STEEL STRUCTURES

CHAPTER 5
BEAM-COLUMNS

SON THAI
Dept. of Structural Engineering – Faculty of Civil Engineering
University of Technology – VNU-HCM
[email protected]
Chapter 5: Beam-Columns 1
CONTENTS

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Design procedure
5.2.1 Two interaction formulas
5.2.2 Annex A
5.2.3 Annex B
5.3 Examples

Chapter 5: Beam-Columns 2
 5.1. Introduction
Beam-columns: structural members subjected to compression force and
bending moment

Chapter 5: Beam-Columns 3
5.1. Introduction

Chapter 5: Beam-Columns 4
5.1. Introduction

M ( z ) = M i ( z ) + Pz ( x )
→ M max = M 0 + Pzmax

Chapter 5: Beam-Columns 5
 5.1. Introduction
Stresses in section

N M
 max =  ac +  b = +
A Wel
6
 5.1. Introduction
Stresses in section
x

z y

N My M
 max =  ac +  b , y +  b ,z = + + z
A Wel , y Wel , z

7
 5.2. Inplane behaviour
a. Elastic response

Chapter 5: Beam-Columns 8
 5.2. Inplane behaviour
a. Elastic response
Axial force: N ; End moments M top =  m M ; M bot = M
βm < 0: single curvature
βm < 0: double curvature
Column bends around y-y axis
First order moment:
→ due to end moments
Second order moment:
→ due to end moment and
eccentric compression
(deflections)
Analytical solutions (see deriviations on text book)
M  x 2 N 2 N
w=
N cos  x − (  m cosec  L + cot  L ) sin  x − 1 + (1 +  m ) L  ;  = EI = L2 N
y cr , y
0.5
  
2

 N N 
M max = M 1 +   m cosec  + cot   
  N cr , y N cr , y   9
 
 5.2. Inplane behaviour
a. Elastic response
−1
Approximated solutions   N 
If β = -1: equal and opposite end moments M = M  cos  
  2 N cr , y 
max


MCm
If β > -1: unequal end moments M max =  1.0; Cm = 0.6 − 0.4  m
1 − N N cr , y

M top =  M ; M bot = M

10
 5.2. Inplane behaviour
a. Elastic response
Approximated solutions for beam-columns with transverse loads
M max =  M max,0

Mmax,0 : maximum moment due to

transerve load (N = 0, first order moment)
 m (1 −  s N / N cr )
=
(1 −  n N / N cr )
 2 EI
N cr =
( KL )
2

KL: effective length

(see chapter 2: columns)

11
 5.2. Inplane behaviour
a. Elastic response
M max =  M max,0

12
 5.2. Inplane behaviour
a. Elastic response
M max =  M max,0

13
 5.2. Inplane behaviour
a. Elastic response
Maximum stress (compressive stress)
N M max N M M max M
 max = + = + =  ac +  bcy max
A Wel A Wel M M
N
σac : stress induced by axial force  ac =
A
M
σbcy : stress induced by first-order moment M  bcy =
Wel
Elstic range →  max  f y
N M M max
+ 1
Ny M y M

Ny = Afy : squash load

My = Welfy : first yield moment

14
 5.2. Inplane behaviour
a. Elastic response

15
 5.2. Inplane behaviour
b. Fully plastic response
Section response

zn : distance from the centroid to neutral axis

if N = 0 : M = Mpl = Wpl,zfy ; Wpl,z : plastic modulus
if M = 0 : N = Ny = Afy ( Ac − At ) f y = N
if N  0 and M  0; zn is found by section equilibrium
Ac : compressive area
At : tensile area 16
 5.2. Inplane behaviour
b. Fully plastic response
Section response : Interaction curves for section (‘zero length’ members):
- Analytical solution: Increasing compressive load N from 0 to Ny
With each value of N → find zn (plastic stress state) → calculate
corresponding moment M
- Approximated solution:
M pl ,r , y  N 
= 1.18 1 − y ,r   1.0
M  N 
If the I section is bent about
minor axis
M pl ,r ,z  N y ,z 
= 1.19 1 −   1.0
M  N 
- Simplified approach: (general sections)
M pl ,r N y ,z
=1− 17
M N
 5.2. Inplane behaviour
b. Fully plastic response
Interaction curves for members:
An isolated beam-column reaches its ultimate resistance at a load (N, M1,
M2) which is greater than that which causes first yield in section (max =
fy), but is less than that which causes a cross-section to become fully
plastic (as the moment is increased by eccentric compression)

M max = M pl ,r , y = M 0 + N 
→ M 0 = M pl ,r , y − N 

18
 5.2. Inplane behaviour
c. Ultimate member response
Ultimate resistances of beam-columns can be simply and closely
approximated by using the values of M and N (at section) which

N Cm M
+  1.0
N b , y , Rd (1 − N Ncr , y ) M pl , y
Nb,y,Rd : ultimate resistance of a concentrically loaded column (M = 0)
which fails by deflecting about the major axis
Ncr,y is the major axis elastic buckling load of this concentrically loaded
column
 2 EI y
N cr , y =
( KL )
2

Cm = 0.6 − 0.4  m

19
 5.2. Inplane behaviour
c. Ultimate member response

βm = −1

non-linear elastic–plastic behaviour – analytical results

20
 5.2. Inplane behaviour
c. Ultimate member response

Not good approximated

Solutions but conservative

Approximate solutions 21
 5.2. Inplane behaviour
d. Crooked beam-columns (imperfection beam-columns)

Reduction in axial strength due to

imperfections

22
 5.2. Inplane behaviour
d. Crooked beam-columns (imperfection beam-columns)
Simplified model for generalized cases
M   1 +  m 3 
 N   1 +  m 
3
 N 
= 1 −    1 −  + 1.18   1 −   1.0
M pl , y   2    N b , y , Rd   2   N cr , y 

23
5.3. Design rules based on EC3
Interaction method: 6.3.3 & Annex A or B – EC3-1-1
- For members subjected to bending and compression
- Based on simplified interaction diagrams
- Applied for uniform members with double symmetric cross sections
- The resistance of the cross-sections at each end of the member
should satisfy section strength check (compression, bending, …)
- Second order effects of the sway system (P-Δ-effects) have to be
taken into account in structural analysis (moment is amplified)

Chapter 5: Beam-Columns 24
 5.3. Design rules based on EC3
Interaction method :Generalized case: members subjected to compression
and biaxial bending

N Ed M + M y , Ed M + M z , Ed EC3-1-1 : 6.3.3
+ k zy y , Ed + k zz z , Ed  1.0
 z N Rk  M 1  LT M y ,Rk  M 1 M z , Rk  M 1 Eq. (6.61)

N Ed M y , Ed + M y , Ed M z , Ed + M z , Ed
+ k yy + k yz  1.0 EC3-1-1 : 6.3.3
 y N Rk  M 1  LT M y ,Rk  M 1 M z , Rk  M 1 Eq. (6.62)

• NEd, My,Ed, Mz,Ed: design values of compression force and bending

moments (first-order analysis)
• My,Ed, Mz,Ed: moments due to shift of centroidal axis (for class 4
section only) according to EC3-1-1 : 6.2.2.5 (effective cross section)
• x, y : reduction factors (compression member EC3-1-1 : 6.3.1)
• LT : reduction factor (flexural members EC3-1-1 : 6.3.2)
• kyy, kyz, kzy, kzz: interaction factors, method 1 or 2 (EC3-1-1 : Annex A or B)

25
 5.2. In-plane behavior
Interaction method:
My,Ed, Mz,Ed: moments due to shift of centroidal axis (for class 4
section only) according to EC3-1-1 : 6.2.2.5 (effective cross section)

26
 5.2. In-plane behavior
Interaction method:
x, y : reduction factors (compression member EC3-1-1 : 6.3.1) (see Chap 3)
1
= 2
1 Buckling curve a0 a b c d
 + 2 −  α 0.13 0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76
1+ +  2
=
2
(
 =   − 0.2  0 )
Af y
= Class 1, 2, and 3 cross-sections
N cr
Aeff f y Class 4 cross-sections
=
N cr
 2 EI
N cr = 2
Calculated based on gross sectional properties (no reduction)
Lcr

27
 5.2. In-plane behavior
Interaction method:
LT : reduction factor (flexural members EC3-1-1 : 6.3.2) (see Chap 4)
1
 LT =  1,0
 LT +  LT − 
2 2
LT

 LT = 0.5 1 +  LT ( LT − 0.2 ) + LT2 

Wy f y
LT =
M cr

Mcr : elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling, based on gross

cross sectional properties,loading conditions, real moment distribution, and
28
lateral restraints
 5.2. In-plane behavior
Interaction method: Annex A (Method 1)
• Use Table A.1 of EC3-1-1
• Based on second-order in-plane elastic stability theory
• Equivalent uniform moment factors Cmi,0 depends on the shape of
the bending moments diagram determined from Table A.2 of EC3-
1-1

29
 5.2. In-plane behavior
Interaction method: Annex A (Method 1)

30
 5.2. In-plane behavior
Interaction method: Annex A (Method 1)

31
 5.2. In-plane behavior
Interaction method: Annex A (Method 1)

32
 5.2. In-plane behavior
Interaction method: Annex A (Method 1)

33
 5.2. In-plane behavior
Interaction method: Annex B (Method 2)
• Use Table B.1 of EC3-1-1 for members not susceptible to LTB

• Use Table B.2 of EC3-1-1 for members susceptible to LTB

• Equivalent uniform moment factors

• Cmy relates to in-plane major axis bending
• Cmz relates to in-plane minor axis bending
• CmLt relates to out-of-plane buckling

• Determine the value of these factors from Table B.3 of EC3-1-1

34
 5.2. In-plane behavior
Interaction method: Annex B (Method 2)

35
 5.2. In-plane behavior
Interaction method: Annex B (Method 2)

36
 5.2. In-plane behavior
Interaction method: Annex B (Method 2)

37
5.3. Example 01

UC 203 x 203 x 52
• h = 206.2 mm
• b = 204.3 mm
• tf = 12.5 mm
• tw = 7.9 mm
• r = 10.2 mm
• A = 62.28 cm2
• Wel,y = 510.1 cm3
• Wel,z = 174.0 cm3

Chapter 5: Beam-Columns 38