Mechanics of Solids

Lecture 10
By
Dr. Gaurav Tiwari
Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering Department, IIT Kanpur
 Equilibrium of a Differential Element in Plane Stress
➢ If a continuous body is in equilibrium, then any isolated part of the body must be acted upon by an
equilibrium set of forces

➢ The primes are used in this element to indicate that the stress components on opposite faces may vary
as the faces are separated by small distances
 Equilibrium of a Differential Element in Plane Stress

➢ Consider Equilibrium of Forces

𝝏𝝈𝒙 𝝏𝝉𝒚𝒙
σ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝝈 𝒙 + ∆𝒙 ∆𝒚∆𝒛 + 𝝉𝒚𝒙 + ∆𝒚 ∆𝒙∆𝒛- 𝝈𝒙 ∆𝒚∆𝒛 − 𝝉𝒚𝒙 ∆𝒙∆𝒛 = 𝟎
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚

𝝏𝝈𝒙 𝝏𝝉𝒚𝒙
⇒ + =0
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝝈𝒚 𝝏𝝉𝒙𝒚
σ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝝈 𝒚 + ∆𝒚 ∆𝒙∆𝒛 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 + ∆𝒙 ∆𝒚∆𝒛- 𝝈𝒚 ∆𝒙∆𝒛 − 𝝉𝒙𝒚 ∆𝒚∆𝒛 = 𝟎
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙

𝝏𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝝏𝝈𝒚
⇒ + =0
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
 Equilibrium of a Differential Element in Plane Stress

2D Plane Stress

3D Generalisation
 Stress Components along Arbitrarily Oriented Faces
➢ Aim: Relation between stress vector on an arbitrarily oriented plane (with normal not parallel to
coordinate axes) passing through the point in terms of the stress on coordinate planes.
➢ Known: Stress components along coordinate axes: 𝜎𝑥 , 𝜎𝑦 , 𝜏𝑥𝑦

Consider a small
wedge centred at O
of thickness ∆𝒁
 Stress Components along Arbitrarily Oriented Faces
➢ Consider the equilibrium of this wedge of thickness ∆𝑍

➢ Due to the infinitesimal size, the stress vector on the edges can be assumed as uniform
𝒏 𝒏 ∆𝑌 ∆𝑋
➢ σ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 ⇒ −𝜎𝑥 ∆𝑌∆𝑍 − 𝜏𝑦𝑥 ∆𝑋∆𝑍 + 𝑇𝑥 ∆𝐿∆𝑍 = 0 ⇒ 𝑇𝑥 = 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥
∆𝐿 ∆𝐿
𝒏
⇒ 𝑇𝑥 = 𝜎𝑥 cos 𝜃 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 sin 𝜃
𝒏
⇒ 𝑇𝑥 = 𝜎𝑥 𝑛𝑥 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝑛𝑦
𝒏 𝒏 ∆𝑋 ∆𝑌
➢ σ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ⇒ −𝜎𝑦 ∆𝑋∆𝑍 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 ∆𝑌∆𝑍 + 𝑇𝑦 ∆𝐿∆𝑍 = 0 ⇒ 𝑇𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
∆𝐿 ∆𝐿

𝒏
⇒ 𝑇𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦 sin 𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 𝜃
𝒏
⇒ 𝑇𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦 𝑛𝑦 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑛𝑥
 Stress Components along Arbitrarily Oriented Faces
➢ For Plane Stress

𝒏
𝑇𝑥 𝜎𝑥 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑛𝑥
𝒏 = 𝜏 𝜎𝑦 𝑛𝑦
𝑇𝑦 𝑥𝑦

➢ For 3D (can be derived similar to Cauchy Tetrahedron)

𝒏
𝑇𝑥 𝜎𝑥 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝑛𝑥
𝒏
𝑇𝑦 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑦 𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝑛𝑦
𝒏 𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝜎𝑧 𝑛𝑧
𝑇𝑧
𝑻𝒏 = 𝝈 𝒏
➢ The stress state at any point in a body can be given by the second order stress tensor ( 𝝈 is matrix
form of the tensor)
𝒏
➢ 𝝈 linearly maps a vector (normal of the plane {n}) to another vector (stress vector 𝑻 )
 Normal and Shear Stress Components along Arbitrarily
Oriented Faces
➢ Consider the wedge ABC
𝒏 𝑛 𝑛
➢ 𝑇𝑥 = 𝜎𝑥 cos 𝜃 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 sin 𝜃 = 𝜎 cos 𝜃 − 𝜏 sin 𝜃…. (1)
𝒏 𝑛 𝑛
➢ 𝑇𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦 sin 𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 𝜃 = 𝜎 sin 𝜃 + 𝜏 cos 𝜃……(2)
(1) × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + (2) × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

𝑛 𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦
➢ 𝜎 = 𝜎𝑥 cos2 𝜃 + 𝜎𝑦 sin2 𝜃 + 2𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = + cos 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃
2 2

(2) × cos 𝜃 − (1) × sin 𝜃

𝑛 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦
➢ 𝜏 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 + 𝜎𝑦 − 𝜎𝑥 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = − sin 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
2

𝒏
𝝈𝒙 + 𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚
𝝈 = + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽
𝟐 𝟐
𝒏
𝝈 𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚
𝝉 =− 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽
𝟐
 Stress Transformation in 2D – Basic details
➢ Stress components at a point are known in the orthogonal X-Y axes system
➢ The angle of rotation (𝜃) between X-Y and a different orthogonal axes system X’-Y’ is known
➢ Find the stress components at the point in X’-Y’ axes system.

known

Known: Components in X-Y coordinate system Unknown: Components in X’-Y’ coordinate system
 Stress Transformation in 2D
➢ Problem is similar to the estimation of normal and shear stresses along an arbitrarily oriented plane

𝒏
𝝈𝒙 + 𝝈𝒚 𝝈 𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚
𝝈 𝑿′ = 𝝈 = + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽
𝟐 𝟐
𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚
𝝉 𝑿 ′ 𝒀′ =𝝉𝒏 =− 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽
𝟐

➢ If we know stress components on any two perpendicular faces, we know the stress components on
all faces whose normal lie in the plane.
➢ If we substitute 𝜽 → 𝜽 + 𝟗𝟎° , the normal and shear stresses on Y’-plane could be obtained

𝒏 𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚

𝝈𝒀′ = 𝝈 = + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝅 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝅 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 − 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝒏
𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚
𝝉 𝑿 ′ 𝒀′ = 𝝉 =− 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝅 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝅 = −𝝉𝑿′ 𝒀′
𝟐
 Stress Transformation in 2D

𝒏
𝝈𝒙 + 𝝈 𝒚 𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚
𝝈𝑿′ = 𝝈 = + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽
𝟐 𝟐
𝝈𝒙 + 𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚
𝝈𝒀 ′ = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 − 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽
𝟐 𝟐
𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚
𝝉𝑿′ 𝒀′ = − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽
𝟐
 Principal Planes
𝒏 𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
𝝈 𝑿′ = 𝝈 = + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 (1)
𝟐 𝟐
Stress – Transformation
𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
𝝉𝑿′ 𝒀′ = − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽 (2)
𝟐

Putting (2) = 0
𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝝉𝒙𝒚 Shear stress is 0 on
𝝉𝑿′ 𝒀′ = 𝟎 ⇒ − 𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽 = 0 ⇒ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝜽𝑷 = 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
these planes
𝟐

Differentiating (1) and making it zero

𝒅𝝈𝑿′ 𝝉𝒙𝒚 Normal stress is
= 𝟎 ⇒ − 𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽 + 𝟐 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽 = 0 ⇒ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝜽𝑷 = 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 max/min on these
𝒅𝜽
𝟐 planes
Also,
𝝅
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝜽𝑷 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝝅 + 𝟐𝜽𝑷 ⇒ 𝜽𝑷𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝜽𝑷𝟐 = + 𝜽𝑷𝟏
𝟐

➢ There are two planes at a point which are 90° apart on which shear stresses are zero and normal
stresses are maximum and minimum
𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚 ൘
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽𝑷𝟏 = = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽𝑷𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽𝑷𝟏 = 𝟐 = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽𝑷𝟐
𝝈 𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝝉𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚
𝟐 + 𝝉𝟐𝒙𝒚
𝟐

Replace these values in 1

 Principal Planes

𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐
𝝈𝒎𝒂𝒙,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝝈𝟏,𝟐 = ± + 𝝉𝟐𝒙𝒚
𝟐 𝟐
𝝈𝟏 and 𝝈𝟐 are major and minor principal stresses

Also note,
𝝈𝒙 + 𝝈𝒚 = 𝝈𝑿′ + 𝝈𝒀′ = 𝝈𝟏 + 𝝈𝟐 = 𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒕 (constant irrespective of reference frame)