les faire respecter et les forcer à se conduire avec
décence ... vous voyez bien qu’un marlou est un être moral, utile à la société.—Le
beau Théodore Cancan.
The synonyms of “poisson” are the following: “Alphonse, baigne-
dans-le-beurre, barbise, barbe, barbillon, barbeau, marlou, benoît,
brochet, dos, dos vert, casquette à trois ponts, chevalier du bidet,
chevalier de la guiche, chiqueur de blanc, bouffeur de blanc,
costel, cravate verte, guiche, dessous, écaillé, fish, foulard rouge,
gentilhomme sous-marin, ambassadeur, gonce à écailles, goujon,
 lacromuche, retrousseur, dos d’azur, dauphin, macchoux,
machabée, macque, macquet, macrottin, maq, maquereau,
poisson frayeur, releveur de fumeuse, maquignon à bidoche,
mangeur de blanc, tête de patère, marloupatte, marloupin,
marlousier, marquant, mec, mec de la guiche, monsieur à
nageoires, monsieur à rouflaquettes, nég en viande chaude,
patenté, porte-nageoires, roi de la mer, rouflaquette, roule-en-cul,
soixante-six, un qui va aux épinards, valet de cœur, visqueux, bibi,
and formerly bras de fer.” The English slang has “Sunday-man,
petticoat pensioner, pensioner with an obscene prefix, ponce,
prosser,” &c. (Popular) Poisson, large glass of brandy.

Tous les matins, quand je m’lève,

J’ai l’cœur sens sus d’sous;
J’l’envoi’ chercher contr’ la Grève
Un poisson d’ quatr’ sous.
Il rest’ trois quarts d’heure en route,
Et puis en r’montant,
I’m’lich’ la moitié d’ma goutte
Qué cochon d’enfant!
Popular Song.

Poitou, m. (thieves’), the public. Epargner le ——, to take one’s

precautions. Poitou, or poiton, no; nothing. As-tu vingt ronds? Du
poiton. Have you a franc? No.
Poitrinaire, f. (popular), woman with opulent breasts. Properly
consumptive person.
Poitrine, f. (military), d’acier, cuirassier; —— de velours, officer of
the engineers, or “sapper.” An allusion to the velvet front of his
tunic. (Popular) Du casse ——, brandy. Un casse ——. The
celebrated physician Tardieu, in his Etude Médico-Légale sur les
Attentats aux Mœurs, says: “Qui manu stupro dediti sunt, casse-
poitrine appellantur.”
Poitriner (players’), to hold cards close to one so as to conceal
one’s game.
Poivrade, f. (popular), syphilis, or other kind of venereal disease,
one of which the English slang terms “French gout, or ladies’
fever.”
Poivre, m. and adj. (thieves’), poison. Flasquer du —— à la rousse,
to keep out of the way of the police, to be in “lavender.” (Popular
and thieves’) Poivre, brandy; glass of brandy.
De la bière, deux poivres ou un saladier?—P. Mahalin.
Se flanquer une culotte de ——, to get intoxicated on brandy.
Chier du ——, to abscond. Une mine à ——, a shop where
alcoholic liquors are retailed, a kind of low “gin palace.”
Comment, une bride de son espèce se permettait de mauvaises manières....
Tous les marchands de coco faisaient l’œil! Il fallait venir dans les mines à poivre
pour être insulté!—Zola.
Etre ——, to be drunk, or “tight.” See Pompette.
Dans la langue imagée qui a cours du côté de Montparnasse, on dit qu’un
buveur est “poivre” quand il a laissé sa raison au fond des pots.—Gaboriau.
Canarder un ——, to rob a drunkard.
Poivreau, or poivrot; m. (popular), drunkard, “lushington.” From
poivre, rank brandy. Boutmy says: “Un ‘poivreau’ que le culte de
Bacchus a plongé dans la plus grande débine, se fit renvoyer de
son atelier. Par pitié ... ses camarades font entre eux une collecte
... notre poivreau revient une heure après complètement ivre.
“—Vous n’êtes pas honteux, de vous mettre dans un état pareil
avec l’argent que l’on vous avait donné pour vous acheter un
vêtement?
“—Eh bien! répondit l’incorrigible ivrogne, j’ai pris une ‘culotte.’”
Poivrement, m. (thieves’), payment.
Poivrer (general), to overcharge, or “to shave;” to give a venereal
disease.
 Toi louve, toi guenon, qui m’as si bien poivré,
Que je ne crois jamais en être délivré.
St. Amant.

Poivreur, m. (thieves’), one who pays; one who “shells out the
shiners.”
Poivrier, m. (popular and thieves’), drunkard. See Poivrot. Faire le
——, barboter le ——, to rob a drunkard.
A nous trois, nous avons barboté pas mal de poivriers.—Le Petit Journal.
Poivrier, spirit shop; thief who robs drunkards, a “bug-hunter.”
Poivrière, f. (popular), woman suffering from a venereal disease.
Vol à la ——, robbing drunkards.
Le pillage d’un étalage par le jeune Z.; enfin le pillage “à la poivrière” d’un
ivrogne, couché sur un banc.—Grosclaude, Gil Blas.
Poivrot, m. (general), drunkard, or habitual drunkard, “mop.” To be
on the “mop” is to be on the drink from day to day, to be
perpetually “stale drunk.” The synonyms of poivrot are “polonais,
poivrier, pompier, éponge, mouillard, sac à vin,” &c., and in the
English slang, “lushington, bibber,” and the old word “swill-pot,”
used by Urquhart in his translation of Rabelais:—
What doth that part of our army in the meantime which overthrows that
unworthy swill-pot Grangousier?
Une filature à poivrots, an establishment where spirits are retailed.
(Thieves’) Fabriquer un ——, cueillir un ——, to pick the pockets of
a drunken man, the thief being termed in the English slang a
“bug-hunter.”
Poivrotter (popular), se ——, to get drunk, or “tight.” For synonyms
see Sculpter.
Police, f. (military), bonnet de ——, recruit, or “Johnny raw.”
Ah! mille milliards de trompettes à piston! S’être laissé tarauder ainsi par un
bleu ... par un blanc bec ... un carapata ... un bonnet de police; un conscrit enfin!
—Dubois de Gennes.
 Police (prostitutes’), se mettre à la ——, to have one’s name taken
down in the police-books as a prostitute. All such women have to
fulfil that formality, failing which they are liable to be summarily
locked up.
Polichinelle (popular), avaler le ——, to partake of communion.
Avoir un —— dans le tiroir, to be pregnant, or “lumpy.” Un ——,
large glass of brandy.
Si mon auguste épouse ne reçoit pas sa trempée ce soir, je veux que ce
polichinelle-là me serve de poison.—Gavarni.
Agacer un —— sur le zinc, to have a glass of brandy at the bar.
Polik (Breton cant), cat; attorney.
Polir. See Asphalte, Bitume.
Polisseuse de mâts de cocagne en chambre, f. (popular), a
variety of the prostitute tribe, whose spécialité may more easily be
guessed at than described. In Latin fellatrix. See Gadoue.
Polisson, m. (vagrants’). Formerly one of the tribe of rogues and
mendicants, a miserably clad beggar.
Polissons sont ceux qui ont des frusquins qui ne valent que floutière; en hiver
quand sigris bouesse, c’est lorsque leur état est plus chenastre.—Le Jargon de
l’Argot. (“Polissons” are those who possess clothes in rags; in winter, when it is
cold, then is their trade more profitable.)
(Obsolete) Polisson, pad worn under the dress to make up for the
lack of rotundity in a certain part of the body, bustle, or “bird-
cage.”
Dames et demoiselles quelconques, qui, pour suppléer au manque de rondeur
de certaines parties, portent ce que Madame de Genlis appelle, tout crûment, un
polisson, et que nous appelons une tournure.—Th. Gautier.
Polissonner (theatrical), to hiss, “to give the big bird.”
L’auteur est un client, sa dernière pièce a été un peu polissonnée (sifflée). Il
s’agit de lui donner une revanche pour celle-ci!—Balzac.
Politiculard, m. (journalists’), a contemptuous term for a worthless
politician.
 Y a pas.... C’est un rude homme tout d’même, qu’eul’ Bismarck qui vient
d’gueuler comm’ un tonnerre au Reichstag.... En v’là-z-un qui leur-z-y parle comm’
y méritent, à c’troupeau d’politiculards allemands, presqu’ aussi toc qu’ les nôtres,
au fond, j’m’imagine.—Le Cri du Peuple, 16 Janvier, 1887.
Polka, f. and m. (models’), indecent photograph of nude figures.
(Popular) Faire danser la —— à quelqu’un, to thrash one, “to
wallop.” See Voie.(Familiar) Polka, silly young dandy, an
indefatigable dancer.
Les jolies femmes dédaignent les petits polkas.—Figaro.
Polkiste, m. (familiar), in favour of the polka.
Polochon, m. (popular), bolster. (Military) Mille polochons! a mild
oath.
Polonais, m. (popular), drunken man, see Poivrot; man employed
to keep order in a brothel, and who is called upon to interfere
when any disturbance takes place among the clientèle and ladies
of the place.
Quand la dame du lieu, à bout de prières, parle de faire descendre le Polonais,
le tapage s’apaise comme par enchantement.—Delvau.
Polonais, a small pressing iron.
Elle promenait doucement, dans le fond de la coiffe, le polonais, un petit fer
arrondi des deux bouts.—Zola, L’Assommoir.
Pomaquer (thieves’), to lose. Votre greffier n’est pas pomaqué,
your cat is not lost. Pomaquer, to arrest, “to smug.” See Piper.
Mon poteau s’est fait —— par la rousse, my comrade has allowed
himself to be apprehended by the police, or my “pal” got
“smugged” by the “reelers.” Pomaquer, to take.
Voilà! En rangeant les cambrioles (petites boutiques) on a peut-être laissé se
plaquer (tomber) un gluant (bébé) de carton, et je voudrais le pomaquer
(prendre) pour ma daronne (mère).—Richepin.
Pommade, f. (popular), flattery, “soft sawder.” Jeter de la ——, to
flatter, “to butter up.” Pommade, ruin; misfortune. Tomber dans la
——, to be ruined, “to be chawed up,” or “smashed up.”
Pommader (popular), quelqu’un, to thrash one, or “to anoint,” see
Voie; to flatter, “to butter up.” Se ——, to get drunk, or
“screwed.” See Sculpter.
Pommadeur, m. (popular), flatterer, one who gives “soft sawder;”
man who buys damaged furniture and sells it again after having
filled up the cracks with putty.
Pommadin, m. (popular), assistant to a hair-dresser; swell, or
“gorger.” See Gommeux.
Pommard, m. (old cant), cider. From pomme, apple.
Pomme, f. (popular and thieves’), head, or “tibby;” face, or “mug.”
See Tronche.

Allons, ho! fais-moi voir ta pomme;

Rapplique un peu sous l’bec ed’gaz,
J’te gob’; faut profiter de l’occas’.
Gill.

(Popular) Pomme de rampe, bald head, “bladder of lard.” Sucer la

——, to kiss. Une —— à vers, Dutch cheese. Une —— de canne,
grotesque face, or “knocker face.” Avoir une —— de canne fêlée,
to be deranged, “to have a slate off,” “to be balmy.” See Avoir.
Aux pommes, or bate aux pommes, excellent, first-rate, “slap up.”
Concerning the expression Rigaud says: “Deux consommateurs,
un habitué et un étranger, demandent, dans un café, chacun un
bifteck, le premier aux pommes, le second naturel, nature, dans
l’argot des restaurateurs. Le garçon chargé des commandes vole
vers les cuisines et s’écrie d’une voix retentissante, ‘Deux biftecks,
dont un aux pommes, soigné!’ Le mot fit fortune. C’est depuis ce
jour qu’on dit, Aux pommes, pour soigné.” (Military) C’est comme
des pommes, it is useless.
Pommé, adj. (familiar and popular), excessive, “awful.” Bêtise
pommée, great stupidity.
Pommer, or paumer (thieves’ and cads’), to apprehend, “to nail,”
or “to smug.”
 Enfin que’qu’fois quand on m’pomme,
J’couch’ au post’. C’est chouett’, c’est chaud,
Et c’est là qu’on trouve, en somme,
Les gens les plus comme il faut.
Richepin, La Chanson des Gueux.

Paumer ses plumes, to feel dull.

Pommier, m. (popular), en fleurs, breasts of a young maiden; ——
stérile, skinny breasts.
Pompage, m. (popular), libations, “lushing.”
Pompe, f. (tailors’), touching up of ill-fitting garments. Petite ——,
grande ——, respectively, touching up of waistcoats and coats.
(Familiar and popular) Pompe funèbre, a variety of prostitute. In
Latin fellatrix. (Military schools’) Le corps de ——, the staff of
instructors. La ——, work.

La pompe! à ce grand mot votre intellect se tend

Et cherche à deviner.... La pompe, c’est l’étude,
La pompe, c’est la longue et funeste habitude
De puiser chaque jour chez messieurs les auteurs
Le suc et l’élixir de leurs doctes labeurs ...
La pompe, c’est l’effroi du chasseur, du houzard,
Du spahi, du dragon, et, malgré sa cuirasse.
Du cuirassier.—Voilà la pompe.
Theo-Critt, Nos Farces à Saumur.

(Military) La —— du part-à-douze, imaginary pump in the paradise

from which rain is supposed to spout.
Parfait, s’écrie Cousinet, il me paraît que le père Eternel il a mis quatre hommes
de renfort à la pompe du part-à-douze!... Voilà ce qui peut s’appeler une averse de
bonheur!—Dubois de Gennes.
(Popular and thieves’) Pompe, shoe, “trotter case, or daisy root.”
See Ripaton. Refiler un coup de —— dans l’oignon, to kick one in
the behind, “to root.”
Pomper (popular), to drink much, “to guzzle,” see Rincer; to work
hard, “to sweat;” (shopmen’s) —— le gaz, to be the victim of a
 practical joke, which consists in making a new-comer ply an
imaginary gas-pump. Pomper meant formerly to make a sacrifice
to Venus. Le Roux gives the explanation in the following words:
“Dans un sens équivoque et malicieux, pour faire le déduit.”
Pompette, adj. (general), être ——, to be intoxicated.
Ce serait moule de ne pas rigoler parfois.... On se sépara à trois heures,
délicatement pompettes.—Emile Kapp, La Joie des Pauvres.
Rabelais uses the word with the signification of “grog-blossoms.”
The terms graduating the scale of drunkenness, beginning with
those which denote mild intoxication, are: “Avoir sa pointe, son
allumette, sa pistache, un grain; être bien, monté, en train, lancé,
parti, poussé, en patrouille, émêché, ému, bamboche; voir en
dedans, être dessous, dans les brouillards, pavois, allumé, gai,
dans un état voisin, mouillé, humecté, casquette, bu, bien pansé,
pochard, poche, gavé, cinglé, plein, rond, complet, rond comme
une balle, raide, raide comme la justice, paf, slasse, poivre, riche,
chargé, dans la paroisse de Saint-Jean le Rond, dans les vignes du
seigneur, vent dessus dessous, fier, dans les broussailles, dans les
brindezingues; avoir un coup de bouteille, de sirop, de soleil, de
gaz, de feu, sa chique, un sabre, son paquet, son casque, une
culotte, le nez sale, son plumet, son jeune homme, son caillou, sa
cocarde, une barbe, son pompon, son poteau, son toquet, son
sac, sa cuite, son affaire, son compte, son plein, sa pente, en
avoir une vraie mufée; être saoul comme un âne, comme un
hanneton, comme une grive, comme un Polonais; être pion, en
avoir jusqu’à la troisième capucine, saoul comme trente mille
hommes, être asphyxié.” According to the Slang Dictionary the
slang terms for mild intoxication are certainly very choice; they
are, “beery, bemused, boozy, bosky, buffy, corned, foggy, fou,
fresh, hazy, elevated, kisky, lushy, moony, muggy, muzzy, on,
screwed, slewed, tight, and winey.” A higher or more intense state
of beastliness is represented by the expressions, “podgy,
beargered, blued, cut, primed, lumpy, ploughed, muddled,
obfuscated, swipey, three sheets in the wind, and top-heavy.” But
the climax of fuddlement is only obtained when the “disguised”
 individual “can’t see a hole in a ladder,” or when he is “all mops
and brooms,” or “off his nut,” or “with his mainbrace well spliced,”
or with “the sun in his eyes,” or when he has “lapped the gutter,”
and got the “gravel-rash,” or is on the “ran-tan,” or on the “ree-
raw,” or when “sewed up,” and regularly “scammered,”—then, and
not till then, is he entitled, in vulgar society, to the title of
“lushington,” or recommended to “put in the pin,” i.e., the linch-
pin, to keep his legs steady. We may add to this long list the
expression which is to be found in A Supplementary English
Glossary, by T. Lewis O. Davies, “to hunt a tavern fox,” or “to be
foxed.”

Else he had little leisure time to waste,

Or at the ale-house huff-cap ale to taste;
Nor did he ever hunt a tavern fox.
J. Taylor, Lift of Old Parr, 1635.

The same author gives “muckibus,” tipsy, to be found in Walpole’s

Letters.
Pompier, m. (popular), drunken man, one who is “screwed;”
drunkard, or “lushington;” a mixture of vermout and cassis;
pocket-handkerchief, “snottinger;” —— de nuit, scavenger
employed in emptying the cesspools, “gold-finder.” (Tailors’)
Pompier, journeyman tailor whose functions are to touch up the
ill-fitting parts of garments; (Ecole Polytechnique) musical
rigmarole which the students sing on the occasion of certain
holidays; (military) soldier who is the reverse of smart; (literary)
productions written in a conventional, commonplace style;
(students’) member of the Institut de France; a student preparing
for an examination. (Artists’) Faire son ——, consisted in painting a
large picture representing some Roman or Greek hero in full
armour, and armed with shield, lance, or sword. For the following
explanation I am indebted to Mr. G. D., a French artist well known
to the English public:—
Du temps de David et plus tard on disait d’un artiste qui n’avait pas eu le prix de
Rome: bah! il fera son pompier, il réussira tout de même. Or, faire son pompier,
c’était peindre un grand tableau représentant un Grec ou un Romain célèbre avec
casque, bouclier et lance; une ville en flammes dans le fond; et si le nu,—car il n’y
avait d’autre costume que l’armure,—si le nu dis-je, était bien, l’artiste obtenait un
succès. Le pompier était acheté généralement par le gouvernement pour être
placé dans un musée de province. Quand vous visiterez les musées de France,
vous n’aurez pas de chance si vous ne trouvez pas au moins trois pompiers. Il
paraît que les greniers du Louvre en possèdent des quantités qui y restent faute
de place dans les musées.
Pompon, m. (popular), head, “nut,” or “tibby.” See Tronche.
Dévisser le —— à quelqu’un, to break one’s head. Un vieux ——,
an old fool, “doddering old sheep’s head.” Avoir son ——, to be
drunk, or “screwed.” See Pompette.

J’avais mon pompon

En r’venant de Suresnes;
Tout le long de la Seine,
J’sentais qu’ j’étais rond.
Parisian Song.

(Military) Pompon, drunkard.

Ponant, m. (popular), the behind. See Vasistas.
Ponante, f. (thieves’), prostitute of the lowest class, “draggle-tail.”
The connection with “ponant” is obvious. See Gadoue.
Ponce, f. (thieves’ and roughs’), refiler une ——, to thrash, “to set
about” one. See Voie.
Pondant, m. (schools’), guardian of a school-boy whose parents live
at a distance, who takes him out on holidays.
Pondre (popular), to work, “to graft;” —— sur ses œufs, to keep on
increasing one’s wealth; —— un œuf, to ease oneself, “to go to
the chapel of ease.” See Mouscailler.
Poney, m. (sporting), five hundred francs. Double ——, carriage
and pair of ponies.
Son petit air fripon et la crânerie avec laquelle elle conduit son double poney.—
Figaro, Oct., 1886.
Poniffe, or poniffle, f. (thieves’), prostitute, “bunter.” See Gadoue.

Et si la p’tit’ ponif’e triche

Su’ l’compt’ des rouleaux,
Gare au bataillon d’la guiche!
C’est nous qu’est les dos.
Richepin, La Chanson des Gueux.

Ponifler (thieves’), to make love to a woman.

Pont, m. (popular), d’Avignon, prostitute, or “mot.” See Gadoue.
(Card-sharpers’) Faire le —— sec, to slightly bend a card at the
place at which it is desired the pack should be cut. (Familiar and
popular) Couper dans le ——, to believe a falsehood; to fall into a
snare. (Thieves’) Donner un —— à faucher, to prepare a snare for
one. (Officials’) Faire le ——, is to keep away from one’s office on
a day preceded and followed by a holiday. (Popular) Pont-levis de
cul (obsolete), breeches.
Chausses à la martingale ce qui est un pont-levis de cul.—Rabelais.
(Roughs’) Le —— aux bergères, the Halles, or Paris central
market. Aller au —— aux bergères, to go to that place for the
purpose of meeting with a prostitute.
Pontaniou, m. (sailors’), prison.
Ponter (gamesters’), to stake; —— dur, to play high; —— sec, to
stake large sums at intervals. (Bohemians’) Ponter, to pay, “to fork
out.”
Pontes pour l’af, f. pl. (thieves’), a gathering of card-sharpers.
Ponteur, m. (popular), man who keeps a woman; (familiar and
popular) gamester.
Pontife, m. (popular), shoemaker. An allusion to the souliers à pont
in fashion at the beginning of the seventeenth century. Souverain
——, master shoemaker.
Ponton, m. (popular), d’amarrage, hulks. (Sailors’) Devenir ——, to
become old, worn out.
 Jamais si longtemps qu’il vivra
Si ponton qu’il devienne,
Jamais ceux qui l’ont pris sous l’bras,
Jamais le capitaine,
Il n’oubliera!
Richepin, La Mer.

Pontonnière, f. (popular), prostitute who plies her trade under the

arches of bridges.
Les pontonnières fréquentent le dessous des ponts ... toutes ces filles sont des
voleuses. Le macque qui joue ici un rôle plus actif que le barbillon ne quitte sa
largue ni jour ni nuit.—Canler.
Popotte, f. (familiar), table d’hôte. Faire la ——, to cook. Etre ——,
is said of a very plain, homely woman. (Military) Popotte, military
mess in a small way.
L’unique cabaret de Hanoï le vit donc à l’heure de l’absinthe, mêlé aux
uniformes, et il connut les réunions de table par “fractions de corps,” les popottes
où les officiers dévoraient joyeusement les vivres ferrugineux des boîtes de
conserves.—P. Bonnetain, L’Opium.
Popotter. See Popotte.
Populo, m. (familiar), populace, or “mob.” Swift informs us, in his
Art of Polite Conversation, that “mob” was, in his time, the slang
abbreviation of mobility, just as nob is of nobility at the present
day.
It is perhaps this humour of speaking no more words than we need which has
so miserably curtailed some of our words, that in familiar writing and conversation
they often lose all but their first syllables, as in mob, red. pos. incog. and the like.
—Addison’s Spectator.
Burke called the populace “the great unwashed.”
Porc-épic, m. (thieves’), the Holy Sacrament. An allusion to the
metal beams which encircle the Host.
Portanche, m. (thieves’), doorkeeper.
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